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Fix formatting, close #990
Cleaned up mixed tabs/spaces Wrapped lines at 80 characters Fixed incorrect comment regarding property name
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@@ -14,100 +14,111 @@ This article will focus only on TypeScript extra syntax, as oposed to [JavaScrip
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To test TypeScript's compiler, head to the [Playground] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground) where you will be able to type code, have auto completion and directly see the emitted JavaScript.
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To test TypeScript's compiler, head to the [Playground] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground) where you will be able to type code, have auto completion and directly see the emitted JavaScript.
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```js
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```js
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//There are 3 basic types in TypeScript
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// There are 3 basic types in TypeScript
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var isDone: boolean = false;
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var isDone: boolean = false;
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var lines: number = 42;
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var lines: number = 42;
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var name: string = "Anders";
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var name: string = "Anders";
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//..When it's impossible to know, there is the "Any" type
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// When it's impossible to know, there is the "Any" type
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var notSure: any = 4;
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var notSure: any = 4;
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notSure = "maybe a string instead";
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notSure = "maybe a string instead";
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notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean
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notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean
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//For collections, there are typed arrays and generic arrays
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// For collections, there are typed arrays and generic arrays
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var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
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var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
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//Alternatively, using the generic array type
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// Alternatively, using the generic array type
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var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3];
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var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3];
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//For enumerations:
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// For enumerations:
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enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
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enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
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var c: Color = Color.Green;
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var c: Color = Color.Green;
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//Lastly, "void" is used in the special case of a function not returning anything
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// Lastly, "void" is used in the special case of a function returning nothing
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function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
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function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
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alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
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alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
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}
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}
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//Functions are first class citizens, support the lambda "fat arrow" syntax and use type inference
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// Functions are first class citizens, support the lambda "fat arrow" syntax and
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//All examples are equivalent, the same signature will be infered by the compiler, and same JavaScript will be emitted
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// use type inference
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var f1 = function(i: number) : number { return i * i; }
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var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; } //Return type infered
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var f3 = (i : number) : number => { return i * i; }
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var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; } //Return type infered
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var f5 = (i: number) => i * i; //Return type infered, one-liner means no return keyword needed
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//Interfaces are structural, anything that has the properties is compliant with the interface
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// The following are equivalent, the same signature will be infered by the
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// compiler, and same JavaScript will be emitted
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var f1 = function(i: number) : number { return i * i; }
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// Return type inferred
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var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; }
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var f3 = (i : number) : number => { return i * i; }
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// Return type inferred
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var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; }
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// Return type inferred, one-liner means no return keyword needed
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var f5 = (i: number) => i * i;
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// Interfaces are structural, anything that has the properties is compliant with
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// the interface
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interface Person {
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interface Person {
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name: string;
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name: string;
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//Optional properties, marked with a "?"
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// Optional properties, marked with a "?"
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age?: number;
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age?: number;
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//And of course functions
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// And of course functions
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move(): void;
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move(): void;
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}
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}
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//..Object that implements the "Person" interface
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// Object that implements the "Person" interface
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var p : Person = { name: "Bobby", move : () => {} }; //Can be treated as a Person since it has the name and age properties
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// Can be treated as a Person since it has the name and move properties
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//..Objects that have the optional property:
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var p : Person = { name: "Bobby", move : () => {} };
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// Objects that have the optional property:
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var validPerson : Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
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var validPerson : Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
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var invalidPerson : Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true }; //Is not a person because age is not a number
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// Is not a person because age is not a number
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var invalidPerson : Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true };
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//..Interfaces can also describe a function type
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// Interfaces can also describe a function type
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interface SearchFunc {
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interface SearchFunc {
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(source: string, subString: string): boolean;
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(source: string, subString: string): boolean;
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}
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}
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//..Only the parameters' types are important, names are not important.
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// Only the parameters' types are important, names are not important.
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var mySearch: SearchFunc;
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var mySearch: SearchFunc;
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mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
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mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
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return src.search(sub) != -1;
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return src.search(sub) != -1;
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}
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}
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//Classes - members are public by default
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// Classes - members are public by default
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class Point {
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class Point {
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//Properties
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// Properties
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x: number;
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x: number;
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//Constructor - the public/private keywords in this context will generate the boiler plate code
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// Constructor - the public/private keywords in this context will generate
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// for the property and the initialization in the constructor.
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// the boiler plate code for the property and the initialization in the
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// In this example, "y" will be defined just like "x" is, but with less code
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// constructor.
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//Default values are also supported
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// In this example, "y" will be defined just like "x" is, but with less code
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constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
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// Default values are also supported
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this.x = x;
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}
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constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
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this.x = x;
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//Functions
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}
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dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }
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// Functions
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//Static members
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dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }
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static origin = new Point(0, 0);
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// Static members
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static origin = new Point(0, 0);
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}
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}
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var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
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var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
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var p2 = new Point(25); //y will be 0
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var p2 = new Point(25); //y will be 0
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//Inheritance
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// Inheritance
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class Point3D extends Point {
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class Point3D extends Point {
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constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
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constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
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super(x, y); //Explicit call to the super class constructor is mandatory
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super(x, y); // Explicit call to the super class constructor is mandatory
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}
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}
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//Overwrite
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// Overwrite
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dist() {
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dist() {
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var d = super.dist();
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var d = super.dist();
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return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
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return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
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}
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}
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}
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}
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//Modules, "." can be used as separator for sub modules
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// Modules, "." can be used as separator for sub modules
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module Geometry {
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module Geometry {
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export class Square {
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export class Square {
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constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
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constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
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@@ -120,32 +131,32 @@ module Geometry {
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var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);
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var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);
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//..Local alias for referencing a module
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// Local alias for referencing a module
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import G = Geometry;
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import G = Geometry;
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var s2 = new G.Square(10);
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var s2 = new G.Square(10);
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//Generics
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// Generics
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//..Classes
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// Classes
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class Tuple<T1, T2> {
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class Tuple<T1, T2> {
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constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
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constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
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}
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}
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}
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}
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//..Interfaces
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// Interfaces
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interface Pair<T> {
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interface Pair<T> {
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item1: T;
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item1: T;
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item2: T;
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item2: T;
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}
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}
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//..And functions
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// And functions
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var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
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var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
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return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
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return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
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};
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};
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var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});
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var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});
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//Including references to a definition file:
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// Including references to a definition file:
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/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />
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/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />
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```
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```
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