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Merge remote-tracking branch 'adambard/master'

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This commit is contained in:
Martin Schimandl
2015-10-24 07:28:36 +02:00
parent 543f10b562 ab67a8f4c2
commit 28f71ffccc
27 changed files with 1574 additions and 154 deletions
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34
c.html.markdown
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@@ -446,6 +446,17 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
*(my_ptr + xx) = 20 - xx; // my_ptr[xx] = 20-xx *(my_ptr + xx) = 20 - xx; // my_ptr[xx] = 20-xx
} // Initialize memory to 20, 19, 18, 17... 2, 1 (as ints) } // Initialize memory to 20, 19, 18, 17... 2, 1 (as ints)
// Note that there is no standard way to get the length of a
// dynamically allocated array in C. Because of this, if your arrays are
// going to be passed around your program a lot, you need another variable
// to keep track of the number of elements (size) of an array. See the
// functions section for more info.
int size = 10;
int *my_arr = malloc(sizeof(int) * size);
// Add an element to the array
my_arr = realloc(my_arr, ++size);
my_arr[10] = 5;
// Dereferencing memory that you haven't allocated gives // Dereferencing memory that you haven't allocated gives
// "unpredictable results" - the program is said to invoke "undefined behavior" // "unpredictable results" - the program is said to invoke "undefined behavior"
printf("%d\n", *(my_ptr + 21)); // => Prints who-knows-what? It may even crash. printf("%d\n", *(my_ptr + 21)); // => Prints who-knows-what? It may even crash.
@@ -530,6 +541,29 @@ swapTwoNumbers(&first, &second);
printf("first: %d\nsecond: %d\n", first, second); printf("first: %d\nsecond: %d\n", first, second);
// values will be swapped // values will be swapped
*/ */
/*
With regards to arrays, they will always be passed to functions
as pointers. Even if you statically allocate an array like `arr[10]`,
it still gets passed as a pointer to the first element in any function calls.
Again, there is no standard way to get the size of a dynamically allocated
array in C.
*/
// Size must be passed!
// Otherwise, this function has no way of knowing how big the array is.
void printIntArray(int *arr, int size) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf("arr[%d] is: %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
}
/*
int my_arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int size = 10;
printIntArray(my_arr, size);
// will print "arr[0] is: 1" etc
*/
// if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword. // if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
int i = 0; int i = 0;
void testFunc() { void testFunc() {

6
coldfusion.html.markdown
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@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
--- ---
language: ColdFusion language: coldfusion
filename: learncoldfusion.cfm
contributors: contributors:
- ["Wayne Boka", "http://wboka.github.io"] - ["Wayne Boka", "http://wboka.github.io"]
filename: LearnColdFusion.cfm
--- ---
ColdFusion is a scripting language for web development. ColdFusion is a scripting language for web development.
[Read more here.](http://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion-family.html) [Read more here.](http://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion-family.html)
```ColdFusion ```html
<em>HTML tags have been provided for output readability</em> <em>HTML tags have been provided for output readability</em>

29
csharp.html.markdown
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@@ -913,6 +913,35 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried";
public DbSet<Bicycle> Bikes { get; set; } public DbSet<Bicycle> Bikes { get; set; }
} }
// Classes can be split across multiple .cs files
// A1.cs
public partial class A
{
public static void A1()
{
Console.WriteLine("Method A1 in class A");
}
}
// A2.cs
public partial class A
{
public static void A2()
{
Console.WriteLine("Method A2 in class A");
}
}
// Program using the partial class "A"
public class Program
{
static void Main()
{
A.A1();
A.A2();
}
}
} // End Namespace } // End Namespace
``` ```

223
de-de/bash-de.html.markdown
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@@ -28,18 +28,50 @@ echo Hello, world!
echo 'Dies ist die erste Zeile'; echo 'Dies die zweite Zeile' echo 'Dies ist die erste Zeile'; echo 'Dies die zweite Zeile'
# Variablen deklariert man so: # Variablen deklariert man so:
VARIABLE="irgendein String" Variable="irgendein String"
# Aber nicht so: # Aber nicht so:
VARIABLE = "irgendein String" Variable = "irgendein String"
# Bash wird VARIABLE für einen Befehl halten, den es ausführen soll. Es wird einen Fehler ausgeben, # Bash wird 'Variable' für einen Befehl halten, den es ausführen soll. Es wird einen Fehler ausgeben,
# weil es den Befehl nicht findet. # weil es den Befehl nicht findet.
# Und so auch nicht:
Variable= 'Some string'
# Bash wird 'Variable' wieder für einen Befehl halten, den es ausführen soll. Es wird einen Fehler ausgeben,
# Hier wird der Teil 'Variable=' als nur für diesen einen Befehl gültige Zuweisung an die Variable gesehen.
# Eine Variable wird so benutzt: # Eine Variable wird so benutzt:
echo $VARIABLE echo $Variable
echo "$VARIABLE" echo "$Variable"
# Wenn du eine Variable selbst benutzt – ihr Werte zuweist, sie exportierst oder irgendetwas anders –, echo ${Variable}
# aber
echo '$Variable'
# Wenn du eine Variable selbst benutzt – ihr Werte zuweist, sie exportierst oder irgendetwas anderes –,
# dann über ihren Namen ohne $. Aber wenn du ihren zugewiesenen Wert willst, dann musst du $ voranstellen. # dann über ihren Namen ohne $. Aber wenn du ihren zugewiesenen Wert willst, dann musst du $ voranstellen.
# Beachte: ' (Hochkomma) verhindert das Interpretieren der Variablen
# Ersetzen von Zeichenketten in Variablen
echo ${Variable/irgendein/neuer}
# Ersetzt das erste Vorkommen von "irgendein" durch "neuer"
# Teil einer Zeichenkette
Laenge=7
echo ${Variable:0:Laenge}
# Gibt nur die ersten 7 Zeichen zurück
# Standardwert verwenden
echo ${Foo:-"ErsatzWennLeerOderUngesetzt"}
# Das funktioniert mit nicht gesetzten Variablen (Foo=) und leeren Zeichenketten (Foo="")
# Die Zahl 0 (Foo=0) liefert 0.
# Beachte: der wert der Variablen wird nicht geändert
# Eingebaute Variable (BUILTINS):
# Einige nützliche Beispiele
echo "Rückgabewert des letzten Befehls: $?"
echo "Die PID des skripts: $$"
echo "Anzahl der Argumente beim Aufruf: $#"
echo "Alle Argumente beim Aufruf: $@"
echo "Die Argumente in einzelnen Variablen: $1 $2..."
# Einen Wert aus der Eingabe lesen: # Einen Wert aus der Eingabe lesen:
echo "Wie heisst du?" echo "Wie heisst du?"
@@ -47,14 +79,30 @@ read NAME # Wir mussten nicht mal eine neue Variable deklarieren
echo Hello, $NAME! echo Hello, $NAME!
# Wir haben die übliche if-Struktur: # Wir haben die übliche if-Struktur:
if true # 'man test' liefert weitere Informationen zu Bedingungen
if [ "$NAME" -ne $USER ]
then then
echo "Wie erwartet" echo "Dein Name ist nicht dein Login-Name"
else else
echo "Und dies nicht" echo "Dein Name ist dein Login-Name"
fi fi
# Ausdrücke werden im folgenden Format festgehalten: # Es gibt auch bedingte Ausführung
echo "immer ausgeführt" || echo "Nur ausgeführt wenn der erste Befehl fehlschlägt"
echo "immer ausgeführt" && echo "Nur ausgeführt wenn der erste Befehl Erfolg hat"
# Um && und || mit if statements zu verwenden, braucht man mehrfache Paare eckiger Klammern:
if [ $NAME == "Steve" ] && [ $Alter -eq 15 ]
then
echo "Wird ausgeführt wenn $NAME gleich 'Steve' UND $Alter gleich 15."
fi
if [ $Name == "Daniya" ] || [ $Name == "Zach" ]
then
echo "Wird ausgeführt wenn $NAME gleich 'Daniya' ODER $NAME gleich 'Zach'."
fi
# Ausdrücke haben folgendes Format:
echo $(( 10 + 5 )) echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
# Anders als andere Programmiersprachen ist Bash eine Shell – es arbeitet also im Kontext von Verzeichnissen. # Anders als andere Programmiersprachen ist Bash eine Shell – es arbeitet also im Kontext von Verzeichnissen.
@@ -69,13 +117,60 @@ ls -l # Liste alle Dateien und Unterverzeichnisse auf einer eigenen Zeile auf
# txt-Dateien im aktuellen Verzeichnis auflisten: # txt-Dateien im aktuellen Verzeichnis auflisten:
ls -l | grep "\.txt" ls -l | grep "\.txt"
# Befehle können innerhalb anderer Befehle mit $( ) erstetzt werden: # Ein- und Ausgabe können umgeleitet werden (stdin, stdout, and stderr).
# Von stdin lesen bis "EOF" allein in einer Zeile auftaucht
# und die Datei hello.py mit den Zeilen zwischen den beiden "EOF"
# überschreiben:
cat > hello.py << EOF
#!/usr/bin/env python
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
print("#stdout", file=sys.stdout)
print("#stderr", file=sys.stderr)
for line in sys.stdin:
print(line, file=sys.stdout)
EOF
# Führe hello.py mit verschiedenen Umleitungen von
# stdin, stdout und stderr aus:
python hello.py < "input.in"
python hello.py > "output.out"
python hello.py 2> "error.err"
python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1
python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1
# Die Fehlerausgabe würde die Datei "error.err" überschreiben (falls sie existiert)
# verwende ">>" um stattdessen anzuhängen:
python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
# Überschreibe output.out, hänge an error.err an und zähle die Zeilen beider Dateien:
info bash 'Basic Shell Features' 'Redirections' > output.out 2>> error.err
wc -l output.out error.err
# Führe einen Befehl aus und gib dessen "file descriptor" (zB /dev/fd/123) aus
# siehe: man fd
echo <(echo "#helloworld")
# Mehrere Arten, um output.out mit "#helloworld" zu überschreiben:
cat > output.out <(echo "#helloworld")
echo "#helloworld" > output.out
echo "#helloworld" | cat > output.out
echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
# Löschen der Hilfsdateien von oberhalb, mit Anzeige der Dateinamen
# (mit '-i' für "interactive" erfolgt für jede Date eine Rückfrage)
rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
# Die Ausgabe von Befehlen kann mit Hilfe von $( ) in anderen Befehlen verwendet weden:
# Der folgende Befehl zeigt die Anzahl aller Dateien und Unterverzeichnisse # Der folgende Befehl zeigt die Anzahl aller Dateien und Unterverzeichnisse
# im aktuellen Verzeichnis an. # im aktuellen Verzeichnis an.
echo "Dieser Ordner beinhaltet $(ls | wc -l) Dateien und Verzeichnisse." echo "Dieser Ordner beinhaltet $(ls | wc -l) Dateien und Verzeichnisse."
# Dasselbe kann man mit "backticks" `` erreichen, aber diese können
# nicht verschachtelt werden. $() ist die empfohlene Methode.
echo "Dieser Ordner beinhaltet `ls | wc -l` Dateien und Verzeichnisse."
# Bash nutzt einen case-Ausdruck, der sich ähnlich wie switch in Java oder C++ verhält. # Bash nutzt einen case-Ausdruck, der sich ähnlich wie switch in Java oder C++ verhält.
case "$VARIABLE" case "$Variable"
in in
# Liste der Fälle, die unterschieden werden sollen # Liste der Fälle, die unterschieden werden sollen
0) echo "Hier ist eine Null." 0) echo "Hier ist eine Null."
