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..<35><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20> <20> .<35> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> .. . ... <35> <20> . <35> <20><35>.<35> <20> <20> <20> . <35> <20>.<35> <20> . .
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. . .. <35> <20> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20> <20> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Cracks .<30><6D><EFBFBD>. . . .Gamez. <34> . <36> .<37>
<37>....<2E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>..<2E><><EFBFBD>.<30> (<28><36><37><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>. . Utilz ... . ..<37><37>.<2E><30><30><6D><30><6D>..H/P. <31>
<32><6D><30><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(413) 737-2260 <37><6D><EFBFBD>.<37><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><30><37>..<30><30><6D><30><6D><EFBFBD> . . ..<31><32><6D><EFBFBD><30><6D>۱<32>. . ..
__<5F>..<2E>....<2E><><EFBFBD>..<2E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>. 1.2 GIG on . . <31>۲۲<DBB2><DBB2>... <37><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<36> . .line Running Oblivion/2 BB
S Software .US Robotics Courier Dual Standard . .. . .. .9600/12000/14400 V32bis/HST .. . . .... . 
... .<35><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><35>.<35><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20> <36><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>. <36><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>. . .<35> <20> . <35> <20> . <35> <20><35>. 
<35> <20><> <20> <36> <20> <20> <20> <20> . ... <35> . <35><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20> <20><><EFBFBD> .<35><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20> <20> . <36><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> ... . <35> <20>. <35> <20> <20> . 
<35> .<35> <20> . <35> <20><> <36> <20> <20> . <36>. <36> . . <36> .. <35> <34><35> <20> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><> <20> <20> . <36><6D><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> . 
Oblivion/2 Beta SiteWASP HQ ThunderNet NorthEast HUB . GOP Dist. Site .. .. . ..<36> . . ... Your Sysop is: Cap
tain Riker. . NUP=TRIBBLE .. . ..

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SO YOU WANT TO BE A SYSOP
by
Al Gutkin "The Tax Board"
714 974-3730
PREFACE
Here I am, 3AM in the morning, can't sleep. Why? because tomorrow
is the big day. Installation of PCBOARD version 10. For the other
sysops using PCBOARD, it's no biggie, for me, it could mean doomsday,
but it won't, cause I'm tough. Right??????
Should I worry nooooo. Then why can't I sleep? Could it be that
I've only been running this board for 2 weeks. Nooooo, I'm tough.
After all, "age and treachury can always defeat youth and ability".
Why did I do this thing, Bulletin Board? Who needs it?
I WAS A NEW USER, ONCE
Yep, thats the truth. But, I won't tell you when. Actually, it
it was 7 years ago, that I touched my first computer. A Radio Shack
model 1. You know the one that had two floppies that couldn't remember
that they were there, even the techs at Radio Shack didn't know they
were there. I found that out when I went back. They didn't even know
what a utility program was then. I ended up giving to charity and taking
a deduction for $ 5,000. I bought an Alpha Micro, used it for six years
in my business. I felt on top of the world, I learned how to change the
menus myself. Dazzled my clients, dazzled my secretary, thank god I
didn't know any modern day IBM type programmers back then, I couldn't
take the laughing and funny faces that they would make. Boy, have I
come a long way.
The biggest gain of knowledge came in the last year, when I was
introduced to DOS. YEH, I never met dos before. After DOS, came my
introduction to Mr. Modem. Thats where the trouble started, and I
introduced myself back to the real computer world. My god, there's
people out there that like to talk computers, not only like to talk
computers, but actually develop programs that other people can try for
free. WOW, I never new this existed. Hey!!, come look at my computer,
I'm talking to another computer. Look at the color menus and graphics,
how did they do that? Yep, my exact words, "trust me".
HERE COMES THE SYSOP. (What is a SYSOP?)
We all know what a Sysop is, it's probably in the encyclopedia,
"ancient monster, that eats computers and has ultimate power over
modem users" That sounds like the definition. Well, I know that
I don't have the personality to become a Sysop. I'm too friendly,
outgoing, and busy to become a Sysop. Besides, who needs that kind
of power? In addition, my personality is in voice, not written
communication, no-one can see my face through a computer. All I have
is my speaking personality, developed over the years to overcome my
slow loss of hair.
GUESS WHAT, I'M GONNA BE A SYSOP.
Yea, I won't do it for real. I'll just set up two computers between
my office and home and transfer files. That way I can work at home and
be with my family more. When I mentioned that to my wife, I had to put
my hand over my nose so she wouldn't see it getting bigger with every
word that I said.
In order to start a bulletin board, even if it's for private use,
you need software. Well, I remember seeing some of that on Free Bytes.
Next step, call Free Bytes and take some software. No couldn't do it
there, I only was allowed 35 min per day. The Weasel Board, yea, I got
alot of time there. Poor Weasel Board, I tied up the phone for hours
trying to get bulletin board software. I kept getting waylayed by the
ski reports. Finally got the software, but never used it, got involved
with "A LADIES ROOM" instead. You know, the FIDO Ladies Room.
I could have also been arresed as a rapist. I just looked at the stats.
for Free Bytes. 50 down, 1 up. I'm ashamed. I'll just give em all
back. Oh, he only has 300,000k of space left.
Darlene was real nice, she gave me some tips, mentioned RBase 4000,
for the text part, then we made a deal, I'm the new Tax person. Users
will ask me questions and I'll call the board with an answer. Lady Bug
was my first and last customer. A LADIES ROOM HAD A DISK CRASH.
Meanwhile, I managed to get PCBOARD from Kenny and the CROW'S NEST.
I de-arched it, set it up, by God, it worked. The docs, written by
Fred Clark and Associates, said in big letters. THIS IS NOT FOR THE
NOVICE SYSOP. WE DON'T HAVE TIME TO ANSWER BABY QUESTIONS. Of course
I added some of my own words to that, the docs weren't that harsh.
Well, I now had my private bulletin board. I mailed Fred some $$$$
which I usually do when I get good software and bango, I'm a full
fledged SYSOP. Of course, I was the only user. When the Crows Nest
or the others were busy, I just called myself. Weird Huh?
GOING PUBLIC
I had the board set up and operational so going public wasn't that
hard. However, before I could get my new tel. number set up and menus
changed I registered with Fred's organization. My first great experience
came when Fred called the Board, to verify it's existance, and reached
the board that was set up in my office. Guess what? I still was using
Fred's Salt Air Graphics. Would have liked to see the look on Fred's
face when my modem answered and Fred's own introduction came up. Bet
Fred thought he was loosing his mind, and calling himself.
Underdog in the state of WASH. helped. Sal the dog, enabled me to
compile some of the best business software in the West. The only
difference is with me, its free. Don't knock Sal, he spends all his
free time scouring the nation for the best. His phone bill must look
look like AT&T's annual report.
THE GRAND OPENING - NEWYEARS DAY
NO ONE CALLED. Of course not, who had the number? Oh, heck, how
do you market a bulletin board? Put an add in the paper? Got a great
idea @@@@@. I called the local BIG TIME SYSOPS and left comments. Oh
what a dummy, I was. Yea, I got calls. Don Phelps of FREE BYTES was
the first. He left me a nice message of encouragement and left just as
fast as he came. Well thanks to the generous help of the local experienced
sysops I finally got some users. No-One stayed for more than 3 Min.
Why, because I had a boring board. Didn't know how to extend my
outgoing personality through the computer. What to do? Failure Setting
In.
RECOVERY
By chance, I called David Dennen, LaVern and PC STREET. He's Mr.
personality, and I won't tell you how old. Dave intercepted the call
and heard my woes. Guess he saw the nice comment I left. Anyhow, now
my board "THE TAX BOARD" has gone through some radical changes.
We have great bulletin and conference areas. Fun and knowledge for all.
Still give tax and business advice, but we also cater to friendly
people. We, are "USER FRIENDLY". Need help, we're still here, getting
bigger every day, but no too big to loose the personal contact with you.
Hit [ENTER] to continue

X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X
Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm)
& the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845
Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368
Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766
realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043
Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102
Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315
My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078
Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives,
arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality,
insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS.
Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are,
where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother.
"Raw Data for Raw Nerves"
X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X

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Computer Etiquette, By Mel North
________________________________
The following are a few points of general BBS etiquette. If you wish to
maintain your welcome on whatever system you happen to call, it would be to your
advantage to observe these few rules.
1. Don't habitually hang up on a system. Every Sysop is aware that
accidental disconnections happen once in a while but we do tend to get annoyed
with people who hang up every single time they call because they are either too
lazy to terminate properly or they labor under the mistaken assumption that the
10 seconds they save online is going to significantly alter their phone bill.
"Call Waiting" is not an acceptable excuse for long. If you have it and intend
to use the line to call BBS systems, you should either have it disconnected or
find some other way to circumvent it.
2. Don't do dumb things like leave yourself a message that says "Just testing
to see if this thing works". Where do you think all those other messages came
from if it didn't work? Also, don't leave whiney messages that say "Please
leave me a message". If ever there was a person to ignore, it's the one who
begs someone to leave him a message. If you want to get messages, start by
reading the ones that are already online and getting involved in the
conversations that exist.
3. Don't use the local equivalent of a chat command unless you really have
some clear cut notion of what you want to say and why. Almost any Sysop is more
than happy to answer questions or offer help concerning his system.
Unfortunately, because about 85% of the people who call want to chat and about
99% of those people have absolutely nothing to say besides "How old are you?" or
something equally irrelevent, fewer Sysops even bother answering their pagers
every day.
4. When you are offered a place to leave comments when exiting a system,
don't try to use this area to ask the Sysop questions. It is very rude to the
other callers to expect the Sysop to carry on a half visible conversation with
someone. If you have a question or statement to make and expect the Sysop to
respond to it, it should always be made in the section where all the other
messages are kept. This allows the Sysop to help many people with the same
problem with the least amount of effort on his part.
5. Before you log on with your favorite psuedonym, make sure that handles are
allowed. Most Sysops don't want people using handles on the system. There is
not enough room for them, they get silly games of one-upmanship started, it is
much nicer to deal with a person on a personal basis, and last but not least,
everyone should be willing to take full responsibility for his actions or
comments instead of slinging mud from behind a phoney name.
Also when signing on, why not sign on just like you would introduce yourself
in your own society? How many of you usually introduce yourselves as Joe W
Smutz the 3rd or 4th?
6. Take the time to log on properly. There is no such place as RIV, HB, ANA
or any of a thousand other abbreviations people use instead of their proper
city. You may think that everyone knows what RIV is supposed to mean, but every
BBS has people calling from all around the country and I assure you that someone
from Podunk, Iowa has no idea what you're talking about.
7. Don't go out of your way to make rude observations like "Gee, this system
is slow". Every BBS is a tradeoff of features. You can generally assume that
if someone is running a particular brand of software, that he is either happy
with it or he'll decide to find another system he likes better. It does nobody
any good when you make comments about something that you perceive to be a flaw
when it is running the way the Sysop wants it to. Constructive criticism is
somewhat more welcome. If you have an alternative method that seems to make
good sense then run it up the flagpole.
8. When leaving messages, stop and ask yourself whether it is necessary to
make it private. Unless there is some particular reason that everyone shouldn't
know what you're saying, don't make it private. We don't call them PUBLIC
bulletin boards for nothing, folks. It's very irritating to other callers when
there are huge blank spots in the messages that they can't read and it stifles
interaction between callers.
9. If your favorite BBS has a time limit, observe it. If it doesn't, set a
limit for yourself and abide by it instead. Don't tie up a system
unnecessarily.
10. Have the common courtesy to pay attention to what passes in front of your
face. When a BBS displays your name and asks "Is this you?", don't say yes when
you can see perfectly well that it is mispelled. Also, don't start asking
questions about simple operation of a system until you have thouroghly read all
of the instructions that are available to you. I assure you that it isn't any
fun to answer a question for the thousandth time when the answer is prominently
displayed in the system bulletins or instructions. Use some common sense when
you ask your questions. The person who said "There's no such thing as a stupid
question" obviously never operated a BBS.
11. Don't be personally abusive. It doesn't matter whether you like a Sysop
or think he's a jerk. The fact remains that he has a large investment in making
his computer available, usually out of the goodness of his heart. If you don't
like a Sysop or his system, just remember that you can change the channel any
time you want. Besides, whether you are aware of it or not, if you make
yourself enough of an annoyance to any Sysop, he can take the time to trace you
down and make your life, or that of your parents, miserable.
12. Keep firmly in mind that you are a guest on any BBS you happen to call.
Don't think of logging on as one of your basic human rights. Every person that
has ever put a computer system online for the use of other people has spent a
lot of time and money to do so. While he doesn't expect nonstop pats on the
back, it seems reasonable that he should at least be able to expect fair
treatment from his callers. This includes following any of the rules for system
use he has laid out without grumping about it. Every Sysop has his own idea of
how he wants his system to be run. It is really none of your business why he
wants to run it the way he does. Your business is to either abide by what he
says, or call some other BBS where you feel that you can obey the rules.


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=================================================
AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT MESSAGE TO THE WORKS USERS
=================================================
Hello.
This is a message from Jason Scott, original SysOp
of The Works from 1986-1988, its genesis years. I
started The Works when I was 16, and ran it until I
went to college. Some time afterwards, an extremely
young fellow named Dave Ferret asked me if he could
try setting up the BBS at his house, and after a
little less than a year, David got his parents to pay
for a third line into the house and he put up my BBS.
When Dave first got his hands on The Works, it was
extremely funky and weird. I had written the software
in QuickBasic, and called it Ferret BBS, after my pet
ferret which was forced to live in the same room as the
computer and constantly ringing line (I never shut it
off). The reason I was running this software was to
emulate on the PC what was one of the coolest pieces
of software on the Apple ][, that is, Waffle BBS v1.62.
I had basically tried to emulate a lot of what I found
wonderful about that software, and put some time into
my own little mods.
Dave suffered with this software for some months, and
then the Waffle folks switched their software over to
the PC, and I urged Dave to switch to the original bbs
code which I had been trying to emulate anyway.
It was Dave who ran the Works from 1989 to the present.
That's 6 years, three times longer than I ever ran it.
It was under Dave who got us Internet E-Mail, Dave who
supplied the electricity and hard drive space for the
system, and Dave who was the system administrator for
the Works' growth into a CdC system and world-famous BBS.
The Works grew here in Lexington into a place where the
users would have Works Get-Togethers, in pizza places,
the Au Bon Pain, and wherever else we thought would be neat.
Along the way, we also gained some of the more effective
administrators that any BBS would offer: Iskra and Veggie
were the two that I shared time with and they're still
among my best friends in the world. The amount of work
these two guys put in to make the Works into the system it
has become can't be discounted in the least. They knew what
people wanted, and knew what the system needed, and put in
the hours and hours to make it work. Their influence is
everywhere in this system.
This brings us to the present.
Now, it's 1995, the Works is nearly 10 years old and Dave
has done some soul-searching and decided he can no longer
give the system the attention he thinks it deserves. So,
he asked me to take the Works back, to put it up and run
it again like I did 7 years ago. I accepted, thinking it
wouldn't take that much of my time anyway, so it wouldn't
be a problem. Besides, I probably had an extra phone line
or two, and it wouldn't be a problem.
I have to the conclusion that I was wrong.
A little technical background: My theory was that I have
a Macintosh SE that I have SoftPC running on, and by
running Waffle through the SoftPC, I could run the Works
effectively. This Macintosh has been running for three weeks
now and I'd say it functions like it's supposed to about
1 out of every 3 days, and even then for a few hours
until I get over to the computer office I own to reset it.
I had an extra phone line on my hunt group and thought that
I could just stick a copy of the system on there and leave
it and everything would be just great. Again, this theory
is wrong.
I've also done some personal soul-searching and I have
come to the conclusion that the Works in its current
incarnation should die. As much as we'd like to extend the
Works, like closing your eyes and hoping that your really
good dream will go on, I don't personally think that could
happen. I think that the two solutions that Dave presented,
the first of me taking it over, and the second, of the
l0pht taking it over, would produce a cheap, bastardized
version of the Works that the administrators would consider
an afterthought and not a primary concern. This isn't
criticizing anyone, this is simply stating that trying to
run a BBS is either a time-consuming situation, or it becomes
like the summer cabin in the woods that has all sorts of
repairs to do but you put them off until next summer to fix them.
But because the Works has always been a product of love, and
a product that comes from my heart for reasons I won't go
into here, I am offering at least a partial solution. Hear
me out and don't press the Q key.
Some of you know and some of you don't care that I already
run a BBS right now. This BBS is called "COWZ", or COWZ
Technologies or cow.net depending on your mood. This year,
I decided to get into the Internet Access Provider business
and have stuck something on the order of $10,000 into this
venture. It takes the majority of my free time to make it
a place worth coming to. I care very much for it, and I
think it has the potential to become a world-class venture.
I am connected to the Internet via a direct 24-hour 56kb
connection, and am cow.net and telnettable from the world
at large.
I propose to put The Works into COWZ.
The way that I would propose this is to put the Textfiles
that made the Works so popular in the first place into my
500-meg file system, and create message boards that Works
Users would want into the message bases, and generally do
what I can to make the Works Community welcome.
There are two facets to this offer that I think should
be mentioned.
The first is that it will cost money to use COWZ. Right now,
I'm selling my services, which include direct telnet and
usenet newsgroups, along with FTP, WWW via the "Lynx"
text-only browser, and of course the BBS for $75 a
year. I think this is a really good price and I also
think it's a bargain. HOWEVER, I also think that telling
Works Users that their price for using the bases and files
of the Works has gone from $0 to $75 a year would be
beyond henious, so I offer Works Users the price of $25 a year.
To the chorus of "Fuck You"s, I would like to point out
that these Works Accounts would be full-featured COWZ
Accounts, and would contain all the services that other
users have, for 1/3rd the price. The way that you would
get this extremely special price would be to mention the
Works in a letter to my account: system@cow.net.
Arrangements can then be made.
COWZ is running on several sun workstations, with 7
incoming phone lines and uses Waffle UNIX Software.
It is functionally similar to the Works you have grown
used to. The main difference is that you would have
more you could do at the prompt.
The other facet worth mentioning is that Dave doesn't know
this offer I've made. He might not approve, and might
decide to do something else with the Works than have it
die and be sucked up into COWZ. Dave is more than within
his rights to do so; he really does own the name "The Works"
as far as I'm concerned. I was 17 when I last ran the
Works; Dave ran it all through his teenage years and now
into his 20's. Dave also runs works.com and would be
more than free to give that domain to someone else, even
another BBS. Dave would have my full blessing to do so,
but I hope that he'll see what I'm trying to do and join me.
What I hope to be proposing is a new era in the Works for
the users who grew up with the love of information
and interaction that the system stood for, an era where
the Works users have Internet on top and access to the
world from the same sneering citadel of "We're gonna give
it our best shot to make a difference and put up every
textfile known to man" that the Works always spoke from.
The COWZ Technologies BBS is available
by calling 1-617-COW-TOWN or 617-269-8696,
or by telnetting to cow.net from your UNIX
prompt via internet. I am on COWZ as
system@cow.net or root@cow.net, and will
gladly answer all queries and questions that
you would care to throw my way.
With much love,
Jason Scott

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Cambridge, Summer.
City of socialists, neighborhood of crime and credulity, den of
inequities both real and imagined. The darkness that seeps over
the town is marred only by the moon rising over the lone spire of
the town hall, lost and unwatched. Only the rushing sound of the
distant Turnpike and the patter of hurried footsteps echo down an
otherwise deserted Massachusetts Avenue...
..but faintly, on the edge of hearing, a knocking sound can be
heard. At first a mere tap, but soon a dull, rhythmic thud that rises
from the ground. The thud keeps pace with an unknown heartbeat, and
increases in volume until it seems to be an ancient drum warning of
a coming danger.
With each thud, a manhole cover in the middle of Central Square shakes,
jumps,quivers, but falls back into place. There is silence. Suddenly,
the manhole cover jumps twenty feet into the air and lands with a
fearsome clank near the entrance to the Golden Donut restaurant,
almost crashing into the front window. It shudders back and forth
on the bricks, then rests.
[more]
A figure, no, less a figure than a huddle, rises out of the manhole,
gasping, clawing, straining to crawl out of the maw. With great effort,
it slides out onto the smooth pavement, and rests.
Presently, it stands up. First haltingly, then firm. Even through all
the muck and the leaves, it is recognizable. It is.... The Works.
The Works looks down Massachusetts Avenue, past the closed shops and
the low buildings of Cambridge, to the Skyline of Boston, an uneven
line of light in the darkness of the horizon.
"You will be mine again," says the Works, and then it limps off into
the shadows.

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Regarding Hacked versions of PKware products.
and
Regarding no new versions of PKware products from Pkware.
by Bob Mahoney, Exec-PC BBS 12/11/92
More and more hacked versions of the PKware zip and unzip programs are
appearing on bulletin boards. This is a sign of the frustration we are
all feeling with zip looking as if it is dead in the water. We are
starting to wonder if perhaps a hacked version of zip and unzip might
be better than the unapproved alpha versions PKware has allowed to float
around for so long. To explain:
PKware has set a new record in the computer industry. They have had an
alpha test version of their zip and unzip software circulating on bulletin
boards for more than a year. Typically, a company will distribute an alpha
version to selected testers, then within a reasonable amount of time will
distribute a beta version, then will soon release a real version after that.
In late 1991 PKware distributed their PKZ193A.EXE, "A" for alpha, zip software
and it immediately appeared on every BBS in the country. Fine, alpha versions
are soon replaced by beta, then final versions. No problem. Well, here
we are, just about into 1993. The old alpha version is still causing
frustration and confusion on most bulletin boards.
To quote a typical message received from an innocent BBS user:
"Why does this BBS have so many files that don't work? When I unzip the file
PKUNZIP tells me "I don't know how to handle this file". You should check
your files more carefully. Many of my friends have the same problem."
Recently, the messages have become more profane, with "pi????" and "f??? you"
sprinkled in some of them, all complaining about files that do not work.
What is the problem? The problem is PKware sitting on an alpha version and
seemming to do nothing about it.
I propose the following: We do some research to see what other compression
software might be more appropriate for use on BBS systems, and discuss
converting all collections from zip to whatever compression techniques looks
like a logical successor to the confused zip situation.
After all, if PKware ever attempts to release another version in the future,
we can probably look forward to at least another year of version confusion,
profane messages, extremely frustrated new users, and 30 or 40 messages
per week from people confused about the lack of any zip standards. For the
4 or 5 years we have been using zip format, one full year has been under
non-standard formats with an alpha version floating around. I have not seen
the same predicament with other compression standards.
I ask for your input concerning conversion to other standards.
I encourage you to distribute this file to other online systems to see
if there is a consensus about this.
Bob Mahoney


