Edits

c.html.markdown

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 ---
-- name: c
+language: c
-- category: language
+filename: learnc.c
-- language: c
+contributors:
-- filename: learnc.c
+    - ["Adam Bard", "http://adambard.com/"]
-- contributors:
+    - ["Árpád Goretity", "http://twitter.com/H2CO3_iOS"]
- - [Adam Bard](http://adambard.com/)
- - [Árpád Goretity](http://twitter.com/H2CO3_iOS)
 
 ---
 
@@ -27,17 +25,10 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-// file names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.
+// (File names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.)
-// They are searched for by the preprocessor in the system include paths
-// (usually /usr/lib on Unices, can be controlled with the -I<dir> option if you are using GCC or clang.)
 // For your own headers, use double quotes instead of angle brackets:
 #include "my_header.h"
 
-// The C preprocessor introduces an almost fully-featured macro language. It's useful, but
-// it can be confusing (and what's even worse, it can be misused). Read the
-// Wikipedia article on the C preprocessor for further information:
-// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_preprocessor
-
 // Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
 // your .c file.
 void function_1();
@@ -55,10 +46,6 @@ int main() {
     // Types
     ///////////////////////////////////////
 
-    // You have to declare variables before using them. A variable declaration
-    // requires you to specify its type; a variable's type determines its size
-    // in bytes.
-    
     // ints are usually 4 bytes 
     int x_int = 0;
 
@@ -80,30 +67,23 @@ int main() {
     // doubles are usually 64-bit floating-point numbers
     double x_double = 0.0;
 
-    // Integral types may be unsigned. This means they can't be negative, but
+    // Integral types may be unsigned.
-    // the maximum value of an unsigned variable is greater than the maximum
-    // signed value of the same size.
-    unsigned char ux_char;
     unsigned short ux_short;
     unsigned int ux_int;
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
-    // Other than char, which is always 1 byte (but not necessarily 8 bits!),
+    // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
-    // these types vary in size depending on your machine and compiler.
+    // sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
-    // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in 
-    // bytes so you can express the size of these types in a portable way.
-    // sizeof(obj) yields the size of an actual expression (variable, literal, etc.).
-    // For example,
     printf("%zu\n", sizeof(int)); // => 4 (on most machines with 4-byte words)
 
 
-    // It's worth noting that if the argument of the `sizeof` operator is not a type but an expression,
+    // If the argument of the `sizeof` operator an expression, then its argument
-    // then its argument is not evaluated except VLAs (see below). Also, `sizeof()` is an operator, not a function,
+    // is not evaluated (except VLAs (see below)).
-    // furthermore, the value it yields is a compile-time constant (except when used on VLAs, again.)
+    // The value it yields in this case is a compile-time constant.
     int a = 1;
     size_t size = sizeof(a++); // a++ is not evaluated
     printf("sizeof(a++) = %zu where a = %d\n", size, a);
-    // the above code prints "sizeof(a++) = 4 where a = 1" (on a usual 32-bit architecture)
+    // prints "sizeof(a++) = 4 where a = 1" (on a 32-bit architecture)
 
     // Arrays must be initialized with a concrete size.
     char my_char_array[20]; // This array occupies 1 * 20 = 20 bytes
@@ -122,18 +102,21 @@ int main() {
     my_array[1] = 2;
     printf("%d\n", my_array[1]); // => 2
 
-    // In C99 (and as an optional feature in C11), variable-length arrays (VLAs) can be declared as well.
+    // In C99 (and as an optional feature in C11), variable-length arrays (VLAs)
-    // The size of such an array need not be a compile time constant:
+    // can be declared as well. The size of such an array need not be a compile
+    // time constant:
     printf("Enter the array size: "); // ask the user for an array size
     char buf[0x100];
     fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin);
-    size_t size = strtoul(buf, NULL, 10); // strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
+
+    // strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
+    size_t size = strtoul(buf, NULL, 10);
     int var_length_array[size]; // declare the VLA
     printf("sizeof array = %zu\n", sizeof var_length_array);
 
     // A possible outcome of this program may be:
-    Enter the array size: 10
+    // > Enter the array size: 10
-    sizeof array = 40
+    // > sizeof array = 40
 