@@ -83,10 +178,106 @@ in
*) echo "Das ist nicht Null." *) echo "Das ist nicht Null."
esac esac
# loops iterieren über die angegebene Zahl von Argumenten: # 'for' Schleifen iterieren über die angegebene Zahl von Argumenten:
# Der Inhalt von $VARIABLE wird dreimal ausgedruckt. # Der Inhalt von $Variable wird dreimal ausgedruckt.
for $VARIABLE in x y z for $Variable in {1..3}
do do
echo "$VARIABLE" echo "$Variable"
done done
# Oder verwende die "traditionelle 'for'-Schleife":
for ((a=1; a <= 3; a++))
do
echo $a
done
# Schleifen können auch mit Dateien arbeiten:
# 'cat' zeigt zuerst file1 an und dann file2
for Variable in file1 file2
do
cat "$Variable"
done
# .. oder mit der Ausgabe eines Befehls:
# Ausgabe des Inhalts jeder Datei, die von 'ls' aufgezählt wird
for Output in $(ls)
do
cat "$Output"
done
# while Schleife:
while [ true ]
do
echo "Schleifenkörper..."
break
done
# Funktionen definieren
# Definition:
function foo ()
{
echo "Argumente funktionieren wie bei skripts: $@"
echo Und: $1 $2..."
echo "Dies ist eine Funktion"
return 0
}
# oder einfacher
bar ()
{
echo "Auch so kann man Funktionen deklarieren!"
return 0
}
# Aufruf der Funktion:
foo "My name is" $Name
# Was du noch lernen könntest:
# Ausgabe der letzten 10 Zeilen von file.txt
tail -n 10 file.txt
# Ausgabe der ersten 10 Zeilen von file.txt
head -n 10 file.txt
# sortierte Ausgabe von file.txt
sort file.txt
# Mehrfachzeilen in sortierten Dateien unterdrücken
# oder (mit -d) nur diese ausgeben
uniq -d file.txt
# Ausgabe nur der ersten Spalte (vor dem ersten ',')
cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
# ersetze in file.txt jedes vorkommende 'gut' durch 'super' (versteht regex)
sed -i 's/gut/super/g' file.txt
# Ausgabe nach stdout aller Zeilen von file.txt, die auf eine regex passen
# Im Beispiel: Zeilen, die mit "foo" beginnen und mit "bar" enden
grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
# Mit der Option "-c" wird stattdessen die Anzahl der gefundenen Zeilen ausgegeben
grep -c "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
# verwende 'fgrep' oder 'grep -F' wenn du buchstäblich nach den Zeichen
# suchen willst, ohne sie als regex zu interpretieren
fgrep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
# Dokumentation über die in bash eingebauten Befehle
# bekommst du mit dem eingebauten Befehl 'help'
help
help help
help for
help return
help source
help .
# Das bash-Handbuch liest du mit 'man'
apropos bash
man 1 bash
man bash
# Dann gibt es noch das 'info' System (drücke ? um Hilfe angezeigt zu bekommen)
apropos info | grep '^info.*('
man info
info info
info 5 info
# info Dokumentation über bash:
info bash
info bash 'Bash Features'
info bash 6
info --apropos bash
``` ```

30
de-de/git-de.html.markdown
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@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ Anmerkung des Übersetzers: Einige englische Begriffe wie *Repository*, *Commit*
### Was ist Versionsverwaltung? ### Was ist Versionsverwaltung?
Eine Versionskontrolle erfasst die Änderungen einer Datei oder eines Verzeichnisses im Verlauf der Zeit. Eine Versionsverwaltung erfasst die Änderungen einer Datei oder eines Verzeichnisses im Verlauf der Zeit.
### Zentrale im Vergleich mit verteilter Versionverwaltung ### Zentrale im Vergleich mit verteilter Versionverwaltung
* Zentrale Versionskontrolle konzentriert sich auf das Synchronisieren, Verfolgen und Sichern von Dateien. * Zentrale Versionsverwaltung konzentriert sich auf das Synchronisieren, Verfolgen und Sichern von Dateien.
* Verteilte Versionskontrolle konzentriert sich auf das Teilen der Änderungen. Jede Änderung hat eine eindeutige ID. * Verteilte Versionsverwaltung konzentriert sich auf das Teilen der Änderungen. Jede Änderung hat eine eindeutige ID.
* Verteilte Systeme haben keine vorbestimmte Struktur. Ein SVN-ähnliches, zentrales System wäre mit Git ebenso umsetzbar. * Verteilte Systeme haben keine vorbestimmte Struktur. Ein SVN-ähnliches, zentrales System wäre mit Git ebenso umsetzbar.
[Weiterführende Informationen](http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-About-Version-Control) [Weiterführende Informationen](http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-About-Version-Control)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Der Index ist die die Staging-Area von Git. Es ist im Grunde eine Ebene, die Arb
### Commit ### Commit
Ein Commit ist ein Schnappschuss von Uderungen in deinem Arbeitsverzeichnis. Wenn du zum Beispiel 5 Dateien hinzugefügt und 2 andere entfernt hast, werden diese Änderungen im Commit (Schnappschuss) enthalten sein. Dieser Commit kann dann in andere Repositorys gepusht werden. Oder nicht! Ein Commit ist ein Schnappschuss von Änderungen in deinem Arbeitsverzeichnis. Wenn du zum Beispiel 5 Dateien hinzugefügt und 2 andere entfernt hast, werden diese Änderungen im Commit (Schnappschuss) enthalten sein. Dieser Commit kann dann in andere Repositories gepusht werden. Oder nicht!
### Branch ### Branch
@@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ Ein Branch, ein Ast oder Zweig, ist im Kern ein Pointer auf den letzten Commit,
### HEAD und head (Teil des .git-Verzeichnisses) ### HEAD und head (Teil des .git-Verzeichnisses)
HEAD ist ein Pointer auf den aktuellen Branch. Ein Repository hat nur einen *aktiven* HEAD. Ein head ist ein Pointer, der auf ein beliebige Zahl von heads zeigt. HEAD ist ein Pointer auf den aktuellen Branch. Ein Repository hat nur einen *aktiven* HEAD.
Ein *head* ist ein Pointer, der auf einen beliebigen Commit zeigt. Ein Repository kann eine beliebige Zahl von *heads* enthalten.
### Konzeptionelle Hintergründe ### Konzeptionelle Hintergründe
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ Zeigt die Unterschiede zwischen Index (im Grunde dein Arbeitsverzeichnis/-reposi
```bash ```bash
# Zeigt den Branch, nicht-verfolgte Dateien, Uderungen und andere Unterschiede an # Zeigt den Branch, nicht-verfolgte Dateien, Änderungen und andere Unterschiede an
$ git status $ git status
# Anderes Wissenswertes über git status anzeigen # Anderes Wissenswertes über git status anzeigen
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ $ git add ./*.java
### branch ### branch
Verwalte alle Branches. Du kannst sie mit diesem Befehl ansehen, bearbeiten, neue erschaffen oder löschen. Verwalte alle Branches. Du kannst sie mit diesem Befehl ansehen, bearbeiten, neue erzeugen oder löschen.
```bash ```bash
# Liste alle bestehenden Branches und Remotes auf # Liste alle bestehenden Branches und Remotes auf
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ $ git checkout -b newBranch
### clone ### clone
Ein bestehendes Repository in ein neues Verzeichnis klonen oder kopieren. Es fügt außerdem für hedes geklonte Repo remote-tracking Branches hinzu. Du kannst auf diese Remote-Branches pushen. Ein bestehendes Repository in ein neues Verzeichnis klonen oder kopieren. Es fügt außerdem für jedes geklonte Repository remote-tracking Branches hinzu. Du kannst auf diese Remote-Branches pushen.
```bash ```bash
# Klone learnxinyminutes-docs # Klone learnxinyminutes-docs
@@ -288,16 +290,16 @@ $ git mv -f myFile existingFile
### pull ### pull
Führe einen Pull, zieht alle Daten, eines Repositorys und f?? einen Merge mit einem anderen Branch durch. Führe einen Pull (zieht alle Daten eines Repositories) aus und führt einen Merge mit einem anderen Branch durch.
```bash ```bash
# Update deines lokalen Repos, indem ein Merge der neuen Uderungen # Update deines lokalen Repos, indem ein Merge der neuen Änderungen
# von den remote-liegenden "origin"- und "master"-Branches durchgef?? wird. # von den remote-liegenden "origin"- und "master"-Branches durchgeführt wird.
# git pull <remote> <branch> # git pull <remote> <branch>
# git pull => impliziter Verweis auf origin und master # git pull => impliziter Verweis auf origin und master
$ git pull origin master $ git pull origin master
# F?? einen Merge von Uderungen eines remote-Branch und ein Rebase # Führt einen Merge von Änderungen eines remote-Branch und ein Rebase
# des Branch-Commits im lokalen Repo durch. Wie: pull <remote> <branch>, git rebase <branch>" # des Branch-Commits im lokalen Repo durch. Wie: pull <remote> <branch>, git rebase <branch>"
$ git pull origin master --rebase $ git pull origin master --rebase
``` ```
@@ -337,8 +339,8 @@ $ git reset
# Setze die Staging-Area zurück, um dem letzten Commit zu entsprechen und überschreibe das Arbeitsverzeichnis # Setze die Staging-Area zurück, um dem letzten Commit zu entsprechen und überschreibe das Arbeitsverzeichnis
$ git reset --hard $ git reset --hard
# Bewegt die Spitze des Branches zu dem angegebenen Commit (das Verzeichnis bleibt unber??) # Bewegt die Spitze des Branches zu dem angegebenen Commit (das Verzeichnis bleibt unberührt)
# Alle Uderungen bleiben im Verzeichnis erhalten # Alle Änderungen bleiben im Verzeichnis erhalten
$ git reset 31f2bb1 $ git reset 31f2bb1
# Bewegt die Spitze des Branches zurück zu dem angegebenen Commit # Bewegt die Spitze des Branches zurück zu dem angegebenen Commit

3
de-de/go-de.html.markdown
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@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ language: Go
filename: learngo-de.go filename: learngo-de.go
contributors: contributors:
- ["Joseph Adams", "https://github.com/jcla1"] - ["Joseph Adams", "https://github.com/jcla1"]
- ["Dennis Keller", "https://github.com/denniskeller"]
lang: de-de lang: de-de
--- ---
Go wurde entwickelt, um Probleme zu lösen. Sie ist zwar nicht der neueste Trend in Go wurde entwickelt, um Probleme zu lösen. Sie ist zwar nicht der neueste Trend in
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ func (p pair) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
## Weitere Resourcen ## Weitere Resourcen
Alles zu Go finden Sie auf der [offiziellen Go Webseite](http://golang.org/). Alles zu Go finden Sie auf der [offiziellen Go Webseite](http://golang.org/).
Dort können sie der Tutorial folgen, interaktiv Quelltext ausprobieren und viel Dort können sie dem Tutorial folgen, interaktiv Quelltext ausprobieren und viel
Dokumentation lesen. Dokumentation lesen.
Auch zu empfehlen ist die Spezifikation von Go, die nach heutigen Standards sehr Auch zu empfehlen ist die Spezifikation von Go, die nach heutigen Standards sehr

247
es-es/ruby-es.html.markdown
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@@ -5,8 +5,18 @@ contributors:
- ["David Underwood", "http://theflyingdeveloper.com"] - ["David Underwood", "http://theflyingdeveloper.com"]
- ["Joel Walden", "http://joelwalden.net"] - ["Joel Walden", "http://joelwalden.net"]
- ["Luke Holder", "http://twitter.com/lukeholder"] - ["Luke Holder", "http://twitter.com/lukeholder"]
- ["Tristan Hume", "http://thume.ca/"]
- ["Nick LaMuro", "https://github.com/NickLaMuro"]
- ["Marcos Brizeno", "http://www.about.me/marcosbrizeno"]
- ["Ariel Krakowski", "http://www.learneroo.com"]
- ["Dzianis Dashkevich", "https://github.com/dskecse"]
- ["Levi Bostian", "https://github.com/levibostian"]
- ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"]
- ["Gabriel Halley", "https://github.com/ghalley"]
- ["Persa Zula", "http://persazula.com"]
translators: translators:
- ["Camilo Garrido", "http://www.twitter.com/hirohope"] - ["Camilo Garrido", "http://www.twitter.com/hirohope"]
- ["Erick Bernal", "http://www.twitter.com/billowkib"]