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<HTML>
<TITLE>T E X T F I L E S</TITLE>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#000000" TEXT="#00FF00" LINK="#00FF00" ALINK="#00AA00" VLINK="#00AA00">
<H1>General Computer Textfiles</H1>
<P>
Your one-stop shop for all files of a "computery" nature, that cover how to
rebuild a piece of computer hardware to do something it was
never meant to do, or to see someone go really deeply into a computing
subject that would cause most people to yawn and look for the snack table.
Since BBSes were on computers, it was natural for people who used BBSes
to focus on all aspects of these wonderful machines. The evidence of
their interest and their experimentation resides below.
<P>
Of course, nearly ALL textfiles are computer-related in some fashion, and
some subjects might fit here but fit even better in another section. For
example, you should most definitely check out the
<A HREF="programming.1">programming</A>
and <A HREF="apple.1">apple</A> sections as well, as you might not agree with
what I decided should go where.
<P>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TD BGCOLOR=#00FF00><FONT COLOR=#000000><B>Filename</B><BR></FONT></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR=#00DD00><FONT COLOR=#000000><B>Size</B><BR></FONT></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR=#00AA00><FONT COLOR=#000000><B>Description of the Textfile</B><BR></TD></TR>
<tab indent=60 id=T><br>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="computers/ASTRESEARCH.1">ASTRESEARCH</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Technical Bulletins from AST Research</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="computers/CYBERSPACE.1">CYBERSPACE</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Files Concering the Idea of "Cyberspace"</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="computers/DOCUMENTATION.1">DOCUMENTATION</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Documentation Files and Instruction Sets</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="computers/HARDDRIVES.1">HARDDRIVES</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Hard Drive Technical Information</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="computers/PRESSRELEASE.1">PRESSRELEASE</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Press Releases by Companies Long Forgotten</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1003v-mm">1003v-mm</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4347<BR><TD> Information on the Western Digital 1000v-MMx Series
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1006v-sr">1006v-sr</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4347<BR><TD> Information on the Western Digital WD1006V-SR1 and 2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1080mods">1080mods</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3610<BR><TD> Amiga 1080 Monitor Modifications
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1105.txt">1105.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2468<BR><TD> How to Boot with DR DOS (October 31, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/144_ctrl.txt">144_ctrl.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6819<BR><TD> Zaphod Beeblebrox' Notes on using PC 1.44mb 3.5" Drives with Atari STs and STEs
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/144disk.txt">144disk.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6178<BR><TD> Edited Textfile about 3.5" Diskette Formats, from Kevin Maier of IBM Corporation (May 10, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/144meg.txt">144meg.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13288<BR><TD> How to Upgrade your Atari ST Floppies to 1.44mb 3.5" Drives, by Robert B. Pegram
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1541.tri">1541.tri</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12170<BR><TD> Two Rarely Used 1541 Disk Drive Functions, by Peter Weighill (September 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/154xb">154xb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8693<BR><TD> JUMPERS: Adaptec AHA-1540B
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/16550a_n">16550a_n</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5842<BR><TD> Information on the 16550a UART
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1991-12">1991-12</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42275<BR><TD> What is ISDN Good for? By Mitch Kapor of the EFF (December 10, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/1pt4mb.inf">1pt4mb.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5035<BR><TD> Notes on the Use of 1.4mb Drives in AT Compatibles
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/2310-12">2310-12</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4347<BR><TD> JUMPERS: Adaptec ACB-2310,12
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/2496">2496</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4891<BR><TD> How to upgrade your US Robotics 2400 Baud Modem into a 9600 Baud Modem by Death Bringer 06/07/1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/24to96x.txt">24to96x.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7424<BR><TD> Complaint about a file purporting to convert a 2400bd Modem to 9600 baud; claims it's a Hoax
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/25mgupgd.txt">25mgupgd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13929<BR><TD> A 2.5 Meg Socketed RAM Upgrade for the 1040ST by Barry Orlando (Decmber 28, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/286">286</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6326<BR><TD> A Review of Compaq DeskPro 286 by Bob McDuffee
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/286-2">286-2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2828<BR><TD> Part 2 of the Review of the Compaq DeskPro 286 by Bob McDuffee
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/28_8khst.txt">28_8khst.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9335<BR><TD> US Robotics Announces the Last Modem You'll Ever Buy (Press Release, June 8, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/2ndrs232.txt">2ndrs232.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7725<BR><TD> How to Get a Second RS232 Port For Your Atari (July 15, 1987)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/2w93358a.txt">2w93358a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4445<BR><TD> Guide to PGP Operations in a Secure Environment
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/386486.txt">386486.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5589<BR><TD> A Low Cost Performance Boost for Your 386 PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/400top.txt">400top.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12870<BR><TD> The SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/401bugs.txt">401bugs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7387<BR><TD> Two Suspected Bugs in MS-DOS v4.01 by William S. Ataras III (June 5, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/450baud.txt">450baud.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7296<BR><TD> On the Topic of 450 Baud, by Scott Loftesness, May 28, 1983
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/486vs040.txt">486vs040.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15981<BR><TD> CISC: The Intel 80486 vs. The Motorola MC68040 from Advanced Microprocessors by Daniel Tabak (Scribed by Mike, July 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/4chan8bi.asc">4chan8bi.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8688<BR><TD> Plans for a 4-Channel 8-Bit Analog-to-Digital Converter for PC from Francis J. Deck
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/4dostips.txt">4dostips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3297<BR><TD> 4DOS Specific Information and Tips
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/500hacks.txt">500hacks.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 46075<BR><TD> A Do It Yourself Guide to Computer Repair and Modification of the PC and Amiga 500 from Lewin Edwards
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/500mm.txt">500mm.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6983<BR><TD> Disk Storage Reaches Molecular Level, from Video Computing November/December 1988 Issue
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/68040.txt">68040.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12653<BR><TD> The New CISC Micorporcessor offers RISC Performance
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/86bugs.lst">86bugs.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13776<BR><TD> Harald Feldmann's 86BUGS List (November 3, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/87.set">87.set</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15313<BR><TD> Information about the 8087 and 287 Coprocessors
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/8bitcomp.txt">8bitcomp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 24445<BR><TD> The Designing and Building of an 8-Bit Computer: A Personal Story, by Mark Balch (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/8chan12b.asc">8chan12b.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6047<BR><TD> Chap 12-Bit ADC for IBM PC by Francis J. Deck
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/8meg_exp.txt">8meg_exp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8158<BR><TD> An Amiga 8meg RAM Expander, by John Kamchen (1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/9600.inf">9600.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19072<BR><TD> The Long, Painful Road to a 9600 Baud Standard
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/9600data.txt">9600data.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30848<BR><TD> A Comparison of High Speed Modems Compatibility/Features/Differences/Prices (March 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/9600info.inf">9600info.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19119<BR><TD> 9600 Baud Modems: An Overview
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/a4000">a4000</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6725<BR><TD> A Scared Amiga Beta Tester lets the Cat out of the Bag about the Amiga 4000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/a5000.txt">a5000.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11864<BR><TD> The First Reports of the Amiga 5000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/a500_1mb">a500_1mb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8312<BR><TD> Directions on How to Convert your Amiga 501 Cartridge to Chip RAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/aboutems.txt">aboutems.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 27370<BR><TD> Memory Expansion in80x86-Based Computers Under MS-DOS by John Wilson of Hyperdyne
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/abrash.lst">abrash.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20429<BR><TD> Roll Your Own Minilanguages with Mini-Interpreters, by Michael Abrash and Dan Illowsky (1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/accel.txt">accel.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3948<BR><TD> An Amiga 500 Processor Accellerator Project, by Leslie Ayling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/act-13.txt">act-13.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63155<BR><TD> The Amateur Crackist Tutorial Version 1.3 by Specular Vision
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/adapter.txt">adapter.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18556<BR><TD> How to Connect a PC to a VideoCrypt Decoder, by Markus Kuhn (June 19, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/add5.25drive.txt">add5.25drive.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3576<BR><TD> How to Hook a 5.25" Drive to your Amiga, by Les Ayling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/add512kb">add512kb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2438<BR><TD> How to install a 1mb Chip into an Amiga 500 on the Mothercard
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/addcard.txt">addcard.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2291<BR><TD> Hack to Allow an Amiga 1000 or Amiga 500 to expand its 86-pin slot to 100pin
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/addictio.txt">addictio.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7589<BR><TD> The Tragedy of Online Addiction, by Steve King
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/addrive.txt">addrive.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8357<BR><TD> Generic 3.5 Inch Double Sided Disk Drive for the Atari 520/1040 Series
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/aids.txt">aids.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1571<BR><TD> The AIDS Trojan Horse Program Marches On (March 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/all-help.tec">all-help.tec</A> <tab to=T><TD> 36845<BR><TD> All the Help Scripts from the DESQview 2.26, QEMM 5.0, Manifest 1.0, QRAM 1.0, etc.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/alsnutt1">alsnutt1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2182<BR><TD> Big Al's Norton Utilities Tech Tips Volume 1 Number 1 by Al Hansen (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/alt-bin.txt">alt-bin.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 49521<BR><TD> Notes on Decoduing UUENCODEd .GIF Files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ami-chts.txt">ami-chts.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 182700<BR><TD> Large Collection of Amiga Video Game Cheats
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ami-init.txt">ami-init.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4080<BR><TD> The Amiga Boot Sequence and Errors
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/amiga_technical_info.txt">amiga_technical_info.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 43685<BR><TD> USENET Postings: Amiga Technical Information (1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/amihist.txt">amihist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19261<BR><TD> Notes of RJ Mical Speaking about the Rise and Fall of Amiga Computer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/amiport.txt">amiport.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10617<BR><TD> More Ports for your Amiga: An I/O Expansion Board
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/amscsi.txt">amscsi.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6497<BR><TD> Building a SCSI COntroller for the Amiga
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/anderson.asc">anderson.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 130304<BR><TD> Kermit for OS/2 by Brian R. Anderson (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/anderson.lst">anderson.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5622<BR><TD> C Customized Memory Allocators by Paul ANderson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/andrson2.asc">andrson2.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 135168<BR><TD> Kermit for OS/2 by Brian R. ANderson (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/anetwork.txt">anetwork.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3363<BR><TD> Making a Simple Atari ST to Atari ST Link
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/anonymit">anonymit</A> <tab to=T><TD> 34657<BR><TD> The Joy of Handles, or Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Me But Have No Right to Ask, 1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/antiarq.txt">antiarq.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1257<BR><TD> Getting Rid of the ARQ Flashing by Mr. Fone
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/anywhere.txt">anywhere.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4142<BR><TD> DOCUMENTATION: The Anywhere Scroller Version 1.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/appendix.txt">appendix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3866<BR><TD> A Listing of Modem And Information Standards
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/apple.txt">apple.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7253<BR><TD> The Text of the Apple-Microsoft Agreement
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/arcsuit.txt">arcsuit.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 56430<BR><TD> Court Complaint from System Enhancement Associates and PKWARE (July 6, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/arthayes.txt">arthayes.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30471<BR><TD> General Introduction to HAYES Modems and Compatabiles by Ignaat Simons
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ascii">ascii</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7504<BR><TD> Folklore: The Original Uses of the Unusual ASCII Codes, by Douglas Jones (June 2, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ascii.inc">ascii.inc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1040<BR><TD> A Short List of ASCII Character Set Definitions
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asm.txt">asm.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 101753<BR><TD> The 8086 Family Architecture
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asmstr.asc">asmstr.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23451<BR><TD> Structured Programming Column by Jeff Duntemann (February 3, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asp3404.txt">asp3404.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 274371<BR><TD> Catalog of Products from the Association of Software Professionals (October 4, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asp5202.txt">asp5202.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1219432<BR><TD> Catalog of Products from the Association of Software Professionals
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asp5301.txt">asp5301.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1292374<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asp804.txt">asp804.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1933029<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asp9301.txt">asp9301.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2212930<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/asp9501.txt">asp9501.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1978185<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/aspbbs.dlm">aspbbs.dlm</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42717<BR><TD> List of Association of Software Professionals Directory
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/atamnesa.txt">atamnesa.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2595<BR><TD> Hey! These IBM ATs have batteries inside and they're failing!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/auping.asc">auping.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15046<BR><TD> Making the move to Modula 2 by J.V. Auping and Chis Johnston
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/author.lst">author.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 96222<BR><TD> A List of Email addresses of 255 Reachable MS-DOS shareware and PD authors (December 17, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/autpub.frm">autpub.frm</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5138<BR><TD> Application to Join the Association of Software Professionals
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/autstd.txt">autstd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13029<BR><TD> Association of Software Professionals Membership Requirements
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/award.txt">award.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2346<BR><TD> Award BIOS Drive Type Table
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ayers.lst">ayers.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 29009<BR><TD> An Object-Oriented Logic Simulator by Kenneth E. Ayers
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/babel92a.txt">babel92a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 79153<BR><TD> Babel: A Listing of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms by Irving Kind, 1989-1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/babel94a.txt">babel94a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 105377<BR><TD> BABEL: A Glossary of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms by Irving Kind Version 94A (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/backdoor.txt">backdoor.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12384<BR><TD> Collection of Back Doors to computer games, by George Knochel
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bartle-m">bartle-m</A> <tab to=T><TD> 450025<BR><TD> Interactive Multi-User Computer Games, a Report by Richard Bartle, 1990
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/basunix.hac">basunix.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15360<BR><TD> Basic UNIX Use by Lord Lawless
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bat&amp;conf.txt">bat&conf.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7401<BR><TD> Tricks to Use with Batch Files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/batch.txt">batch.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 51183<BR><TD> Batch Files for Efficiency: Getting Real Work Done
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/battery.txt">battery.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 26055<BR><TD> Rechargeable Batteries and Laptop Computers
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bauer.lst">bauer.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10217<BR><TD> Optimizing in a Parallel Environment by Barr E. Bauer (199)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bb">bb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12057<BR><TD> Beta Bits by Tim Conner, Jr. (1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bbsnoise.txt">bbsnoise.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3251<BR><TD> Your System Has Noise, by Bill Noel
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/begunix.txt">begunix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 337256<BR><TD> A Beginner's Guide to UNIX, from the Denver Office (September 16, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/being.txt">being.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 38959<BR><TD> Being in Nothingness: Virtual Reality and the Pioneers of Cyberspace, by John Perry Barlow
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/best.cps">best.cps</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11430<BR><TD> Get the Best out of JRCOMM and your DUALST 14.4kbps on your Amiga, from The Spirit (May 19, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bev105.res">bev105.res</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10421<BR><TD> The Hack Report Volume 2, Number 3 (March 7, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/biblio.lst">biblio.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28958<BR><TD> Bibliography of PC Interrupt Fuctions by Ralf Brown (February 11, 1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bibliog.txt">bibliog.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 24448<BR><TD> Laptop and Portable Computer Books
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bill">bill</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8784<BR><TD> Bill Gates Interview from PC Magazine
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bill1035.pro">bill1035.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16647<BR><TD> Description and Call to Arms on H.R. 1035
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bios1215.man">bios1215.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4123<BR><TD> AMI 286 and 386 BIOS New Release Notes (December 15, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bios225.man">bios225.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6288<BR><TD> AMI 286 and 386 BIOS Release Notes (February 25, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bios330.man">bios330.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4264<BR><TD> AMI 286 and 386 BIOS Release Notes (March 30, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/biprint.txt">biprint.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9485<BR><TD> Making your PC Parallel Port Bi-Directional by Mark F. Bower (IBM PC) ((July 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bitsbaud.txt">bitsbaud.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10112<BR><TD> Bits, Baud Rate, and BPS: Taking the Mystery Out of Modem Speeds, by Michael A. Banks
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/blt6">blt6</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21816<BR><TD> Techniques for Off-Line Mail Reading, by Robert Dionne (May 6, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/blum.lst">blum.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18024<BR><TD> Bidirectional Associative Memory Systems in C++, by Adam Blum
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/boost.txt">boost.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1670<BR><TD> An Audio Booster on the Amiga 500, by Chucky of Sargon
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bootfromdf1.txt">bootfromdf1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6757<BR><TD> Saving DF0: by Booting up from DF1: by Les Ayling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bowling.asc">bowling.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11641<BR><TD> Real-Time Modeling with MS-DOS by David Bowling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bradbery.asc">bradbery.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12901<BR><TD> Porting Fortran Programs from Minis to PCS, by John L. Bradberry
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bright.lst">bright.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3200<BR><TD> Getting a Handle on Virtual Memory, by Walter Bright
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/bugrep.txt">bugrep.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1582<BR><TD> Bug Report Form for PKWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/buildit.doc">buildit.doc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 59591<BR><TD> Building an IBM Compatible, or How to be a Real Clone, by DJ Elliott (January 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/buildit.txt">buildit.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 33024<BR><TD> The Obese Agnus: The New 500 Board and Other Recent Experiences by Andrew WIlson (July 23, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/buy386">buy386</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7996<BR><TD> The Developer's Guide to Buying a 386
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/buyguide.txt">buyguide.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 25636<BR><TD> PC Gaming Sound Cards: A Buyer's Guide v0.34 by Dave Masten (November 4, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/c64topc.txt">c64topc.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5646<BR><TD> How to Connect a Commodore 64 Compatible Printer to an IBM PC Compatible Computer (March, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cache.txt">cache.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5795<BR><TD> Disabling Write Caching in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/carriers.pro">carriers.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6100<BR><TD> Comparison of different Long Distance Carrier performance
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cart.txt">cart.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8192<BR><TD> Turning an Atari ST's Cartridge Port into a Read/Write Port
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cascade.txt">cascade.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6784<BR><TD> Information from Cascade Electronics about Being Ripped Off
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/caution.txt">caution.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4613<BR><TD> Doublespace in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cbm_dead.txt">cbm_dead.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2610<BR><TD> Eulogy on Commodore as it Goes Under (From Down Under)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cd-rom">cd-rom</A> <tab to=T><TD> 93046<BR><TD> An Introduction to CD-ROM Technolgy by Andy Poggio (March 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/chaos.txt">chaos.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2432<BR><TD> Chaos, Strange Attractors and BrainMaker Plots
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cheap144disk.txt">cheap144disk.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2996<BR><TD> Making a Cheap 1.44mb Disk!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cheats">cheats</A> <tab to=T><TD> 40275<BR><TD> A Very Large Collection of Amiga Cheat Codes
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cleankey.txt">cleankey.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9856<BR><TD> How to Clean the IBM PC Keyboard by David R. Bivens
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/clinton.sgi">clinton.sgi</A> <tab to=T><TD> 38608<BR><TD> Remarks by the President and Vice President to Silicon Graphics Employees, Feb. 22, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/coemail">coemail</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12431<BR><TD> Formulating A Company Policy on Access to and Use and Disclosure of Electronic Mail on Company Computer Systems, by the Electronic Mail Association, October 22, 1990
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/colors.32k">colors.32k</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9679<BR><TD> Getting an Atari ST to Display 32,768 Colors by Barry orlando (September 9, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/colr.txt">colr.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8448<BR><TD> Guidelines for Effective Color Terminal Usage, from Tektronix
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/comdefs.hum">comdefs.hum</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5121<BR><TD> Grab-Bag of Geeky and General Humor
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/comlpt.pro">comlpt.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4175<BR><TD> An Overview of PC Hardware's LPT/COM/IRQs
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/compdev.txt">compdev.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12301<BR><TD> Some Thoughts on the Development of Personal Computers by Duane Bristow
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/comphorror.hum">comphorror.hum</A> <tab to=T><TD> 164912<BR><TD> A Fantastic Collection of Computer Horror Stories
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/compiler.tut">compiler.tut</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8576<BR><TD> Compilers and How They Work: An Overview, by Lou Morgan
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/compuser">compuser</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9572<BR><TD> The Gospel according to CompuServe! (Their position)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/conclus.txt">conclus.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17859<BR><TD> The Conclusion of the Courts in the INSLAW Software Case, January, 1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/config.txt">config.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 34499<BR><TD> Your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT by Barry Simon, 1986
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/convmem.txt">convmem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1078<BR><TD> JZig's Guide to Freeing Conventional Memory (On a PC)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/copyprot.pro">copyprot.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11392<BR><TD> Copy Protection: A History and Outlook
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/copyrigh.pro">copyrigh.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10880<BR><TD> Copyrighting Public Domain Programs
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/courierv34man.txt">courierv34man.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 346655<BR><TD> The Courier V.34 Manual, by U.S. Robotics (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cpsranno">cpsranno</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2259<BR><TD> Upcoming Conventions of Computers, privacy and Freedom (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/cpucmp14.txt">cpucmp14.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 31839<BR><TD> Performance Comparison: Intel 386DX, Intel RapidCAD, C&T 38600DX, Cyrix 486DLC by Norbert Juffa
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/crtstuff.txt">crtstuff.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 51493<BR><TD> The Quest for the Ultimate Display System by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/defrag.txt">defrag.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2291<BR><TD> Defragmenting a Doublespace Drive in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/designer.txt">designer.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9653<BR><TD> Sapphire Designer Notes, by Tim Campbell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/diagnose.txt">diagnose.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18306<BR><TD> An introduction to Troubleshooting your IBM PC by Jerry Schneider of the Capital PC User Group
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/diagrams.txt">diagrams.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 36835<BR><TD> Listing of Different Drives and Controllers for TheRef
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/disks1">disks1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15882<BR><TD> The Technology of Magnetic Disk Storage by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/disks2">disks2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16889<BR><TD> A Hard Disk Drive for Steve's Dream Machine by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/disks3">disks3</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28492<BR><TD> The Logical Structure, Organization and Management of Hard Disk Drives by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dma.asc">dma.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18432<BR><TD> DMA Techniques for Personal Computer Data Acquisition
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/docwaste.txt">docwaste.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1033<BR><TD> George Gutman's Call for lack of spaces in DOC files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dodont.txt">dodont.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12638<BR><TD> How To Get The Most Out of Your New PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dos-user.s-g">dos-user.s-g</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3605<BR><TD> The PC User's Guide to UNIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dos6tips.txt">dos6tips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1957<BR><TD> DOS 6 Tips and Tricks: Review
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dos_err.txt">dos_err.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3456<BR><TD> Dos 2.0 Has Problems with Redirection of I/O
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/doshist.txt">doshist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 41430<BR><TD> The Development of DOS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dosmem.txt">dosmem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13205<BR><TD> The PC Memory Management Overview
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dosmnual.txt">dosmnual.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42543<BR><TD> PC/MS-DOS: The Essentials, by George Campbell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/drives.txt">drives.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5060<BR><TD> Driving Us Crazy, but For a Reason (Hard Drive Overview) by Alan Brenden
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dvinter.1st">dvinter.1st</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8430<BR><TD> The DESQview Interrupt List, Release 90.3, 07/15/90
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/dvscript.txt">dvscript.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2432<BR><TD> Creating and Using Scripts with DESQview
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ea.iff.85">ea.iff.85</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63215<BR><TD> EA IFF 85: The Standard for Interchange Format Files by Jerry Morrison of Electronic Arts (January 14, 1985)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/earlybst.txt">earlybst.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6529<BR><TD> Timo's Subjective Choices of the Best Public Domain and Shareware MS-DOS Early Material (September 13, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/echtutor.txt">echtutor.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17437<BR><TD> A Tutorial on the New Phenomenon of Fido Echomail
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/eight.lws">eight.lws</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14297<BR><TD> The Adventures of Lone Wolf Scientific: The House Where Andrew.BAS lived, by Michy Peshota
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/email">email</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21201<BR><TD> A Large Suggested Summary of Policies on Electronic Mail
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/equip.txt">equip.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 45113<BR><TD> Hints on Purchasing a Laptop Computer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/errors.txt">errors.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8182<BR><TD> A List of Errors by Hard Drives Under DOS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/esdi.txt">esdi.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8326<BR><TD> Basic Installation Procedure for ESDI Drives by Ruan Ramsey (July 3, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/essays.txt">essays.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 263347<BR><TD> Art in the Age of Digital Dissemination: Class Essays from an Art and Technology Course, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/execnois.txt">execnois.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3889<BR><TD> If You Are Getting Garbage On the Screen (Modem Diagnostics)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ext-ram.txt">ext-ram.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14198<BR><TD> An Extended RAM Tutorial for MS-DOS by Raymond Dunn
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fangrev3a500">fangrev3a500</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3372<BR><TD> Making a Faster Agnus Chip, by Hans Van Der Werf (October 30, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/faq.txt">faq.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 52582<BR><TD> FAQ: OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List: User's Edition Verison 2.0 (April 25, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fbi.sys">fbi.sys</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5192<BR><TD> Summary of FBI Computer Systems, by Ralph Harvey of Full Disclosure
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fcc.txt">fcc.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12545<BR><TD> Computer and Software News Part 1 by Tim Elmer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fd_ref42.lan">fd_ref42.lan</A> <tab to=T><TD> 36874<BR><TD> A Large Floppy Drive Directory Version 4.2 (October 1, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fd_ref42.por">fd_ref42.por</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23264<BR><TD> Floppy Drive Directory by TheRef Version 4.2 (October 1, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fdd">fdd</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11750<BR><TD> teria, by Bud Leroy
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fileid.txt">fileid.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18022<BR><TD> Information on Why You Should Use FILE_ID.DIZ
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/filename.txt">filename.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21870<BR><TD> File Names and Extensions: The Keys to the Kingdom
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/flop.txt">flop.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3194<BR><TD> Using Doublespace on Floppy Disks in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/floppies.txt">floppies.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15744<BR><TD> Everything You've Ever Wanted to Know Abut Floppy Disks by Ted Jensen
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/format.txt">format.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2510<BR><TD> Photo/Digital Specifications for GIF Files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/forums.lst">forums.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20327<BR><TD> A Complete List of Public Forums on Online Services by Ed Girou of the CompuServe Practice Forum (June 1, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/freedom.pro">freedom.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6068<BR><TD> Must We Declare an Electronic Declaration of Independence
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/freenet.cap">freenet.cap</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13691<BR><TD> The Concept of Community Computing
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fricc">fricc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2296<BR><TD> The FRICC Policy on Interocnnectivity and Resource Sharing
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ftp2uk23.inf">ftp2uk23.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 71087<BR><TD> Notes for PC/MSDOS users at UK JANET sites (April 27, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ftxt">ftxt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19014<BR><TD> Information on FTXT: A Text Standard for IFF Files from Steve Shaw and Jerry Morrison, Electronic Arts (November 15, 1985)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/fyi-8">fyi-8</A> <tab to=T><TD> 253367<BR><TD> The Site Security Handbook, a guideline for computer systems, July 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/galileo.txt">galileo.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 93697<BR><TD> The STS-34 Press Kit (Exploratory Spacecraft)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/gameport.inf">gameport.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3231<BR><TD> Specifications for the IBM/PC Game Port Connector (April 6, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/genderol">genderol</A> <tab to=T><TD> 25452<BR><TD> Gender Issues in Online Communications by Hoai-An Truong, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/genlock.txt">genlock.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19649<BR><TD> The Genlock Circuit Operation Description
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/gfxhints.txt">gfxhints.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30197<BR><TD> Some Hints on Improving your Computer Graphics
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/gifstd.txt">gifstd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 31874<BR><TD> The GIF Specification
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/glossary.lst">glossary.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 35647<BR><TD> Glossary of Computer Terms
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/glossary.txt">glossary.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3311<BR><TD> Yet Another Computer Glossary
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/gnu">gnu</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23949<BR><TD> The GNU Manifesto by Richard Stallman (1985)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hack_pom.txt">hack_pom.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2215<BR><TD> Casey at the Byte (Parody of Casey at the Bat)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hacktest.txt">hacktest.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8497<BR><TD> The Hacker Test Version 3.0: Another 'Adventure in Software' from SuperNova Software by Rich 'Crash' Lewis, Jr. (1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hallfame.txt">hallfame.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 100594<BR><TD> The Freeware Hall of Fame by Rey Barry (June, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/handles.txt">handles.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 33215<BR><TD> The Joy of Handles (or, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Me but Have No Right to Ask)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hayes.txt">hayes.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 322645<BR><TD> Technical Reference for Hayes Modem Users, Version 1.0, November 1990
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hd.txt">hd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28948<BR><TD> Hard Disks: The Essential Accessory
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hd_mfr41.dir">hd_mfr41.dir</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23897<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Manufacturer Directory (January 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hd_ref41.lan">hd_ref41.lan</A> <tab to=T><TD> 404370<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory Version 4.1 (January 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hd_ref41.por">hd_ref41.por</A> <tab to=T><TD> 309167<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory Version 4.1 (January 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hd_ref43.lan">hd_ref43.lan</A> <tab to=T><TD> 692412<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory Version 4.30 (May 1, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hd_ref43.por">hd_ref43.por</A> <tab to=T><TD> 587412<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory (May 1, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/help.txt">help.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3737<BR><TD> The DOS 6 Help File
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hint89.txt">hint89.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2945<BR><TD> Configuring Autoexec.bat and Config.Sys Files (December 1, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/history.txt">history.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17081<BR><TD> A Little PC History: Where We've Been with No Idea Where We're Going!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hoagco.cis">hoagco.cis</A> <tab to=T><TD> 37883<BR><TD> Transcription from Compuserve of Various Information by Hoagland Mars Mission
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hoagland.let">hoagland.let</A> <tab to=T><TD> 29828<BR><TD> Letter from Richard Hoagland (December 1, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/honey.txt">honey.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4144<BR><TD> Honey, Can the Computer Do This? By Wayne Garrison
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/how2mnp.txt">how2mnp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30321<BR><TD> How to do MNP Modem Protocol
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/hsdiag.res">hsdiag.res</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6557<BR><TD> The Hack Report Volume 2, Number 5 by Lee Jackson (April 10, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/i4004.txt">i4004.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3213<BR><TD> Before the Great Dark Cloud: Information on the Intel 4004
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ibm.fu">ibm.fu</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6757<BR><TD> OS/2 Is Still Vaporware (June 4, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/itcfree.800">itcfree.800</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3563<BR><TD> Information on the ITCnet Toll Free Communications Network by Jack Reece
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/jadu13.rvw">jadu13.rvw</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3983<BR><TD> REVIEW: Just Another Disk Utility Version 1.3 (October, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/jargn10.txt">jargn10.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1128344<BR><TD> Eric Raymond's Jargon File, Version 2.9.10, July 1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/jrquiet.txt">jrquiet.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 468<BR><TD> Silencing the pesky IBM PCJr hard drive
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/karpov.pro">karpov.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6120<BR><TD> Karpov vs. DEEP THOUGHT: The Overview, by Darren Bedwell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/kcah-1">kcah-1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 32102<BR><TD> KCAH Volume 1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/kcah-2">kcah-2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17440<BR><TD> KCAH Volume 2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/kildall.txt">kildall.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11552<BR><TD> The Gary Kildall Legacy, by Sol Libes (1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/killer.pro">killer.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3056<BR><TD> Killer DOS Stalks Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/language.lis">language.lis</A> <tab to=T><TD> 390367<BR><TD> The Language List, Version 1.9, Jan. 13, 1993: Collected information on about 2000 computer languages, past and present
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/licence">licence</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12488<BR><TD> The GNU General Public License Version 1 (February 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/lrplan.txt">lrplan.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2924<BR><TD> The Long Range Plans of the University of Pittsburgh for their Computing Facilities
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mac2tel.v2.txt">mac2tel.v2.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8864<BR><TD> How to Get Digitized Macintosh Sounds Into a Modem
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mac_oscillators.txt">mac_oscillators.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28179<BR><TD> A Macintosh Crystal Oscillator Speedup, by Marc Schrier (April, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/maccrack.txt">maccrack.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7038<BR><TD> A Collection of Macintosh Unprotect Schemes
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mactricks.txt">mactricks.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5942<BR><TD> Some Mac Tricks for Novices by Steve J. McAllister (February 28, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mailordr.pro">mailordr.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2825<BR><TD> Really Angry Complaining Letter
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/manners.txt">manners.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7464<BR><TD> Computer Etiquitte, by Mel North
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/manyhint.txt">manyhint.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15640<BR><TD> ATARI ST Guaranteed Cheat Codes and Strategies
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/may-bust.txt">may-bust.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6617<BR><TD> Busted! By the Leviathan
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mdic150.txt">mdic150.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 136696<BR><TD> The Modem Dictionary, by R. Scottt Perry, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mdic200.txt">mdic200.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 155549<BR><TD> The Modem Dictionary Version 2.0 by R. Scott Perry (1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mism16.hac">mism16.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28288<BR><TD> The Kromery Converter/Free Electricity by John Bedini, Eike Mueller, and Tom Bearden
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mism18.hac">mism18.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42496<BR><TD> The New Tesla Electromagnetics and The Secrets of Free Electrical Energy (Part 1) by T. E. Bearden
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mnemonic.txt">mnemonic.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6705<BR><TD> An interesting Collection of Helpful Mnemonics
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/modem.txt">modem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2016<BR><TD> Some Modem Specific Information: AT Command List
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/modemlif.hac">modemlif.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11074<BR><TD> The Modem Life: Is it Really Worth it? By The Nomad
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/modprobs.txt">modprobs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13312<BR><TD> Modem Communication Problems by Graham Newton
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/morph.txt">morph.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9597<BR><TD> Several People Discuss that new Morphing Technology, 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos1.txt">mrdos1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9381<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos2.txt">mrdos2.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5753<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part II)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos3.txt">mrdos3.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8562<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part III)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos4.txt">mrdos4.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5527<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part IV)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos5.txt">mrdos5.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8148<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part V)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos6.txt">mrdos6.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11242<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part VI)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/mrdos7.txt">mrdos7.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10060<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part VII)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/msbbs.txt">msbbs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 35293<BR><TD> Microsoft Windows Version 3.1 Windows Driver Library (December 9, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/msdos.txt">msdos.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8827<BR><TD> Some MS-DOS Specific Information
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/muck.txt">muck.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12965<BR><TD> The MUCK (Multi User Coding Kludge) Commands List
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/muck_edi.hel">muck_edi.hel</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1457<BR><TD> The MUCK MUF (Programming Language) Reference
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/muf161.txt">muf161.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3044<BR><TD> The Fabulous Microsoft Undocumented Features Volume 1 Number 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/net_horm.txt">net_horm.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19189<BR><TD> Net Hormones: Infection Control assuming Cooperation among Computers by David Stodolsky
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/newkbdhack">newkbdhack</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18258<BR><TD> A New Keyboard Hack for the Amiga, by Dana Peters
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/newstu.pro">newstu.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4117<BR><TD> PC New Technology Digest
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/noise.txt">noise.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7717<BR><TD> The Modem Noise Killer, Alpha Version
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/noise_1.txt">noise_1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6020<BR><TD> Creating a Modem Noise Killer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ohs-rcs.txt">ohs-rcs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 58850<BR><TD> Information on the Orbital Manuvering System
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/opcodes.lst">opcodes.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 32788<BR><TD> Undocumented Instructions and Documented Instruction of Processors, by Potemkin's Hackers Group (October 23, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/opt_wagr.txt">opt_wagr.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8561<BR><TD> Mathematic Formulas: Optimal Wagering by Michael Hall, 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/org-anal">org-anal</A> <tab to=T><TD> 67829<BR><TD> Organizational Analysis in Computer Science by Rob Kling (June, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/p6fact.txt">p6fact.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1921<BR><TD> An overview of the P6 Processor
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/paging_g.ame">paging_g.ame</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4275<BR><TD> The Paging Game, by Jeff Berryman describing how Memory Paging Works
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/paranoia.pro">paranoia.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4499<BR><TD> Paranoia Runs Through Computer Community, by John Dvorak
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/password.txt">password.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11460<BR><TD> Some Very Good Advice about Choosing a Password
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pause.txt">pause.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1858<BR><TD> Making a pause on the 68000, by Chucky of Sargon
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pc1hrdsk.add">pc1hrdsk.add</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4388<BR><TD> Some Solutions for Old PC's and Hard Disks by Paul Vojta (February 28, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pc869kb.txt">pc869kb.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9847<BR><TD> What is High Memory, and Why do I care, and How Can I Use It? By Cy Atkinson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pcg102b.txt">pcg102b.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15745<BR><TD> The PC Gazette Volume 1.02 (Section b) (April, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pcgnet">pcgnet</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20716<BR><TD> The I/O Port: Communications with the PC Gazette (August 21, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pcjrmem.txt">pcjrmem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4224<BR><TD> Altering the IBM PC-JR 128 Memory Module to 512K by David James (July 20, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pcjrtopc.txt">pcjrtopc.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3712<BR><TD> Instructions to Convert an IBM PCjr Color Monitor to a Standard DB 9 Connector
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pcl100.txt">pcl100.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20296<BR><TD> List of HP Printer Escape Sequences (1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pentium.txt">pentium.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15939<BR><TD> Intel Pentium(TM) Processor Technical Backgrounder
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/perstest.txt">perstest.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9361<BR><TD> Mind Reader: Do Personality Tests Pick Out Bad Apples?
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/phoenix.txt">phoenix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2377<BR><TD> Phoenix BIOS Drive Type Table
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/photoscn.txt">photoscn.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6901<BR><TD> Photographing TV and Computer Screen Images
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/piracy.txt">piracy.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8451<BR><TD> Software Piracy: An Alternate View, by Jim Thomas and Gordon Meyer (March 5, 199)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/pntq&amp;a.txt">pntq&a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10377<BR><TD> The Pentium Processor Q&A, March 22, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ports.lst">ports.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 128622<BR><TD> XT, AT and PS/2 I/O port addresses (November 6, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/presizer.faq">presizer.faq</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5860<BR><TD> FAQ: The Partition Resizer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/privacy.txt">privacy.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5474<BR><TD> The Rise of the CPSR (Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/qf921124.txt">qf921124.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8101<BR><TD> QFACTS: The Representation of Facts and Information
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/r4300i.txt">r4300i.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 24340<BR><TD> R4300i Microprocessor Technical Backgrounder
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/raspeed.res">raspeed.res</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4949<BR><TD> The Hack Report, File Test Results, Volume 2, Number 6, May 29, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rbrown.txt">rbrown.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 22307<BR><TD> A List of Public Domain/Freeware/Shareware by Ralf Brown (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/reagen.asc">reagen.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7936<BR><TD> Ram Disk Driver for UNIX by Jeff Reagen (May 2, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/realaq.asc">realaq.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8351<BR><TD> Real-Time Data Acquisition by Mike Bunnell and Mitch Bunnell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/realhack.txt">realhack.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11485<BR><TD> The Meaning of "Hack" from the Jargon File
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/regan.lst">regan.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11153<BR><TD> LZW Revisited by SHawn M. Regan (January, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rehabots.txt">rehabots.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3290<BR><TD> Robotics for Rehabilitation from Epitomes-Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/remote.asc">remote.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11486<BR><TD> Remote Connectivity for Portable Terminals Part I by Dan Troy
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/remove.ada">remove.ada</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20668<BR><TD> One Man's Crusade to Remove Ada From the Planet
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/renaissance.txt">renaissance.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 22619<BR><TD> The Electronic Renaissance: A Course in the Ether, by Ellis L. "Skip" Knox (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/replies">replies</A> <tab to=T><TD> 79819<BR><TD> Why Do Fans Blow Out? A List of Replies (April, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/requiem.pro">requiem.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9508<BR><TD> A really whiny complaint about how users suck
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/response.txt">response.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5623<BR><TD> Why Live in the Past? (The ARC and ZIP Fight)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rights.pro">rights.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5120<BR><TD> Copyright Information for Computer Software Hacks
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ripscrip.txt">ripscrip.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 166212<BR><TD> The RIPscrip Graphics Protocol Specification (May 12, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rm-rf">rm-rf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8879<BR><TD> The RM -RF Story, by Mario Wolczko (The Recovery of a UNIX System)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rogue.man">rogue.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28003<BR><TD> A Guide to the Dungeons of Doom by Michael C. Toy and Kenneth C. R. C. Arnold
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rpgrules.txt">rpgrules.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3230<BR><TD> The Rules of Role-Playing on the Galactic Net
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/rs232.txt">rs232.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21260<BR><TD> A Practical Guide to RS-232 Interfacing, by Lawrence E. Hughes
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/scavenge.txt">scavenge.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 38319<BR><TD> DOCUMENTATION: Scavenger-Dialer Version 0.61
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/script.txt">script.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12079<BR><TD> How to use uSu Script Formats, by Cyberglitch
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/scsi.txt">scsi.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9003<BR><TD> Basical installation Procedure for SCSI Drives by Ryan Ramsey (June 22, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/scsidefs.txt">scsidefs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 113040<BR><TD> An Introduction to SCSI Definitions
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/sea.txt">sea.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12928<BR><TD> SEA vs. PKWARE: Shareware Company Threatens BBS World that Gave it Life
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/secret.txt">secret.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1217<BR><TD> A Windows 3.1 Secret
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/secrets.jok">secrets.jok</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2167<BR><TD> Users' Guide to Little-Known Facts About Computers (Humor)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/serial.txt">serial.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5207<BR><TD> Programming the Serial Port
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/share.txt">share.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 55380<BR><TD> The Shareware User's Guide to Shareware, Public Domain, Freeware and Commercial Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/sharew.txt">sharew.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4373<BR><TD> The Definition of Shareware, by Paul Mayer, Author of GRAB Plus
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/sharewr.inf">sharewr.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5813<BR><TD> What is Shareware? By Richard Martin (January 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/smus">smus</A> <tab to=T><TD> 47165<BR><TD> SMUS IFF Simple Musical Score by Jerry Morrison of Electronic Arts (February 5, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/softshop.txt">softshop.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63378<BR><TD>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/software.txt">software.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16512<BR><TD> Software for Laptop Needs: A Listing of Shareware Vendors
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/stereo.txt">stereo.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8320<BR><TD> The Atari ST 520/1040 Stereo Modification
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/stips.txt">stips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9714<BR><TD> Submissions and Tips and Tricks for DOS Booting v1.23 by Scorpio
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/stratari">stratari</A> <tab to=T><TD> 29583<BR><TD> People Are Talking (About Atari ST Stuff) by Joe Mirando
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/supdev.txt">supdev.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5654<BR><TD> Supported Devices for Various DPT Drivers (November 21, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/support">support</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7873<BR><TD> Programmer's Technical Reference for MSDOS and the IBM PC Version 2.2a
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/taeis.lng">taeis.lng</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63557<BR><TD> A Collection of Artifical Languages from the Taeis Worlds
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/taoprog.pro">taoprog.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18515<BR><TD> The Tao Of Programming, Short Version.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/taoprogram.pro">taoprogram.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 27266<BR><TD> The Tao of Programming, Translated by Geoffrey James (Formatted)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tcad">tcad</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11547<BR><TD> Computer-Aided Design of Tesla Coils, by Toby Grotz
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec001.txt">tec001.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1803<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Third party defragmentation programs and STACKER 2.0 and 1.x (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec002.txt">tec002.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4131<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: QEMM386 and OPTIMIZE (September 18, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec004.txt">tec004.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1396<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Backing up STACKER drives (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec005.txt">tec005.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2564<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Miscellaneous STACKER Notes (May 24, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec006.txt">tec006.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2403<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: LoadHI Information with Stacker (July 9, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec007.txt">tec007.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1886<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Removing STACKER (May 24, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec008.txt">tec008.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3285<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacker Coprocessor Installation Checklist (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec009.txt">tec009.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1572<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacker and Disk Cache Programs (May 24, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec010.txt">tec010.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2476<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Performance Differences Between Stacker Software and CoProcessor Versions (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec011.txt">tec011.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2355<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Scheck and Stacker Space Reporting (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec012.txt">tec012.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2073<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: DR DOS and STACKER (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec013.txt">tec013.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2131<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Miscellaneous DOS and BOOT Issues with STACKER (June 26, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec014.txt">tec014.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4864<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: DOS5 Information (June 18, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec015.txt">tec015.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2674<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: DOS 5.0 Information (June 28, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec016.txt">tec016.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4129<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: QEMM386 OPTIMIZE and STACKER Version 1.x (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec017.txt">tec017.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3907<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: MAXIMIZE by Qualitas Corporation (September 6, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec018.txt">tec018.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3214<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Windows 3.0 in Enhanced Mode and Stacker (September 18, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec019.txt">tec019.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1266<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Finding SSWAPed Drives in C
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec020.txt">tec020.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2002<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Installing STACKER on an IBM PS/1 (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec021.txt">tec021.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5550<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Installing 386MAX and BlueMAX on a STACKER System
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec022.txt">tec022.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5341<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Using Stacker and QEMM by Robert Ngan
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec023.txt">tec023.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9441<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Upgrading to DR DOS 6.0 with STACKER Installed (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec024.txt">tec024.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2383<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: STACKER 2.0 Device Driver Memory Requirements (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec026.txt">tec026.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1818<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacking the Harddrive on a Floppyless Notebook Computer (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec027.txt">tec027.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2932<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: I Stacked my PS/1 Before I reconfigured the Way It Starts, Now What? (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec028.txt">tec028.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1812<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacking the Hard RAM Drive of a Palmtop (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec029.txt">tec029.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3861<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacking Up the HP 95LX Palmtop Computer (March 6, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tec030.txt">tec030.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2963<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: QEMM386 Optimize and Stacker 2.0 (March 6, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/technom.ads">technom.ads</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3145<BR><TD> An Archive of Writings and Files Related to Steven K. Roberts, the Techno-Nomad
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/techtip.txt">techtip.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4090<BR><TD> Some Tech Tips from the Micropolis BBS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/teletype.his">teletype.his</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28523<BR><TD> History of Morkrum Company - Ancestor of Teletype Corporation
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/the_dark.er_">the_dark.er_</A> <tab to=T><TD> 448695<BR><TD> Extremely Large Ranma 1/2 Fan Fiction Story
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/theory1.hac">theory1.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28850<BR><TD> Wireless Transmission of Power: Resonating Planet Earth by Toby Grotz
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/theory2.hac">theory2.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3560<BR><TD> Tesla Coil Theory Information
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tips.txt">tips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42380<BR><TD> Computing Tips, Tricks and Traps plus Comments Regarding Environmentally Safe Computing
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tips0792.asc">tips0792.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 25771<BR><TD> TIPS by Craig S. Stevenson of The Bertha BBS (July 1, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tjhelp.txt">tjhelp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7637<BR><TD> Tips and Tricks fromT & J Software (August 7, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/travel.txt">travel.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18107<BR><TD> Information on Travelling with a Laptop Computer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/trivia.1">trivia.1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13294<BR><TD> Questions and Answers from the Second Computer Bowl, at the Boston Computer Museum (April 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/trivia.2">trivia.2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14616<BR><TD> Questions from the Third Annual Computer Bowl in San Jose (April 26, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/trojan.pro">trojan.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13312<BR><TD> Mark Garvin explains how a trojan horse got him
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/tsprog.inf">tsprog.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10957<BR><TD> A List of Program and Other Packages by Timo Salmi (February 25, 1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/twxhist.txt">twxhist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16883<BR><TD> A History of Telex and Fax (Very Complete)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/udcnew.txt">udcnew.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 46480<BR><TD> The Universal Data Converter, by Hannibal Lecter of Delamo Labs, Inc.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/udp.txt">udp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2887<BR><TD> Installing a DPT Controller with User-Definable Parameters
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ultra.txt">ultra.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10212<BR><TD> Gravis Ultrasound Tech Specs: The Unofficial Dox, by Tran of Renaissance and Joshua Jensen (December 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/unix.fun">unix.fun</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4401<BR><TD> Collection of Funny Commands You can Enter in UNIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/unixsec.txt">unixsec.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 157190<BR><TD> Improving the Security of your UNIX System by David Curry (April 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/unravel.txt">unravel.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 27343<BR><TD> The Unraveling Universe from Time Magazine
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/ut.sof">ut.sof</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7939<BR><TD> The University of Toronto Acceptable Use Policy on Computer Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/v42bis.txt">v42bis.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12106<BR><TD> A Layman's Explanation of High Speed Modems, by Stan Simmons April 4, 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/vcbackup.txt">vcbackup.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8064<BR><TD> How to Back-up your PC VisiCalc disk
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/vendlist.txt">vendlist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3703229<BR><TD> The Vendor Phone List and Other Miscellaneous Info by Dan Kyburz (July 18, 1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/vendors">vendors</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3275<BR><TD> VENDORS: Mapping of the First Three Bytes of an IEEE Mac Address Into Venfor's Name
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/vguide.txt">vguide.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 118853<BR><TD> A Disk Vendor's Guide, by the Association of Shareware Professionals (March 15, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/vidtrix.txt">vidtrix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3800<BR><TD> Tricks You Can Do With Your Video Camera
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/viewers.txt">viewers.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11245<BR><TD> Information on Different Picture Viewing Programs (October 5, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/visio.txt">visio.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8234<BR><TD> Visiophones: French High Tech Security by Pierre Marie Bourniquel
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/vrthea.art">vrthea.art</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10306<BR><TD> Bringing Theatre into Virtual Worlds
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/wacky">wacky</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3042<BR><TD> Introduction File for the FidoNet WackyNet Network
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/weird2_1.txt">weird2_1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 101705<BR><TD> The high weirdness by email v2.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/weirdstf.ans">weirdstf.ans</A> <tab to=T><TD> 33410<BR><TD> The Weird Stuff Source List, 08/01/1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/weiskamp.lst">weiskamp.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15441<BR><TD> An Icon Editor by Keith Weiskamp and Loren Heiny
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/wellman.hac">wellman.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 77936<BR><TD> The Complete Guide to the WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/whatis.txt">whatis.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4274<BR><TD> What Is a Modem? (Introduction File)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/win31.txt">win31.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19333<BR><TD> General Compatibility Issues with Windows 3.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/winthere.asc">winthere.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3537<BR><TD> Winthere, a Program to Test for the Presence of Windows 3.0 by Ben Meyers (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/xdi.tec">xdi.tec</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8904<BR><TD> XDI Specification for DESQview: Quarterdeck Technical Note by Daniel Travison
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/xga.doc">xga.doc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6887<BR><TD> How the XGA Graphics Settings are Achieved
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/xmodem.txt">xmodem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6005<BR><TD> The Xmodem Protocol in General, by Lightning House Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/xt-640k.upd">xt-640k.upd</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6940<BR><TD> Upgrading an Old IBM PC/XT to 640k, by Tony Movshon (March 2, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/xt286.txt">xt286.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7296<BR><TD> Some Highlights of the New PC XT Model 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/xtformat.txt">xtformat.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3456<BR><TD> Modifying the FORMAT Utility on an IBM-XT running Dos 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/yapnet">yapnet</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4532<BR><TD> Overview of the Yapnet Echomail
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/youth">youth</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2468<BR><TD> Introduction to YouthNet: A Communications Network for the Young and Young-At-heart
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/zoom">zoom</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14561<BR><TD> Overview of the Hayes AT Command Set for the Zoom Modem
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="computers/zork3.txt">zork3.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1549<BR><TD> How to Backup and Unprotect Infocom's Zork III Game for IBM PC
</TABLE><P><TABLE WIDTH=100%><TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><SMALL>There are 429 files for a total of 26,382,148 bytes.</SMALL><TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><SMALL>There are 5 directories.</SMALL></TABLE></BODY>
</HTML>
<P>If you wish to have the entire directory conveniently archived and compressed into one file, please download
either <A HREF="http://archives.textfiles.com/computers.tar.gz"><B>computers.tar.gz</B></A> (9988380 bytes) or <A HREF="http://archives.textfiles.com/computers.zip"><B>computers.zip</B></A> (10983546 bytes) instead of all the files separately. <P>