     // Strings are just arrays of chars terminated by a NUL (0x00) byte,
     // represented in strings as the special character '\0'.
@@ -142,21 +125,13 @@ int main() {
     char a_string[20] = "This is a string";
     printf("%s\n", a_string); // %s formats a string
 
-    /*
-     You may have noticed that a_string is only 16 chars long.
-     Char #17 is the NUL byte. 
-     Chars #18, 19 and 20 are 0 as well - if an initializer list (in this case, the string literal)
-     has less elements than the array it is initializing, then excess array elements are implicitly
-     initialized to zero. This is why int ar[10] = { 0 } works as expected intuitively.
-    */
-    
     printf("%d\n", a_string[16]); // => 0
+    // i.e., byte #17 is 0 (as are 18, 19, and 20)
 
-    // So string literals are strings enclosed within double quotes, but if we have characters
+    // If we have characters between single quotes, that's a character literal.
-    // between single quotes, that's a character literal.
     // It's of type `int`, and *not* `char` (for historical reasons).
     int cha = 'a'; // fine
-    char chb = 'a'; // fine too (implicit conversion from int to char - truncation)
+    char chb = 'a'; // fine too (implicit conversion from int to char)
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////
     // Operators
@@ -171,7 +146,8 @@ int main() {
     i2 * i1; // => 2
     i1 / i2; // => 0 (0.5, but truncated towards 0)
 
-    f1 / f2; // => 0.5, plus or minus epsilon - floating-point numbers and calculations are not exact
+    f1 / f2; // => 0.5, plus or minus epsilon
+    // Floating-point numbers and calculations are not exact
 
     // Modulo is there as well
     11 % 3; // => 2
@@ -211,10 +187,10 @@ int main() {
     0x01 << 1; // => 0x02 (bitwise left shift (by 1))
     0x02 >> 1; // => 0x01 (bitwise right shift (by 1))
 
-    // Be careful when shifting signed integers - the following are all undefined behavior:
+    // Be careful when shifting signed integers - the following are undefined:
     // - shifting into the sign bit of a signed integer (int a = 1 << 32)
     // - left-shifting a negative number (int a = -1 << 2)
-    // - shifting by an offset which is more than or equal to the width of the type of the LHS:
+    // - shifting by an offset which is >= the width of the type of the LHS:
     //   int a = 1 << 32; // UB if int is 32 bits wide
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////
@@ -232,7 +208,8 @@ int main() {
     // While loops exist
     int ii = 0;
     while (ii < 10) {
-        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii in-place, after yielding its value ("postincrement").
+        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii in-place
+                              // after yielding its value ("postincrement").
     } // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
 
     printf("\n");
@@ -240,7 +217,8 @@ int main() {
     int kk = 0;
     do {
         printf("%d, ", kk);
-    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk in-place, and yields the already incremented value ("preincrement")
+    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk in-place, and yields
+                         // the already incremented value ("preincrement")
     // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
 
     printf("\n");
@@ -257,7 +235,7 @@ int main() {
     switch (some_integral_expression) {
     case 0: // labels need to be integral *constant* epxressions
         do_stuff();
-        break; // if you don't break, control flow falls over labels - you usually don't want that.
+        break; // if you don't break, control flow falls over labels
     case 1:
         do_something_else();
         break;
@@ -285,9 +263,8 @@ int main() {
 
     // Types will overflow without warning
     printf("%d\n", (unsigned char) 257); // => 1 (Max char = 255 if char is 8 bits long)
-    // printf("%d\n", (unsigned char) 257); would be undefined behavior - `char' is usually signed
+
-    // on most modern systems, and signed integer overflow invokes UB.
+    // For determining the max value of a `char`, a `signed char` and an `unisigned char`,
-    // Also, for determining the maximal value of a `char`, a `signed char` and an `unisigned char`,
     // respectively, use the CHAR_MAX, SCHAR_MAX and UCHAR_MAX macros from <limits.h>
 
     // Integral types can be cast to floating-point types, and vice-versa.
@@ -318,8 +295,9 @@ int main() {
 