lang: es-es lang: es-es
--- ---
@@ -33,6 +43,8 @@ Tu tampoco deberías
8 - 1 #=> 7 8 - 1 #=> 7
10 * 2 #=> 20 10 * 2 #=> 20
35 / 5 #=> 7 35 / 5 #=> 7
2**5 #=> 32
5 % 3 #=> 2
# La aritmética es sólo azúcar sintáctico # La aritmética es sólo azúcar sintáctico
# para llamar un método de un objeto # para llamar un método de un objeto
@@ -55,8 +67,6 @@ false.class #=> FalseClass
# Desigualdad # Desigualdad
1 != 1 #=> false 1 != 1 #=> false
2 != 1 #=> true 2 != 1 #=> true
!true #=> false
!false #=> true
# Además de 'false', 'nil' es otro valor falso # Además de 'false', 'nil' es otro valor falso
@@ -70,14 +80,29 @@ false.class #=> FalseClass
2 <= 2 #=> true 2 <= 2 #=> true
2 >= 2 #=> true 2 >= 2 #=> true
# Operadores lógicos
true && false #=> false
true || false #=> true
!true #=> false
# Existen versiones alternativas de los operadores lógicos con menor prioridad
# Estos son usados como constructores controladores de flujo que encadenan
# sentencias hasta que una de ellas retorne verdadero o falso
# `has_otra_cosa` solo se llama si `has_algo` retorna verdadero.
has_algo() and has_otra_cosa()
# `registra_error` solo se llama si `has_algo` falla
has_algo() or registra_error()
# Los strings son objetos # Los strings son objetos
'Soy un string'.class #=> String 'Soy un string'.class #=> String
"Soy un string también".class #=> String "Soy un string también".class #=> String
referente = "usar interpolacion de strings" referente = "usar interpolación de strings"
"Yo puedo #{referente} usando strings de comillas dobles" "Yo puedo #{referente} usando strings de comillas dobles"
#=> "Yo puedo usar interpolacion de strings usando strings de comillas dobles" #=> "Yo puedo usar interpolación de strings usando strings de comillas dobles"
# Imprime a la salida estándar # Imprime a la salida estándar
@@ -119,15 +144,16 @@ status == :aprovado #=> false
# Arreglos # Arreglos
# Esto es un arreglo # Esto es un arreglo
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] arreglo = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Arreglos pueden contener elementos de distintos tipos # Arreglos pueden contener elementos de distintos tipos
arreglo = [1, "hola", false] #=> => [1, "hola", false] [1, "hola", false] #=> => [1, "hola", false]
# Arreglos pueden ser indexados # Arreglos pueden ser indexados
# Desde el frente # Desde el frente
arreglo[0] #=> 1 arreglo[0] #=> 1
arreglo.first #=> 1
arreglo[12] #=> nil arreglo[12] #=> nil
# Tal como la aritmética, el acceso como variable[índice] # Tal como la aritmética, el acceso como variable[índice]
@@ -138,15 +164,25 @@ arreglo.[] 12 #=> nil
# Desde el final # Desde el final
arreglo[-1] #=> 5 arreglo[-1] #=> 5
arreglo.last #=> 5
# Con un índice de inicio y final # Con un índice de inicio y longitud
arreglo[2, 4] #=> [3, 4, 5] arreglo[2, 3] #=> [3, 4, 5]
# Invertir un arreglo
a = [1, 2, 3]
a.reverse! #=> [3, 2, 1]
# O con rango # O con rango
arreglo[1..3] #=> [2, 3, 4] arreglo[1..3] #=> [2, 3, 4]
# Añade elementos a un arreglo así # Añade elementos a un arreglo así
arreglo << 6 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] arreglo << 6 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
# O así
arreglo.push(6) #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
#Verifica si un elemento ya existe en ese arreglo
arreglo.include?(1) #=> true
# Hashes son los diccionarios principales de Ruby con pares llave/valor. # Hashes son los diccionarios principales de Ruby con pares llave/valor.
# Hashes se denotan con llaves: # Hashes se denotan con llaves:
@@ -161,17 +197,16 @@ hash['numero'] #=> 5
# Preguntarle a un hash por una llave que no existe retorna 'nil': # Preguntarle a un hash por una llave que no existe retorna 'nil':
hash['nada aqui'] #=> nil hash['nada aqui'] #=> nil
# Itera sobre un hash con el método 'each':
hash.each do |k, v|
puts "#{k} is #{v}"
end
# Desde Ruby 1.9, hay una sintaxis especial cuando se usa un símbolo como llave: # Desde Ruby 1.9, hay una sintaxis especial cuando se usa un símbolo como llave:
nuevo_hash = { defcon: 3, accion: true} nuevo_hash = { defcon: 3, accion: true}
nuevo_hash.keys #=> [:defcon, :accion] nuevo_hash.keys #=> [:defcon, :accion]
# Verifica la existencia de llaves y valores en el hash
new_hash.has_key?(:defcon) #=> true
new_hash.has_value?(3) #=> true
# Tip: Tanto los arreglos como los hashes son Enumerable (enumerables) # Tip: Tanto los arreglos como los hashes son Enumerable (enumerables)
# Comparten muchos métodos útiles tales como 'each', 'map', 'count', y más # Comparten muchos métodos útiles tales como 'each', 'map', 'count', y más
@@ -194,9 +229,15 @@ end
#=> iteracion 4 #=> iteracion 4
#=> iteracion 5 #=> iteracion 5
# Aunque # SIN EMBARGO, nadie usa ciclos `for`
# Nadie usa los ciclos `for` # En su lugar debes usar el método "each" y pasarle un block (bloque).
# Usa `each`, así: # Un bloque es un fragmento código que puedes pasar a métodos como `each`.
# Es símilar a las funciones lambda, funciones anónimas o `closures` en otros
# lenguajes de programación.
#
# El método `each` de un Range (rango) ejecuta el bloque una vez por cada elemento.
# Al bloque se le pasa un contador como parametro.
# Usar el método `each` con un bloque se ve así:
(1..5).each do |contador| (1..5).each do |contador|
puts "iteracion #{contador}" puts "iteracion #{contador}"
@@ -207,10 +248,27 @@ end
#=> iteracion 4 #=> iteracion 4
#=> iteracion 5 #=> iteracion 5
counter = 1 # También puedes envolver el bloque entre llaves:
while counter <= 5 do (1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteración #{contador}" }
puts "iteracion #{counter}"
counter += 1 #El contenido de las estructuras de datos en ruby puede ser iterado usando `each`.
arreglo.each do |elemento|
puts "#{elemento} es parte del arreglo"
end
hash.each do |llave, valor|
puts "#{llave} es #{valor}"
end
# Si aún necesitas un índice puedes usar "each_with_index" y definir una variable
# índice.
arreglo.each_with_index do |element, index|
puts "#{element} tiene la posición #{index} en el arreglo"
end
contador = 1
while contador <= 5 do
puts "iteracion #{contador}"
contador += 1
end end
#=> iteracion 1 #=> iteracion 1
#=> iteracion 2 #=> iteracion 2
@@ -218,6 +276,19 @@ end
#=> iteracion 4 #=> iteracion 4
#=> iteracion 5 #=> iteracion 5
# Hay una gran variedad de otras funciones iterativas útiles en Ruby,
# por ejemplo `map`, `reduce`, `inject`, entre otras. Map, por ejemplo,
# toma el arreglo sobre el cuál está iterando, le hace cambios
# definidos en el bloque, y retorna un arreglo completamente nuevo.
arreglo = [1,2,3,4,5]
duplicado = array.map do |elemento|
elemento * 2
end
puts duplicado
#=> [2,4,6,8,10]
puts array
#=> [1,2,3,4,5]
nota = 'B' nota = 'B'
case nota case nota
@@ -234,6 +305,34 @@ when 'F'
else else
puts "Sistema alternativo de notas, ¿eh?" puts "Sistema alternativo de notas, ¿eh?"
end end
#=> "Mejor suerte para la proxima"
# Los casos también pueden usar rangos
nota = 82
case nota
when 90..100
puts 'Excelente!'
when 80..100
puts 'Buen trabajo'
else
puts '¡Reprobaste!'
end
#=> "Buen trabajo"
# Manejo de excepciones
begin
# código que podría causar excepción
raise NoMemoryError, 'Se te acabó la memoria'
rescue NoMemoryError => variable_de_excepcion
puts 'El error NoMemoryError ocurrió', variable_de_excepcion
rescue RuntimeError => otra_variable_de_excepcion
puts 'El error RuntimeError ocurrió'
else
puts 'Esto se ejecuta si ningun error ocurrió'
ensure
puts 'Este código siempre se ejecuta, sin importar que'
end
# Funciones # Funciones
@@ -244,7 +343,7 @@ end
# Funciones (y todos los bloques) implícitamente retornan el valor de la última instrucción # Funciones (y todos los bloques) implícitamente retornan el valor de la última instrucción
doble(2) #=> 4 doble(2) #=> 4
# Paréntesis son opcionales cuando el resultado es ambiguo # Paréntesis son opcionales cuando el resultado no es ambiguo
doble 3 #=> 6 doble 3 #=> 6
doble doble 3 #=> 12 doble doble 3 #=> 12
@@ -259,7 +358,7 @@ suma 3, 4 #=> 7
suma suma(3,4), 5 #=> 12 suma suma(3,4), 5 #=> 12
# yield # yield
# Todos los métodos tienen un parámetro de bloqueo opcional e implícitp # Todos los métodos tienen un parámetro bloque opcional e implícito
# puede llamarse con la palabra clave 'yield' # puede llamarse con la palabra clave 'yield'
def alrededor def alrededor
@@ -274,6 +373,17 @@ alrededor { puts 'hola mundo' }
# hola mundo # hola mundo
# } # }
# Puedes pasar un bloque a una función
# '&' representa una referencia a un bloque
def visitantes(&bloque)
bloque.call
end
# Puedes pasar una lista de argumentos, que serán convertidos en un arreglo
# Para eso sirve el operador ('*')
def visitantes(*arreglo)
arreglo.each { |visitante| puts visitante }
end
# Define una clase con la palabra clave 'class' # Define una clase con la palabra clave 'class'
class Humano class Humano
@@ -299,16 +409,26 @@ class Humano
@nombre @nombre
end end
# La funcionalidad anterior puede ser encapsulada usando el método attr_accessor
# de la siguiente manera
attr_accessor :name
# Los métodos de tipo getter y setter también se pueden crear de manera individual
# de la siguiente manera
attr_reader :name
attr_writer :name
# Un método de clase usa 'self' (sí mismo) para distinguirse de métodos de instancia. # Un método de clase usa 'self' (sí mismo) para distinguirse de métodos de instancia.
# Sólo puede ser llamado en la clase, no por una instancia. # Sólo puede ser llamado en la clase, no por una instancia.
def self.decir(mensaje) def self.decir(mensaje)
puts "#{mensaje}" puts mensaje
end end
def especie def especie
@@especie @@especie
end end
end end
@@ -328,6 +448,23 @@ dwight.nombre #=> "Dwight K. Schrute"
# Llama el método de clase # Llama el método de clase
Humano.decir("Hi") #=> "Hi" Humano.decir("Hi") #=> "Hi"
# El alcance de las variables es definido por la manera en que las nombramos.
# Las variables que inician con $ tienen un alcance global
$var = "Soy una variable global"
defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
# Las variables que empiezan con @ tienen un alcance de instancia
@var = "Soy una variable de instancia"
defined? @var #=> "instance-variable"
# Variables que empiezan con @@ tienen un alcance de clase
@@var = "Soy una variable de clase"
defined? @@var #=> "class variable"
# Las variables que empiezan con letra mayuscula son constantes
Var = "Soy una constante"
defined? Var #=> "constant"
# Las clases también son un objeto en ruby. Por lo cual, las clases también pueden tener variables de instancia. # Las clases también son un objeto en ruby. Por lo cual, las clases también pueden tener variables de instancia.
# Variables de clase son compartidas a través de la clase y todos sus descendientes. # Variables de clase son compartidas a través de la clase y todos sus descendientes.
@@ -371,7 +508,67 @@ end
class Doctor < Humano class Doctor < Humano
end end
Human.bar # 0 Humano.bar # 0
Doctor.bar # nil Doctor.bar # nil
module ModuloEjemplo
def foo
'foo'
end
end
# Al incluir un módulo sus métodos se comparten con las instancias de la clase
# Al extender un módulo sus métodos se comparten con la clase misma
class Persona
include ModuloEjemplo
end
class Libro
extend ModuloEjemplo
end
Persona.foo # => NoMethodError: undefined method `foo' for Persona:Class
Persona.new.foo # => 'foo'
Libro.foo # => 'foo'
Libro.new.foo # => NoMethodError: undefined method `foo'
# Las llamadas de retorno (callbacks) son ejecutadas cuando se incluye o
# extiende un módulo
module EjemploConcern
def self.incluido(base)
base.extend(MetodosClase)
base.send(:include, MetodosInstancia)
end
module MetodosClase
def bar
'bar'
end
end
module MetodosInstancia
def qux
'qux'
end
end
end
class Algo
include EjemploConcern
end
Algo.bar #=> 'bar'
Algo.qux #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `qux'
Algo.new.bar # => NoMethodError: undefined method `bar'
Algo.new.qux # => 'qux'
``` ```
## Recursos adicionales
- [Aprende Ruby Mediante Ejemplo con Ejercicios](http://www.learneroo.com/modules/61/nodes/338) - Una variante de
esta referencia con ejercicios en navegador.