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<HTML>
<TITLE>T E X T F I L E S</TITLE>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#000000" ALINK="#004400" VLINK="#004400">
<H1>General Computer Textfiles</H1>
<P>
Your one-stop shop for all files of a "computery" nature, that cover how to
rebuild a piece of computer hardware to do something it was
never meant to do, or to see someone go really deeply into a computing
subject that would cause most people to yawn and look for the snack table.
Since BBSes were on computers, it was natural for people who used BBSes
to focus on all aspects of these wonderful machines. The evidence of
their interest and their experimentation resides below.
<P>
Of course, nearly ALL textfiles are computer-related in some fashion, and
some subjects might fit here but fit even better in another section. For
example, you should most definitely check out the
<A HREF="../programming.1">programming</A>
and <A HREF="../apple.1">apple</A> sections as well, as you might not agree with
what I decided should go where.
<P>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TD BGCOLOR=#000000><FONT COLOR=#FFFFFF><B>Filename</B><BR></FONT></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR=#002200><FONT COLOR=#FFFFFF><B>Size</B><BR></FONT></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR=#004400><FONT COLOR=#FFFFFF><B>Description of the Textfile</B><BR></TD></TR>
<tab indent=60 id=T><br>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/.windex.html">ASTRESEARCH</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Technical Bulletins from AST Research</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="CYBERSPACE/.windex.html">CYBERSPACE</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Files Concering the Idea of "Cyberspace"</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="DOCUMENTATION/.windex.html">DOCUMENTATION</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Documentation Files and Instruction Sets</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="HARDDRIVES/.windex.html">HARDDRIVES</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Hard Drive Technical Information</B></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD VALIGN=TOP><B><A HREF="PRESSRELEASE/.windex.html">PRESSRELEASE</A></B><TAB TO=T><TD WIDTH=20></TD><TD><B>Press Releases by Companies Long Forgotten</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1003v-mm">1003v-mm</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4347<BR><TD> Information on the Western Digital 1000v-MMx Series
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1006v-sr">1006v-sr</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4347<BR><TD> Information on the Western Digital WD1006V-SR1 and 2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1080mods">1080mods</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3610<BR><TD> Amiga 1080 Monitor Modifications
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1105.txt">1105.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2468<BR><TD> How to Boot with DR DOS (October 31, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="144_ctrl.txt">144_ctrl.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6819<BR><TD> Zaphod Beeblebrox' Notes on using PC 1.44mb 3.5" Drives with Atari STs and STEs
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="144disk.txt">144disk.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6178<BR><TD> Edited Textfile about 3.5" Diskette Formats, from Kevin Maier of IBM Corporation (May 10, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="144meg.txt">144meg.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13288<BR><TD> How to Upgrade your Atari ST Floppies to 1.44mb 3.5" Drives, by Robert B. Pegram
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1541.tri">1541.tri</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12170<BR><TD> Two Rarely Used 1541 Disk Drive Functions, by Peter Weighill (September 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="154xb">154xb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8693<BR><TD> JUMPERS: Adaptec AHA-1540B
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="16550a_n">16550a_n</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5842<BR><TD> Information on the 16550a UART
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1991-12">1991-12</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42275<BR><TD> What is ISDN Good for? By Mitch Kapor of the EFF (December 10, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="1pt4mb.inf">1pt4mb.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5035<BR><TD> Notes on the Use of 1.4mb Drives in AT Compatibles
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="2310-12">2310-12</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4347<BR><TD> JUMPERS: Adaptec ACB-2310,12
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="2496">2496</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4891<BR><TD> How to upgrade your US Robotics 2400 Baud Modem into a 9600 Baud Modem by Death Bringer 06/07/1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="24to96x.txt">24to96x.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7424<BR><TD> Complaint about a file purporting to convert a 2400bd Modem to 9600 baud; claims it's a Hoax
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="25mgupgd.txt">25mgupgd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13929<BR><TD> A 2.5 Meg Socketed RAM Upgrade for the 1040ST by Barry Orlando (Decmber 28, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="286">286</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6326<BR><TD> A Review of Compaq DeskPro 286 by Bob McDuffee
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="286-2">286-2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2828<BR><TD> Part 2 of the Review of the Compaq DeskPro 286 by Bob McDuffee
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="28_8khst.txt">28_8khst.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9335<BR><TD> US Robotics Announces the Last Modem You'll Ever Buy (Press Release, June 8, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="2ndrs232.txt">2ndrs232.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7725<BR><TD> How to Get a Second RS232 Port For Your Atari (July 15, 1987)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="2w93358a.txt">2w93358a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4445<BR><TD> Guide to PGP Operations in a Secure Environment
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="386486.txt">386486.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5589<BR><TD> A Low Cost Performance Boost for Your 386 PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="400top.txt">400top.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12870<BR><TD> The SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="401bugs.txt">401bugs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7387<BR><TD> Two Suspected Bugs in MS-DOS v4.01 by William S. Ataras III (June 5, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="450baud.txt">450baud.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7296<BR><TD> On the Topic of 450 Baud, by Scott Loftesness, May 28, 1983
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="486vs040.txt">486vs040.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15981<BR><TD> CISC: The Intel 80486 vs. The Motorola MC68040 from Advanced Microprocessors by Daniel Tabak (Scribed by Mike, July 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="4chan8bi.asc">4chan8bi.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8688<BR><TD> Plans for a 4-Channel 8-Bit Analog-to-Digital Converter for PC from Francis J. Deck
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="4dostips.txt">4dostips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3297<BR><TD> 4DOS Specific Information and Tips
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="500hacks.txt">500hacks.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 46075<BR><TD> A Do It Yourself Guide to Computer Repair and Modification of the PC and Amiga 500 from Lewin Edwards
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="500mm.txt">500mm.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6983<BR><TD> Disk Storage Reaches Molecular Level, from Video Computing November/December 1988 Issue
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="68040.txt">68040.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12653<BR><TD> The New CISC Micorporcessor offers RISC Performance
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="86bugs.lst">86bugs.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13776<BR><TD> Harald Feldmann's 86BUGS List (November 3, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="87.set">87.set</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15313<BR><TD> Information about the 8087 and 287 Coprocessors
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="8bitcomp.txt">8bitcomp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 24445<BR><TD> The Designing and Building of an 8-Bit Computer: A Personal Story, by Mark Balch (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="8chan12b.asc">8chan12b.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6047<BR><TD> Chap 12-Bit ADC for IBM PC by Francis J. Deck
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="8meg_exp.txt">8meg_exp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8158<BR><TD> An Amiga 8meg RAM Expander, by John Kamchen (1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="9600.inf">9600.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19072<BR><TD> The Long, Painful Road to a 9600 Baud Standard
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="9600data.txt">9600data.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30848<BR><TD> A Comparison of High Speed Modems Compatibility/Features/Differences/Prices (March 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="9600info.inf">9600info.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19119<BR><TD> 9600 Baud Modems: An Overview
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="a4000">a4000</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6725<BR><TD> A Scared Amiga Beta Tester lets the Cat out of the Bag about the Amiga 4000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="a5000.txt">a5000.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11864<BR><TD> The First Reports of the Amiga 5000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="a500_1mb">a500_1mb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8312<BR><TD> Directions on How to Convert your Amiga 501 Cartridge to Chip RAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="aboutems.txt">aboutems.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 27370<BR><TD> Memory Expansion in80x86-Based Computers Under MS-DOS by John Wilson of Hyperdyne
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="abrash.lst">abrash.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20429<BR><TD> Roll Your Own Minilanguages with Mini-Interpreters, by Michael Abrash and Dan Illowsky (1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="accel.txt">accel.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3948<BR><TD> An Amiga 500 Processor Accellerator Project, by Leslie Ayling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="act-13.txt">act-13.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63155<BR><TD> The Amateur Crackist Tutorial Version 1.3 by Specular Vision
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="adapter.txt">adapter.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18556<BR><TD> How to Connect a PC to a VideoCrypt Decoder, by Markus Kuhn (June 19, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="add5.25drive.txt">add5.25drive.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3576<BR><TD> How to Hook a 5.25" Drive to your Amiga, by Les Ayling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="add512kb">add512kb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2438<BR><TD> How to install a 1mb Chip into an Amiga 500 on the Mothercard
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="addcard.txt">addcard.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2291<BR><TD> Hack to Allow an Amiga 1000 or Amiga 500 to expand its 86-pin slot to 100pin
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="addictio.txt">addictio.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7589<BR><TD> The Tragedy of Online Addiction, by Steve King
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="addrive.txt">addrive.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8357<BR><TD> Generic 3.5 Inch Double Sided Disk Drive for the Atari 520/1040 Series
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="aids.txt">aids.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1571<BR><TD> The AIDS Trojan Horse Program Marches On (March 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="all-help.tec">all-help.tec</A> <tab to=T><TD> 36845<BR><TD> All the Help Scripts from the DESQview 2.26, QEMM 5.0, Manifest 1.0, QRAM 1.0, etc.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="alsnutt1">alsnutt1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2182<BR><TD> Big Al's Norton Utilities Tech Tips Volume 1 Number 1 by Al Hansen (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="alt-bin.txt">alt-bin.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 49521<BR><TD> Notes on Decoduing UUENCODEd .GIF Files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ami-chts.txt">ami-chts.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 182700<BR><TD> Large Collection of Amiga Video Game Cheats
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ami-init.txt">ami-init.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4080<BR><TD> The Amiga Boot Sequence and Errors
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="amihist.txt">amihist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19261<BR><TD> Notes of RJ Mical Speaking about the Rise and Fall of Amiga Computer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="amiport.txt">amiport.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10617<BR><TD> More Ports for your Amiga: An I/O Expansion Board
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="amscsi.txt">amscsi.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6497<BR><TD> Building a SCSI COntroller for the Amiga
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="anderson.asc">anderson.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 130304<BR><TD> Kermit for OS/2 by Brian R. Anderson (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="anderson.lst">anderson.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5622<BR><TD> C Customized Memory Allocators by Paul ANderson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="andrson2.asc">andrson2.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 135168<BR><TD> Kermit for OS/2 by Brian R. ANderson (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="anetwork.txt">anetwork.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3363<BR><TD> Making a Simple Atari ST to Atari ST Link
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="anonymit">anonymit</A> <tab to=T><TD> 34657<BR><TD> The Joy of Handles, or Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Me But Have No Right to Ask, 1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="antiarq.txt">antiarq.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1257<BR><TD> Getting Rid of the ARQ Flashing by Mr. Fone
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="anywhere.txt">anywhere.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4142<BR><TD> DOCUMENTATION: The Anywhere Scroller Version 1.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="appendix.txt">appendix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3866<BR><TD> A Listing of Modem And Information Standards
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="apple.txt">apple.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7253<BR><TD> The Text of the Apple-Microsoft Agreement
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="arcsuit.txt">arcsuit.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 56430<BR><TD> Court Complaint from System Enhancement Associates and PKWARE (July 6, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="arthayes.txt">arthayes.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30471<BR><TD> General Introduction to HAYES Modems and Compatabiles by Ignaat Simons
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ascii">ascii</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7504<BR><TD> Folklore: The Original Uses of the Unusual ASCII Codes, by Douglas Jones (June 2, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ascii.inc">ascii.inc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1040<BR><TD> A Short List of ASCII Character Set Definitions
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asm.txt">asm.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 101753<BR><TD> The 8086 Family Architecture
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asmstr.asc">asmstr.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23451<BR><TD> Structured Programming Column by Jeff Duntemann (February 3, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asp3404.txt">asp3404.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 274371<BR><TD> Catalog of Products from the Association of Software Professionals (October 4, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asp5202.txt">asp5202.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1219432<BR><TD> Catalog of Products from the Association of Software Professionals
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asp5301.txt">asp5301.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1292374<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asp804.txt">asp804.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1933029<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asp9301.txt">asp9301.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2212930<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="asp9501.txt">asp9501.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1978185<BR><TD> Official Catalog of Products by Association of Shareware Professionals (Contents)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="aspbbs.dlm">aspbbs.dlm</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42717<BR><TD> List of Association of Software Professionals Directory
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="atamnesa.txt">atamnesa.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2595<BR><TD> Hey! These IBM ATs have batteries inside and they're failing!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="auping.asc">auping.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15046<BR><TD> Making the move to Modula 2 by J.V. Auping and Chis Johnston
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="author.lst">author.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 96222<BR><TD> A List of Email addresses of 255 Reachable MS-DOS shareware and PD authors (December 17, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="autpub.frm">autpub.frm</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5138<BR><TD> Application to Join the Association of Software Professionals
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="autstd.txt">autstd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13029<BR><TD> Association of Software Professionals Membership Requirements
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="award.txt">award.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2346<BR><TD> Award BIOS Drive Type Table
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ayers.lst">ayers.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 29009<BR><TD> An Object-Oriented Logic Simulator by Kenneth E. Ayers
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="babel92a.txt">babel92a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 79153<BR><TD> Babel: A Listing of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms by Irving Kind, 1989-1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="babel94a.txt">babel94a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 105377<BR><TD> BABEL: A Glossary of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms by Irving Kind Version 94A (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="backdoor.txt">backdoor.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12384<BR><TD> Collection of Back Doors to computer games, by George Knochel
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bartle-m">bartle-m</A> <tab to=T><TD> 450025<BR><TD> Interactive Multi-User Computer Games, a Report by Richard Bartle, 1990
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="basunix.hac">basunix.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15360<BR><TD> Basic UNIX Use by Lord Lawless
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bat&amp;conf.txt">bat&conf.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7401<BR><TD> Tricks to Use with Batch Files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="batch.txt">batch.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 51183<BR><TD> Batch Files for Efficiency: Getting Real Work Done
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="battery.txt">battery.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 26055<BR><TD> Rechargeable Batteries and Laptop Computers
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bauer.lst">bauer.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10217<BR><TD> Optimizing in a Parallel Environment by Barr E. Bauer (199)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bb">bb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12057<BR><TD> Beta Bits by Tim Conner, Jr. (1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bbsnoise.txt">bbsnoise.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3251<BR><TD> Your System Has Noise, by Bill Noel
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="begunix.txt">begunix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 337256<BR><TD> A Beginner's Guide to UNIX, from the Denver Office (September 16, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="being.txt">being.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 38959<BR><TD> Being in Nothingness: Virtual Reality and the Pioneers of Cyberspace, by John Perry Barlow
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="best.cps">best.cps</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11430<BR><TD> Get the Best out of JRCOMM and your DUALST 14.4kbps on your Amiga, from The Spirit (May 19, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bev105.res">bev105.res</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10421<BR><TD> The Hack Report Volume 2, Number 3 (March 7, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="biblio.lst">biblio.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28958<BR><TD> Bibliography of PC Interrupt Fuctions by Ralf Brown (February 11, 1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bibliog.txt">bibliog.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 24448<BR><TD> Laptop and Portable Computer Books
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bill">bill</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8784<BR><TD> Bill Gates Interview from PC Magazine
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bill1035.pro">bill1035.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16647<BR><TD> Description and Call to Arms on H.R. 1035
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bios1215.man">bios1215.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4123<BR><TD> AMI 286 and 386 BIOS New Release Notes (December 15, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bios225.man">bios225.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6288<BR><TD> AMI 286 and 386 BIOS Release Notes (February 25, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bios330.man">bios330.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4264<BR><TD> AMI 286 and 386 BIOS Release Notes (March 30, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="biprint.txt">biprint.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9485<BR><TD> Making your PC Parallel Port Bi-Directional by Mark F. Bower (IBM PC) ((July 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bitsbaud.txt">bitsbaud.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10112<BR><TD> Bits, Baud Rate, and BPS: Taking the Mystery Out of Modem Speeds, by Michael A. Banks
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="blt6">blt6</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21816<BR><TD> Techniques for Off-Line Mail Reading, by Robert Dionne (May 6, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="blum.lst">blum.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18024<BR><TD> Bidirectional Associative Memory Systems in C++, by Adam Blum
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="boost.txt">boost.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1670<BR><TD> An Audio Booster on the Amiga 500, by Chucky of Sargon
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bootfromdf1.txt">bootfromdf1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6757<BR><TD> Saving DF0: by Booting up from DF1: by Les Ayling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bowling.asc">bowling.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11641<BR><TD> Real-Time Modeling with MS-DOS by David Bowling
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bradbery.asc">bradbery.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12901<BR><TD> Porting Fortran Programs from Minis to PCS, by John L. Bradberry
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bright.lst">bright.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3200<BR><TD> Getting a Handle on Virtual Memory, by Walter Bright
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="bugrep.txt">bugrep.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1582<BR><TD> Bug Report Form for PKWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="buildit.doc">buildit.doc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 59591<BR><TD> Building an IBM Compatible, or How to be a Real Clone, by DJ Elliott (January 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="buildit.txt">buildit.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 33024<BR><TD> The Obese Agnus: The New 500 Board and Other Recent Experiences by Andrew WIlson (July 23, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="buy386">buy386</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7996<BR><TD> The Developer's Guide to Buying a 386
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="buyguide.txt">buyguide.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 25636<BR><TD> PC Gaming Sound Cards: A Buyer's Guide v0.34 by Dave Masten (November 4, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="c64topc.txt">c64topc.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5646<BR><TD> How to Connect a Commodore 64 Compatible Printer to an IBM PC Compatible Computer (March, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cache.txt">cache.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5795<BR><TD> Disabling Write Caching in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="carriers.pro">carriers.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6100<BR><TD> Comparison of different Long Distance Carrier performance
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cart.txt">cart.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8192<BR><TD> Turning an Atari ST's Cartridge Port into a Read/Write Port
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cascade.txt">cascade.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6784<BR><TD> Information from Cascade Electronics about Being Ripped Off
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="caution.txt">caution.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4613<BR><TD> Doublespace in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cbm_dead.txt">cbm_dead.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2610<BR><TD> Eulogy on Commodore as it Goes Under (From Down Under)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cd-rom">cd-rom</A> <tab to=T><TD> 93046<BR><TD> An Introduction to CD-ROM Technolgy by Andy Poggio (March 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="chaos.txt">chaos.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2432<BR><TD> Chaos, Strange Attractors and BrainMaker Plots
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cheap144disk.txt">cheap144disk.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2996<BR><TD> Making a Cheap 1.44mb Disk!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cheats">cheats</A> <tab to=T><TD> 40275<BR><TD> A Very Large Collection of Amiga Cheat Codes
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cleankey.txt">cleankey.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9856<BR><TD> How to Clean the IBM PC Keyboard by David R. Bivens
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="clinton.sgi">clinton.sgi</A> <tab to=T><TD> 38608<BR><TD> Remarks by the President and Vice President to Silicon Graphics Employees, Feb. 22, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="coemail">coemail</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12431<BR><TD> Formulating A Company Policy on Access to and Use and Disclosure of Electronic Mail on Company Computer Systems, by the Electronic Mail Association, October 22, 1990
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="colors.32k">colors.32k</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9679<BR><TD> Getting an Atari ST to Display 32,768 Colors by Barry orlando (September 9, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="colr.txt">colr.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8448<BR><TD> Guidelines for Effective Color Terminal Usage, from Tektronix
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="comdefs.hum">comdefs.hum</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5121<BR><TD> Grab-Bag of Geeky and General Humor
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="comlpt.pro">comlpt.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4175<BR><TD> An Overview of PC Hardware's LPT/COM/IRQs
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="compdev.txt">compdev.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12301<BR><TD> Some Thoughts on the Development of Personal Computers by Duane Bristow
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="comphorror.hum">comphorror.hum</A> <tab to=T><TD> 164912<BR><TD> A Fantastic Collection of Computer Horror Stories
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="compiler.tut">compiler.tut</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8576<BR><TD> Compilers and How They Work: An Overview, by Lou Morgan
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="compuser">compuser</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9572<BR><TD> The Gospel according to CompuServe! (Their position)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="conclus.txt">conclus.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17859<BR><TD> The Conclusion of the Courts in the INSLAW Software Case, January, 1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="config.txt">config.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 34499<BR><TD> Your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT by Barry Simon, 1986
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="convmem.txt">convmem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1078<BR><TD> JZig's Guide to Freeing Conventional Memory (On a PC)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="copyprot.pro">copyprot.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11392<BR><TD> Copy Protection: A History and Outlook
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="copyrigh.pro">copyrigh.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10880<BR><TD> Copyrighting Public Domain Programs
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="courierv34man.txt">courierv34man.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 346655<BR><TD> The Courier V.34 Manual, by U.S. Robotics (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cpsranno">cpsranno</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2259<BR><TD> Upcoming Conventions of Computers, privacy and Freedom (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="cpucmp14.txt">cpucmp14.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 31839<BR><TD> Performance Comparison: Intel 386DX, Intel RapidCAD, C&T 38600DX, Cyrix 486DLC by Norbert Juffa
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="crtstuff.txt">crtstuff.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 51493<BR><TD> The Quest for the Ultimate Display System by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="defrag.txt">defrag.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2291<BR><TD> Defragmenting a Doublespace Drive in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="designer.txt">designer.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9653<BR><TD> Sapphire Designer Notes, by Tim Campbell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="diagnose.txt">diagnose.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18306<BR><TD> An introduction to Troubleshooting your IBM PC by Jerry Schneider of the Capital PC User Group
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="diagrams.txt">diagrams.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 36835<BR><TD> Listing of Different Drives and Controllers for TheRef
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="disks1">disks1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15882<BR><TD> The Technology of Magnetic Disk Storage by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="disks2">disks2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16889<BR><TD> A Hard Disk Drive for Steve's Dream Machine by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="disks3">disks3</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28492<BR><TD> The Logical Structure, Organization and Management of Hard Disk Drives by Steve Gibson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dma.asc">dma.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18432<BR><TD> DMA Techniques for Personal Computer Data Acquisition
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="docwaste.txt">docwaste.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1033<BR><TD> George Gutman's Call for lack of spaces in DOC files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dodont.txt">dodont.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12638<BR><TD> How To Get The Most Out of Your New PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dos-user.s-g">dos-user.s-g</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3605<BR><TD> The PC User's Guide to UNIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dos6tips.txt">dos6tips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1957<BR><TD> DOS 6 Tips and Tricks: Review
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dos_err.txt">dos_err.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3456<BR><TD> Dos 2.0 Has Problems with Redirection of I/O
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="doshist.txt">doshist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 41430<BR><TD> The Development of DOS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dosmem.txt">dosmem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13205<BR><TD> The PC Memory Management Overview
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dosmnual.txt">dosmnual.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42543<BR><TD> PC/MS-DOS: The Essentials, by George Campbell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="drives.txt">drives.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5060<BR><TD> Driving Us Crazy, but For a Reason (Hard Drive Overview) by Alan Brenden
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dvinter.1st">dvinter.1st</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8430<BR><TD> The DESQview Interrupt List, Release 90.3, 07/15/90
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="dvscript.txt">dvscript.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2432<BR><TD> Creating and Using Scripts with DESQview
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ea.iff.85">ea.iff.85</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63215<BR><TD> EA IFF 85: The Standard for Interchange Format Files by Jerry Morrison of Electronic Arts (January 14, 1985)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="earlybst.txt">earlybst.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6529<BR><TD> Timo's Subjective Choices of the Best Public Domain and Shareware MS-DOS Early Material (September 13, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="echtutor.txt">echtutor.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17437<BR><TD> A Tutorial on the New Phenomenon of Fido Echomail
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="eight.lws">eight.lws</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14297<BR><TD> The Adventures of Lone Wolf Scientific: The House Where Andrew.BAS lived, by Michy Peshota
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="email">email</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21201<BR><TD> A Large Suggested Summary of Policies on Electronic Mail
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="equip.txt">equip.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 45113<BR><TD> Hints on Purchasing a Laptop Computer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="errors.txt">errors.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8182<BR><TD> A List of Errors by Hard Drives Under DOS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="esdi.txt">esdi.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8326<BR><TD> Basic Installation Procedure for ESDI Drives by Ruan Ramsey (July 3, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="essays.txt">essays.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 263347<BR><TD> Art in the Age of Digital Dissemination: Class Essays from an Art and Technology Course, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="execnois.txt">execnois.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3889<BR><TD> If You Are Getting Garbage On the Screen (Modem Diagnostics)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ext-ram.txt">ext-ram.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14198<BR><TD> An Extended RAM Tutorial for MS-DOS by Raymond Dunn
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fangrev3a500">fangrev3a500</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3372<BR><TD> Making a Faster Agnus Chip, by Hans Van Der Werf (October 30, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="faq.txt">faq.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 52582<BR><TD> FAQ: OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List: User's Edition Verison 2.0 (April 25, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fbi.sys">fbi.sys</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5192<BR><TD> Summary of FBI Computer Systems, by Ralph Harvey of Full Disclosure
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fcc.txt">fcc.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12545<BR><TD> Computer and Software News Part 1 by Tim Elmer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fd_ref42.lan">fd_ref42.lan</A> <tab to=T><TD> 36874<BR><TD> A Large Floppy Drive Directory Version 4.2 (October 1, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fd_ref42.por">fd_ref42.por</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23264<BR><TD> Floppy Drive Directory by TheRef Version 4.2 (October 1, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fdd">fdd</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11750<BR><TD> teria, by Bud Leroy
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fileid.txt">fileid.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18022<BR><TD> Information on Why You Should Use FILE_ID.DIZ
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="filename.txt">filename.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21870<BR><TD> File Names and Extensions: The Keys to the Kingdom
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="flop.txt">flop.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3194<BR><TD> Using Doublespace on Floppy Disks in DOS 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="floppies.txt">floppies.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15744<BR><TD> Everything You've Ever Wanted to Know Abut Floppy Disks by Ted Jensen
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="format.txt">format.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2510<BR><TD> Photo/Digital Specifications for GIF Files
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="forums.lst">forums.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20327<BR><TD> A Complete List of Public Forums on Online Services by Ed Girou of the CompuServe Practice Forum (June 1, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="freedom.pro">freedom.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6068<BR><TD> Must We Declare an Electronic Declaration of Independence
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="freenet.cap">freenet.cap</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13691<BR><TD> The Concept of Community Computing
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fricc">fricc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2296<BR><TD> The FRICC Policy on Interocnnectivity and Resource Sharing
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ftp2uk23.inf">ftp2uk23.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 71087<BR><TD> Notes for PC/MSDOS users at UK JANET sites (April 27, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ftxt">ftxt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19014<BR><TD> Information on FTXT: A Text Standard for IFF Files from Steve Shaw and Jerry Morrison, Electronic Arts (November 15, 1985)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="fyi-8">fyi-8</A> <tab to=T><TD> 253367<BR><TD> The Site Security Handbook, a guideline for computer systems, July 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="galileo.txt">galileo.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 93697<BR><TD> The STS-34 Press Kit (Exploratory Spacecraft)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="gameport.inf">gameport.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3231<BR><TD> Specifications for the IBM/PC Game Port Connector (April 6, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="genderol">genderol</A> <tab to=T><TD> 25452<BR><TD> Gender Issues in Online Communications by Hoai-An Truong, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="genlock.txt">genlock.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19649<BR><TD> The Genlock Circuit Operation Description
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="gfxhints.txt">gfxhints.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30197<BR><TD> Some Hints on Improving your Computer Graphics
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="gifstd.txt">gifstd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 31874<BR><TD> The GIF Specification
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="glossary.lst">glossary.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 35647<BR><TD> Glossary of Computer Terms
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="glossary.txt">glossary.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3311<BR><TD> Yet Another Computer Glossary
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="gnu">gnu</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23949<BR><TD> The GNU Manifesto by Richard Stallman (1985)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hack_pom.txt">hack_pom.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2215<BR><TD> Casey at the Byte (Parody of Casey at the Bat)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hacktest.txt">hacktest.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8497<BR><TD> The Hacker Test Version 3.0: Another 'Adventure in Software' from SuperNova Software by Rich 'Crash' Lewis, Jr. (1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hallfame.txt">hallfame.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 100594<BR><TD> The Freeware Hall of Fame by Rey Barry (June, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="handles.txt">handles.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 33215<BR><TD> The Joy of Handles (or, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Me but Have No Right to Ask)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hayes.txt">hayes.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 322645<BR><TD> Technical Reference for Hayes Modem Users, Version 1.0, November 1990
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hd.txt">hd.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28948<BR><TD> Hard Disks: The Essential Accessory
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hd_mfr41.dir">hd_mfr41.dir</A> <tab to=T><TD> 23897<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Manufacturer Directory (January 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hd_ref41.lan">hd_ref41.lan</A> <tab to=T><TD> 404370<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory Version 4.1 (January 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hd_ref41.por">hd_ref41.por</A> <tab to=T><TD> 309167<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory Version 4.1 (January 3, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hd_ref43.lan">hd_ref43.lan</A> <tab to=T><TD> 692412<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory Version 4.30 (May 1, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hd_ref43.por">hd_ref43.por</A> <tab to=T><TD> 587412<BR><TD> Hard Disk Drive Directory (May 1, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="help.txt">help.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3737<BR><TD> The DOS 6 Help File
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hint89.txt">hint89.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2945<BR><TD> Configuring Autoexec.bat and Config.Sys Files (December 1, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="history.txt">history.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17081<BR><TD> A Little PC History: Where We've Been with No Idea Where We're Going!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hoagco.cis">hoagco.cis</A> <tab to=T><TD> 37883<BR><TD> Transcription from Compuserve of Various Information by Hoagland Mars Mission
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hoagland.let">hoagland.let</A> <tab to=T><TD> 29828<BR><TD> Letter from Richard Hoagland (December 1, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="honey.txt">honey.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4144<BR><TD> Honey, Can the Computer Do This? By Wayne Garrison
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="how2mnp.txt">how2mnp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 30321<BR><TD> How to do MNP Modem Protocol
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="hsdiag.res">hsdiag.res</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6557<BR><TD> The Hack Report Volume 2, Number 5 by Lee Jackson (April 10, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="i4004.txt">i4004.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3213<BR><TD> Before the Great Dark Cloud: Information on the Intel 4004
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ibm.fu">ibm.fu</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6757<BR><TD> OS/2 Is Still Vaporware (June 4, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="itcfree.800">itcfree.800</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3563<BR><TD> Information on the ITCnet Toll Free Communications Network by Jack Reece
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="jadu13.rvw">jadu13.rvw</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3983<BR><TD> REVIEW: Just Another Disk Utility Version 1.3 (October, 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="jargn10.txt">jargn10.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1128344<BR><TD> Eric Raymond's Jargon File, Version 2.9.10, July 1992
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="jrquiet.txt">jrquiet.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 468<BR><TD> Silencing the pesky IBM PCJr hard drive
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="karpov.pro">karpov.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6120<BR><TD> Karpov vs. DEEP THOUGHT: The Overview, by Darren Bedwell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="kcah-1">kcah-1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 32102<BR><TD> KCAH Volume 1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="kcah-2">kcah-2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 17440<BR><TD> KCAH Volume 2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="kildall.txt">kildall.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11552<BR><TD> The Gary Kildall Legacy, by Sol Libes (1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="killer.pro">killer.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3056<BR><TD> Killer DOS Stalks Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="language.lis">language.lis</A> <tab to=T><TD> 390367<BR><TD> The Language List, Version 1.9, Jan. 13, 1993: Collected information on about 2000 computer languages, past and present
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="licence">licence</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12488<BR><TD> The GNU General Public License Version 1 (February 1989)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="lrplan.txt">lrplan.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2924<BR><TD> The Long Range Plans of the University of Pittsburgh for their Computing Facilities
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mac2tel.v2.txt">mac2tel.v2.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8864<BR><TD> How to Get Digitized Macintosh Sounds Into a Modem
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mac_oscillators.txt">mac_oscillators.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28179<BR><TD> A Macintosh Crystal Oscillator Speedup, by Marc Schrier (April, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="maccrack.txt">maccrack.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7038<BR><TD> A Collection of Macintosh Unprotect Schemes
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mactricks.txt">mactricks.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5942<BR><TD> Some Mac Tricks for Novices by Steve J. McAllister (February 28, 1995)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mailordr.pro">mailordr.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2825<BR><TD> Really Angry Complaining Letter
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="manners.txt">manners.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7464<BR><TD> Computer Etiquitte, by Mel North
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="manyhint.txt">manyhint.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15640<BR><TD> ATARI ST Guaranteed Cheat Codes and Strategies
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="may-bust.txt">may-bust.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6617<BR><TD> Busted! By the Leviathan
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mdic150.txt">mdic150.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 136696<BR><TD> The Modem Dictionary, by R. Scottt Perry, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mdic200.txt">mdic200.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 155549<BR><TD> The Modem Dictionary Version 2.0 by R. Scott Perry (1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mism16.hac">mism16.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28288<BR><TD> The Kromery Converter/Free Electricity by John Bedini, Eike Mueller, and Tom Bearden
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mism18.hac">mism18.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42496<BR><TD> The New Tesla Electromagnetics and The Secrets of Free Electrical Energy (Part 1) by T. E. Bearden
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mnemonic.txt">mnemonic.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6705<BR><TD> An interesting Collection of Helpful Mnemonics
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="modem.txt">modem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2016<BR><TD> Some Modem Specific Information: AT Command List
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="modemlif.hac">modemlif.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11074<BR><TD> The Modem Life: Is it Really Worth it? By The Nomad
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="modprobs.txt">modprobs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13312<BR><TD> Modem Communication Problems by Graham Newton
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="morph.txt">morph.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9597<BR><TD> Several People Discuss that new Morphing Technology, 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos1.txt">mrdos1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9381<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos2.txt">mrdos2.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5753<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part II)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos3.txt">mrdos3.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8562<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part III)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos4.txt">mrdos4.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5527<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part IV)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos5.txt">mrdos5.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8148<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part V)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos6.txt">mrdos6.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11242<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part VI)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="mrdos7.txt">mrdos7.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10060<BR><TD> If You Have Never Used Computers Before... An Introduction (Part VII)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="msbbs.txt">msbbs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 35293<BR><TD> Microsoft Windows Version 3.1 Windows Driver Library (December 9, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="msdos.txt">msdos.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8827<BR><TD> Some MS-DOS Specific Information
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="muck.txt">muck.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12965<BR><TD> The MUCK (Multi User Coding Kludge) Commands List
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="muck_edi.hel">muck_edi.hel</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1457<BR><TD> The MUCK MUF (Programming Language) Reference
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="muf161.txt">muf161.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3044<BR><TD> The Fabulous Microsoft Undocumented Features Volume 1 Number 6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="net_horm.txt">net_horm.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19189<BR><TD> Net Hormones: Infection Control assuming Cooperation among Computers by David Stodolsky
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="newkbdhack">newkbdhack</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18258<BR><TD> A New Keyboard Hack for the Amiga, by Dana Peters
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="newstu.pro">newstu.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4117<BR><TD> PC New Technology Digest
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="noise.txt">noise.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7717<BR><TD> The Modem Noise Killer, Alpha Version
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="noise_1.txt">noise_1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6020<BR><TD> Creating a Modem Noise Killer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ohs-rcs.txt">ohs-rcs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 58850<BR><TD> Information on the Orbital Manuvering System
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="opcodes.lst">opcodes.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 32788<BR><TD> Undocumented Instructions and Documented Instruction of Processors, by Potemkin's Hackers Group (October 23, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="opt_wagr.txt">opt_wagr.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8561<BR><TD> Mathematic Formulas: Optimal Wagering by Michael Hall, 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="org-anal">org-anal</A> <tab to=T><TD> 67829<BR><TD> Organizational Analysis in Computer Science by Rob Kling (June, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="p6fact.txt">p6fact.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1921<BR><TD> An overview of the P6 Processor
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="paging_g.ame">paging_g.ame</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4275<BR><TD> The Paging Game, by Jeff Berryman describing how Memory Paging Works
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="paranoia.pro">paranoia.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4499<BR><TD> Paranoia Runs Through Computer Community, by John Dvorak
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="password.txt">password.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11460<BR><TD> Some Very Good Advice about Choosing a Password
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pause.txt">pause.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1858<BR><TD> Making a pause on the 68000, by Chucky of Sargon
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pc1hrdsk.add">pc1hrdsk.add</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4388<BR><TD> Some Solutions for Old PC's and Hard Disks by Paul Vojta (February 28, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pc869kb.txt">pc869kb.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9847<BR><TD> What is High Memory, and Why do I care, and How Can I Use It? By Cy Atkinson
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pcg102b.txt">pcg102b.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15745<BR><TD> The PC Gazette Volume 1.02 (Section b) (April, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pcgnet">pcgnet</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20716<BR><TD> The I/O Port: Communications with the PC Gazette (August 21, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pcjrmem.txt">pcjrmem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4224<BR><TD> Altering the IBM PC-JR 128 Memory Module to 512K by David James (July 20, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pcjrtopc.txt">pcjrtopc.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3712<BR><TD> Instructions to Convert an IBM PCjr Color Monitor to a Standard DB 9 Connector
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pcl100.txt">pcl100.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20296<BR><TD> List of HP Printer Escape Sequences (1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pentium.txt">pentium.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15939<BR><TD> Intel Pentium(TM) Processor Technical Backgrounder
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="perstest.txt">perstest.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9361<BR><TD> Mind Reader: Do Personality Tests Pick Out Bad Apples?
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="phoenix.txt">phoenix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2377<BR><TD> Phoenix BIOS Drive Type Table
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="photoscn.txt">photoscn.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6901<BR><TD> Photographing TV and Computer Screen Images
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="piracy.txt">piracy.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8451<BR><TD> Software Piracy: An Alternate View, by Jim Thomas and Gordon Meyer (March 5, 199)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="pntq&amp;a.txt">pntq&a.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10377<BR><TD> The Pentium Processor Q&A, March 22, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ports.lst">ports.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 128622<BR><TD> XT, AT and PS/2 I/O port addresses (November 6, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="presizer.faq">presizer.faq</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5860<BR><TD> FAQ: The Partition Resizer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="privacy.txt">privacy.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5474<BR><TD> The Rise of the CPSR (Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="qf921124.txt">qf921124.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8101<BR><TD> QFACTS: The Representation of Facts and Information
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="r4300i.txt">r4300i.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 24340<BR><TD> R4300i Microprocessor Technical Backgrounder
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="raspeed.res">raspeed.res</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4949<BR><TD> The Hack Report, File Test Results, Volume 2, Number 6, May 29, 1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rbrown.txt">rbrown.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 22307<BR><TD> A List of Public Domain/Freeware/Shareware by Ralf Brown (1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="reagen.asc">reagen.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7936<BR><TD> Ram Disk Driver for UNIX by Jeff Reagen (May 2, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="realaq.asc">realaq.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8351<BR><TD> Real-Time Data Acquisition by Mike Bunnell and Mitch Bunnell
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="realhack.txt">realhack.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11485<BR><TD> The Meaning of "Hack" from the Jargon File
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="regan.lst">regan.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11153<BR><TD> LZW Revisited by SHawn M. Regan (January, 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rehabots.txt">rehabots.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3290<BR><TD> Robotics for Rehabilitation from Epitomes-Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="remote.asc">remote.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11486<BR><TD> Remote Connectivity for Portable Terminals Part I by Dan Troy
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="remove.ada">remove.ada</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20668<BR><TD> One Man's Crusade to Remove Ada From the Planet
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="renaissance.txt">renaissance.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 22619<BR><TD> The Electronic Renaissance: A Course in the Ether, by Ellis L. "Skip" Knox (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="replies">replies</A> <tab to=T><TD> 79819<BR><TD> Why Do Fans Blow Out? A List of Replies (April, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="requiem.pro">requiem.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9508<BR><TD> A really whiny complaint about how users suck
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="response.txt">response.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5623<BR><TD> Why Live in the Past? (The ARC and ZIP Fight)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rights.pro">rights.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5120<BR><TD> Copyright Information for Computer Software Hacks
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ripscrip.txt">ripscrip.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 166212<BR><TD> The RIPscrip Graphics Protocol Specification (May 12, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rm-rf">rm-rf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8879<BR><TD> The RM -RF Story, by Mario Wolczko (The Recovery of a UNIX System)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rogue.man">rogue.man</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28003<BR><TD> A Guide to the Dungeons of Doom by Michael C. Toy and Kenneth C. R. C. Arnold
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rpgrules.txt">rpgrules.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3230<BR><TD> The Rules of Role-Playing on the Galactic Net
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="rs232.txt">rs232.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 21260<BR><TD> A Practical Guide to RS-232 Interfacing, by Lawrence E. Hughes
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="scavenge.txt">scavenge.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 38319<BR><TD> DOCUMENTATION: Scavenger-Dialer Version 0.61
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="script.txt">script.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12079<BR><TD> How to use uSu Script Formats, by Cyberglitch
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="scsi.txt">scsi.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9003<BR><TD> Basical installation Procedure for SCSI Drives by Ryan Ramsey (June 22, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="scsidefs.txt">scsidefs.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 113040<BR><TD> An Introduction to SCSI Definitions
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="sea.txt">sea.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12928<BR><TD> SEA vs. PKWARE: Shareware Company Threatens BBS World that Gave it Life
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="secret.txt">secret.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1217<BR><TD> A Windows 3.1 Secret
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="secrets.jok">secrets.jok</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2167<BR><TD> Users' Guide to Little-Known Facts About Computers (Humor)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="serial.txt">serial.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5207<BR><TD> Programming the Serial Port
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="share.txt">share.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 55380<BR><TD> The Shareware User's Guide to Shareware, Public Domain, Freeware and Commercial Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="sharew.txt">sharew.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4373<BR><TD> The Definition of Shareware, by Paul Mayer, Author of GRAB Plus
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="sharewr.inf">sharewr.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5813<BR><TD> What is Shareware? By Richard Martin (January 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="smus">smus</A> <tab to=T><TD> 47165<BR><TD> SMUS IFF Simple Musical Score by Jerry Morrison of Electronic Arts (February 5, 1986)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="softshop.txt">softshop.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63378<BR><TD>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="software.txt">software.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16512<BR><TD> Software for Laptop Needs: A Listing of Shareware Vendors
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="stereo.txt">stereo.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8320<BR><TD> The Atari ST 520/1040 Stereo Modification
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="stips.txt">stips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9714<BR><TD> Submissions and Tips and Tricks for DOS Booting v1.23 by Scorpio
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="stratari">stratari</A> <tab to=T><TD> 29583<BR><TD> People Are Talking (About Atari ST Stuff) by Joe Mirando
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="supdev.txt">supdev.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5654<BR><TD> Supported Devices for Various DPT Drivers (November 21, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="support">support</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7873<BR><TD> Programmer's Technical Reference for MSDOS and the IBM PC Version 2.2a
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="taeis.lng">taeis.lng</A> <tab to=T><TD> 63557<BR><TD> A Collection of Artifical Languages from the Taeis Worlds
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="taoprog.pro">taoprog.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18515<BR><TD> The Tao Of Programming, Short Version.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="taoprogram.pro">taoprogram.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 27266<BR><TD> The Tao of Programming, Translated by Geoffrey James (Formatted)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tcad">tcad</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11547<BR><TD> Computer-Aided Design of Tesla Coils, by Toby Grotz
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec001.txt">tec001.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1803<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Third party defragmentation programs and STACKER 2.0 and 1.x (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec002.txt">tec002.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4131<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: QEMM386 and OPTIMIZE (September 18, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec004.txt">tec004.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1396<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Backing up STACKER drives (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec005.txt">tec005.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2564<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Miscellaneous STACKER Notes (May 24, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec006.txt">tec006.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2403<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: LoadHI Information with Stacker (July 9, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec007.txt">tec007.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1886<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Removing STACKER (May 24, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec008.txt">tec008.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3285<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacker Coprocessor Installation Checklist (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec009.txt">tec009.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1572<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacker and Disk Cache Programs (May 24, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec010.txt">tec010.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2476<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Performance Differences Between Stacker Software and CoProcessor Versions (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec011.txt">tec011.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2355<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Scheck and Stacker Space Reporting (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec012.txt">tec012.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2073<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: DR DOS and STACKER (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec013.txt">tec013.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2131<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Miscellaneous DOS and BOOT Issues with STACKER (June 26, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec014.txt">tec014.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4864<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: DOS5 Information (June 18, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec015.txt">tec015.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2674<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: DOS 5.0 Information (June 28, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec016.txt">tec016.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4129<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: QEMM386 OPTIMIZE and STACKER Version 1.x (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec017.txt">tec017.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3907<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: MAXIMIZE by Qualitas Corporation (September 6, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec018.txt">tec018.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3214<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Windows 3.0 in Enhanced Mode and Stacker (September 18, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec019.txt">tec019.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1266<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Finding SSWAPed Drives in C
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec020.txt">tec020.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2002<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Installing STACKER on an IBM PS/1 (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec021.txt">tec021.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5550<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Installing 386MAX and BlueMAX on a STACKER System
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec022.txt">tec022.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5341<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Using Stacker and QEMM by Robert Ngan
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec023.txt">tec023.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9441<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Upgrading to DR DOS 6.0 with STACKER Installed (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec024.txt">tec024.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2383<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: STACKER 2.0 Device Driver Memory Requirements (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec026.txt">tec026.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1818<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacking the Harddrive on a Floppyless Notebook Computer (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec027.txt">tec027.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2932<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: I Stacked my PS/1 Before I reconfigured the Way It Starts, Now What? (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec028.txt">tec028.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1812<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacking the Hard RAM Drive of a Palmtop (February 20, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec029.txt">tec029.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3861<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: Stacking Up the HP 95LX Palmtop Computer (March 6, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tec030.txt">tec030.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2963<BR><TD> STAC Technical Note: QEMM386 Optimize and Stacker 2.0 (March 6, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="technom.ads">technom.ads</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3145<BR><TD> An Archive of Writings and Files Related to Steven K. Roberts, the Techno-Nomad
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="techtip.txt">techtip.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4090<BR><TD> Some Tech Tips from the Micropolis BBS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="teletype.his">teletype.his</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28523<BR><TD> History of Morkrum Company - Ancestor of Teletype Corporation
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="the_dark.er_">the_dark.er_</A> <tab to=T><TD> 448695<BR><TD> Extremely Large Ranma 1/2 Fan Fiction Story
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="theory1.hac">theory1.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 28850<BR><TD> Wireless Transmission of Power: Resonating Planet Earth by Toby Grotz
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="theory2.hac">theory2.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3560<BR><TD> Tesla Coil Theory Information
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tips.txt">tips.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 42380<BR><TD> Computing Tips, Tricks and Traps plus Comments Regarding Environmentally Safe Computing
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tips0792.asc">tips0792.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 25771<BR><TD> TIPS by Craig S. Stevenson of The Bertha BBS (July 1, 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tjhelp.txt">tjhelp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7637<BR><TD> Tips and Tricks fromT & J Software (August 7, 1994)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="travel.txt">travel.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 18107<BR><TD> Information on Travelling with a Laptop Computer
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="trivia.1">trivia.1</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13294<BR><TD> Questions and Answers from the Second Computer Bowl, at the Boston Computer Museum (April 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="trivia.2">trivia.2</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14616<BR><TD> Questions from the Third Annual Computer Bowl in San Jose (April 26, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="trojan.pro">trojan.pro</A> <tab to=T><TD> 13312<BR><TD> Mark Garvin explains how a trojan horse got him
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="tsprog.inf">tsprog.inf</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10957<BR><TD> A List of Program and Other Packages by Timo Salmi (February 25, 1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="twxhist.txt">twxhist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16883<BR><TD> A History of Telex and Fax (Very Complete)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="udcnew.txt">udcnew.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 46480<BR><TD> The Universal Data Converter, by Hannibal Lecter of Delamo Labs, Inc.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="udp.txt">udp.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2887<BR><TD> Installing a DPT Controller with User-Definable Parameters
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ultra.txt">ultra.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10212<BR><TD> Gravis Ultrasound Tech Specs: The Unofficial Dox, by Tran of Renaissance and Joshua Jensen (December 1992)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="unix.fun">unix.fun</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4401<BR><TD> Collection of Funny Commands You can Enter in UNIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="unixsec.txt">unixsec.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 157190<BR><TD> Improving the Security of your UNIX System by David Curry (April 1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="unravel.txt">unravel.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 27343<BR><TD> The Unraveling Universe from Time Magazine
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ut.sof">ut.sof</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7939<BR><TD> The University of Toronto Acceptable Use Policy on Computer Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="v42bis.txt">v42bis.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 12106<BR><TD> A Layman's Explanation of High Speed Modems, by Stan Simmons April 4, 1991
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="vcbackup.txt">vcbackup.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8064<BR><TD> How to Back-up your PC VisiCalc disk
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="vendlist.txt">vendlist.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3703229<BR><TD> The Vendor Phone List and Other Miscellaneous Info by Dan Kyburz (July 18, 1996)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="vendors">vendors</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3275<BR><TD> VENDORS: Mapping of the First Three Bytes of an IEEE Mac Address Into Venfor's Name
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="vguide.txt">vguide.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 118853<BR><TD> A Disk Vendor's Guide, by the Association of Shareware Professionals (March 15, 1993)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="vidtrix.txt">vidtrix.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3800<BR><TD> Tricks You Can Do With Your Video Camera
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="viewers.txt">viewers.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 11245<BR><TD> Information on Different Picture Viewing Programs (October 5, 1991)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="visio.txt">visio.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8234<BR><TD> Visiophones: French High Tech Security by Pierre Marie Bourniquel
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="vrthea.art">vrthea.art</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10306<BR><TD> Bringing Theatre into Virtual Worlds
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="wacky">wacky</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3042<BR><TD> Introduction File for the FidoNet WackyNet Network
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="weird2_1.txt">weird2_1.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 101705<BR><TD> The high weirdness by email v2.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="weirdstf.ans">weirdstf.ans</A> <tab to=T><TD> 33410<BR><TD> The Weird Stuff Source List, 08/01/1993
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="weiskamp.lst">weiskamp.lst</A> <tab to=T><TD> 15441<BR><TD> An Icon Editor by Keith Weiskamp and Loren Heiny
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="wellman.hac">wellman.hac</A> <tab to=T><TD> 77936<BR><TD> The Complete Guide to the WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="whatis.txt">whatis.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4274<BR><TD> What Is a Modem? (Introduction File)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="win31.txt">win31.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 19333<BR><TD> General Compatibility Issues with Windows 3.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="winthere.asc">winthere.asc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3537<BR><TD> Winthere, a Program to Test for the Presence of Windows 3.0 by Ben Meyers (1990)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="xdi.tec">xdi.tec</A> <tab to=T><TD> 8904<BR><TD> XDI Specification for DESQview: Quarterdeck Technical Note by Daniel Travison
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="xga.doc">xga.doc</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6887<BR><TD> How the XGA Graphics Settings are Achieved
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="xmodem.txt">xmodem.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6005<BR><TD> The Xmodem Protocol in General, by Lightning House Software
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="xt-640k.upd">xt-640k.upd</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6940<BR><TD> Upgrading an Old IBM PC/XT to 640k, by Tony Movshon (March 2, 1988)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="xt286.txt">xt286.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7296<BR><TD> Some Highlights of the New PC XT Model 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="xtformat.txt">xtformat.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3456<BR><TD> Modifying the FORMAT Utility on an IBM-XT running Dos 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="yapnet">yapnet</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4532<BR><TD> Overview of the Yapnet Echomail
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="youth">youth</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2468<BR><TD> Introduction to YouthNet: A Communications Network for the Young and Young-At-heart
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="zoom">zoom</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14561<BR><TD> Overview of the Hayes AT Command Set for the Zoom Modem
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="zork3.txt">zork3.txt</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1549<BR><TD> How to Backup and Unprotect Infocom's Zork III Game for IBM PC
</TABLE><P><TABLE WIDTH=100%><TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><SMALL>There are 428 files for a total of 26,338,463 bytes.</SMALL><TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><SMALL>There are 5 directories.</SMALL></TABLE></BODY>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> Western Digital, Inc. WD1003-MM1,2 <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͹
<20> <20>
<20> J6 J3 J4 J5 J1(MM2) <20>
<20> J1: Floppy <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ<EFBFBD><C4BF><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20> J3: HD1 Data <20>.... 1:::: 1:::: 1:::::: 1:::::: <20><> <20>
<20> J4: HD0 Data <20> <20><> <20>
<20> J5: HD Control <20> W1 :::: .. W3 <20><> <20>
<20> J6: HD LED <20> .. W4 <20><> <20>
<20> <20> .. W5 <20><> <20>
<20> <20> <20><> <20>
<20> <20> W6 : <20><> <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ ڿ <20><><EFBFBD>ٺ <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20>
<20> INTERFACE: ISA(AT)->ST506/412(MFM) <20>
<20> CONTROLS: 2 Floppy Drives (MM2 only; 360KB, 720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W1: 1-2: Hard Drive Mode: OFF: Latched Mode <20>
<20> *ON: Non-Latched Mode <20>
<20> <20>
<20> 3-4: Error Correction Code (ECC), 4-byte: *OFF: Enabled <20>
<20> ON: (Reserved) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> 5-6: Caching: *OFF: Caching Enabled <20>
<20> ON: Caching Disabled <20>
<20> <20>
<20> 7-8: WD1003-WA2,WAH Compatibility for OFF: Incompatible <20>
<20> Drives with 8 or more heads: ON: Compatible <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W3: Hard Drive I/O Address: *OFF: Primary address <20>
<20> ON: Secondary address <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W4: Floppy Drive I/O Address: *OFF: Primary address <20>
<20> ON: Secondary address <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W5: Floppy Speed Support: OFF: Single Speed Drives only <20>
<20> ON: Dual Speed Drives only <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W6: Bracket Grounding Option: *OFF: Bracket not grounded <20>
<20> ON: Bracket grounded <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ Additional Info <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ķ
<20> <20>
<20> W1:7-8 Addresses a disparity between the MMx series and the WA2/ <20>
<20> WAH series concerning heads #8-15. When replacing a WA2/WAH series <20>
<20> with an MMx series on drives with over 8 physical heads, this jumper <20>
<20> is required to maintain compatibliity. <20>
<20> There is no Low Level Formatting routine contained on this card. <20>
<20> A third-party LLF software program is required, ie; The IBM AT <20>
<20> Advanced Diagnostics, KOLOD Research Utilities, or Western Digital <20>
<20> AT Low Level Formatter (found on WD's BBS). <20>
<20> Do NOT mix single-speed and Dual-speed Floppy drives on the same <20>
<20> controller. <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> Western Digital Corp. WD1006V-SR1,SR2 <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͹
<20> <20>
<20> J6 J3 J4 J5 J1(SR2) <20>
<20> J1: Floppy <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ<EFBFBD><C4BF><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20> J5: HD Control <20>.... 1:::: 1:::: 1:::::: 1:::::: <20><> <20>
<20> J4: HD0 Data <20> <20><> <20>
<20> J3: HD1 Data <20> :::W1 ..W2 <20><> <20>
<20> J6: HD LED <20> ..W3 <20><> <20>
<20> <20> ..W4 <20><> <20>
<20> <20> <20><> <20>
<20> <20> ..W5 :W6 <20><> <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ ڿ <20><><EFBFBD>ٺ <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20>
<20> INTERFACE: ISA(AT)->ST412(RLL) <20>
<20> CONTROLS: 2 Floppy Drives (SR2 only) (360KB, 720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB) <20>
<20> 2 Hard Drives <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W1: 1-2: Hard Disk Mode: Latched Mode: OFF <20>
<20> Non-Latched Mode: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> 3-4: Error Correction Code: *4-Byte ECC OFF <20>
<20> 7-Byte ECC: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> 5-6: Onboard Cache: Cache Enabled: OFF <20>
<20> Cache Disabled: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W2: Onboard BIOS: BIOS Enabled: OFF <20>
<20> BIOS Disabled: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W3: Hard Drive I/O Address: *Primary Address: OFF <20>
<20> Secondary Address: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W4: Floppy Drive I/O Address: *Primary Address: OFF <20>
<20> Secondary Address: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W5: Dual Speed Floppy Support: Single Speed Drives: OFF <20>
<20> Dual Speed Drives: ON (note 1) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> W6: Ground Connection: Bracket not connected to Board Ground: OFF <20>
<20> Bracket connected to Board Ground: ON <20>
<20> <20>
<20> (note 1) DO NOT mix single & dual speed drives in the same system. <20>
<20> <20>
<20> (* defaults) <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ ADDITIONAL INFO <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ķ
<20> <20>
<20> Low Level Format can be done on boards that have their BIOS enabled <20>
<20> by utilizing the DOS DEBUG command g=cc00:5. <20>
<20> <20>
<20> It is recommended that a Format be accomplished when changing from a <20>
<20> WD1003-XXX controller to the WD1006V type controller. <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ

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Amiga 1080 Monitor Modifications
A number of Amiga 1080 monitors were built by Toshiba. The people at
Toshiba could have done a better job in a couple of respects:
First, they did a poor job of extracting vertical sync pulses from the
video signal that comes from the Amiga. This produces an error in the
interlacing when the Amiga is used in 320x400 or 640x400 display modes.
When you look closely at the screen you see alternating line spacings. It
also gives characters a ragged look. The modification described in the
dPaintII file reduces the interlace error by a factor of about 5.
While interlaced video isn't the nicest thing to read characters on, it's
neat to be able to put nearly all of a typewritten page on the screen. Most
of the Amiga outlets handle a neat thing called Jitter-Rid, or some such
thing. It is a thick piece of smoked plastic that goes on your 1080
monitor. It enhances the contrast and attenuates the light from the screen
to keep your brain from rattling too badly from the flicker. Also, dark
characters on a light background seem to work best for me, anyway.
The second problem is a thing called crossover distortion. They did a dumb
thing that distorts the audio, even at very low volume levels. The Amiga
deserves better sound. Unfortunately, this mod takes 2 diodes and a
resistor, but it essentially eliminates the crossover distortion.
If you aren't afraid of working on the average modern TV set, the 1080
shouldn't prove to be much of a problem. Looking from the back, there are
four screws, one at each corner. You need a long Philips screwdriver for
those. There is a bottom plate that that also needs to come off. Finally,
there is a screw just above the RGB input connector. Now, if you place the
monitor face down on a soft towel, you can, with a little judicious prying
and tugging, lift the rear part of the case off. Watch out for the speaker
lead. You will have to unplug the connector before the back can come clear
off.
You will need to have something to support the neck of the CRT. A 1x4 about
3-4 inches long worked pretty well. The whole assembly is pretty limber, so
use reasonable caution. The main board on the bottom can be slid back along
with all of the front-panel knobs. This permits access to the controls - you
might as well squirt some contact cleaner in there while you are at it.
If you are looking at the bottom, with the face of the CRT on your right,
you will see a large IC that is the guts of the whole thing right in the
middle of the board. C304 is visible above and to the left of the centerline
of that humongous IC.
The board that contains the audio output amplifier is on the left side of
the 1080 if you are facing the screen. Looking at the underside of the
board, the components you are looking for to do the audio mod are on the
upper left corner.
Fortunately, the P.C. boards have component numbers screened on them, so it
isn't too hard to find the parts. I did the audio mod by lifting the
collector lead of Q605 out of the hole and wiring directly to it. In
retrospect, it probably would have been easier if I had just soldered an
insulated wire to it, brought the wire through the hole and done all of the
wiring on the backside of the board. If you are concerned about vibration
messing up the "air-wired" connections, a shot of hot glue or some similar
measure should put your mind at rest. The diodes are 1N914s from Radio
Shack, but most any small-signal silicon diode should do.