     // To retreive the value at the address a pointer is pointing to,
     // put * in front to de-reference it.
-    // Note: yes, it may be confusing that '*' is used for _both_ declaring a pointer and dereferencing it.
+    // Note: yes, it may be confusing that '*' is used for _both_ declaring a
-    printf("%d\n", *px); // => Prints 0, the value of x, which is what px is pointing to the address of
+    // pointer and dereferencing it.
+    printf("%d\n", *px); // => Prints 0, the value of x
 
     // You can also change the value the pointer is pointing to.
     // We'll have to wrap the de-reference in parenthesis because
@@ -328,7 +306,8 @@ int main() {
     printf("%d\n", *px); // => Prints 1
     printf("%d\n", x); // => Prints 1
 
-    int x_array[20]; // Arrays are a good way to allocate a contiguous block of memory
+    // Arrays are a good way to allocate a contiguous block of memory
+    int x_array[20];
     int xx;
     for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
         x_array[xx] = 20 - xx;
@@ -342,7 +321,8 @@ int main() {
     // it decays into (implicitly converted to) a pointer.
     // Exceptions: when the array is the argument of the `&` (address-od) operator:
     int arr[10];
-    int (*ptr_to_arr)[10] = &arr; // &arr is NOT of type `int *`! It's of type "pointer to array" (of ten `int`s).
+    int (*ptr_to_arr)[10] = &arr; // &arr is NOT of type `int *`!
+                                  // It's of type "pointer to array" (of ten `int`s).
     // or when the array is a string literal used for initializing a char array:
     char arr[] = "foobarbazquirk";
     // or when it's the argument of the `sizeof` or `alignof` operator:
@@ -362,7 +342,7 @@ int main() {
     // may not be true on e. g. embedded systems - the C standard says nothing about it).
     int *my_ptr = malloc(sizeof(*my_ptr) * 20);
     for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
-        *(my_ptr + xx) = 20 - xx; // my_ptr[xx] = 20-xx would also work here, and it's also more readable
+        *(my_ptr + xx) = 20 - xx; // my_ptr[xx] = 20-xx
     } // Initialize memory to 20, 19, 18, 17... 2, 1 (as ints)
 
     // Dereferencing memory that you haven't allocated gives
@@ -381,7 +361,8 @@ int main() {
     const char *my_str = "This is my very own string literal";
     printf("%c\n", *my_str); // => 'T'
 
-    // This is not the case if the string is an array (potentially initialized with a string literal)
+    // This is not the case if the string is an array
+    // (potentially initialized with a string literal)
     // that resides in writable memory, as in:
     char foo[] = "foo";
     foo[0] = 'a'; // this is legal, foo now contains "aoo"
@@ -435,17 +416,17 @@ printf("%s\n", c); // => ".tset a si sihT"
 typedef int my_type;
 my_type my_type_var = 0;
 
-// Structs are just collections of data, the members are allocated sequentially, in the order they are written:
+// Structs are just collections of data, the members are allocated sequentially,
+// in the order they are written:
 struct rectangle {
     int width;
     int height;
 };
 
-// it's generally not true that sizeof(struct rectangle) == sizeof(int) + sizeof(int) due to
+// It's not generally true that
-// potential padding between the structure members (this is for alignment reasons. Probably won't
+// sizeof(struct rectangle) == sizeof(int) + sizeof(int)
-// happen if all members are of the same type, but watch out!
+// due to potential padding between the structure members (this is for alignment
-// See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/119123/why-isnt-sizeof-for-a-struct-equal-to-the-sum-of-sizeof-of-each-member
+// reasons). [1]
-// for further information.
 
 void function_1()
 {
@@ -473,7 +454,8 @@ int area(rect r)
     return r.width * r.height;
 }
 
-// if you have large structs, you can pass them "by pointer" to avoid copying the whole struct:
+// if you have large structs, you can pass them "by pointer" to avoid copying
+// the whole struct:
 int area(const rect *r)
 {
     return r->width * r->height;
@@ -527,3 +509,5 @@ Readable code is better than clever code and fast code. For a good, sane coding
 [Linux kernel coding stlye](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/CodingStyle).
 