- [Documentación Oficial](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/)
- [Ruby desde otros lenguajes](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/ruby-from-other-languages/)
- [Programando Ruby](http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Ruby-1-9-2-0-Programmers/dp/1937785491/) - Una
[edición antigua](http://ruby-doc.com/docs/ProgrammingRuby/) gratuita disponible en línea.
- [Guía de estilo de Ruby](https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide) - Guía de estilo creada por la comunidad.

3
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@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ Je suis tombé amoureux de Python de par la clarté de sa syntaxe. C'est pratiqu
Vos retours sont grandement appréciés. Vous pouvez me contacter sur Twitter [@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) ou par e-mail: louiedinh [at] [google's email service] Vos retours sont grandement appréciés. Vous pouvez me contacter sur Twitter [@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) ou par e-mail: louiedinh [at] [google's email service]
NB: Cet artice s'applique spécifiquement à Python 2.7, mais devrait s'appliquer pour toute version Python 2.x N.B. : Cet article s'applique spécifiquement à Python 2.7, mais devrait s'appliquer pour toute version Python 2.x. Python 2.7 est en fin de vie et ne sera plus maintenu à partir de 2020, il est donc recommandé d'apprendre Python avec Python 3. Pour Python 3.x, il existe un autre [tutoriel pour Python 3](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/fr-fr/python3-fr/).
Vous pourrez bientôt trouver un article pour Python 3 en Français. Pour le moment vous pouvez jettez un coup d'oeil à l'article [Python 3 en Anglais](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/python3/).
```python ```python
# Une ligne simple de commentaire commence par un dièse # Une ligne simple de commentaire commence par un dièse

8
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@@ -195,11 +195,11 @@ foo 5 -- 15
-- function composition -- function composition
-- the (.) function chains functions together. -- the (.) function chains functions together.
-- For example, here foo is a function that takes a value. It adds 10 to it, -- For example, here foo is a function that takes a value. It adds 10 to it,
-- multiplies the result of that by 5, and then returns the final value. -- multiplies the result of that by 4, and then returns the final value.
foo = (*5) . (+10) foo = (*4) . (+10)
-- (5 + 10) * 5 = 75 -- (5 + 10) * 4 = 60
foo 5 -- 75 foo 5 -- 60
-- fixing precedence -- fixing precedence
-- Haskell has another operator called `$`. This operator applies a function -- Haskell has another operator called `$`. This operator applies a function

2
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--- ---
language: xml language: xml
filename: learnxml.xml filename: learnxml-id.xml
contributors: contributors:
- ["João Farias", "https://github.com/JoaoGFarias"] - ["João Farias", "https://github.com/JoaoGFarias"]
translators: translators:

22
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@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ contributors:
- ["Simon Morgan", "http://sjm.io/"] - ["Simon Morgan", "http://sjm.io/"]
- ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"] - ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"]
- ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "http://github.com/cschermerhorn"] - ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "http://github.com/cschermerhorn"]
- ["Rachel Stiyer", "https://github.com/rstiyer"]
filename: LearnJava.java filename: LearnJava.java
--- ---
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
// //
// BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal // BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal
// rounding. It is recommended to use BigDecimal with currency values // rounding. It is recommended to use BigDecimal with currency values
// and where exact decimal percision is required. // and where exact decimal precision is required.
// //
// BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String // BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String
// or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int). // or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int).
@@ -184,8 +185,12 @@ public class LearnJava {
// LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the // LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the
// operations perform as could be expected for a // operations perform as could be expected for a
// doubly-linked list. // doubly-linked list.
// Maps - A set of objects that maps keys to values. A map cannot // Maps - A set of objects that map keys to values. Map is
// contain duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value. // an interface and therefore cannot be instantiated.
// The type of keys and values contained in a Map must
// be specified upon instantiation of the implementing
// class. Each key may map to only one corresponding value,
// and each key may appear only once (no duplicates).
// HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map // HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map
// interface. This allows the execution time of basic // interface. This allows the execution time of basic
// operations, such as get and insert element, to remain // operations, such as get and insert element, to remain
@@ -445,6 +450,17 @@ class Bicycle {
protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package
static String className; // Static class variable
// Static block
// Java has no implementation of static constructors, but
// has a static block that can be used to initialize class variables
// (static variables).
// This block will be called when the class is loaded.
static {
className = "Bicycle";
}
// Constructors are a way of creating classes // Constructors are a way of creating classes
// This is a constructor // This is a constructor
public Bicycle() { public Bicycle() {

67
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@@ -16,12 +16,8 @@ JavaScript isn't just limited to web browsers, though: Node.js, a project that
provides a standalone runtime for Google Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine, is provides a standalone runtime for Google Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine, is
becoming more and more popular. becoming more and more popular.
Feedback would be highly appreciated! You can reach me at
[@adambrenecki](https://twitter.com/adambrenecki), or
[adam@brenecki.id.au](mailto:adam@brenecki.id.au).
```js ```js
// Comments are like C. Single-line comments start with two slashes, // Comments are like C's. Single-line comments start with two slashes,
/* and multiline comments start with slash-star /* and multiline comments start with slash-star
and end with star-slash */ and end with star-slash */
@@ -149,6 +145,10 @@ someOtherVar = 10;
// Variables declared without being assigned to are set to undefined. // Variables declared without being assigned to are set to undefined.
var someThirdVar; // = undefined var someThirdVar; // = undefined
// if you wan't to declare a couple of variables, then you could use a comma
// separator
var someFourthVar = 2, someFifthVar = 4;
// There's shorthand for performing math operations on variables: // There's shorthand for performing math operations on variables:
someVar += 5; // equivalent to someVar = someVar + 5; someVar is 10 now someVar += 5; // equivalent to someVar = someVar + 5; someVar is 10 now
someVar *= 10; // now someVar is 100 someVar *= 10; // now someVar is 100
@@ -287,12 +287,9 @@ myFunction("foo"); // = "FOO"
// Note that the value to be returned must start on the same line as the // Note that the value to be returned must start on the same line as the
// `return` keyword, otherwise you'll always return `undefined` due to // `return` keyword, otherwise you'll always return `undefined` due to
// automatic semicolon insertion. Watch out for this when using Allman style. // automatic semicolon insertion. Watch out for this when using Allman style.
function myFunction() function myFunction(){
{
return // <- semicolon automatically inserted here return // <- semicolon automatically inserted here
{ {thisIsAn: 'object literal'}
thisIsAn: 'object literal'
}
} }
myFunction(); // = undefined myFunction(); // = undefined
@@ -306,6 +303,12 @@ setTimeout(myFunction, 5000);
// Note: setTimeout isn't part of the JS language, but is provided by browsers // Note: setTimeout isn't part of the JS language, but is provided by browsers
// and Node.js. // and Node.js.
// Another function provided by browsers is setInterval
function myFunction(){
// this code will be called every 5 seconds
}
setInterval(myFunction, 5000);
// Function objects don't even have to be declared with a name - you can write // Function objects don't even have to be declared with a name - you can write
// an anonymous function definition directly into the arguments of another. // an anonymous function definition directly into the arguments of another.
setTimeout(function(){ setTimeout(function(){
@@ -527,28 +530,32 @@ if (Object.create === undefined){ // don't overwrite it if it exists
## Further Reading ## Further Reading
The [Mozilla Developer The [Mozilla Developer Network][1] provides excellent documentation for
Network](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript) provides JavaScript as it's used in browsers. Plus, it's a wiki, so as you learn more you
excellent documentation for JavaScript as it's used in browsers. Plus, it's a can help others out by sharing your own knowledge.
wiki, so as you learn more you can help others out by sharing your own
knowledge.
MDN's [A re-introduction to MDN's [A re-introduction to JavaScript][2] covers much of the concepts covered
JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/A_re-introduction_to_JavaScript) here in more detail. This guide has quite deliberately only covered the
covers much of the concepts covered here in more detail. This guide has quite JavaScript language itself; if you want to learn more about how to use
deliberately only covered the JavaScript language itself; if you want to learn JavaScript in web pages, start by learning about the [Document Object Model][3].
more about how to use JavaScript in web pages, start by learning about the
[Document Object
Model](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Using_the_W3C_DOM_Level_1_Core)
[Learn Javascript by Example and with Challenges](http://www.learneroo.com/modules/64/nodes/350) is a variant of this reference with built-in challenges. [Learn Javascript by Example and with Challenges][4] is a variant of this
reference with built-in challenges.
[JavaScript Garden](http://bonsaiden.github.io/JavaScript-Garden/) is an in-depth [JavaScript Garden][5] is an in-depth guide of all the counter-intuitive parts
guide of all the counter-intuitive parts of the language. of the language.
[JavaScript: The Definitive Guide](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596805527/) is a classic guide / reference book. [JavaScript: The Definitive Guide][6] is a classic guide and reference book.
In addition to direct contributors to this article, some content is adapted In addition to direct contributors to this article, some content is adapted from
from Louie Dinh's Python tutorial on this site, and the [JS Louie Dinh's Python tutorial on this site, and the [JS Tutorial][7] on the
Tutorial](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/A_re-introduction_to_JavaScript) Mozilla Developer Network.
on the Mozilla Developer Network.
[1]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript
[2]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/A_re-introduction_to_JavaScript
[3]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Using_the_W3C_DOM_Level_1_Core
[4]: http://www.learneroo.com/modules/64/nodes/350
[5]: http://bonsaiden.github.io/JavaScript-Garden/
[6]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596805527/
[7]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/A_re-introduction_to_JavaScript

44
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@@ -5,22 +5,30 @@ contributors:
- ["Anna Harren", "https://github.com/iirelu"] - ["Anna Harren", "https://github.com/iirelu"]
- ["Marco Scannadinari", "https://github.com/marcoms"] - ["Marco Scannadinari", "https://github.com/marcoms"]
- ["himanshu", "https://github.com/himanshu81494"] - ["himanshu", "https://github.com/himanshu81494"]
- ["Michael Neth", "https://github.com/infernocloud"]
--- ---
As JSON is an extremely simple data-interchange format, this is most likely going As JSON is an extremely simple data-interchange format, this is most likely going to be the simplest Learn X in Y Minutes ever.
to be the simplest Learn X in Y Minutes ever.
JSON in its purest form has no actual comments, but most parsers will accept JSON in its purest form has no actual comments, but most parsers will accept C-style (`//`, `/* */`) comments. Some parsers also tolerate a trailing comma (i.e. a comma after the last element of an array or the after the last property of an object), but they should be avoided for better compatibility.
C-style (`//`, `/* */`) comments. Some parsers also tolerate a trailing comma
(i.e. a comma after the last element of an array or the after the last property of an object),
but they should be avoided for better compatibility.
For the purposes of this, however, everything is going to be 100% valid JSON. Luckily, it kind of speaks for itself. For the purposes of this, however, everything is going to be 100% valid JSON. Luckily, it kind of speaks for itself.
Data types supported by JSON includes: numbers, string, boolean, array, object and null. A JSON value must be a number, a string, an array, an object, or one of the following 3 literal names: true, false, null.
Supporting browsers are: Firefox(Mozilla) 3.5, Internet Explorer 8, Chrome, Opera 10, Safari 4.
JSON file type for JSON files is ".json". The MIME type for JSON text is "application/json" Supporting browsers are: Firefox 3.5+, Internet Explorer 8.0+, Chrome 1.0+, Opera 10.0+, and Safari 4.0+.
Drawbacks of JSON include lack of type definition and some sort of DTD.
File extension for JSON files is ".json" and the MIME type for JSON text is "application/json".
Many programming languages have support for serializing (encoding) and unserializing (decoding) JSON data into native data structures. Javascript has implicit support for manipulating JSON text as data.
More information can be found at http://www.json.org/
JSON is built on two structures:
* A collection of name/value pairs. In various languages, this is realized as an object, record, struct, dictionary, hash table, keyed list, or associative array.
* An ordered list of values. In most languages, this is realized as an array, vector, list, or sequence.
An object with various name/value pairs.
```json ```json
{ {
@@ -60,8 +68,18 @@ Drawbacks of JSON include lack of type definition and some sort of DTD.
"comment": "check this out!" "comment": "check this out!"