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Document 1105
BOOTING WITH DR DOS
Initials:
BPT
10/31/91
GENERAL
Keywords:
BOOT
INSTALL
Description:
In order to install DR DOS you must make sure that you are
booting from a floppy in drive A:. DR DOS will not install
from drive B:. DR DOS comes on 3 1/2 inch low density
floppies and 5 1/4 inch Hi-density floppies. If you need
5 1/4 inch low-density disks (360K) send in the coupon that
comes with your DR DOS.
If the boot disk hangs while trying to load, usually it means
there is an incompatible or faulty piece of hardware.
One of the things it can be is simply an older floppy
drive that is out of alignment. Sometimes the situation
can be salvaged by formatting a floppy on the boot drive
with the old DOS, then doing a diskcopy. The potential
problem is that the diskcopy may not be able to read the
boot disk either. If you can't make a backup then it may
be necessary to get a replacement disk set from Digital
Research (in case there is an actual error with the disk,
which does sometime happen) or see about getting the
drives aligned.
********************************************************
Another problem is where you can make valid Diskcopies
but all you get is the message "Loading...". Here the
potential problem may be the computer's bios. DR DOS
must be able to direct the system to the area where DOS
Kernel files are located. Older bioses are not able to
perform this function. If your bios dates from around
1987 or earlier you may need an update.
********************************************************
And finally, if you can read the disks but are unable to
format a disk or make a diskcopy DR DOS may think you
have a different type of floppy than you actually have.
Another symptom of this is if you are making a floppy
installation and DR DOS asks you for 5 1/4" floppies
when you actually have 3 1/2" floppies. If this is an XT
type computer (by which we mean it has no CMOS config-
uration program) then you can place a DRIVPARM state-
ment in your CONFIG.SYS. Refer to the DR DOS manual to
see how to use this parameter. DRIVPARM uses no RAM. It
merely updates the DR DOS drive tables with the type
drive you specify. If your computer does have a CMOS
setup program then you need to correct the entries for
your floppy drives in CMOS.

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The Control Team proudly presents:
Zaphod Beeblebrox's notes on using Pc 1.44 Mb 3.5" drives with ST/STE's with a
minimum of trouble. If you have Tos v2.06 and STE, even the TOS will recognize
that you have an 1.44 drive installed as your internal drive!!! Version 1.1
==============================================================================
This whole thing started a few days ago, when I decided that I was fed-up with
all those 720 Kb disks, I needed something better for backing up all the wares
from my BBS, and I thought.... Hmm, wait a sec, the Pc dudes have 1.44 drives
in their computers, and so does the Mega STE.... Why not install one in my
"normal" STE as well??? Then I started planning for the project, and came to
this conclusion:
1. You must have a WD1772-02-02, the other ones will not handle the doubled
clock frequency of 16 mHz without problems.
2. Your 1.44 Mb diskdrive must output a signal on pin 2 (HD detect) whenever a
HD disk is present in the drive. Examples of drives that works fine with this
modification: TEAC and Panasonic. I used a Panasonic drive for my own
computer. Not all drives have the jumpers set-up correctly when you buy them,
so *NEVER* buy a drive if they cannot tell you fer sure that it really has the
HD detect signal output. Because if it doesn't have it, you're fucked up!!
3. You must have some kind of circuit that only enables 16 mHz when drive 0 is
selected and a HD disk is present in drive 0.......
4. If you have a STE, you should also solder a jumper on bridge E6 underneath
the drive in order to get TOS to recognize that you have a 1.44 Mb drive.
The Circuit:
============
I designed my automatical HD detect switch around a 74LS00 and a 74F157. The
LS00 is a quadruple NAND gate, and the F157 is a dual two-to-one multiplexer.
The first thing you need to do, is to invert the HD detect signal with one of
the NAND gates, you simply feed the HD detect on both inputs of one of the
NAND gates and there you have it - inverted HD detect on the output of that
NAND gate!!!! What you do now, is that you take the drive B select signal and
the inverted HD detect signal and feed them onto the inputs of a second NAND
gate. Now, you'll only get a '0' output from the second NAND gate if....
* Drive B is not selected
* Drive A contains a HD disk
After this, we simly feed the output of the second nand gate to the select
input on the F157 multiplexer. This means that the conditions above will
select 16 mHz clock for the FDC, and all other conditions will select the
standard 8 mHz clock. Easy, isn't it??? Now, I will present you with the
actual circuitry.... Remember that the wires are only joined where I have "+"
signs, other wires are just crossing each other. It's very importanf that you
get tha 74F157 and not anything slower. the 74LS157 cannot handle more than
about 14-15 mHz and we need something that will switch 16 mHz without problems.
+--------+ +-----------------------+
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| -------------------------- |
| ! ! |
| ! ! |
| \ 74F157 ! |
| / MULTIPLEXER ! |
| ! ! |
| ! ! |
| -------------------------- |
| | | | | | | | | |
| +----+ | | | +-+---+
| | | | | |
| | | | +---------------------------+
| | | | | |
+---|----+ | +--------------------------+ |
| | | | | | |
| | | +-------------------------+ | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ----------------------- | | | |
| | ! ! | | | |
| | ! ! | | | |
| | \ 74LS00 ! | | | |
| | / QUAD NAND GATE ! | | | |
| | ! ! | | | |
| | ! ! | | | |
| | ----------------------- | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | +--+ | +----+ | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | +--|--------+ | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| +----------+ | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
* * * * * * *
+5V D1S HDD GND 16M 8M FDC
What do all these abbreviations stand for?? Well....
+5V is the juice required for our little gadget... Get this from Pin 15 of the
WD1772-02-02 chip.... GND is ground, which you can get from Pin 14 of the
WD1772-02-02... D1S is drive B select, which is Pin 19 of the YM2149
soundchip. HDD is pin 2 of the diskdrive ribbon cable. It's the wire right
besides the red marked wire, which is number one. That is, HD detect is wire
#2 on the 34 wire diskdrive ribbon cable. 16M is a 16 mHz signal, which can be
tapped from Pin 52 of the STE videoshifter, or Pin 2 of the STE MCGLUE (The
big 144 pin surface mounted, not a very good idea, but if you follow the trace
from Pin 2 of it, you'll discover the correct thru-hole where you should tap
the 16 mHz signal, it's located right between the videoshifter and the SIMM
memory modules on the motherboard). FDC is the WD1772 clock signal, which can
be found on Pin 18 of the Floppydisk controller. 8M is the 8 mHz signal, which
can be tapped from the old pin 18 hole, or a thru-hole near the WD1772 socket.
Or you might also tap the 8 mHz signal from pin 15 of the MC68000 CPU.
This has been another Control Team production, presented to you by Zaphod
Beeblebrox of The Control Team. This project worked just fine for me, but I
will not accept any responsibility if your computer turns itself into a
toaster while performing this hardware modification. By the way, if you like
my work, you're welcome to send me a donation if you want to... (HAHAHAHA!!!).
You can reach me at any of the Control Team boards:
Eagles Nest BBS +46-18-262804 (235 Megs and HST Dual Standard).
Data Control I. +1-(818)/558-5636 (200 Megs + 88*x Syquest and HST).
Or send me a snailmail at this address:
Carl Andersson
Liggargatan 5J
754 20 Uppsala
Sweden