 Other than that, Google is your friend.
+
+[1] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/119123/why-isnt-sizeof-for-a-struct-equal-to-the-sum-of-sizeof-of-each-member

ko-kr/java-kr.html.markdown

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 language: java
+filename: java-kr.java
 category: language
 contributors:
     - ["Jake Prather", "http://github.com/JakeHP"]
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 // java.security 패키지 안에 있는 모든 클래스를 임포트합니다.
 import java.security.*;
 
-// 각 .java 파일에는 공용(public) 클래스가 들어 있으며, 클래스의 이름은 파일명과 동일합니다.
+// 각 .java 파일에는 공용(public) 클래스가 들어 있으며, 클래스의 이름은
+// 파일명과 동일합니다.
 public class LearnJava {
 
     // 프로그램에는 반드시 진입점 역할을 하는 main 메서드가 하나 있어야 합니다.
@@ -253,8 +255,8 @@ public class LearnJava {
         // String
 
         // 형변환
-        // 자바 객채 또한 형변환할 수 있으며, 이와 관련해서 알아야 할 세부사항이 많을뿐더러
+        // 자바 객채 또한 형변환할 수 있으며, 이와 관련해서 알아야 할 세부사항이
-        // 다소 중급 수준에 해당하는 개념들도 다뤄야 합니다.
+        // 많을뿐더러 다소 중급 수준에 해당하는 개념들도 다뤄야 합니다.
         // 이와 관련된 사항은 아래 링크를 참고하세요.
         // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
 

pt-br/ruby-pt.html.markdown

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 language: ruby
+lang: br-pt
 filename: learnruby.rb
 contributors:
   - ["Bruno Henrique - Garu", "http://garulab.com"]
@@ -98,9 +99,10 @@ caminho_para_a_raiz_do_projeto = '/bom/nome/'
 caminho = '/nome/ruim/'
 
 # Símbolos (são objetos)
-# Símbolos são imutáveis, são constantes reutilizáveis representadadas internamente por um
+# Símbolos são imutáveis, são constantes reutilizáveis representadadas
-# valor inteiro. Eles são frequentemente usados no lugar de strings para transmitir com eficiência os valores
+# internamente por um valor inteiro. Eles são frequentemente usados no
-# específicos e significativos
+# lugar de strings para transmitir com eficiência os valores específicos
+# e significativos
 
 :pendente.class #=> Symbol
 

ru-ru/clojure-ru.html.markdown

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ filename: learnclojure-ru.clj
 contributors:
     - ["Adam Bard", "http://adambard.com/"]
     - ["Alexey Pirogov", "http://twitter.com/alex_pir"]
-
+lang: ru-ru
 ---
 
 Clojure, это представитель семейства Lisp-подобных языков, разработанный

ru-ru/php-ru.html.markdown

@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ $unescaped = 'This just contains a slash and a t: \t';
 // Заключайте переменные в фигурные скобки если это необходимо
 $money = "I have $${number} in the bank.";
 
-// Начиная с PHP 5.3, синтаксис nowdocs может использоваться для неинтерполированного многострочного текста
+// Начиная с PHP 5.3, синтаксис nowdocs может использоваться для
+// неинтерполированного многострочного текста
 $nowdoc = <<<'END'
 Multi line
 string
@@ -210,11 +211,13 @@ echo $integer + $integer; // => 2
 $string = '1';
 echo $string + $string; // => 2 (строка превращается в число)
 
-// Выводится 0 по той причине, что оператор + не может привести строку 'one' к числовому типу
+// Выводится 0 по той причине, что оператор + не может привести строку 'one' к
+// числовому типу
 $string = 'one';
 echo $string + $string; // => 0
 
-// Приведение типов (type casting) может быть использовано для преобразование переменной в другой тип
+// Приведение типов (type casting) может быть использовано для преобразование
+// переменной в другой тип
 $boolean = (boolean) 1; // => true
 
 $zero = 0;
@@ -429,10 +432,11 @@ return 'Anything you like.';
 // Эти функции могут также возвращать значения.
 $value = include 'my-include.php';
 