, "comma position": "doesn't matter - as long as it's before the next key, then it's valid" , "comma position": "doesn't matter - as long as it's before the next key, then it's valid"
, "another comment": "how nice" , "another comment": "how nice"
}, }
"that was short": "And, you're done. You now know everything JSON has to offer."
} }
``` ```
A single array of values by itself is also valid JSON.
```json
[1, 2, 3, "text", true]
```
Objects can be a part of the array as well.
```json
[{"name": "Bob", "age": 25}, {"name": "Jane", "age": 29}, {"name": "Jack", "age": 31}]
```

4
julia.html.markdown
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@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
# Variable names start with a letter. # Variable names start with a letter or underscore.
# After that, you can use letters, digits, underscores, and exclamation points. # After that, you can use letters, digits, underscores, and exclamation points.
SomeOtherVar123! = 6 # => 6 SomeOtherVar123! = 6 # => 6
# You can also use unicode characters # You can also use certain unicode characters
☃ = 8 # => 8 ☃ = 8 # => 8
# These are especially handy for mathematical notation # These are especially handy for mathematical notation
2 * π # => 6.283185307179586 2 * π # => 6.283185307179586

7
matlab.html.markdown
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@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
--- ---
language: Matlab language: Matlab
filename: learnmatlab.mat
contributors: contributors:
- ["mendozao", "http://github.com/mendozao"] - ["mendozao", "http://github.com/mendozao"]
- ["jamesscottbrown", "http://jamesscottbrown.com"] - ["jamesscottbrown", "http://jamesscottbrown.com"]
- ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"] - ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"]
- ["Claudson Martins", "http://github.com/claudsonm"]
--- ---
MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. It is a powerful numerical computing language commonly used in engineering and mathematics. MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. It is a powerful numerical computing language commonly used in engineering and mathematics.
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ pcolor(A) % Heat-map of matrix: plot as grid of rectangles, coloured by value
contour(A) % Contour plot of matrix contour(A) % Contour plot of matrix
mesh(A) % Plot as a mesh surface mesh(A) % Plot as a mesh surface
h = figure % Create new figure object, with handle f h = figure % Create new figure object, with handle h
figure(h) % Makes the figure corresponding to handle h the current figure figure(h) % Makes the figure corresponding to handle h the current figure
close(h) % close figure with handle h close(h) % close figure with handle h
close all % close all open figure windows close all % close all open figure windows
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ double_input(6) % ans = 12
% anonymous function. Useful when quickly defining a function to pass to % anonymous function. Useful when quickly defining a function to pass to
% another function (eg. plot with fplot, evaluate an indefinite integral % another function (eg. plot with fplot, evaluate an indefinite integral
% with quad, find roots with fzero, or find minimum with fminsearch). % with quad, find roots with fzero, or find minimum with fminsearch).
% Example that returns the square of it's input, assigned to to the handle sqr: % Example that returns the square of it's input, assigned to the handle sqr:
sqr = @(x) x.^2; sqr = @(x) x.^2;
sqr(10) % ans = 100 sqr(10) % ans = 100
doc function_handle % find out more doc function_handle % find out more

105
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@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
---
language: coffeescript
contributors:
- ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
- ["Xavier Yao", "http://github.com/xavieryao"]
filename: coffeescript-ms.coffee
translators:
- ["hack1m", "https://github.com/hack1m"]
lang: ms-my
---
CoffeeScript adalah bahasa kecil yang menyusun/kompil satu-per-satu menjadi setara JavaScript, dan tidak ada interpretasi di runtime.
Sebagai salah satu pengganti kepada JavaScript, CoffeeScript mencuba yang terbaik untuk output kod JavaScript yang mudah dibaca, cantik-dicetak dan berfungsi lancar, yang mana berfungsi baik pada setiap runtime JavaScript.
Lihat juga [Laman sesawang CoffeeScript](http://coffeescript.org/), yang mana ada tutorial lengkap untuk CoffeeScript.
```coffeescript
# CoffeeScript adalah bahasa hipster.
# Ia beredar mengikut trend kebanyakkan bahasa moden.
# Jadi komen sama seperti Ruby dan Python, ia menggunakan simbol nombor.
###
Blok komen seperti ini, dan ia terjemah terus ke '/ *'s dan '* /'s
untuk keputusan kod JavaScript.
Sebelum meneruskan anda perlu faham kebanyakkan daripada
JavaScript adalah semantik.
###
# Menetapkan:
number = 42 #=> var number = 42;
opposite = true #=> var opposite = true;
# Bersyarat:
number = -42 if opposite #=> if(opposite) { number = -42; }
# Fungsi:
square = (x) -> x * x #=> var square = function(x) { return x * x; }
fill = (container, liquid = "coffee") ->
"Filling the #{container} with #{liquid}..."
#=>var fill;
#
#fill = function(container, liquid) {
# if (liquid == null) {
# liquid = "coffee";
# }
# return "Filling the " + container + " with " + liquid + "...";
#};
# Julat:
list = [1..5] #=> var list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
# Objek:
math =
root: Math.sqrt
square: square
cube: (x) -> x * square x
#=> var math = {
# "root": Math.sqrt,
# "square": square,
# "cube": function(x) { return x * square(x); }
# };
# Splats:
race = (winner, runners...) ->
print winner, runners
#=>race = function() {
# var runners, winner;
# winner = arguments[0], runners = 2 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 1) : [];
# return print(winner, runners);
# };
# Kewujudan:
alert "I knew it!" if elvis?
#=> if(typeof elvis !== "undefined" && elvis !== null) { alert("I knew it!"); }
# Pemahaman array:
cubes = (math.cube num for num in list)
#=>cubes = (function() {
# var _i, _len, _results;
# _results = [];
# for (_i = 0, _len = list.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
# num = list[_i];
# _results.push(math.cube(num));
# }
# return _results;
# })();
foods = ['broccoli', 'spinach', 'chocolate']
eat food for food in foods when food isnt 'chocolate'
#=>foods = ['broccoli', 'spinach', 'chocolate'];
#
#for (_k = 0, _len2 = foods.length; _k < _len2; _k++) {
# food = foods[_k];
# if (food !== 'chocolate') {
# eat(food);
# }
#}
```
## Sumber tambahan
- [Smooth CoffeeScript](http://autotelicum.github.io/Smooth-CoffeeScript/)
- [CoffeeScript Ristretto](https://leanpub.com/coffeescript-ristretto/read)

8
objective-c.html.markdown
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@@ -149,6 +149,12 @@ int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
[mutableDictionary setObject:@"value2" forKey:@"key2"]; [mutableDictionary setObject:@"value2" forKey:@"key2"];
[mutableDictionary removeObjectForKey:@"key1"]; [mutableDictionary removeObjectForKey:@"key1"];
// Change types from Mutable To Immutable
//In general [object mutableCopy] will make the object mutable whereas [object copy] will make the object immutable
NSMutableDictionary *aMutableDictionary = [aDictionary mutableCopy];
NSDictionary *mutableDictionaryChanged = [mutableDictionary copy];
// Set object // Set object
NSSet *set = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"Hello", @"Hello", @"World", nil]; NSSet *set = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"Hello", @"Hello", @"World", nil];
NSLog(@"%@", set); // prints => {(Hello, World)} (may be in different order) NSLog(@"%@", set); // prints => {(Hello, World)} (may be in different order)
@@ -682,7 +688,7 @@ addUp = ^(int n) { // Remove (int n) to have a block that doesn't take in any pa
mutableVar = 32; // Assigning new value to __block variable. mutableVar = 32; // Assigning new value to __block variable.
return n + outsideVar; // Return statements are optional. return n + outsideVar; // Return statements are optional.
} }
int addUp = add(10 + 16); // Calls block code with arguments. int addUp = addUp(10 + 16); // Calls block code with arguments.
// Blocks are often used as arguments to functions to be called later, or for callbacks. // Blocks are often used as arguments to functions to be called later, or for callbacks.
@implementation BlockExample : NSObject @implementation BlockExample : NSObject

66
php.html.markdown
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@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ END;
echo 'This string ' . 'is concatenated'; echo 'This string ' . 'is concatenated';
// Strings can be passed in as parameters to echo // Strings can be passed in as parameters to echo
echo 'Multiple', 'Parameters', 'Valid'; echo 'Multiple', 'Parameters', 'Valid'; // Returns 'MultipleParametersValid'
/******************************** /********************************
* Constants * Constants
@@ -117,8 +118,10 @@ echo 'Multiple', 'Parameters', 'Valid';
// followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. // followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores.
define("FOO", "something"); define("FOO", "something");
// access to a constant is possible by direct using the choosen name // access to a constant is possible by calling the choosen name without a $
echo 'This outputs '.FOO; echo FOO; // Returns 'something'
echo 'This outputs '.FOO; // Returns 'This ouputs something'
/******************************** /********************************
@@ -159,9 +162,9 @@ echo('Hello World!');
print('Hello World!'); // The same as echo print('Hello World!'); // The same as echo
// echo is actually a language construct, so you can drop the parentheses. // echo and print are language constructs too, so you can drop the parentheses
echo 'Hello World!'; echo 'Hello World!';
print 'Hello World!'; // So is print print 'Hello World!';
$paragraph = 'paragraph'; $paragraph = 'paragraph';
@@ -219,7 +222,11 @@ assert($a !== $d);
assert(1 === '1'); assert(1 === '1');
assert(1 !== '1'); assert(1 !== '1');
// spaceship operator since PHP 7 // 'Spaceship' operator (since PHP 7)
// Returns 0 if values on either side are equal
// Returns 1 if value on the left is greater
// Returns -1 if the value on the right is greater
$a = 100; $a = 100;
$b = 1000; $b = 1000;
@@ -445,6 +452,16 @@ function parameters() {
parameters('Hello', 'World'); // Hello | 0 - Hello | 1 - World | parameters('Hello', 'World'); // Hello | 0 - Hello | 1 - World |
// Since PHP 5.6 you can get a variable number of arguments
function variable($word, ...$list) {
echo $word . " || ";
foreach ($list as $item) {
echo $item . ' | ';
}
}
variable("Separate", "Hello", "World") // Separate || Hello | World |
/******************************** /********************************
* Includes * Includes
*/ */
@@ -712,6 +729,43 @@ use My\Namespace as SomeOtherNamespace;
$cls = new SomeOtherNamespace\MyClass(); $cls = new SomeOtherNamespace\MyClass();
/**********************
* Late Static Binding
*
*/
class ParentClass {
public static function who() {
echo "I'm a " . __CLASS__ . "\n";
}
public static function test() {
// self references the class the method is defined within
self::who();
// static references the class the method was invoked on
static::who();
}
}
ParentClass::test();
/*
I'm a ParentClass
I'm a ParentClass
*/
class ChildClass extends ParentClass {
public static function who() {
echo "But I'm " . __CLASS__ . "\n";
}
}
ChildClass::test();
/*
I'm a ParentClass
But I'm ChildClass
*/
/********************** /**********************
* Error Handling * Error Handling
* *

540
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@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
---
language: Matlab
contributors:
- ["mendozao", "http://github.com/mendozao"]
- ["jamesscottbrown", "http://jamesscottbrown.com"]
- ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"]
translators:
- ["Claudson Martins", "https://github.com/claudsonm"]
lang: pt-br
filename: learnmatlab-pt.mat
---
MATLAB significa MATrix LABoratory. É uma poderosa linguagem de computação numérica geralmente utilizada em engenharia e matemática.
Se você tem algum feedback, por favor fique a vontade para me contactar via
[@the_ozzinator](https://twitter.com/the_ozzinator), ou
[osvaldo.t.mendoza@gmail.com](mailto:osvaldo.t.mendoza@gmail.com).
```matlab
% Comentários iniciam com um sinal de porcentagem
%{
Comentários de múltiplas linhas
parecem
com
algo assim
%}
% Comandos podem ocupar várinhas linhas, usando '...':
a = 1 + 2 + ...