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The following is an exerpt from a text file written/complied by one
A.D. Longton of Rockville, MD. I have omitted the discussion of how
to make a 1.44M disk from a 720K disk with a soldering iron since I
don't want to be a party to furthering that practice. I did, however,
find the remainder of the information quite interesting and have
included it here. As You can see, it comes directly from the
'brain trust' at Big Blue and may tend to lend some measure of credibility
to what I've been saying all along. The original file was dated 5/10/89,
I'm not sure when the information spewed forth from Boca Raton.
-[Steve]- (tm)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.5" DISKETTE FORMATS
Kevin Maier
IBM Corporation
Boca Raton, Florida
"Reprinted by permission of the
IBM Personal Systems Technical Journal."
Page 42, issue 2, 1989
"The original recommendations about the proper formatting and use
of PS/2 diskettes have undergone revision. This article explains
why the recommendations have changed.
THE ORIGINAL CAUTION
Personal System/2 shipping cartons include a sheet of paper that
cautions users not to format a 2.0 MB diskette to 720 KB, because
the diskette becomes unusable and should be discarded.
This caution was issued because of the physical properties of 720
KB diskettes versus 1.44 MB diskettes. The 720 KB format uses a
higher write current, and the 1.44 MB format uses a lower write
current. To accommodate the higher write current, the oxide
coating on a 1.0 MB (720 KB formatted) diskette is denser than the
oxide coating on a 2.0 MB (1.44 MB formatted) diskette.
When you format a 2.0 MB diskette to 720 KB, you apply the higher
write current to the less dense oxide coating. The hardware
developers originally felt that this meant the 720 KB formatting
pattern is written too deeply into the 2.0 MB oxide coating,
causing intermittent data errors and unreliable use. Furthermore,
the developers felt that if you attempted to reformat the diskette
to 1.44 MB, which uses the lower write current, the 1.44 MB format
would not completely write over the "deeper" 720 KB format.
Therefore the developers' recommendation was to discard a 2.0 MB
diskette that was formatted to 720 KB.
THE SUBSEQUENT FINDINGS
[aka a RETRACTION]
Since the time that this caution was issued, the developers have
performed additional testing, and have concluded that there is no
need to discard a 2.0 MB diskette that was formatted to 720 KB.
It is still true that a 2.0 MB diskette formated to 720 KB will
cause intermittent data errors. However, the latest assessment is
that you will be able to reformat the diskette to 1.44 MB and use
it reliably after that.
The same logic applies to a 1.0 MB diskette formatted to 1.44 MB.
You cannot use it with the 1.44 MB format, but you can reformat it
to 720 KB and use it reliably after that.
Therefore, the current recommendation is: If you format a
diskettte to the wrong capacity, do not discard it; instead,
reformat it correctly and use it."
With all those feelings and recomendations on those feelings it
makes me wonder how much experimentation was actually being done
on a strictly scientific level. Note that the one mention of
formatting 1.0mb disks to 1.44 MB does not say that you will get
errors if you use them. What it does say is that if you reformat
that wrongly formatted disk, you can reliably use it at 720 KB.
The implication is that since there were errors with 2.0mb disks
formatted to 720 KB "logic applies" that there will be errors if
the reverse is done. This is not necessarly the case, and we are
not told why, we are just told.
FYI, here are the specifications for the 720 KB, 1.44 MB, and 360k
5.25" disk drives as listed in the same issue on pages 43-44.
Note the large similarity between 360k and 720 KB disks and 720 KB
disks and 1.44 MB disks.
720 KB and 1.44 MB Diskette Drives
720 KB 1.44 MB 360 KB (5.25")
Access time:
Track-to-track 6 ms 6 ms 6 ms
Head settle time 15 ms 15 ms 15 ms
Motor start time 500 ms 500 ms 750 ms^
Disk rotational speed: 300 rpm 300 rpm 300 rpm
Maximum Latency 200 ms 200 ms 200 ms
Formatted Characteristics: 720 KB 1.44 MB^ 360 KB^
Tracks (actual) 80 80 40 ^
Tracks per inch 135 tpi 135 tpi 48 ^
Sectors per track 9 18 ^ 9
Bytes per sector 512 512 512
Bytes per track 4608 9216 ^ 4608
Data heads 2 2 2
Sector interleave factor 1:1 1:1 1:1
Sector skew factor 0 0 0
Sectors per cluster 2 1 ^ 2
Transfer rate 250,000 500,000^ 250,000
(bits per second)
(All ^'ed numbers are numbers that are different from the 720 KB
format.)
"...if they think you're technical, go crude. ....
These days, though, you have to be pretty technical before
you can even aspire to crudeness."
--From William Gibson's short story
Johnny Mnemonic

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From: pegram@uvm-gen.UUCP (Robert B. Pegram)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st.tech
Subject: How to upgrade your ST floppies to 1.44Meg 3.5" drives
Date: 18 Jul 90 16:14:16 GMT
Sender: nobody@uvm-gen.UUCP
Organization: EMBA Computer Facility, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington.
Tried to post this yesterday from GnuEmacs - no go. Here it is,
Hartmut Semken(AKA hase)'s 1.44 meg Upgrade for Atari STs and Megas.
This is a compilation of several postings, edited by Bob Pegram, my
comments are indicated by [..text..] <- RBPIII. I have yet to do the
upgrade myself (lazy 8-), but it seems workable. From the TT rumor
about no HD floppy for now, it would seem that Atari is doing the same
thing, only with a new (not yet fully available) floppy controller from
Western Digital that *is rated* to handle the higher clock input that is
necessary. Thus, in the future, this upgrade may become a more reliable
and simple chip replacement. Enjoy,
Bob Pegram
originally From: hase@hase_1.UUCP (Hartmut Semken)
original Subject: Re: Floppy drive 1.44 meg woes!
original Date: 11 Feb 90 09:55:00 GMT
References: <9002030029.AA23185@jade.berkeley.edu> <2103@ultb.isc.rit.edu>
Organization: h.a.s.e., Berlin, West Germany
clf3678@ultb.isc.rit.edu (C.L. Freemesser) writes:
Reply-To: hase@netmbx.UUCP (Hartmut Semken)
Organization: netmbx Public Access Unix, Berlin, West Germany
Lines: 28
Posted: Sat Nov 25 17:57:46 1989
>> I'm having a few problems hooking up my 1.44 meg teac. I was wondering
> From what I know, you can't use HD on the ST. The controller chip
>can't handle it. Just be glad it works in 720k mode. :^)
Well, you can, if you hack the hardware.
Here we go again:
The trick is to double the clock frequency of the controller chip, so it
will talk twice as fast to the drive: the bit stream has "high-density"
format.
A clock of 16 MHz is well beyond specification (the WD1772 is rated to
run at up to 10 MHz), but it will work most of the time.
The hack consists of two parts: hardware and software and works with
( [3.5 inch] <- RBPIII ) high density drives only!
[The reason being that the drive must auto-sense the HD disk when it is
inserted and change its RPMs up accordingly. 5.25 (1.2Meg) drives do
*not* do this! Neither do all HD 3.5" floppies (notably the ones on
true blue PS 2 s). ] <- RBPIII
Now: the hardware.
The clock pin of the WD1772 is pin 18. It is normally hooked to the 8
MHz clock.
Cut this pin and connect it to the output of a simple circuit. feed the
two inputs of this simple circuit with 8 MHz and 16 MHz clocks (16 MHz
can be gotten at SHIFTER pin 39).
The "simple circuit" mentioned above could be a simple, manual switch.
Now You are able to select two clock frequencies and therfore two
"modes" for the controller chip: double density and high density.
The simple circuit could also be a multiplexer (74LS157, I think)
controlled by the "I detected a HD-disk in me"-output of the floppy
drive (the TEAC FD 235 HFN provides this outout on pin 2 if a jumper is
set; the 235 HFN has a second jumper that enables internal detection of
HD disks: this must be set, too).
With the MUX, a disk inserted will select the appropriate mode of
operation automatically.
Do not worry about two drives in different modes: when copying from one
drive to the other, the clock rate will be switched once to twice a
second. This will not trouble the controller (remember the clock to be
in the range of Megahertz...).
If you want to connect one HD drive and one DD drive, you'll need two
more TTL gates (one 74LS00 will do) to make sure, the controller is in
DD mode for the DD only drive: invert the HD-detected-output (it is LOW
for DD before, HIGH for DD behind the inverter) and feed it into a NAND
gate together with drive select for the DD drive. Let a HIGH output of the
NAND gate select DD-clock (8 MHz). Now "not-HD-detected OR DD-drive-select"
will select DD mode, right?
With two HD drives, there is no problem at all :-) [except for the
High Density floppy boot problem, discussed below. You have to set
the step rate from the boot sector.] <- RBPIII
Now for the software:
The controller uses its clock as base for all timings.
The pulse width and time between pulses for the step line are controller
controlled. ^^^^^^^^^
[WD 1772] <- RBPIII
To make it short: with the doubled clock the controller will try to make
the head step twice as fast: he will send a step pulse every 1.5
milliseconds if set to 3 milliseconds (which is TOS standard).
Just set the step rate to 6 milliseconds to make the controller step 3
milliseconds in HD mode (well, the 6 milliseconds steps in DD mode will
slow down floppy operation a bit, but not that much. Not stepping, [but]
reading and writing takes the time!).
How to set the step rate?
Well, there is a documented TOS variable for the step rate at 0x440
called seekrate.
The step rate in this variable will be used by the BIOS after a call of
the routine, pointed to by "hdv_init" (the hdv_init routine seems to
initialize the BIOS parameter blocks for the floppies). The pointer to
hdv_init can be found at 0x46A (this is a supported TOS variable, too).
Look at the MWC-Assembler source below.
[More information on the step rate from another posting - between the
curly braces below] <- RBPIII
{
In article <1346@uvm-gen.UUCP> pegram@uvm-gen.UUCP (pegram r) writes:
>
>Rats! I looked up the possible seek rates last night, 6 msec is as slow
>as she goes.
Hmm, TOS will step at 6,12,2,3 msec (with rate codes 0,1,2,3).
Setting the controller to 6 msec and doubling the clock works for almost
all 3.5 inch HD drives.
[I wanted to know if you could still use a (360 K) 5.25 drive, which
needs a true 6 msec step rate. This was when no WD 1772 clock switching
(between 8 and 16 Mhz) was contemplated. If your 1772 works this
fast, you can forget the switch, or use a properly buffered manual
switch for those rare occasions when it's necessary. "Properly buffered"
you ask? See any of the usual designs that eliminate switch bounce -
Radio Shack's pamphlets on digital electronics have the circuits needed.
The 74LS00 mentioned above will work nicely as the debouncer and "glue".
You still want that Multiplexer and you send in the debounced 16Mhz ("On"
or "TRUE") and 8Mhz (The inverted "FALSE" or "OFF") outputs from the manual
switch to select the clocks. That is just a design off the top of my
head, which needs to be improved. Please do post a better one if you
come up with one, I can think of a one chip (the LS00) solution if
clock skew to the WD1772 is unimportant (as in 180 degrees out of
phase 8-). The reason I mention it is because, I believe that the
problem mentioned at the beginning of the original posting was due to
either an incorrect jumper setting on the drive, or a noise problem
in the ST, having the clocks going all over the ST to the switch,
is not a good idea at all! You don't have to worry about driving
more capacitance with such free standing wires, but you do have to
think about the effect of having some new high frequency antennas
inside your ST!] <- RBPIII
>It would also be hard to boot from a floppy with this
>mod (double - 16Mhz - clock for 1772 + formatter + "6"msec seek rate).
>Do you have to have a seek rate setting boot sector on every boot
>floppy and would that idea even work?
Sure, that should work, since no steps schould be necessary to read the
boot sector.
I boot from harddisk...
[Me too, but some utilities (DC formatter at least) can format disks
with boot sectors that can reset the step rate on boot up. Game disks
could be similarly hacked to work with the new drive.] <- RBPIII
If the HD-floppy does not work after modifying the ST, the step pulse
width is a probable cause.
In that case, use an edge-triggered monoflop to "resize" the pulse.
^^^^^^^^
[hase means a monostable or "one-shot" available in TTL or with the "555"
timer chip.] <- RBPIII
}
The second thing is to get a formatter that will format 18 sectors per
track. HYPERFORMAT by Claus Brodt is such a thing, but a simple
formatter hacked from the example in the Mark Williams C Lexicon did the
same. It's included below.
For help try to write to hase@hase_1.mbx.sub.org, but it'll probably
bounce; our mail service is fading fast...
[Check if hase's current address is the same, he does show up on c.s.a.s]
<- RBPIII
I'll try to reply to anything, I finally get.
hase
------- cut for seek6.s -----------
/module name seek6
.shri
.globl main_
main_:
clr.l-(sp)
move.w$0x20,-(sp)
trap$1
addq.l$6,a7
move.ld0,_save_ssp
move.w$0,0x440/ 0 => 6 ms
lea0x46a,a0
move.l(a0),d0
movea.ld0,a0
jsr(a0)
move.l_save_ssp,-(sp)
move.w$0x20,-(sp)
trap$1
addq.l$6,a7
.even
_save_ssp:
.blkl1
/ seek rate codes are 0,1,2,3 for 6,12,2,3 milliseconds
Sets seek rate to 6 Milliseconds for *all* drives (with *any* TOS
version; tested on Rainbow TOS (1.4), BLiTTER TOS (1.2) and TOS 1.0):
------------ cut for formath.c -------------
/* formath.c Formatter fuer High Density Disketten */
/* nur fuer angepasste Hardware! Floppycontroller und Laufwerk */
/* muessen High-Density tauglich sein! */
/* Hartmut Semken, Lupsteiner Weg 67 1000 Berlin 37 */
/* hase@hase_1.mbx.sub.org or hase@netmbx.mbx.sub.org */
/* 03-SEP-89 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <osbind.h>
#include <time.h>
#define SLEEPTIME 1/* 1: Zeitschleife, 0: Taste */
#define BLANK (0xE5E5)
#define MAGIC (0x87654321L)
#define BUFSIZE (20*1024) /* Platz fuer mehr als 18 Sektoren... */
#define DEVICE 0/* 0 = Floppy A, 1 = Floppy B*/
#define SIDES 2/* je */
#define SECTORS 18/* nach*/
#define TRACKS 80/*Belieben*/
#define TOTSEC (TRACKS * SIDES * SECTORS)
extern int errno;
main(){
int track;
int side;
int status;
short *bf;
register char reply;
short *middle;
char buffer[512];
printf("\033E\n");
printf("Public Domain High Density Mini Formatter\n");
printf("von H. Semken\nDer Autor garantiert in keiner Weise fr die Funktion\nDi
eses Programmes.\nBenutzung auf eigene Gefahr.\n");
printf("\n\n\n");
printf("\007\033pFormatiere Diskette in Drive %c\033q\n%d Seiten\n%d Sektoren p
ro Spur\n%d Spuren\n\n", (65+DEVICE), SIDES, SECTORS, TRACKS);
printf("Wirklich formatieren? ");
fflush(stdout);
if ((reply = Crawcin()) != 'y' && reply != 'Y' && reply != 'j' && reply != 'J')
{
printf("Nein. Floppy nicht formatiert.\n");
sleep(1);
Pterm0();
}
printf("Ja.\n");
printf("Diskette einlegen; Taste drcken...");
fflush(stdout);
Crawcin();
printf("\n");
bf = malloc(BUFSIZE);
for (track = TRACKS-1; track >= 0; track--) {
for (side = 0; side < SIDES; side++) {
printf("Formatiere Spur %d, Seite %d", track, side);
fflush(stdout);
status = Flopfmt(bf, 0L, DEVICE, SECTORS, track, side, 1, MAGIC, BLANK);
if (status) {
middle = bf;
printf("\t%d\n", status);
while (*middle) {
printf("\tDefekter Sektor %d\n", *middle++);
}
} else {
printf("\tokay\r");
}
}
}
printf("\n\nAlle Spuren formatiert\n");
printf("Initialisiere Directory\n");
for (track = 0; track < (BUFSIZE>>1); bf[track++] = 0);
for (track = 0; track < 2;track++) {
for (side = 0; side < SIDES; side++){
if (status = Flopwr(bf, 0L, DEVICE, 1, track, side, SECTORS)) {
errno = -status;
perror("Write Error");
}
}
}
Protobt(buffer, (long)Random(),3,0); /* Prototyp Bootsector fr
* 80 * 2 * 9 Sektoren */
/* Prototyp Bootsektor fr das neue Format anpassen */
/* Bytes 19 und 20 enthalten die Sektoren pro Disk */
/* unteres Byte von TOTSEC */
buffer[19] = (char)(((TOTSEC>>8)<<8)^TOTSEC);
/* oberes Byte von TOTSEC; es lebe das Intel int-Format */
buffer[20] = (char)(TOTSEC>>8);
buffer[24] = (char)SECTORS; /* Sektoren pro Spur */
status = Flopwr(buffer, 0L, DEVICE, 1, 0, 0, 1);
if (status) {
errno = -status;
perror("Write Error (Bootsector)");
}
status = Flopver(buffer, 0L, DEVICE, 1, 0, 0, 1);
if (status) {
errno = -status;
perror("Verify Error (Bootsector)");
}
printf("Diskette in Laufwerk %c formatiert\n", (65+DEVICE));
sleep(1);
Pterm0();
}
sleep(seconds)
int seconds;
#if SLEEPTIME
{
clock_t t;
for(t = clock();clock() < (t + CLK_TCK*seconds););
}
#else
{
printf("Taste druecken\n");
fflush(stdout);
Crawcin();
}
#endif
--
original idea and post by:
>Hartmut Semken, Lupsteiner Weg 67, 1000 Berlin 37 hase@hase_1.UUCP
>Dennis had stepped up into the top seat whet its founder had died of a
>lethal overdose of brick wall, taken while under the influence of a
>Ferrari and a bottle of tequila. (Douglas Adams; the long dark teatime...)
Additions by:
Bob Pegram Internet: pegram@griffin.uvm.edu
UUCP: you figure it out!
Physical Mail: R. Pegram, R.R. #2, Box 2843, Green St.,
Vergennes, Vt. 05491, U.S.A.
Home Tel: (in N.A., add appropriate codes if elsewhere)
(802) 877 0018

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X-NEWS: hylka comp.sys.cbm: 9773
Path: klaava!news.funet.fi!news.tele.fi!uunet!pipex!uknet!warwick!not-for-mail
From: stuce@csv.warwick.ac.uk (Peter Weighill)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
Subject: 1541 disk drive commands.
Date: 25 Sep 1993 19:20:47 +0100
Organization: Commodore 64 Services, University of Warwick, UK
Lines: 122
Message-ID: <28225v$1s3@tansy.csv.warwick.ac.uk>
TWO RARELY USED 1541 DISK DRIVE FUNCTIONS
1. The Utility Loader '&' command.
INTRODUCTION
A little known and little used command on the 1541 disk drive is the
"&" command. This is probably due to the fact that there is no mention of it
in the "1541 DISK DRIVE users guide". Many other books about the disk drive
also fail to mention it. As to a use for the command, I have not found one
yet. Perhaps someone could think of one. I would expect that the 1570/1571
and 1581 drive will also contain the "&" command as well, since they are
based on the 1541.
UTILITY LOADER ("&" command)
The utility loader is the command which will load a USR file from
disk into disk drive memory where it will then execute. The format for
the command is as follows:
OPEN15,8,15:PRINT#15,"&filename":CLOSE15
USR FILES
A user file has to follow certain guidlines. It is limited to just
one sector and this sector is constructed as below;
Byte
0 Start address low order
1 Start address high order
2 Number of bytes in program
3+ Program code bytes
last Checksum
This means that the maximum size of program code is 251 bytes. The
checksum byte is calculated by adding all the values of the bytes, starting
at the low order start address (byte 0), while adding you subtract 255 from
the total every time it exceeds 255. Thus the checksum byte can range from
1-255.
One final constraint is that the filename must begin with an "&".
Below is a program which will make it easier for you to create a USR
file in the required format, so that it can be executed by the utility
loader command. The program automatically calculates the length of the code
and also the checksum at the end. All you need to do is add your own code
to the data statements between 210 and 300 and specify a filename in line 10.
10 OPEN2,8,2,"0:&filename,U,W"
20 READLO,HI:C=LO+HI:IFC>255THENC=C-255
30 PRINT#2,CHR$(LO)CHR$(HI);
40 T$=""
50 READD:IFD=-1THEN100
60 C=C+D:IFC>255THENC=C-255
70 T$=T$+CHR$(D)
80 GOTO50
100 L=LEN(T$)
110 C=C+L:IFC>255THENC=C-255
120 PRINT#2,CHR$(L)T$CHR$(C);
130 CLOSE2
140 END
170 :
200 DATA 0,5 :REM lo/hi start address
210 : REM program code
220 DATA 173,0,28,41,16,201,16,208,11
230 DATA 169,247,45,0,28,141,0,28,76
240 DATA 0,5,32,24,193,76,0,5
300 DATA -1 :REM program data finished
The example code in the program is not that useful, it is just there
to show how the utility loader works. It just switches the drives light on
and off depending on if the write protect sensor is covered or not.
If you can think of something which could be done with the utility
loader then I would love to hear of it.
ERRORS THAT CAN OCCUR
39, 'file not found'
This occurs if the file you specified using the utility loader
command does not exist or is not a USR file.
50, 'record not present'
The checksum calculated by the disk drive and the checksum at the
end of the file differ.
51, 'overflow in record'
Either: 1. The end of the file was reached before the checksum
byte was read.
or 2. The file contains extra bytes of data after the checksum
byte.
Check the length byte in the usr file (position 3, after lo/hi.)
2. Checking that a file is on the disk.
INTRODUCTION
If you wrote a program which needed to check that a particular file
existed on a disk then you would probably open the file for a read, then
check the error channel for 62, FILE NOT FOUND.
Thus:
10 OPEN15,8,15
20 OPEN2,8,2,"filename,P,R"
30 INPUT#15,E,E$
40 IFE>0THENPRINTE$:GOTO60
50 PRINT"FILE EXISTS"
60 CLOSE2:CLOSE15
Another way to check if a file exists is to try to rename it as itself.
Thus:
10 OPEN15,8,15,"R:filename=filename"
20 INPUT#15,E,E$
30 CLOSE15
40 PRINTE$
If the file exists then the error created is 63, FILE EXISTS,
otherwise it is 62, FILE NOT FOUND. Judge for yourself which works better.
Written, September 93, by Peter Weighill. email: stuce@warwick.csv.ac.uk
From: Nicholas.Cull@comp.vuw.ac.nz (Nicholas Cull)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
Subject: Re: 1541 disk drive commands.
Date: 30 Sep 1993 00:00:20 GMT
Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Victoria Uni. of Wellington, New Zealand.
Originator: ncull@comp.vuw.ac.nz
In article <28225v$1s3@tansy.csv.warwick.ac.uk>, stuce@csv.warwick.ac.uk
(Peter Weighill) writes:
|>
|> 1. The Utility Loader '&' command.
...
|> A user file has to follow certain guidlines. It is limited to just
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|> one sector and this sector is constructed as below;
^^^^^^^^^^
This is incorrect. The user file may be more than one sector long, although the
maximum size of the program code is limited to 256 bytes. To obtain this, byte
2 (the number of bytes in program) should be set to 0. A formula for this
would be
(NB AND 255)
where NB is the number of bytes. Remember that the checksum has to be updated
in a similar way too, eg
C = C+(NB AND 255): IF C>255 THEN C=C-255
The number of bytes in a Block-Execute command is limited to a single sector,
which is 256 bytes, although these can be all data bytes. Maybe you were
confusing the two commands?
|>
|> Byte
|> 0 Start address low order
|> 1 Start address high order
|> 2 Number of bytes in program
|> 3+ Program code bytes
|> last Checksum
|>
In fact there can be more than one block of this construction per file. To do
this, simply repeat the construction. For example, if you wanted to have a
program which sat in drive locations $0300 to $0400, and $0480 to $0500, the
construction would be as follows:
Byte
0 Low byte start address of first block (0)
1 High byte start address of first block (3)
2 Number of bytes in this block (0) [= 256 AND 255]
3 - 259 Program code for first block (data goes in here...)
260 Checksum for first block (whatever this may be)
261 Low byte start address of second block (128)
262 High byte start address of second block (4)
263 Number of bytes in this block (128)
264 - 392 Program code for second block (second lot of data here)
393 Checksum for second block (whatever)
Okay, so this may not be the best description in the world, but hopefully you
get the general idea. There may be as many blocks of this type as you need,
and theycan all be any size from 1 to 256 bytes long. Once the file has been
completely loaded into the drive, execution starts from the start address of
the FIRST block be be transferred.
|> the total every time it exceeds 255. Thus the checksum byte can range from
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|> 1-255.
^^^^^^
The checksum could be 0 if all the data bytes were 0 :-)
Seriously though, the point of having the checksum calculated in this way is to
make use of the carry bit in machine code addition if a carry is generated. The
point can be made more clearly in the following code fragment:
[accumulator holds current data byte]
clc ;Clear carry bit for first add
adc $87 ;Add byte to current checksum
adc #$00 ;Add carry bit to checksum
sta $87 ;Save checksum to memory
If the sum of the accumulator and the contents of location $87 is greater than
#$FF then the carry flag will be set, in order to do multi-byte addition
correctly. Instead of adding this to a second byte however, it is added to the
same byte which generated the carry. This causes the value in the accumulator
to be incremented by 1 - the same as if #$FF had been subtracted from it.
If the sum is of the accumulator and the contents of location $87 is less than
or equal to #$FF, then no carry is generated and no further addition or
subtractionis needed.
|> Below is a program which will make it easier for you to create a USR
|> file in the required format, so that it can be executed by the utility
|> loader command...
Here is a new version the the program, modified to handle multiple data blocks,
and a maximum program size of 256 bytes per block:
10 OPEN2,8,2,"0:&filename,U,W"
20 READNB
30 READLO,HI,LN:C=LO+HI:C=C+(C>255)*255
40 C=C+(LNAND255):C=C+(C>255)*255
50 PRINT#2,CHR$(LO);CHR$(HI);CHR$(LNAND255);
60 READD:PRINT#2,CHR$(D);
70 C=C+D:C=C+(C>255)*255
80 LN=LN-1:IFLN>0THEN60
90 PRINT#2,CHR$(C);
100 NB=NB-1:IFNB>0THEN30
110 CLOSE2
120 END
190 :
200 DATA2 :REM number of data blocks
210 DATA128,3 :REM lo/hi start address of first block
220 DATA6 :REM length of first block
230 : REM program code
240 DATA32,71,198,76,0,3
300 DATA0,3 :REM lo/hi start address of second block
310 DATA26 :REM length of second block
320 : REM rest of program code
330 DATA173,0,28,41,16,201,16,208,11
340 DATA169,247,45,0,28,141,0,28,76
350 DATA0,3,32,24,193,76,0,3
The example code here is just a minor extension to the original code. It
re-initializes the drive before jumping to the original code. This is just to
demonstrate that both parts of the code are being loaded and executed
correctly.
|> ERRORS THAT CAN OCCUR
|>
|> 51, 'overflow in record'
|> Either: 1. The end of the file was reached before the checksum
|> byte was read.
|> or 2. The file contains extra bytes of data after the checksum
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|> byte.
^^^^^
|> Check the length byte in the usr file (position 3, after lo/hi.)
The second condition is not quite accurate. If end-of-file is reached before
the drive expects to read the checksum, then this error will occur. If extra
bytes appear after the checksum, the drive assumes these to be the start of a
new block of data and will try to interpret these as address bytes, length
byte, data bytes etc as above. When end-of-file appears, the drive will report
this error, since it is expecting another block of data to appear and cannot
complete the transfer of this into memory. Hence the definition of this error
should be:
The end of the file was encountered unexpectedly. May indicate an
incorrect length byte, or additional data written after the end of the
last data block.
Note the semicolon at the end of line 90 of the program. If this were omitted,
a carriage return byte would be sent by the computer after the checksum byte
and may be the cause of this message.
One caution should be added at this point. Although data may be transferred to
any address in the RAM of the drive, it should be remembered that part of the
memory will be allocated to buffering the file as it comes off the disk. Thus
it may be possible to overwrite incoming data being buffered in memory before
it can be transferred correctly to its new location. Experimentation may be
the best way of determining which areas are "safe" and which ones have
problems. I found that the file seemed to be buffered in locations $0600 to
$0700, but this would depend on how may files you had open, etc.
Nick.
----
email: ncull@comp.vuw.ac.nz Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> Adaptec, Incorporated AHA-1540B/42B <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͹
<20> LED FLOPPY HARD DRIVE F1 <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ <20>
<20> Floppy (34 pins) <20>.... 1::::::: 1::::::::::::: ڿ <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20> INT.HD.(50 pins) <20> <20><>2<EFBFBD><32> <20><>3<EFBFBD><33>ô <20><><EFBFBD>Ŀ <20>
<20> EXT.HD.(50 pins) <20> <20><>5<EFBFBD><35> <20><> <20> <20> <20> <20>
<20> <20> J5 1:::::::::::: 1: <20> <20> <20>EXT. <20>
<20> <20><>2<EFBFBD><32> SCSI BUS <20> J6 1:::: :: <20> <20> <20>SCSI <20>
<20> Term. Resistors <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ :: <20> <20> <20> <20>
<20> <20> <20>uCODE<44> J8 1:::::: <20> BIOS <20> J7 <20> <20> <20> <20>
<20> F1: 1.5A, 125V <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> J9 1:::::::: <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20> Term. Power Fuse <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ ڿ <20><><EFBFBD>ٺ <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> INTERFACE: ISA(AT)->SCSI-2 <20>
<20> CONTROLS: 2 Floppy Drives (1542B only)(360KB, 720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB)<29>
<20> 7 SCSI Devices <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5: General Control <20>
<20> J5-1: Synchronous Negotiation Enable: *Disabled: (no Jumper) <20>
<20> Enabled: J5-1 Jumpered <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5-2: Diagnostics (Factory use ONLY): *Disabled: (no jumper) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5-3: SCSI Parity Bit: *Enable Parity: (no jumper) <20>
<20> Disable Parity: J5-3 Jumpered <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5-4,5,6: SCSI Address: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (7 is Default) <20>
<20> 4 x - x - x - x - <20>
<20> 5 x x - - x x - - (x = Jumpered) <20>
<20> 6 x x x x - - - - <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5-7,8: DMA Channel: 0 5 6 7 (5 is Default) <20>
<20> 7 x - x - <20>
<20> 8 x x - - <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5-9,10,11: Interrupt Chan.: 9 10 11 12 14 15 (11 is Default) <20>
<20> 9 - x - x - x <20>
<20> 10 - - x x - - <20>
<20> 11 - - - - x x <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J5-12,13: DMA Transfer Speed: 5.0 5.7 6.7 8.0 (5.7 is <20>
<20> 12 - x - x Default) <20>
<20> 13 - - x x <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J6: BIOS/Auto Sense Control: 1 x 1: BIOS Enable <20>
<20> 2 - 2,3,4: Not Used <20>
<20> 3 - 5: Auto Sense disable <20>
<20> 4 - <20>
<20> 5 - (1 is Default) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> AHA-1540B,1542B Page 2 <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͹
<20> <20>
<20> J7: Address Selection <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J7-1: Floppy Secondary Address (Default is not jumpered) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J7-2,3,4: AT I/O Port Addr.: 334 330 230 134 130 <20>
<20> 2 - x - x - (Default <20>
<20> 3 - - x x - is 330h) <20>
<20> 4 - - - x x <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J7-5,6: BIOS Wait State (ns): 0 100 200 300 <20>
<20> 5 - x - x (Default <20>
<20> 6 - - x x is 0) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J7-7,8: BIOS Address: DC000 CC000 D8000 C8000 <20>
<20> 7 - x - x (Default <20>
<20> 8 - - x x is DC000) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J8: Floppy Disk Selection: 1: Floppy Enable (on Enabled ) <20>
<20> 2,3: DMA REQ. (2 or 3) (2 DMA REQ.2) <20>
<20> (1542B only) 4,5: DMA ACK. (2 or 3) (4 DMA ACK.2) <20>
<20> 6,7: INT.REQ. (6 or 10) (6 INT.REQ.6) <20>
<20> 8: Dual Speed Enable (off Disabled) <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J9: DMA/Interrupt: 1,2,3,4: DMA REQ. (0,5,6,7) (2 DMA REQ.5) <20>
<20> 5,6,7,8: DMA ACK. (0,5,6,7) (6 DMA ACK.5) <20>
<20> 9,10,11,12,13,14: INT.REQ. (9,10,11, <20>
<20> 12,14,15) (11 INT.REQ.11) <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͸ Additional Info <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͹
<20> <20>
<20> This Host Adapter may also be ordered with a high-density SCSI-2 <20>
<20> external connector, as part no: 1540B100 or 1542B100. <20>
<20> <20>
<20> SCSI bus terminators MUST be located at each end of the SCSI bus. <20>
<20> If using internal SCSI peripherals only, the terminators on the H.A. <20>
<20> must remain in place, and the device at the farthest point must also <20>
<20> have it's terminators in place. All devices between must have their <20>
<20> terminators removed. If using internal AND external peripherals, <20>
<20> the devices at the end of the internal, and external cables should <20>
<20> retain their terminators, and all those between, including the Host <20>
<20> Adapter, should have theirs removed. <20>
<20> <20>
<20> Adaptec has added support for drives larger than 1GB with their <20>
<20> 3.20 BIOS and uCODE. When correctly set up, the host adapter will <20>
<20> automatically select the correct translation for the drive. The <20>
<20> translation for drives over 1GB increases the heads. <20>
<20> <20>
<20> The 154x series is a Bus Mastering Host Adapter, and is well-suited <20>
<20> for multi-tasking Operating Systems, such as UNIX and OS/2. <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ


104
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Info on the 16550a UART
There has been much talk on the echo conference "HST" about a new
UART chip. A UART chip is the 40 pin chip on your serial prort.
UART means Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter. This
chip converts an 8 bit byte from parallel to serial and from
serial to parallel. Your computer sends the byte on a PARALLEL 8
bit bus to the serial card. The serial card has to send it
SERIALLY to the modem. And at the same time it adds a START BIT
and a STOP BIT. If you are using a 7 bit format, the UART chip
can also add the parity bit, which can be even, odd, zero, forced
to 0, or forced to 1. It can also add 2 stop bits instead of 1
stop bit. And in the case of certain baud rates, it can add 1.5
stop bits instead of 1 stop bit.
Well, a problem cropped up with the HST modem. To gain the
maximum efficiency of this modem, you have to set your serial
port to 19,200 baud. Yes, that is 16 times faster than your
normal 1200 baud modem. Now most computers, even XT's, can keep
up with that. But there is a problem caused by some EXPANSION
boards like Perstor disk controllers, and Network Interface cards
(like Ethernet) that hog, or tie up, the interrupts, or IRQ's.
If the other board hogs the interrupts longer than one character
time (1/1920th of a second) then the character that is coming in
over the serial port is LOST and gone forever. With a 2400 baud
modem, you have a 1/240th of a second 'slack' between characters.
(Remember, 8 bits, plus one start bit, plus one stop bit, give
you 10 bits (not 8) when talking about modems and serial ports.
So you divide bits per second (bps) by 10 to give CHARACTERS per
second (cps). So these problems didn't crop up with modems up to
2400 baud. But when running 9600 baud and 19200 baud, they did
show up.
What was needed was a way to "hold" those characters until the
computer could catch up with the serial port. One way of doing
that was making an expensive INTELLIGENT serial card. You could
put some local memory on there and a small microprocessor like a
6052 or 8088. But National Semiconducter went even better!
Instead of making the whole card smarter and a whole lot more
expensive, they put all the smarts on the UART CHIP! The new
UART chip, called the 16550, has a 16 byte FIFO buffer. FIFO
stands for "first-in-first-out". With this buffer, the computer
can be busy doing something else for up to 16 character times,
and no characters will be lost.
The original UART used in XT computers was the 8250. This was
kind of slow, but adequate for the 4.77 Mhz bus speed of the XT.
With the 8 Mhz bus speed of the AT, a faster chip was needed so
they used the 16450. These 2 chips are functionally identical,
and are pin compatible. They have 40 pins each. Actually, you
will see many AT computers with a 8250 UART on their serial port.
The 16550 will work on any serial port that now has an 8250 or
16450. You just replace it. But you also need some special
software to activate the buffer. Otherwise, the 16550 will act
like a 16450 without the buffer.
There is a program called 16550.EXE which tells the UART to turn
on the FIFO buffer, and then the UART is just transparant to
whatever communication program you are using. I have been told,
on a TELIX support conference, that Telix 3.11 has 16550 support
built in. I don't know if other popular telecom programs such as
Procomm+, Qmodem, and other have it or not.
There was a user on a local BBS who was having problems even
downloading at 2400 baud because he was using Desqview, and
running several programs simultaneously. He installed the 16550,
and his problems went away. Another local sysop using an HST
didn't even have any of the "problem boards" mentioned later in
this article. He installed the 16550, and then was able to
consistently use 19.2K baud with no problems. His transfer
efficiency rose from 96% to 115%.
You can obtain the new 16550a complete with new Multi COM card.
($65.00 plus s/h) from Node 66 East BBS 914-426-0729.
Here are some situations where you *might* benefit from a 16550
UART while doing high speed transfers with the serial port:
1) You have a Perstor controller with an older ROM on it. I have
read that some rom versions take care of the IRQ hog problem.
2) Your computer is on any kind of network. Network interface
cards are notorious for hogging interrupts. (Tho' not all do.)
3) Your computer is an AT and you are using EXTENDED memory. The
AT has to do a reset and takes a lot of time to switch from
protected mode to real mode when its done with accessing
extended memory. (Tho' not all AT's have this problem.)
4) You are running a multi-tasking software like Desqview or
DoubleDos and are trying to do communications in the
background, and lose characters when switching windows, or
have too many background tasks/windows active at the same
time.
5) You are a sysop with an HST modem and are getting less than
100% efficiency on your mail transfers. Many factors affect
this, so a 16550 *may* or *may-not* increase your efficiency
to over 100%.

942
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From pub-infra-request Tue Dec 10 13:34:55 1991
Received: by eff.org id AA05611
(5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for pub-infra-exploder@eff.org); Tue, 10 Dec 1991 18:34:57 -0500
Reply-To: pub-infra
Precedence: bulk
To: pub-infra
Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1991 18:34:55 -0500
Message-Id: <199112102334.AA05606@eff.org>
Subject: What is ISDN Good For?
From: mkapor (Mitch Kapor)
Sender: ckd
habs@panix.com (Harry Shapiro) writes:
"What applications that require ISDN can't already run with existing
products like switched 56 kbit, and 14,400 modems?"
Switched 56 kilobit service has the same order of bandwidth as 64 kbit
ISDN, but its availability is strikingly different. Switched 56 is not
intended to be a residential service. Our vision of ISDN is that you
simply order it the way you order an additional voice-grade phone line.
Further, we believe ISDN must be priced like voice telephone service.
Switched 56 is not priced like voice service. It is much more
expensive. ISDN must be ubiquitous and affordable. Switched 56, while
useful for businesses which can afford expensive installation and fees
is not.
The ISDN rate of 64 kb is at the critical threshold which will permit
interactive multimedia using video and audio compression. 14.4 is
simply too slow, even with compression, for videotelephony, much less
other more demanding forms of video. Before it is argued that the
effective rate of a V.32bis modem is not 14.4 kb, but 14.4 kb plus
compression effects, let me point out that the same compression
techniques can and will be applied over 64 kb ISDN lines, boosting its
effective rate by an equivalent factor of two to four.
While it is still considered heretical in some quarters to assert that
VHS-quality video will be possible over a 64 kb line, there is a growing
consensus among researchers at the cutting edge of work in this area
that that is exactly where we are headed. In such a scenario, using
desktop personal computers of the year 1995 as video production studios,
everyone with access to a PC and ISDN potentially becomes a video
producer, with ISDN as the switched distribution network providing video
dial-tone. This will open the floodgates of innovation in video,
acheiving the richness of video (not passive, but interactive) with the
type of diversity heretofore associated only with print.
Beyond ISDN are other protocols which can run over copper-pairs, such as
ADSL, which runs at 300 kb /second. More on that later.
Mitchell Kapor
Electronic Frontier Foundation
From pub-infra-request Tue Dec 10 13:33:37 1991
Received: by eff.org id AA05564
(5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for pub-infra-exploder@eff.org); Tue, 10 Dec 1991 18:33:39 -0500
Reply-To: pub-infra
Precedence: bulk
To: pub-infra
Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1991 18:33:37 -0500
Message-Id: <199112102333.AA05559@eff.org>
Subject: ADSL
From: mkapor (Mitch Kapor)
Sender: ckd
habs@panix.com (Harry Shapiro) writes:
If we really want to have competition for the Cable and Telco
companies we need a digital product that can let Telco deliver movies
and entertainment at VCR quality and above... It is within the
technical ability of cable companies to offer phone service, plus
cable and other people offering PCN.
ADSL can be used to offer VCR quality video, using compression
techniques to most homes.
ADSL, is a T1 speed (1.54 mbits) connection into the home
with a 16 kbit up to 144 kbit bi-directional (base rate isdn)
connection.
Uncompressed CD audio, compressed NTSC, computer graphics, etc. All
this can be offered within a T1 rate. (All most anything we (as
consumers) want, t1 could do... Yes some of us want 45 mbits and
some of us what even more....
ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) is still in field trials.
It will be in trials in the 92/94 time frame...
The sept. 16, 1991 -page 18- issue of computer world reports,
"ADSL, developed by Bell Communications Research Inc., (Bellcore)
delivers a bitstream of 1.5M bit/sec. to homes with two-way,
Basic-Rate Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)"
The August 26 th 1991 issue of FIBER OPTIC NEWS on page 8, reports,
"VCR quality television, voice and data can be sent simultaneously
over a single cooper telephone line... The achievement is possible
because of ... ADSL which uses digital signal processing techniques
and experimental very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuitry."
The June 10th issue of Telephony on page 27 reports,
"ADSL... has a design goal of 18,000 feet on just one copper pair....
The Technology
The anticipated range of ADSL equipment using quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM) is from 0 to 18,000 feet. About 75% of residential
telephone customers are served today on non-loaded facilities less
than 18,000 feet from the CO."
[We agree. ADSL sure sounds like a good thing. We are finding out what
Bellcore and RBOC deployment plans are, if any. As previously noted, we
think video over ISDN is a valid medium. But faster is clearly better,
especially if it still runs over copper. -MK]
My point being lets not spend public money on things like ISDN,
when something better and more useful is coming.
[We're not advocating spending large amounts of additional public money on
ISDN. Telco plant modernization for digital switches etc. is going to
happen whether or not consumers get ubiquitous, affordable ISDN. We're
paying for it anyway. -MK]
From pub-infra-request Tue Dec 10 13:35:47 1991
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Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1991 18:35:47 -0500
Message-Id: <199112102335.AA05629@eff.org>
Subject: Initial Positive Response to the Open Platform Proposal
From: mkapor (Mitch Kapor)
Sender: ckd
The initial response to the Open Platform concept has been extremely
positive in many quarters.
1. Congress
In a letter to Mitchell Kapor from the Chairman of the Subcommittee with
primarily jurisdiction over telecommunications policy dated November 5,
1991, Representative Edward J. Markey complemented Mitchell Kapor on his
"insights on the development of a national public information
infrastructure" which "were appreciated greatly by myself and the Members
of the Subcommittee."
Chairman Markey, writing to Mitch Kapor as a representative of the computer
industry, called for other leaders in the industry to participate more
actively in the policy process. The letter states:
"In crafting the right policies [for the telephone network], the assistance
of you and your colleagues in the computer industry is critical if we are
to bring the benefits of advanced information technology to the American
public. As I said at the hearing, we need to pursue policies that
encourage the Bell companies to work with other sectors of the
communications industry to create a consumer-oriented, public information
network. Please let me or my staff know what policies you and others in the
computer industry believe would best serve the public interest in creating
a reasonably priced, widely available network in which competition is open
and innovation rewarded. I also want to learn what lessons from the
computer industry over the past ten to fifteen years should apply to the
current debate on structuring the information and communications networks
of the future....I ask your help in gaining input from the computer
industry so that the Subcommittee can shape policies that will bring this
spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship to the information services
industry.
Key members on the Senate Commerce Committee have also expressed serious
interest in the proposal and for it to be further developed in cooperation
with others in the computer industry. We have agreed to reach out to
leaders in the computer industry such as yourself to obtain your input and
seek your participation in this policy process.
2. Communications Industry
Since unveiling the proposal, Mitchell Kapor and Jerry Berman, EFF's
Washington Office Director, have met with top officials of many of the
communications and electronic publishing firms involved in the current
debate, including the American Newspaper Publishers Association, the
National Cable Television Association, Dun and Bradstreet, AT&T, and the
Electronic Publishers Association. All have expressed enthusiasm about the
Open Platform concept and have urged that we develop the proposal in more
detail. They want to know if it is both economically and technically
feasible to deploy a feature rich ISDN or whether innovation must await the
full and costly deployment of residential fiber optics.
3. Consumer Groups
On November 25, 1991 the Communications Policy Forum, a consumer forum
cosponsored by the Consumer Federation of American, the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, and the American Civil Liberties Union, met to discuss the
future of telecommunications policy in the wake of the court's decision to
permit the RBOCS to engage in information services. At this meeting, EFF
presented the Open Platform Proposal as a necessary part of any legislation
that seeks both to establish fair competition as well as innovative health,
education, and other information services. Consumer groups expressed
great interest in the idea and called on EFF to develop its concept further
and to use the Communications Policy Forum as a mechanism for developing a
more detailed open platform design for further consumer review in early
1992.
From mkapor Tue Dec 10 14:43:29 1991
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Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1991 19:43:29 -0500
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From: mkapor (Mitch Kapor)
Subject: Tutorial on Telephone network architecture
[Tim Gorman <71336.1270@compuserve.com> provides the following useful
tutorial on ISDN in the telephone network. -MK]
Probably the first comment that needs to be made about ISDN availability is
the capability of the network to provide the service. There are several
pieces of the network involved in providing the service and all must be
available or none of the rest are useful. Basically these consist of:
1. local subscriber outside plant facilities
a. copper pairs
b. Subscriber carrier (either copper or fiber based)
2. Central Office line card modules (and corresponding line cards)
3. Central office line concentrating modules (primarily software)
4. Central office interoffice trunk modules
5. Central office switch generics
Central office
---------------
First, some generic background on central office switch architecture is
needed. For the most part, the following descriptions apply to all
digital central offices regardless of vendor.
| | | | | | | |
|dist. |_____|line |_____|concentrating|_____|switch |__________
|frame | |cards| |module | |fabric | |
| | | | | | |interface| |
|______| |_____| |_____________| |_________| |
| |
| |
| | | |
Subscriber |trunk | |
Outside interoffice ________|interface |_________|
Plant facilities |module |
|__________|
| | (controls the interoperation of
|Central | the modules and some of the
|Processing| complex internal operations)
|Unit (CPU)|
|__________|
The line card module, concentrating module, and switch fabric module are
all
smart, highly sophisticated pieces of equipment. Although some call them
"multiplexing" equipment, in essence they are all dedicated purpose
computers. As such, they all have software (or firmware or whatever is
appropriate to the vendors architecture and jargon) which dictate their
operation. In many cases, this software is arranged as various packages or
"features" that are licensed (via a right-to-use fee) from the vendor.
These
software features include software for the various module operations as
well
as for the CPU "generic" software. ISDN functionality is usually included
as
one or more of these features (e.g. basic ISDN, D-channel packet, D-channel
backup could all be different feature packages).
There may be multiple physical variants of each module for use in providing
different serving arrangements in different switches. These may also many
times be distinguished by different pricing levels. At least one vendor has
available a standard, analog line card/line drawer/line frame module and a
different ISDN, 2B1Q compatible line card/line drawer/line frame module.
The
2B1Q ISDN line frame module is to be upgraded in 1992 to be physically and
software compatible with all standard analog line cards as well as the ISDN
2B1Q line cards.
Network
-----------
Making ISDN a viable service will require providing the right physical
equipment and software in the network. Individual physical pieces that
will need to be considered are:
a. line terminating equipment
b. interoffice trunking equipment (for 64kb clear channel signaling)
c. interoffice facilities (for 64kb clear channel signaling)
d. subscriber loop carrier equipment
It is probable that most existing line terminating equipment is not ISDN
capable. The primary reason in most cases will probably have to do with the
need for splitting off the D-channel signaling and routing it through the
switch to the necessary processing modules. Most existing line module
equipment just doesn't provide for this. This does, of course, depend on
the switch vendors equipment design.
Most trunk interface module equipment now in use is not 64kb clear channel
signaling capable. For at least two major switch vendors, making the
equipment capable will not require provisioning new equipment modules but
will require adding "common equipment" to the existing modules. The common
equipment consists of additional plug-in boards providing the necessary
functionality. The major problem with this upgrade is the complexity of
adding these plug-ins. If you have a trunk interface module that handles
twenty DS-1 lines and they are all in service only two approaches are
available. You can obtain "turn-down releases" on all of the circuits,
busy them out, perform appropriate maintenance activity on the interface
module, add the new circuit packs, download any needed software to the
trunk interface peripheral, and then reverse the previous steps to put the
circuits back in service. The alternative is to provide a "conversion"
trunk interface module (properly equipped of course), transition all DS-1
lines from the next module to be converted to the conversion module,
convert
the just vacated one, and then continue the process with the next module in
line and the one that was just converted. Both methods are VERY manpower
intensive and therefore expensive to perform. It is also not a quick
process
in terms of overall interval. Manpower must be allocated to this task when
other, higher priority service-impacting activities are not pending.
Providing full ISDN capability in the interoffice facility network is much
like providing it in the central office trunk interface modules.
Multiplexing
equipment, fiber terminating bays, line repeaters, etc. must be changed out
or upgraded. The major complicating factor here is the number of circuits
that can be involved and the resulting service impacts.
Subscriber Loop Carrier
--------------------------
Subscriber Loop Carrier (SLC) was developed to take advantage of DS1
signaling to save outside plant investment. By using two pairs to provide
a DS1 span with a capability of 24 circuits, a savings of 22 pairs could be
realized. Most Subscriber Loop Carrier (SLC) equipment being provided today
operates much in the same fashion as standard T-1 equipment. This means
each
individual module provides some kind of grouping of 24 56kb lines.
Different
vendors provide different line capacities such as AT&T's SLC-96 (tm?)
equipment. In order to provide full ISDN capability the equipment must
first
be upgraded to provide 64kb channel service instead of 56kb. Then the
appropiate plug-in cards must be installed to interface with the actual
pair
going toward the subscribers location. The major concern in this serving
arrangement will be the impact on equipment quantities. To serve 2B+D at a
160kb rate will probably require three channels (64kb * 3 = 192kb) on the
SLC module. A large penetration of ISDN could result in having to increase
equipment investment to a level of about three times what it is now. Some
investigation also is needed to determine if ISDN and standard analog lines
can co-exist on the same SLC module. If not, even a small penetration of
ISDN could result in a large requirement for additional equipment.
Generic SLC architecture looks as follows:
24
24
subscribers
| | Lines | | |SLC | DS1 | | __
|Line | |Dist | |Central | |SLC | o/ \o
|Interface|_______|Frame|_______|Office |_____//_______|Remote |____/\
|Module | | | |Terminal| // |Terminal| / \
|_________| |_____| |________| |________| ----
2 lines
(1-transmit)
(1-receive )
The arrangement shown here is what is generically termed "dedicated" mode.
Each subscriber has a channel to the switch available at all times. Most
vendors offer enough intelligence in their terminals (usually via
additional
plug-ins) to also provide concentration ratio's ranging from 48 subscribers
vying for 24 channels (2:1) to as high as 5:1. This would mean that of the
120 customers connected to the remote terminal, only 24 could have calls in
progress at once.
One primary reason for for SLC equipment not being exactly like standard T1
systems is the need to provide for additional signaling modes required in
the
loop plant. Interoffice trunk signaling generally uses what is termed
2-State
signaling. The far end can signal you as either off-hook or on-hook
(busy/idle, seizure/idle, etc.) Similarly, you can signal the far end an
off-hook or on-hook. Physically, this signaling can take many forms: loop
closed/loop open, battery reversal/normal battery, E lead ground/E lead
open,
etc. Basic station service typically uses 3-State signaling from the
Central
Office (CO) toward the station and 2-State from the station to the CO. The
CO
needs to signal battery applied to the line, battery not applied to the
line,
and alerting (usually ringing voltage). Special stations such as ground
start
lines or coin lines can use 3-State signaling or even higher (the CO needs
to signal a coin station for coin collect, coin return, dialing pad enable,
dialing pad disable, and ringing among others). This requires the SLC
equipment to encode the signaling information in the PCM bitstream
differently than standard T1.
As an enhancement to this service, some switch vendors make what is termed
"integrated" SLC modules for their switches. All this really does is take
the
central office terminal and integrate it directly into the switch
architecture. The DS1 lines from the remote terminal can then be terminated
directly on the central office switch. This architecture has never "caught
on" in this area because of the difficulty in maintaining load balance
objectives (i.e. you can't move a high usage line to a low usage line
interface module to keep switch usage in balance without moving at least
23 other customers).
Interoffice Facilities
----------------------
In general, interoffice facilities are arranged as follows:
| |________| | | |
|CO | DS1 |DS1 | |Light Fiber |
|Trunk |________|to | |Terminating Bay |
|Interface|________|DSx |________| or |______\ WORLD
|Module |________|Multiplexer| |Digital Radio Bay| /
|_________| |___________| |_________________|
LFTB - Light Fiber Terminating Bay
DRB - Digital Radio Bay
MUX - DS1-to-DSx Multiplex/Demultiplex Bay
DSX - Digital Signal X-conn (cross-connect) Bay
COTIM - Central Office Trunk Interface Module
DCS - Digital Crossconnect System
A more detailed breakdown of a CO would look as follows:
(fiber)
| |_____| | | |
| /| | | _| |________|LFTB|____\ WORLD
| |____|/ |_____|DACS| _| | _| | |____| /
|COTIM| | /| |____| _| | _|DS3|
| | | \|________________|MUX|____|DSX|________| |
| |____|DSX|________________| | _| | |LFTB|_____\ WORLD
|_____| |___| |___| _|___| |____| /
Instead of the fiber shown in this drawing, digital radio or cable based
T1,
T1C, and T2 may be used in the interoffice plant.
Each piece of equipment in this arrangement must be capable of 64kb clear
channel signaling or it cannot be made available on an end-to-end basis.
For
service protection, the trunk paths between two end points are usually
spread over as wide a range of equipment as possible. Thus, providing 64kb
clear
channel capability for certain interoffice connections may involve updating
a significant amount of equipment in the central office.
From mkapor Wed Dec 11 12:17:32 1991
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Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1991 17:17:32 -0500
Message-Id: <199112112217.AA05476@eff.org>
From: Russ Nelson <nelson@cheetah.ece.clarkson.edu> (by way of mkapor@eff.org
(Mitch Kapor))
Subject: Tutorial on Telephone network architecture
> [Tim Gorman <71336.1270@compuserve.com> provides the following useful
> tutorial on ISDN in the telephone network. -MK]
Tim left off the subscriber end, perhaps because this is more common
knowledge. But I'll fill it in anyway...
Everyone knows that ISDN carries synchronous 2B+D, and that each B is
64Kbps packet or circuit switched, and the D is 16Kbps packet
switched. Synchronous means that the data is constantly flowing at
the specified rate. Most modems in use today use asynchronous
transmission, which means that each chunk of information has a
starting indication and an ending indication.
Packet switched means that the stream of bits is formatted
into packets, and each packet is transported as a unit. Circuit
switched means that the stream of bits goes from one end to another
without being interpreted by the switching equipment.
There are two different flavors of 2B+D: U and T. ANSI has defined
two different interfaces in the customer's premises, T (or S/T) and U.
The U interface connects directly to the switch over a 0 to 18,000 foot
loop, and uses one pair. The T interface connects to the U interface
through a signal converter called an NT1. It uses two pair (transmit and
receive) and runs at most 1,000 feet.
The U interface is electrically more sophisticated. The transmission
rate is 80Kbaud and each pair of bits is encoded into four different
voltage levels. This makes the data rate 160Kbps, plus it transmits
and receives in both directions at the same time. It does this by
knowing what it's sending, and subtracting that from what it's
receiving. Then it digitally filters the result. This is necessary
because the local loop to your premises may contain multiple changes
in impedance. That happens when your wire gauge changes, or you have
a tee connection. These impedance changes muddy the digital signal.
There can be only one device on the U interface, most probably an NT1.
The T interface, on the other hand, can be shared between multiple
devices. This is done because you can hang a telephone, a modem, and
a FAX machine off the same phone line. When a FAX machine calls you,
your FAX machine answers. When a modem calls you, your modem answers,
etc.
There are three concerns with ISDN:
o Powering
o Wiring
o Extensions
Powering
The current telephone network (POTS -- Plain Old Telephone Service
[seriously]) is powered by the central office. Ever notice that your
phone has a "REN"? That stands for Ringer Equivalence Number. It's
given in units of the standard telephone bell. Your central office
can ring about five of these bells. If the total of all your RENs is
over five, then your phone may not ring.
ISDN, on the other hand, uses no power from the central office. That seems
like an advantage, but what happens when you lose local power. The central
office still runs because it has its own batteries. But you can't make
calls unless you have your ISDN sets on a UPS.
Wiring
POTS phones can and have been wired willy-nilly, in a star configuration,
or bus. Because only two wires are necessary, sometimes only two wires
work.
ISDN, on the other hand, requires a single stretch of wire with terminators
on both ends, and it requires four wires.
Extensions
POTS sets can join into an existing phone call simply by going off hook.
Only one ISDN set can communicate on a B channel at a time. That means
that only the originating or receiving set can communicate. All the
other sets cannot transmit or receive.
--russ <nelson@clutx.clarkson.edu> I'm proud to be a humble Quaker.
Peace is not the absence of war. Peace is the presence of a system for
resolving conflicts before war becomes necessary. War never creates peace.
From mkapor Thu Dec 12 14:46:57 1991
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Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1991 19:46:57 -0500
Message-Id: <199112130046.AA14379@eff.org>
From: peterm@halcyon.com (Peter Marshall) (by way of mkapor@eff.org (Mitch Kapor))
Subject: Article on "The Argument Against ISDN"
...Let's set the mirrors aside and see what we really have with ISDN:
ISDN provides 64 kilobit digital, full-duplex data. It does so to any
other ISDN line when using a carrier that is fully digital, compatible
and offers the service.
ISDN provides point-to-point connections, similar to a telephone.
Connections can be established in a few seconds.
ISDN provides several enhanced features, such as calling line
identification and data privacy....
Telephone companies invariably fear new technology.... New technology
upsets rate structures. And new technology upsets *the natural order of
things.*
ISDN is a new technology.... ISDN represents competition to local
dialtone loops.... There are many questions. The traditional telco
response is simple: Charge a high enough price that these concerns
simply go away because of the profits generated....
implementation of ISDN has involved changing out central office lines.
Designing $1000 boxes for the customer end. It has meant converting the
*entire* public nationwide network to an all-digital one. In short, ISDN
was designed to take more than a decade to implement....
ISDN has some serious "reality checks" to go through to succeed. And
unless it can pass that reality check, it will be increasingly a fantasy.
Back when it was just a dream, it might have made sense to charge twice
as much for an ISDN call....
But today, modems are equally fast, and thus ISDN *cannot* cost more per
minute if it is to succeed in the mainstream marketplace.
Because not everybody has ISDN lines to every desktop, ISDN has less
effective connectivity than a modem. And this, too, reduces the value of
ISDN.
Because telephone companies are in no position to prevent independent
competitive technology from being introduced, they will have to compete.
The cost of installing an ISDN line must be low.... The cost of ISDN
terminal equipment must be lowered....
What can be done to preserve the potential benefits of ISDN's ubiquitous
digital service...?
ISDN is better suited for some types of data than modems will be for
perhaps another five years.... ISDN achieves its 64,000 bits per second
speed *without* compression. This could be a tellingly significant
point.... ISDN can combine a voice line with a data line for
simultaneous use. This can eliminate the need for a second line....
ISDN, being a network service, may combine to offer X.25-like capability.
This means that a single ISDN termination could maintain many
simultaneous "virtual" connections through a packet-switched network....
To widely succeed, ISDN needs an aggressive posture. Terminal equipment
costs must be affordable(or lower), per minute rate charges must be
comparable(or lower), and efforts need to be made to achieve
compatability with existing software.
Otherwise, ISDN will merely service your Group IV FAX machine and your
desktop video system. Maybe this is enough for your telephone company.
But is it really enough for you?...
--
The 23:00 News and Mail Service - +1 206 292 9048 - Seattle, WA USA
PEP, V.32, V.42bis
+++ A Waffle Iron, Model 1.64 +++
From mkapor Fri Dec 13 10:17:35 1991
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Date: Fri, 13 Dec 1991 15:17:35 -0500
Message-Id: <199112132017.AA15051@eff.org>
From: <frankston!Bob_Frankston@world.std.com> (by way of mkapor@eff.org (Mitch
Kapor))
Subject: Re: What is ISDN Good For?
It seems that the main attribute of interest in ISDN is the (relatively)
high
bandwidth. Actually, this it is modest compared with other media (such as
cable TV and newspapers), but still better than standard phone lines.
But there are other aspects that I'm more concerned about including:
* Ideally, ISDN should provide peer protocols between my premises equipment
and the central offices in terms of controlling connections and accessing
network resources. I should also be able to provide services. A simple
example is call forwarding -- I should be able to implement this locally.
One advantage of a local implementation is the ability to add policies.
These protocols should support queries about pricing and other service
aspects.
* For data transmission I need to be able to connect to multiple services
using either a datagram capability or multiple virtual circuits. This
should
be a standard offering so that I can build software that takes advantage of
it.
* Addressing (phone number) issues should be cleaned up over the current
system so that I have a uniform way of addressing resources on the network.
I.e., no dial "9" for an outside line. But this should be extended to
subaddressing as in specifying an extension number, a person or service.
This is similar to DID but universal without the high costs of a DID trunk.
This is extending the view of what ISDN is. For example, I should be able
to
use standard ISDN protocols to pass the additional data bits to a pager.
(Of
course, the character set should be Unicode and not just digits).
* Of course, pricing should be such that casual connection to network
services for many hours should be comparable to the price for an unmeasured
service line. The current message unit pricing assumes that the use of the
phone is an unusual event. If it is our connection to the communications
infrastructure then the default is to be connected and use of a modest size
information pipe should be negligible Perhaps a better price comparison
would be to the newspaper. Getting the newspaper delivered via ISDN should
not cost more than getting some ink laden woodpulp hand carried to my
house.
In reading the notes about the physical wiring for ISDN, I'm concerned
about
ISDN being an MIS manager dream and an end user's Procrustean bed.
From mkapor Wed Dec 18 06:32:35 1991
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Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1991 11:32:35 -0500
Message-Id: <199112181632.AA07888@eff.org>
From: Mitchell Kapor <mkapor>
Subject: if you haven't seen this....
------- Forwarded Message
MessageName: (Message 103)
From: dae@world.std.com (Dwight A Ernest)
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 91 08:53:44 -0500
To: isdn@list.prime.com
Subject: ISDN in Japan and USA: Contrasts
I pass without comment a posting from Usenet's comp.dcom.telecom newsgroup
by Jim Haynes:
> From: haynes@cats.UCSC.EDU (Jim Haynes)
> Newsgroups: comp.dcom.telecom
> Subject: ISDN in Japan and USA
> Message-ID: <telecom11.1018.4@eecs.nwu.edu>
> Date: 12 Dec 91 00:40:47 GMT
> Organization: University of California, Santa Cruz
> X-Telecom-Digest: Volume 11, Issue 1018, Message 4 of 12
>
> At the Sun User Group conference this week a lunch speaker was David
> S. H. Rosenthal of SunSoft. He remarked that in Japan one can just
> call the telephone company and ask to have your home service converted
> to ISDN and it will be done the next day, no charge for the conversion
> and no extra charge for ISDN service. He contrasted with the U.S.
> where if you can get it at all ISDN is available only at high cost.
>
> He also noted that ISDN pay phones are becoming common in Japan; they
> have an RJ-45 jack on the side.
>
>
> haynes@cats.ucsc.edu haynes@cats.bitnet
------- End of Forwarded Message
From mkapor Wed Dec 18 10:36:54 1991
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Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1991 15:36:54 -0500
Message-Id: <199112182036.AA15160@eff.org>
From: fujisawa@sm.sony.co.jp (Kenji Fujisawa) (by way of Mitchell Kapor
<fujisawa@sm.sony.co.jp>)
Subject: Re: ISDN in Japan and USA
In article <telecom11.1018.4@eecs.nwu.edu>, haynes@cats.UCSC.EDU
(Jim Haynes) says:
> He remarked that in Japan one can just call the telephone company
> and ask to have your home service converted to ISDN and it will be
> done the next day, no charge for the conversion and no extra charge
> for ISDN service.
It's overstated. The time for instllation varies between one week to
six months depending on the area, the availability of the digital
exchanges. And you have to pay an instllation fee of about $100 -
$150. Futermore, the monthly charge becomes twice of the analog
telephone: ie, about $35.
Kenji Fujisawa fujisawa@sm.sony.co.jp
[we are working on getting the mail headers to be more precise. - MK]
From mkapor Thu Dec 19 06:25:32 1991
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Date: Thu, 19 Dec 1991 11:25:32 -0500
Message-Id: <199112191625.AA18409@eff.org>
From: uunet!decwrl!apple!well!hlr@world.std.com (Howard Rheingold) (by way of
Mitchell Kapor <uunet!decwrl!apple!well!hlr@world.std.com>)
Subject: Re: ISDN in Japan and USA
Precedence: bulk
To: pub-infra (pub-infra mailing list)
For Kenji Fujisawa (fujisawa@sm.sony.co.jp) via Mitchell Kapor:
What do people get for their ISDN connection in Japan? What services
are offered? What kind of people use them?
From mkapor Sat Dec 21 05:45:58 1991
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Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1991 10:45:58 -0500
Message-Id: <199112211545.AA04117@eff.org>
From: peterm@halcyon.com (Peter Marshall)
Subject: Re: U.S. SAID TO PLAY FAVORITES IN PROMOTING NATIONWIDE COMPUTER NETW
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Subject: U.S. SAID TO PLAY FAVORITES IN PROMOTING NATIONWIDE COMPUTER
NETWORK
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 91 21:52:57 PST
From: the terminal of Geoff Goodfellow <geoff@fernwood.mpk.ca.us>
U.S. SAID TO PLAY FAVORITES IN PROMOTING NATIONWIDE COMPUTER NETWORK
By John Markoff
c.1991 N.Y. Times News Service
Just one week after President Bush signed legislation calling for the
creation of a nationwide computer data "superhighway," a debate has erupted
over whether the government gave an unfair advantage to a joint venture of
IBM and MCI that built and manages a key part of the network.
The IBM-MCI venture, known as Advanced Network and Services, manages a
network called NSFnet, which connects hundreds of research centers and
universities. NSFnet also manages links to dozens of other countries. All
these networks are collectively known as Internet.
Some private competitors say Advanced Network and Services uses its
favored position to squeeze them out of the data-transmission market by
establishing rules that make it difficult to connect to NSFnet.
NSFnet was founded by the National Science Foundation, a federal agency,
and is composed of leased telephone lines that link special computers
called routers, which transmit packages of data to three million users in
33 countries. Data traffic over the NSFnet backbone has doubled in the last
year.
The government wants to develop a national data highway for electronic
commerce, digital video transmissions to homes and vast electronic
libraries that could be drawn on by the nation's schools.
Advanced Network and Services, based in Elmsford, N.Y., was set up last
year as a non-profit corporation with $10 million from International
Business Machines Corp. and MCI Communications Corp. Earlier this year it
set up a for-profit subsidiary, called ANS CO+RE, to sell computer network
services. That led some competitors to complain that Advanced Network and
Services would be able to compete unfairly because of its arrangement with
the government.
People involved in planning for a national data network say it is
essential to provide for fair competition, which will lead rival companies
to offer creative and entrepreneurial services in the hope of building
market share. Without competiton, they say, the government will have
created a monopoly that has little incentive to innovate.
"This is the first major communication business to be born under the
deregulation era," said David Farber, a computer scientist at the
University of Pennsylvania and a pioneer in data networking. "This hasn't
happened since the growth of the telephone industry. You want it to be a
business that doesn't repeat the errors of the past."
In recent years, the National Science Foundation has tried to shift its
operations and ownership of NSFnet to Advanced Network and Services. And it
will try to establish competition through contracts for networks to compete
with NSFnet next year.
But there is no level playing field, complained William L. Schrader,
president of Performance Systems International Inc., a Reston, Va., company
that provides commercial data connections to Internet.
He made public two letters between officials of Advanced Network and
Services and the National Science Foundation that he said gave the company
unfair control over access to the network. The result, he added, was that
the government turned over valuable public property to a private company.
"It's like taking a federal park and giving it to Kmart," Schrader said.
"It's not right, and it isn't going to stand. As a taxpayer, I think it's
disgusting."
Performance Systems and several other companies have set up an
alternative to NSFnet, known as a CIX.
Schrader said his company and the venture of IBM and MCI were competing
for the same customers but unlike his rival he lacked a federal subsidy. He
said he might ask the Internal Revenue Service to look at the business
relationship between Advanced Network's non-profit and for-profit
operations.
Allan Weis, the president of Advanced Network, disputed that his company
had an unfair advantage. "It's a very competitive environment right now,"
he said. "We have lost quite a few bids to PSI and to other competitors as
well."
At the National Science Foundation, Stephen Wolff, director of its
networking division, said IBM and MCI had overbuilt the network and were
selling commercial service based on the excess capacity that was available.
A number of organizations are working informally to settle the dispute.
"I think it's a mess," said Mitchell D. Kapor, the founder of Lotus
Development Corp. and now head of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a
public-interest group focusing on public policy issues surrounding data
networks. "Nobody should have an unfair advantage. This is important
because we're talking about something that is in its infancy but that one
day could be on the order of the personal computer industry."
-------