-// Имена файлов содержат их путь в файловой системе, или если передано просто имя файла,
+// Имена файлов содержат их путь в файловой системе, или если передано просто
-// PHP обращается к директиве include_path. Если файл не найден в include_path, предпринимается
+// имя файла, PHP обращается к директиве include_path. Если файл не найден в
-// попытка поиска в папке, где выполняется скрипт или в текущей рабочей директории.
+// include_path, предпринимается попытка поиска в папке, где выполняется скрипт
-// Если не в одном из этих мест файл не найден - выдается ошибка
+// или в текущей рабочей директории. Если не в одном из этих мест файл не
+// найден - выдается ошибка
 /* */
 
 /********************************

ru-ru/python-ru.html.markdown

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 language: python
+lang: ru-ru
 contributors:
     - ["Yury Timofeev", "http://twitter.com/gagar1n"]
 filename: learnpython-ru.py
@@ -219,7 +220,8 @@ filled_dict["four"] # KeyError
 # Чтобы избежать этого, используйте метод get
 filled_dict.get("one") #=> 1
 filled_dict.get("four") #=> None
-# Метод get также принимает аргумент default, значение которого будет возвращено при отсутствии указанного ключа
+# Метод get также принимает аргумент default, значение которого будет
+# возвращено при отсутствии указанного ключа
 filled_dict.get("one", 4) #=> 1
 filled_dict.get("four", 4) #=> 4
 
@@ -314,7 +316,9 @@ try:
     # Для выбора ошибки используется raise
     raise IndexError("Это IndexError")
 except IndexError as e:
-    pass    # pass это просто отсутствие оператора. Обычно здесь происходит восстановление от ошибки.
+    # pass это просто отсутствие оператора. Обычно здесь происходит
+    # восстановление от ошибки.
+    pass
 
 
 ####################################################

zh-cn/go-zh.html.markdown

@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ import (
     "strconv"   // 字符串转换
 )
 
-//函数声明：Main是程序执行的入口。不管你喜欢还是不喜欢，反正G就用了花括号来包住函数体。
+// 函数声明：Main是程序执行的入口。
+// 不管你喜欢还是不喜欢，反正G就用了花括号来包住函数体。
 func main() {
     // 往标准输出打印一行。
     // 用包名fmt限制打印函数。
@@ -125,7 +126,8 @@ func learnFlowControl() {
     if true {
         fmt.Println("told ya")
     }
-    // 用go fmt 命令可以帮你格式化代码，所以不用怕被人吐槽代码风格了，也不用容忍被人的代码风格。
+    // 用go fmt 命令可以帮你格式化代码，所以不用怕被人吐槽代码风格了，
+    // 也不用容忍被人的代码风格。
     if false {
         // pout
     } else {
@@ -196,7 +198,8 @@ func learnInterfaces() {
     // 调用i的String方法，输出和上面一样
     fmt.Println(i.String())
 
-    // fmt包中的Println函数向对象要它们的string输出，实现了String方法就可以这样使用了。（类似java中的序列化）
+    // fmt包中的Println函数向对象要它们的string输出，实现了String方法就可以这样使用了。
+    // （类似java中的序列化）
     fmt.Println(p) // 输出和上面一样，自动调用String函数。
     fmt.Println(i) // 输出和上面一样。
 
@@ -229,7 +232,8 @@ func inc(i int, c chan int) {
 func learnConcurrency() {
     // 用make来声明一个slice，make会分配和初始化slice，map和channel。
     c := make(chan int)
-    // 用go关键字开始三个并发的goroutine，如果机器支持的话，还可能是并行执行。三个都被发送到同一个channel。
+    // 用go关键字开始三个并发的goroutine，如果机器支持的话，还可能是并行执行。
+    // 三个都被发送到同一个channel。
     go inc(0, c) // go is a statement that starts a new goroutine.
     go inc(10, c)
     go inc(-805, c)
@@ -241,7 +245,8 @@ func learnConcurrency() {
     cc := make(chan chan string)  // 操作channel的channel
     go func() { c <- 84 }()       // 开始一个goroutine来发送一个新的数字 
     go func() { cs <- "wordy" }() // 发送给cs
-    // Select类似于switch，但是每个case包括一个channel操作。它随机选择一个准备好通讯的case。
+    // Select类似于switch，但是每个case包括一个channel操作。
+    // 它随机选择一个准备好通讯的case。
     select {
     case i := <-c: // 从channel接收的值可以赋给其他变量
         fmt.Println("it's a", i)