+ 4
% Comandos podem ser passados para o sistema operacional
!ping google.com
who % Exibe todas as variáveis na memória
whos % Exibe todas as variáveis na memória, com seus tipos
clear % Apaga todas as suas variáveis da memória
clear('A') % Apaga uma variável em particular
openvar('A') % Abre a variável no editor de variável
clc % Apaga o conteúdo escrito na sua janela de comando
diary % Alterna o conteúdo escrito na janela de comando para um arquivo de texto
ctrl-c % Aborta a computação atual
edit('minhafuncao.m') % Abre a função/script no editor
type('minhafuncao.m') % Imprime o código-fonte da função/script na janela de comando
profile on % Ativa o perfil de código
profile off % Desativa o perfil de código
profile viewer % Visualiza os resultados na janela de Profiler
help comando % Exibe a documentação do comando na janela de comando
doc comando % Exibe a documentação do comando na janela de ajuda
lookfor comando % Procura por comando na primeira linha comentada de todas as funções
lookfor comando -all % Procura por comando em todas as funções
% Formatação de saída
format short % 4 casas decimais em um número flutuante
format long % 15 casas decimais
format bank % 2 dígitos após o ponto decimal - para cálculos financeiros
fprintf('texto') % Imprime na tela "texto"
disp('texto') % Imprime na tela "texto"
% Variáveis & Expressões
minhaVariavel = 4 % O painel Workspace mostra a variável recém-criada
minhaVariavel = 4; % Ponto e vírgula suprime a saída para a janela de comando
4 + 6 % Resposta = 10
8 * minhaVariavel % Resposta = 32
2 ^ 3 % Resposta = 8
a = 2; b = 3;
c = exp(a)*sin(pi/2) % c = 7.3891
% A chamada de funções pode ser feita por uma das duas maneiras:
% Sintaxe de função padrão:
load('arquivo.mat', 'y') % Argumentos entre parênteses, separados por vírgula
% Sintaxe de comando:
load arquivo.mat y % Sem parênteses, e espaços ao invés de vírgulas
% Observe a falta de aspas na forma de comando: entradas são sempre passadas
% como texto literal - não pode passar valores de variáveis.
% Além disso, não pode receber saída:
[V,D] = eig(A); % Isto não tem um equivalente na forma de comando
[~,D] = eig(A); % Se você só deseja D e não V
% Operadores Lógicos e Relacionais
1 > 5 % Resposta = 0
10 >= 10 % Resposta = 1
3 ~= 4 % Diferente de -> Resposta = 1
3 == 3 % Igual a -> Resposta = 1
3 > 1 && 4 > 1 % E -> Resposta = 1
3 > 1 || 4 > 1 % OU -> Resposta = 1
~1 % NOT -> Resposta = 0
% Operadores Lógicos e Relacionais podem ser aplicados a matrizes
A > 5
% Para cada elemento, caso seja verdade, esse elemento será 1 na matriz retornada
A( A > 5 )
% Retorna um vetor com os elementos de A para os quais a condição é verdadeira
% Cadeias de caracteres (Strings)
a = 'MinhaString'
length(a) % Resposta = 11
a(2) % Resposta = i
[a,a] % Resposta = MinhaStringMinhaString
% Vetores de células
a = {'um', 'dois', 'três'}
a(1) % Resposta = 'um' - retorna uma célula
char(a(1)) % Resposta = um - retorna uma string
% Estruturas
A.b = {'um','dois'};
A.c = [1 2];
A.d.e = false;
% Vetores
x = [4 32 53 7 1]
x(2) % Resposta = 32, índices no Matlab começam por 1, não 0
x(2:3) % Resposta = 32 53
x(2:end) % Resposta = 32 53 7 1
x = [4; 32; 53; 7; 1] % Vetor coluna
x = [1:10] % x = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% Matrizes
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
% Linhas são separadas por um ponto e vírgula;
% Elementos são separados com espaço ou vírgula
% A =
% 1 2 3
% 4 5 6
% 7 8 9
A(2,3) % Resposta = 6, A(linha, coluna)
A(6) % Resposta = 8
% (implicitamente encadeia as colunas do vetor, e então as indexa)
A(2,3) = 42 % Atualiza a linha 2 coluna 3 com o valor 42
% A =
% 1 2 3
% 4 5 42
% 7 8 9
A(2:3,2:3) % Cria uma nova matriz a partir da antiga
%Resposta =
% 5 42
% 8 9
A(:,1) % Todas as linhas na coluna 1
%Resposta =
% 1
% 4
% 7
A(1,:) % Todas as colunas na linha 1
%Resposta =
% 1 2 3
[A ; A] % Concatenação de matrizes (verticalmente)
%Resposta =
% 1 2 3
% 4 5 42
% 7 8 9
% 1 2 3
% 4 5 42
% 7 8 9
% Isto é o mesmo de
vertcat(A,A);
[A , A] % Concatenação de matrizes (horizontalmente)
%Resposta =
% 1 2 3 1 2 3
% 4 5 42 4 5 42
% 7 8 9 7 8 9
% Isto é o mesmo de
horzcat(A,A);
A(:, [3 1 2]) % Reorganiza as colunas da matriz original
%Resposta =
% 3 1 2
% 42 4 5
% 9 7 8
size(A) % Resposta = 3 3
A(1, :) =[] % Remove a primeira linha da matriz
A(:, 1) =[] % Remove a primeira coluna da matriz
transpose(A) % Transposta a matriz, que é o mesmo de:
A one
ctranspose(A) % Transposta a matriz
% (a transposta, seguida pelo conjugado complexo de cada elemento)
% Aritmética Elemento por Elemento vs. Aritmética com Matriz
% Naturalmente, os operadores aritméticos agem em matrizes inteiras. Quando
% precedidos por um ponto, eles atuam em cada elemento. Por exemplo:
A * B % Multiplicação de matrizes
A .* B % Multiplica cada elemento em A por seu correspondente em B
% Existem vários pares de funções nas quais uma atua sob cada elemento, e a
% outra (cujo nome termina com m) age na matriz por completo.
exp(A) % Exponencia cada elemento
expm(A) % Calcula o exponencial da matriz
sqrt(A) % Tira a raiz quadrada de cada elemento
sqrtm(A) % Procura a matriz cujo quadrado é A
% Gráficos
x = 0:.10:2*pi; % Vetor que começa em 0 e termina em 2*pi com incrementos de 0,1
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('eixo x')
ylabel('eixo y')
title('Gráfico de y = sin(x)')
axis([0 2*pi -1 1]) % x vai de 0 a 2*pi, y vai de -1 a 1
plot(x,y1,'-',x,y2,'--',x,y3,':') % Para várias funções em um só gráfico
legend('Descrição linha 1', 'Descrição linha 2') % Curvas com uma legenda
% Método alternativo para traçar várias funções em um só gráfico:
% Enquanto 'hold' estiver ativo, os comandos serão adicionados ao gráfico
% existente ao invés de o substituirem.
plot(x, y)
hold on
plot(x, z)
hold off
loglog(x, y) % Plotar em escala loglog
semilogx(x, y) % Um gráfico com eixo x logarítmico
semilogy(x, y) % Um gráfico com eixo y logarítmico
fplot (@(x) x^2, [2,5]) % Plotar a função x^2 para x=2 até x=5
grid on % Exibe as linhas de grade; Oculta com 'grid off'
axis square % Torna quadrada a região dos eixos atuais
axis equal % Taxa de proporção onde as unidades serão as mesmas em todas direções
scatter(x, y); % Gráfico de dispersão ou bolha
hist(x); % Histograma
z = sin(x);
plot3(x,y,z); % Plotar em espaço em 3D
pcolor(A) % Mapa de calor da matriz: traça uma grade de retângulos, coloridos pelo valor
contour(A) % Plotar de contorno da matriz
mesh(A) % Plotar malha 3D
h = figure % Cria uma nova figura objeto, com identificador h
figure(h) % Cria uma nova janela de figura com h
close(h) % Fecha a figura h
close all % Fecha todas as janelas de figuras abertas
close % Fecha a janela de figura atual
shg % Traz uma janela gráfica existente para frente, ou cria uma nova se necessário
clf clear % Limpa a janela de figura atual e redefine a maioria das propriedades da figura
% Propriedades podem ser definidas e alteradas através de um identificador.
% Você pode salvar um identificador para uma figura ao criá-la.
% A função gcf retorna o identificador da figura atual
h = plot(x, y); % Você pode salvar um identificador para a figura ao criá-la
set(h, 'Color', 'r')
% 'y' amarelo; 'm' magenta, 'c' ciano, 'r' vermelho, 'g' verde, 'b' azul, 'w' branco, 'k' preto
set(h, 'LineStyle', '--')
% '--' linha sólida, '---' tracejada, ':' pontilhada, '-.' traço-ponto, 'none' sem linha
get(h, 'LineStyle')
% A função gca retorna o identificador para os eixos da figura atual
set(gca, 'XDir', 'reverse'); % Inverte a direção do eixo x
% Para criar uma figura que contém vários gráficos use subplot, o qual divide
% a janela de gráficos em m linhas e n colunas.
subplot(2,3,1); % Seleciona a primeira posição em uma grade de 2-por-3
plot(x1); title('Primeiro Plot') % Plota algo nesta posição
subplot(2,3,2); % Seleciona a segunda posição na grade
plot(x2); title('Segundo Plot') % Plota algo ali
% Para usar funções ou scripts, eles devem estar no caminho ou na pasta atual
path % Exibe o caminho atual
addpath /caminho/para/pasta % Adiciona o diretório ao caminho
rmpath /caminho/para/pasta % Remove o diretório do caminho
cd /caminho/para/mudar % Muda o diretório
% Variáveis podem ser salvas em arquivos *.mat
save('meuArquivo.mat') % Salva as variáveis do seu Workspace
load('meuArquivo.mat') % Carrega as variáveis em seu Workspace
% Arquivos M (M-files)
% Um arquivo de script é um arquivo externo contendo uma sequência de instruções.
% Eles evitam que você digite os mesmos códigos repetidamente na janela de comandos.
% Possuem a extensão *.m
% Arquivos M de Funções (M-file Functions)
% Assim como scripts e têm a mesma extensão *.m
% Mas podem aceitar argumentos de entrada e retornar uma saída.
% Além disso, possuem seu próprio workspace (ex. diferente escopo de variáveis).
% O nome da função deve coincidir com o nome do arquivo (salve o exemplo como dobra_entrada.m)
% 'help dobra_entrada.m' retorna os comentários abaixo da linha de início da função
function output = dobra_entrada(x)
%dobra_entrada(x) retorna duas vezes o valor de x
output = 2*x;
end
dobra_entrada(6) % Resposta = 12
% Você também pode ter subfunções e funções aninhadas.
% Subfunções estão no mesmo arquivo da função primária, e só podem ser chamados
% por funções dentro do arquivo. Funções aninhadas são definidas dentro de
% outras funções, e têm acesso a ambos workspaces.
% Se você quer criar uma função sem criar um novo arquivo, você pode usar uma
% função anônima. Úteis para definir rapidamente uma função para passar a outra
% função (ex. plotar com fplot, avaliar uma integral indefinida com quad,
% procurar raízes com fzero, ou procurar mínimo com fminsearch).
% Exemplo que retorna o quadrado de sua entrada, atribuído ao identificador sqr:
sqr = @(x) x.^2;
sqr(10) % Resposta = 100
doc function_handle % Saiba mais
% Entrada do usuário
a = input('Digite o valor: ')
% Para a execução do arquivo e passa o controle para o teclado: o usuário pode
% examinar ou alterar variáveis. Digite 'return' para continuar a execução, ou 'dbquit' para sair
keyboard
% Leitura de dados (ou xlsread/importdata/imread para arquivos excel/CSV/imagem)
fopen(nomedoarquivo)
% Saída
disp(a) % Imprime o valor da variável a
disp('Olá Mundo') % Imprime a string
fprintf % Imprime na janela de comandos com mais controle
% Estruturas Condicionais (os parênteses são opicionais, porém uma boa prática)
if (a > 15)
disp('Maior que 15')
elseif (a == 23)
disp('a é 23')
else
disp('Nenhuma condição reconheceu')
end
% Estruturas de Repetição
% Nota: fazer o loop sobre elementos de um vetor/matriz é lento!
% Sempre que possível, use funções que atuem em todo o vetor/matriz de uma só vez.
for k = 1:5
disp(k)
end
k = 0;
while (k < 5)
k = k + 1;
end
% Tempo de Execução de Código (Timing Code Execution): 'toc' imprime o tempo
% passado desde que 'tic' foi chamado.
tic
A = rand(1000);
A*A*A*A*A*A*A;
toc
% Conectando a uma base de dados MySQL
dbname = 'nome_base_de_dados';
username = 'root';
password = 'root';
driver = 'com.mysql.jdbc.Driver';
dburl = ['jdbc:mysql://localhost:8889/' dbname];
%Abaixo, o xx depende da versão, download disponível em http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/
javaclasspath('mysql-connector-java-5.1.xx-bin.jar');
conn = database(dbname, username, password, driver, dburl);
sql = ['SELECT * FROM nome_tabela WHERE id = 22'] % Exemplo de uma consulta SQL
a = fetch(conn, sql) %a will contain your data
% Funções Matemáticas Comuns
sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x)
asin(x)
acos(x)
atan(x)
exp(x)
sqrt(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
abs(x)
min(x)
max(x)
ceil(x)
floor(x)
round(x)
rem(x)
rand % Números pseudo-aleatórios uniformemente distribuídos
randi % Inteiros pseudo-aleatórios uniformemente distribuídos
randn % Números pseudo-aleatórios normalmente distribuídos
% Constantes Comuns
pi
NaN
inf
% Resolvendo equações matriciais (se não houver solução, retorna uma solução de mínimos quadrados)
% Os operadores \ e / são equivalentes às funções mldivide e mrdivide
x=A\b % Resolve Ax=b. Mais rápido e numericamente mais preciso do que inv(A)*b.
x=b/A % Resolve xA=b
inv(A) % Calcula a matriz inversa
pinv(A) % Calcula a pseudo-inversa
% Funções Matriciais Comuns
zeros(m,n) % Matriz de zeros m x n
ones(m,n) % Matriz de 1's m x n
diag(A) % Extrai os elementos diagonais da matriz A
diag(x) % Constrói uma matriz com os elementos diagonais listados em x, e zero nas outras posições
eye(m,n) % Matriz identidade
linspace(x1, x2, n) % Retorna n pontos igualmente espaçados, com min x1 e max x2
inv(A) % Inverso da matriz A
det(A) % Determinante da matriz A
eig(A) % Valores e vetores próprios de A
trace(A) % Traço da matriz - equivalente a sum(diag(A))
isempty(A) % Testa se a matriz está vazia
all(A) % Testa se todos os elementos são diferentes de zero ou verdadeiro
any(A) % Testa se algum elemento é diferente de zero ou verdadeiro
isequal(A, B) % Testa a igualdade de duas matrizes
numel(A) % Número de elementos na matriz
triu(x) % Retorna a parte triangular superior de x
tril(x) % Retorna a parte triangular inferior de x
cross(A,B) % Retorna o produto cruzado das matrizes A e B
dot(A,B) % Retorna o produto escalar de duas matrizes (devem possuir mesmo tamanho)
transpose(A) % Retorna a matriz transposta de A
fliplr(A) % Inverte a matriz da esquerda para a direita
flipud(A) % Inverte a matriz de cima para baixo
% Fatorações de Matrizes
% Decomposição LU: PA = LU,L é triangular inferior, U é triangular superior, P é a matriz de permutação
[L, U, P] = lu(A)
% Decomposição em Autovalores: AP = PD, colunas de P são autovetores e as diagonais de D são autovalores
[P, D] = eig(A)
% SVD: XV = US, U e V são matrizes unitárias, S possui elementos não negativos na diagonal em ordem decrescente
[U,S,V] = svd(X)
% Funções Vetoriais Comuns
max % Maior componente
min % Menor componente
length % Tamanho do vetor
sort % Ordena em orcer ascendente
sum % Soma de elementos
prod % Produto de elementos
mode % Valor modal
median % Valor mediano
mean % Valor médio
std % Desvio padrão
perms(x) % Lista todas as permutações de elementos de x
% Classes
% Matlab pode suportar programação orientada a objetos.
% Classes devem ser colocadas em um arquivo de mesmo nome com a extensão *.m
% Para começar, criamos uma simples classe que armazena posições de GPS
% Início ClassePosicoesGPS.m
classdef ClassePosicoesGPS % O nome da classe.
properties % As propriedades da classe comportam-se como estruturas
latitude
longitude
end
methods
% Este método que tem o mesmo nome da classe é o construtor.
function obj = ClassePosicoesGPS(lat, lon)
obj.latitude = lat;
obj.longitude = lon;
end
% Outras funções que usam os objetos de PosicoesGPS
function r = multiplicarLatPor(obj, n)
r = n*[obj.latitude];
end
% Se quisermos somar dois objetos de PosicoesGPS juntos sem chamar
% uma função especial nós podemos sobrepor a aritmética do Matlab, desta maneira:
function r = plus(o1,o2)
r = ClassePosicoesGPS([o1.latitude] +[o2.latitude], ...
[o1.longitude]+[o2.longitude]);
end
end
end
% End ClassePosicoesGPS.m
% Podemos criar um objeto da classe usando o construtor
a = ClassePosicoesGPS(45.0, 45.0)
% Propriedades da classe se comportam exatamente como estruturas Matlab
a.latitude = 70.0
a.longitude = 25.0
% Métodos podem ser chamados da mesma forma que funções
ans = multiplicarLatPor(a,3)
% O método também pode ser chamado usando a notação de ponto. Neste caso,
% o objeto não precisa ser passado para o método.
ans = a.multiplicarLatPor(a,1/3)
% Funções do Matlab podem ser sobrepostas para lidar com objetos.
% No método abaixo, nós sobrepomos a forma como o Matlab lida com a soma de
% dois objetos PosicoesGPS.
b = ClassePosicoesGPS(15.0, 32.0)
c = a + b
```
## Mais sobre Matlab
* O site oficial [http://http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/](http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/)
* O fórum oficial de respostas: [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/](http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/)

69
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@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ contributors:
- ["Louie Dinh", "http://ldinh.ca"] - ["Louie Dinh", "http://ldinh.ca"]
- ["Amin Bandali", "http://aminbandali.com"] - ["Amin Bandali", "http://aminbandali.com"]
- ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"] - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"]
- ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"]
filename: learnpython.py filename: learnpython.py
--- ---
@@ -58,6 +59,12 @@ allow you to write Python 3 code that will run on Python 2, so check out the Pyt
-5 // 3 # => -2 -5 // 3 # => -2
-5.0 // 3.0 # => -2.0 -5.0 // 3.0 # => -2.0
# Note that we can also import division module(Section 6 Modules)
# to carry out normal division with just one '/'.
from __future__ import division
11/4 # => 2.75 ...normal division
11//4 # => 2 ...floored division
# Modulo operation # Modulo operation
7 % 3 # => 1 7 % 3 # => 1
@@ -165,6 +172,7 @@ some_var # => 5
some_other_var # Raises a name error some_other_var # Raises a name error
# if can be used as an expression # if can be used as an expression
# Equivalent of C's '?:' ternary operator
"yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 # => "yahoo!" "yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 # => "yahoo!"
# Lists store sequences # Lists store sequences
@@ -218,6 +226,17 @@ li + other_li # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
# Concatenate lists with "extend()" # Concatenate lists with "extend()"
li.extend(other_li) # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] li.extend(other_li) # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
# Remove first occurrence of a value
li.remove(2) # li is now [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
li.remove(2) # Raises a ValueError as 2 is not in the list
# Insert an element at a specific index
li.insert(1, 2) # li is now [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] again
# Get the index of the first item found
li.index(2) # => 3
li.index(7) # Raises a ValueError as 7 is not in the list
# Check for existence in a list with "in" # Check for existence in a list with "in"
1 in li # => True 1 in li # => True
@@ -309,6 +328,15 @@ filled_set | other_set # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
# Do set difference with - # Do set difference with -
{1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4} {1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4}
# Do set symmetric difference with ^
{1, 2, 3, 4} ^ {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4, 5}
# Check if set on the left is a superset of set on the right
{1, 2} >= {1, 2, 3} # => False
# Check if set on the left is a subset of set on the right
{1, 2} <= {1, 2, 3} # => True
# Check for existence in a set with in # Check for existence in a set with in
2 in filled_set # => True 2 in filled_set # => True
10 in filled_set # => False 10 in filled_set # => False
@@ -460,19 +488,19 @@ def pass_all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
# Function Scope # Function Scope
x = 5 x = 5
def setX(num): def set_x(num):
# Local var x not the same as global variable x # Local var x not the same as global variable x
x = num # => 43 x = num # => 43
print x # => 43 print x # => 43
def setGlobalX(num): def set_global_x(num):
global x global x
print x # => 5 print x # => 5
x = num # global var x is now set to 6 x = num # global var x is now set to 6
print x # => 6 print x # => 6
setX(43) set_x(43)
setGlobalX(6) set_global_x(6)
# Python has first class functions # Python has first class functions
def create_adder(x): def create_adder(x):
@@ -516,6 +544,10 @@ class Human(object):
# Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
self.name = name self.name = name
# Initialize property
self.age = 0
# An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument # An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument
def say(self, msg): def say(self, msg):
return "{0}: {1}".format(self.name, msg) return "{0}: {1}".format(self.name, msg)
@@ -531,6 +563,23 @@ class Human(object):
def grunt(): def grunt():
return "*grunt*" return "*grunt*"
# A property is just like a getter.
# It turns the method age() into an read-only attribute
# of the same name.
@property
def age(self):
return self._age
# This allows the property to be set
@age.setter
def age(self, age):
self._age = age
# This allows the property to be deleted
@age.deleter
def age(self):
del self._age
# Instantiate a class # Instantiate a class
i = Human(name="Ian") i = Human(name="Ian")
@@ -550,6 +599,16 @@ j.get_species() # => "H. neanderthalensis"
# Call the static method # Call the static method
Human.grunt() # => "*grunt*" Human.grunt() # => "*grunt*"
# Update the property
i.age = 42
# Get the property
i.age # => 42
# Delete the property
del i.age
i.age # => raises an AttributeError
#################################################### ####################################################
## 6. Modules ## 6. Modules
@@ -648,7 +707,7 @@ print say(say_please=True) # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
* [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com) * [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com)
* [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/) * [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
* [Dive Into Python](http://www.diveintopython.net/) * [Dive Into Python](http://www.diveintopython.net/)
* [The Official Docs](http://docs.python.org/2.6/) * [The Official Docs](http://docs.python.org/2/)
* [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/) * [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/)
* [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/) * [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/)
* [A Crash Course in Python for Scientists](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/5920182) * [A Crash Course in Python for Scientists](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/5920182)

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@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ contributors:
- ["Steven Basart", "http://github.com/xksteven"] - ["Steven Basart", "http://github.com/xksteven"]
- ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"] - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"]
- ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"] - ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"]
- ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"]
filename: learnpython3.py filename: learnpython3.py
--- ---
@@ -216,6 +217,17 @@ li2 = li[:] # => li2 = [1, 2, 4, 3] but (li2 is li) will result in false.
# Remove arbitrary elements from a list with "del" # Remove arbitrary elements from a list with "del"
del li[2] # li is now [1, 2, 3] del li[2] # li is now [1, 2, 3]
# Remove first occurrence of a value
li.remove(2) # li is now [1, 3]
li.remove(2) # Raises a ValueError as 2 is not in the list
# Insert an element at a specific index
li.insert(1, 2) # li is now [1, 2, 3] again
# Get the index of the first item found
li.index(2) # => 3
li.index(4) # Raises a ValueError as 4 is not in the list
# You can add lists # You can add lists
# Note: values for li and for other_li are not modified. # Note: values for li and for other_li are not modified.
li + other_li # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] li + other_li # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
@@ -249,6 +261,8 @@ tup[:2] # => (1, 2)
# You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables # You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables
a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3 a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3
# You can also do extended unpacking
a, *b, c = (1, 2, 3, 4) # a is now 1, b is now [2, 3] and c is now 4
# Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses # Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses
d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 d, e, f = 4, 5, 6
# Now look how easy it is to swap two values # Now look how easy it is to swap two values
@@ -306,6 +320,11 @@ filled_dict.update({"four":4}) # => {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4}
# Remove keys from a dictionary with del # Remove keys from a dictionary with del
del filled_dict["one"] # Removes the key "one" from filled dict del filled_dict["one"] # Removes the key "one" from filled dict
# From Python 3.5 you can also use the additional unpacking options
{'a': 1, **{'b': 2}} # => {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
{'a': 1, **{'a': 2}} # => {'a': 2}
# Sets store ... well sets # Sets store ... well sets
empty_set = set() empty_set = set()
@@ -332,6 +351,15 @@ filled_set | other_set # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
# Do set difference with - # Do set difference with -
{1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4} {1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4}
# Do set symmetric difference with ^
{1, 2, 3, 4} ^ {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4, 5}
# Check if set on the left is a superset of set on the right
{1, 2} >= {1, 2, 3} # => False
# Check if set on the left is a subset of set on the right
{1, 2} <= {1, 2, 3} # => True
# Check for existence in a set with in # Check for existence in a set with in
2 in filled_set # => True 2 in filled_set # => True
10 in filled_set # => False 10 in filled_set # => False
@@ -439,7 +467,7 @@ with open("myfile.txt") as f:
filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3} filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
our_iterable = filled_dict.keys() our_iterable = filled_dict.keys()
print(our_iterable) # => range(1,10). This is an object that implements our Iterable interface print(our_iterable) # => dict_keys(['one', 'two', 'three']). This is an object that implements our Iterable interface.
# We can loop over it. # We can loop over it.
for i in our_iterable: for i in our_iterable:
@@ -528,19 +556,19 @@ x, y = swap(x, y) # => x = 2, y = 1
# Function Scope # Function Scope
x = 5 x = 5
def setX(num): def set_x(num):
# Local var x not the same as global variable x # Local var x not the same as global variable x
x = num # => 43 x = num # => 43
print (x) # => 43 print (x) # => 43
def setGlobalX(num): def set_global_x(num):
global x global x
print (x) # => 5 print (x) # => 5
x = num # global var x is now set to 6 x = num # global var x is now set to 6
print (x) # => 6 print (x) # => 6
setX(43) set_x(43)
setGlobalX(6) set_global_x(6)
# Python has first class functions # Python has first class functions
@@ -589,6 +617,9 @@ class Human:
# Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
self.name = name self.name = name
# Initialize property
self.age = 0
# An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument # An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument
def say(self, msg): def say(self, msg):
return "{name}: {message}".format(name=self.name, message=msg) return "{name}: {message}".format(name=self.name, message=msg)
@@ -604,6 +635,23 @@ class Human:
def grunt(): def grunt():
return "*grunt*" return "*grunt*"
# A property is just like a getter.
# It turns the method age() into an read-only attribute
# of the same name.
@property
def age(self):
return self._age
# This allows the property to be set
@age.setter
def age(self, age):
self._age = age
# This allows the property to be deleted
@age.deleter
def age(self):
del self._age
# Instantiate a class # Instantiate a class
i = Human(name="Ian") i = Human(name="Ian")
@@ -623,6 +671,17 @@ j.get_species() # => "H. neanderthalensis"
# Call the static method # Call the static method
Human.grunt() # => "*grunt*" Human.grunt() # => "*grunt*"
# Update the property
i.age = 42
# Get the property
i.age # => 42
# Delete the property
del i.age
i.age # => raises an AttributeError
#################################################### ####################################################
## 6. Modules ## 6. Modules

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@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ language: R
contributors: contributors:
- ["e99n09", "http://github.com/e99n09"] - ["e99n09", "http://github.com/e99n09"]
- ["isomorphismes", "http://twitter.com/isomorphisms"] - ["isomorphismes", "http://twitter.com/isomorphisms"]
- ["kalinn", "http://github.com/kalinn"]
filename: learnr.r filename: learnr.r
--- ---
@@ -15,7 +16,8 @@ R is a statistical computing language. It has lots of libraries for uploading an
# You can't make multi-line comments, # You can't make multi-line comments,
# but you can stack multiple comments like so. # but you can stack multiple comments like so.
# in Windows or Mac, hit COMMAND-ENTER to execute a line # in Windows you can use CTRL-ENTER to execute a line.
# on Mac it is COMMAND-ENTER
@@ -196,6 +198,14 @@ class(NaN) # "numeric"
# You can do arithmetic on two vectors with length greater than 1, # You can do arithmetic on two vectors with length greater than 1,
# so long as the larger vector's length is an integer multiple of the smaller # so long as the larger vector's length is an integer multiple of the smaller
c(1,2,3) + c(1,2,3) # 2 4 6 c(1,2,3) + c(1,2,3) # 2 4 6
# Since a single number is a vector of length one, scalars are applied
# elementwise to vectors
(4 * c(1,2,3) - 2) / 2 # 1 3 5
# Except for scalars, use caution when performing arithmetic on vectors with
# different lengths. Although it can be done,
c(1,2,3,1,2,3) * c(1,2) # 1 4 3 2 2 6
# Matching lengths is better practice and easier to read
c(1,2,3,1,2,3) * c(1,2,1,2,1,2)
# CHARACTERS # CHARACTERS
# There's no difference between strings and characters in R # There's no difference between strings and characters in R
@@ -234,6 +244,9 @@ class(NA) # "logical"
TRUE | FALSE # TRUE TRUE | FALSE # TRUE
# AND # AND
TRUE & FALSE # FALSE TRUE & FALSE # FALSE
# Applying | and & to vectors returns elementwise logic operations
c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE) | c(FALSE,TRUE,FALSE) # TRUE TRUE FALSE
c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE) & c(FALSE,TRUE,TRUE) # FALSE FALSE TRUE
# You can test if x is TRUE # You can test if x is TRUE
isTRUE(TRUE) # TRUE isTRUE(TRUE) # TRUE
# Here we get a logical vector with many elements: # Here we get a logical vector with many elements:
@@ -663,6 +676,95 @@ write.csv(pets, "pets2.csv") # to make a new .csv file
#########################
# Statistical Analysis
#########################
# Linear regression!
linearModel <- lm(price ~ time, data = list1)
linearModel # outputs result of regression
# =>
# Call:
# lm(formula = price ~ time, data = list1)
#
# Coefficients:
# (Intercept) time
# 0.1453 0.4943
summary(linearModel) # more verbose output from the regression
# =>
# Call:
# lm(formula = price ~ time, data = list1)
#
# Residuals:
# Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
# -8.3134 -3.0131 -0.3606 2.8016 10.3992
#
# Coefficients:
# Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
# (Intercept) 0.14527 1.50084 0.097 0.923
# time 0.49435 0.06379 7.749 2.44e-09 ***
# ---
# Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
#
# Residual standard error: 4.657 on 38 degrees of freedom
# Multiple R-squared: 0.6124, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6022
# F-statistic: 60.05 on 1 and 38 DF, p-value: 2.44e-09
coef(linearModel) # extract estimated parameters
# =>
# (Intercept) time
# 0.1452662 0.4943490
summary(linearModel)$coefficients # another way to extract results
# =>
# Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
# (Intercept) 0.1452662 1.50084246 0.09678975 9.234021e-01
# time 0.4943490 0.06379348 7.74920901 2.440008e-09
summary(linearModel)$coefficients[,4] # the p-values
# =>
# (Intercept) time
# 9.234021e-01 2.440008e-09
# GENERAL LINEAR MODELS
# Logistic regression
set.seed(1)
list1$success = rbinom(length(list1$time), 1, .5) # random binary
glModel <- glm(success ~ time, data = list1,
family=binomial(link="logit"))
glModel # outputs result of logistic regression
# =>
# Call: glm(formula = success ~ time,
# family = binomial(link = "logit"), data = list1)
#
# Coefficients:
# (Intercept) time
# 0.17018 -0.01321
#
# Degrees of Freedom: 39 Total (i.e. Null); 38 Residual
# Null Deviance: 55.35
# Residual Deviance: 55.12 AIC: 59.12
summary(glModel) # more verbose output from the regression
# =>
# Call:
# glm(formula = success ~ time,
# family = binomial(link = "logit"), data = list1)
# Deviance Residuals:
# Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
# -1.245 -1.118 -1.035 1.202 1.327
#
# Coefficients:
# Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
# (Intercept) 0.17018 0.64621 0.263 0.792
# time -0.01321 0.02757 -0.479 0.632
#
# (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
#
# Null deviance: 55.352 on 39 degrees of freedom
# Residual deviance: 55.121 on 38 degrees of freedom
# AIC: 59.121
#
# Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 3
######################### #########################
# Plots # Plots
######################### #########################
@@ -670,9 +772,6 @@ write.csv(pets, "pets2.csv") # to make a new .csv file
# BUILT-IN PLOTTING FUNCTIONS # BUILT-IN PLOTTING FUNCTIONS
# Scatterplots! # Scatterplots!
plot(list1$time, list1$price, main = "fake data") plot(list1$time, list1$price, main = "fake data")
# Regressions!
linearModel <- lm(price ~ time, data = list1)
linearModel # outputs result of regression
# Plot regression line on existing plot # Plot regression line on existing plot
abline(linearModel, col = "red") abline(linearModel, col = "red")
# Get a variety of nice diagnostics # Get a variety of nice diagnostics

1
ruby.html.markdown
View File

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ You shouldn't either
35 / 5 #=> 7 35 / 5 #=> 7
2**5 #=> 32 2**5 #=> 32
5 % 3 #=> 2 5 % 3 #=> 2
5 ^ 6 #=> 3
# Arithmetic is just syntactic sugar # Arithmetic is just syntactic sugar
# for calling a method on an object # for calling a method on an object

2
tmux.html.markdown
View File

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ then later reattached.
lsp # List panes lsp # List panes
-a # List all panes -a # List all panes
-s # List all panes in session -s # List all panes in session
-t # List app panes in target -t # List all panes in target
kill-window # Kill current window kill-window # Kill current window
-t "#" # Kill target window -t "#" # Kill target window

9
whip.html.markdown
View File

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
language: whip language: whip
contributors: contributors:
- ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"] - ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
- ["Saurabh Sandav", "http://github.com/SaurabhSandav"]
author: Tenor Biel author: Tenor Biel
author_url: http://github.com/L8D author_url: http://github.com/L8D
filename: whip.lisp filename: whip.lisp
@@ -93,13 +94,13 @@ null ; used to indicate a deliberate non-value
undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; 2. Vairbles, Lists, and Dicts ; 2. Variables, Lists, and Dicts
; Variables are declared with the `def` or `let` functions. ; Variables are declared with the `def` or `let` functions.
; Variables that haven't been set will be `undefined`. ; Variables that haven't been set will be `undefined`.
(def some_var 5) (def some_var 5)
; `def` will keep the variable in the global context. ; `def` will keep the variable in the global context.
; `let` will only have the variable inside its context, and has a wierder syntax. ; `let` will only have the variable inside its context, and has a weirder syntax.
(let ((a_var 5)) (+ a_var 5)) ; => 10 (let ((a_var 5)) (+ a_var 5)) ; => 10
(+ a_var 5) ; = undefined + 5 => undefined (+ a_var 5) ; = undefined + 5 => undefined
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set
(my_function 10 10) ; = (+ (+ 10 10) 10) => 30 (my_function 10 10) ; = (+ (+ 10 10) 10) => 30
; Obiously, all lambdas by definition are anonymous and ; Obviously, all lambdas by definition are anonymous and
; technically always used anonymously. Redundancy. ; technically always used anonymously. Redundancy.
((lambda (x) x) 10) ; => 10 ((lambda (x) x) 10) ; => 10
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set
(slice (.. 1 5) 2) ; => (3 4 5) (slice (.. 1 5) 2) ; => (3 4 5)
(\ (.. 0 100) -5) ; => (96 97 98 99 100) (\ (.. 0 100) -5) ; => (96 97 98 99 100)
; `append` or `<<` is self expanatory ; `append` or `<<` is self explanatory
(append 4 (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2 3 4) (append 4 (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2 3 4)
(<< "bar" ("foo")) ; => ("foo" "bar") (<< "bar" ("foo")) ; => ("foo" "bar")

7
xml.html.markdown
View File

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ language: xml
filename: learnxml.xml filename: learnxml.xml
contributors: contributors:
- ["João Farias", "https://github.com/JoaoGFarias"] - ["João Farias", "https://github.com/JoaoGFarias"]
- ["Rachel Stiyer", "https://github.com/rstiyer"]
--- ---
XML is a markup language designed to store and transport data. XML is a markup language designed to store and transport data.
@@ -65,12 +66,12 @@ Unlike HTML, XML does not specify how to display or to format data, it just carr
* Well-Formated Document x Validation * Well-Formated Document x Validation
A XML document is well-formated if it is syntactically correct. An XML document is well-formatted if it is syntactically correct.
However, it is possible to inject more constraints in the document, However, it is possible to inject more constraints in the document,
using document definitions, such as DTD and XML Schema. using document definitions, such as DTD and XML Schema.
A XML document which follows a document definition is called valid, An XML document which follows a document definition is called valid,
regarding that document. in regards to that document.
With this tool, you can check the XML data outside the application logic. With this tool, you can check the XML data outside the application logic.