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This file was downloaded from ALIENS BBS ISRAEL, the BEST BBS in ISRAEL!
Call now! 052-506539 24H 250Mb on-line!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES ON THE USE OF 1.4 MB DRIVES IN AT-COMPATIBLES:
I wasn't long after 1.4 Mb drives became available on the
aftermarket that users discovered there are significant problems
is applying then to AT's. Many of Second Nature's users have
asked for help or advice, as SecNat has a feature to help in 3.5"
disk installation on older AT's with no BIOS 3.5" support. All
sorts of strange stories are filtering back from the people who
sell such drives, some of it contradictory, so I felt it was time
to get all the facts in one place.
The use of 720k 3.5" drives is non-controversial, and the drive
manufacturers' instructions are generally adequate. 1.4 Mb
drives, however, _will_not_ and _cannot_ work "out of the box",
due to a _basic_hardware_incompatibility_:
a) The Western Digital AT-type controllers (1002 & 1003 WA2)
_hard-wire_ the state of the /Reduced Write Current output on Pin
2 to the _data_rate_in_use_: Low for 300 kHz, High for
_all_others_. 1.4 Mb drives use the 500 kHz data rate for 1.4 Mb
disks, and the 250 kHz data rate for 720k media. THUS /RWC IS
ALWAYS HIGH!
b) The 1.4 Mb drive requires that /RWC be LOW for 720k media, and
HIGH for 1.4 Mb media. Think of it being much like tape bias on
a cassette deck -- if it's not matched properly to the media,
full fidelity recording is _impossible_.
Note that both of the above factors are _built_into_ the
hardware, and CANNOT be changed by the BIOS, or software drivers!
Thus 1.4 Mb drives, when simply plunked in an hooked up, CANNOT
properly record on 720k media, and will normally TRASH as disk,
if a write is attempted! Two solutions are known to work:
1) A switch on the drive allowing /RWC for the 1.4 Mb drive to
be independent of input Pin 2's state. This may be done by
installing a small toggle switch in the extra front panel space
of the 3.5" to 5" adapter used for AT-mounted 1.4 Mb drives. The
connection to pin 2 of the cable should be broken (on the drive
side of the connector), and the switch wired so that in the
"720k" position the circuitry previously connected to Pin 2 is
closed to Logic Ground. The switch is then open in the other
"1.4 Mb" position, and produces Low and High levels to /RWC,
respectively. If 1.4 Mb BIOS support is available (if it's an
option in your SETUP program), operation will be exactly like a
PS/2 1.4 Mb drive, EXCEPT you must set the switch appropriately
to the MEDIA IN USE. If you do not have BIOS support, you may
use DRIVER.SYS to define the drive, with an entry like:
PCDOS 3.3: DEVICE=DRIVER.SYS /D:1 /F:7 /S:18 /C
AST MS-DOS 3.2: DEVICE=DRIVER.SYS /D:1 /F:4 /S:18 /C
^
(See your DOS Manual for the
correct /F: number for 1.4 Mb)
Command syntax for formatting will be as described in your DOS
Manual. REMEMBER TO USE THE DRIVE LETTER ASSIGNED BY DRIVER.SYS
WHEN FORMATTING, if you do not have BIOS support!
2) The drive can be internally modified to control the state of
/RWC from the sensor for the extra hole in the body of a 1.4 Mb
diskette. Surprisingly I know of no commercial drive that does
this, but I verified it's practicality by today actually
modifying an Astro brand Internal Drive Kit, supplied as type 1),
above. Regrettably, modifying the Mitsubishi drive in the Astro
required milling of the casting, and modification of numerous
internal parts, but with some 4 hours work it was done, and does
indeed perform automatically as desired. I suspect that the
absence of Media Type Sensors in most 1.4 Mb drives is due to the
proximity of the required sensor location to the Eject Button
mechanism, usually carried over from the manufacturers' earlier
720k drive. With this type of media-sensing drive operation is
exactly as in a PS/2, in that the only operator decision to be
made is matching the Formatting commands to the actual type of
media in use. There is an added advantage in that you can't
"wipe out" the media, by writing to, or formatting, a 720k
diskette with /RWC High -- a mistake that usually requires a
powerful bulk eraser to repair, and causes the loss of any data
already on the disk. Anyone wishing to supply a drive of this
type may contact me for full particulars of the Media Sensor to
/RWC interconnection.
I'll note in closing that the Astro unit (advertised in
InfoWorld) is supplied with software said to work with any DOS
2.0 and above, at $295, however if you have BIOS support you may
use PCDOS 3.3 (or AST MS-DOS 3.2), instead of the supplied
software. They will not unbundle the drive/software package.
Clyde Washburn
70305,1211

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> Adaptec, Incorporated ACB-2310,12 <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>͹
<20> J6 J9 J10 J3 J4 J5 J1(2312) <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ <20>
<20> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> :::::1 1: 1: 1: 1: <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20> <20> :: :: :: :: <20><> <20>
<20> <20> 123 :: :: :: :: <20><> <20>
<20> <20> ::: :: :: <20><> <20>
<20> <20> 456 :: :: <20><> <20>
<20> <20> <20><> <20>
<20> <20> <20><> <20>
<20> <20> <20><> <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ ڿ <20><><EFBFBD>ٺ <20>
<20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20>
<20> INTERFACE: ISA(AT)->ST412(MFM) <20>
<20> CONTROLS: 2 Floppy Drives (2312 only) (360KB, 720KB, 1.2MB, 144MB) <20>
<20> 2 Hard Drives <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J9: Option Jumpers: 1: Disable I/O Waite State <20> <20>
<20> 2: Track-1 ReCal., Step=35us. <20>Default <20>
<20> 3: (Not Used) <20>Setting is <20>
<20> 4: Serial Monitor Mode <20>NO JUMPERS <20>
<20> 5: Diagnostics Enable <20>installed. <20>
<20> 6: (Reserved) <20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J10: I/O Addresses: Hard Drive: *Primary Address (1F0H): OFF <20>
<20> Secondary Address (170H): 4-5 <20>
<20> <20>
<20> Floppy Drive: *Primary Address (3F0H): OFF <20>
<20> Secondary Address (370H): 1-2 <20>
<20> <20>
<20> J1: Floppy Drive (2312 only) (* Default setting) <20>
<20> J5: HD Control <20>
<20> J4: HD0 Data <20>
<20> J3: HD1 Data <20>
<20> J6: HD LED <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ŀ ADDITIONAL INFO <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>Ķ
<20> <20>
<20> According to the Manufacturer, the ACB-2310/12 is 100% software and <20>
<20> hardware compatible with the WD1003-WA2, but you are advised to do <20>
<20> a Low Level Format to take advantage of the improved 1:1 Interleave <20>
<20> that this controller offers. Note that there is no on-board BIOS, <20>
<20> so no DOS Debug LLF option is available. Third party Formatting <20>
<20> software is required, ie; Disk Manager(tm) or SpeedStor(tm). <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ

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*************************************************************************
How to upgrade your 24oo modem into a 96oo baud. (US Robotics compatible
of course)
Written By
Death Bringer (CPT/Info-Net/IRA)
06/7/91
Be sure to turn off your modem before you begin.
First of all, you need to go to your nearby electronics store, don't try
to go to Radio Shack, their parts have their own model numbers and you'll
have a hell of a time getting the parts you need. This upgrading of your
modem will not work on old hayes modems, but they will work on any clone
maker of modems (everex, practical peripherals, anchor, ati, intel, etc.)
It will only work with modems with the Intel Chipset.
This technique widens the band width by using a different chip that is
similiar to the chip already in your modem.
Parts Needed:
16550 UART
L4313545 IC
SC11020CN IC
L8730183 IC
First of all, check to see if your biggest chips are soldered or socketed.
if they are soldered, you'll have to de-solder the chips before you begin.
After you get that done, replace the 8250 UART with the 16550 UART. (16550
UARTs are required for 9600+ speeds). The other 1 or 2 chip(s) need(s)
to replaced with INTEL L4313545 instead of the chip that is already there.
If your modem has another socket or more, than you are in luck, you can
purchase a chip from US Robotics, and make your modem faster than 9600.
If you don't have the socket, than you can only go 9600. I'll get the
chip number to you in the next edition and explain how and where to
install it. I am working on a way for the people (like me) that do not have
the extra socket in their modem to speed up the rates. I am working on a way
to piggy back the chip. I'll get back to you. There should be a 22 pin
chip on your modem also with a model number of SC11005CN or some where close
to it. Replace it with the SC11020CN. Also, replace the L8630173 with the
L8730183 chip. If you have any suggestions or questions, you can locate me
through Compuserve USER ID 74702,97524
*****OPTIONAL, LAP-M Error correction*****
Adding error correction is rather simple. For this these parts are
necessary:
Potentiometer. This is a 5k audio taper variable resistor.
Capacitor. Any non-polarized 1.0 to 1.5 uf cap should do.
100 ohm resistor - quarter or half watt.
Wire
Solder, soldering iron, etc.
Solder one end of the capacitor to PIN 1 of the phone line input jack
|-------------------|
| \ line in ::
| \ phone in ::
|-----------||||||||| pin 1^
If your modem is external, the diagram looks like this.
|------------------|
| /|
| ||RS-232 port
| \| ::
| |-|line in ::
| |-| pin 1^
| |-|phone in
| |-|
|------------------|
This should be on the back of the modem.
Pin one should the farthest on the bottom left.
Solder the other end of the capacitor to the center lug of the potentiometer
(there are three lugs on this critter). Solder one end of the resistor to the
PIN 4 of the line input jack. Solder the other end of the resistor
to either one of the remaining outside lugs of the potentiometer. Doesn't
matter which one.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDITION TO ORIGNAL FILE - 6/15/91
Bill McCauley & Dark Spyre/Dr. Brains/Ryan Schwartz/Lamer/Loser
First, a personal recomendation. _THIS WORKS!!!_ I have been plagued with
2400 baud for some time. I hate waiting for the transfer to finish so that
i can use the phone. Threw the gismo together in about 10 or 15 minutes,
took another five to adjust the pot for best results on my worst
conection, and guess what? No more slow connections!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Have Fun!
I am working on cheap ways to install V.32/V.42bis on your modified modem
*************************Updated, 6/16/91********************************
Installing V.42bis:
1) You will need to purchase a 27C512 ROM chip.
2) You will need to purchase a Sony CXK58257P-12L (or equivalent) Ram chip.
3) Install the Rom in the Supervisor (SUP) socket.
4) Install the Ram in the Ram socket.
5) Make up two 3 pin jumpers for P9 and P10 with pins 1 and 2 jumpered
on one and pins 2 and 3 jumpered on the other. Connect the vacant pin 1
on the one to the vacant pin 3 on the other with a jumper wire.
6) Remove the jumpers on P9 and P10.
7) Install the jumper with pins 1 and 2 connected together on P9.
8) Connect the jumper with pins 2 and 3 connected together on P10.
DeathBringer '91

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Regarding the file "24to96.zip", which "explains" how to increase the speed
of a 2400 baud modem to 9600:
THIS FILE IS EITHER A HOAX OR ABSOLUTELY THE WORST TECHNICAL DOCUMENT EVER
WRITTEN. DON'T TRY IT!!!!!!
In my opinion, it originated as a hoax, but since I know of two cases where
it has resulted in the destruction of perfectly good 2400 bps modems, I
thought I would write up this "rebuttal", and encourage all to ignore the
24to96 file, as well as remove it from the BBS's it has shown up on.
The problem with this type of "joke" is, unless the reader is fairly
technical and knows something about chips and especially about modems, it
almost sounds as though it would work! That has been true in the two cases
I know of. The instructions sounded plausible to a couple of newcomers to
electronics, and caused them to open up their modems, and when they found a
slight match between their modems construction and the 24to96 instructions,
they jumped in and hacked away. The fact that these files were retrieved
from BBS's with solid reputations for policing the quality and authenticity
of the files gave the experimenter's confidence they would not have felt had
they retrieved the data from the National Enquirer! In addition, overly
enthusiastic uploaders have added testimonials to the explanation of the file
(maybe to enhance the joke?) such as "I've tried this and it really works!".
If they have, they should contact me, and we will start up another company to
build 9600 modems this new and revolutionary way which will surely blow all
competitors away, since the chips listed are 1/6th the cost of the next
cheapest 9600 bps chip set.
Lest you wonder why I think I know so much about this, my credentials:
degree: BS Electronics Engineering/Mathematics, AAA ranked University
20+ years engineering experience
7 years modem design experience
have designed 40+ modems using the chips in the 24to96 file
founder of three modem companies now in business
[haven't bragged that much in 20 years!]
Specific problems in "24to96" (other than horrible english and grammar):
(1) The INTEL part numbers called out are not INTEL part numbers. They are
probably manufacturer's part numbers for a particular Hayes clone modem, but,
they could just as easily be spare tires for a volvo motorcycle!
(2) The SC11005 chip called out in the instructions is also not an INTEL
number; it is a SIERRA number. Specifically, it is a SIERRA V.22 bis modem
filter (don't recall all the exact specs).
(3) They instruct you to remove the SIERRA SC11005 chip and replace it with
an SC11020. In the first place, the SC11020 is essentially a custom
microprocessor (not a filter of any sort), in the second place, the SC11020
has about twice as many pins as the SC11005! Not to mention it uses
different power supply connections and voltages and may possible blow up if
you could get it rigged in just right. An experienced technician would
notice that right off, but again, some have just enough experience to feel
they can do this, but do not realize what is going on until they have already
hacked the SC11005 (or some other part) out of the modem (if they even FOUND
one in the first place!).
(4) To the best of my knowledge, there is no way to upgrade a V.22bis modem
to any kind of 9600 bps modem no matter what you do. It is not a matter of
"bandwidth".
(5) I tried unsuccessfully for 4 years to buy chips from US Robotics. Why
would they sell cheap upgrades instead of expensive HST modems?
(6) "Optional Lap-M error correction".
This is the only part of the instructions that won't hurt your modem,
though it is definitely NOT V.42 anything. You may recognize this as the
"noise filter" circuit explained in a number of BBS files over the past
couple of years.
Since Lap-M error correction is a SOFTWARE function, it goes without
saying that you cannot add Lap-M error correction to a modem simply by adding
a series RC network between tip and ring on the phone jack!
To add Lap-M error correction requires the addition of software requiring
thousands of man hours to write and debug, and a microprocessor capable of
executing the software in real time. At 9600 bps this is no small
requirement!
(7) A 9600 bps modem requires support circuitry at least 10 times better
(higher quality, lower distortion, better echo-canceling, etc.) than 2400 bps
modems. Dropping a 9600 bps modem chip set into a 2400 design would barely
function and would probably fail miserably in actual use, provided of course
such a thing were even possible.
**************************************************
Now, if you had already figured out this file was a joke, Congratulations!
You are officially designated a technical sophisticrat! But, remember, most
modem users are not technical and will not be able to see through this as
easily as you did. If two people who knew me and could call for help have
ruined modems over this irresponsible document, how many others did also, and
could not call for help? (BTW, another guy mentioned to me he was going to
try it and I talked him out of it--that makes three I know of). This is a
reckless joke, and I consider it a "HARDWARE VIRUS" document; those who
originate and promote such things are no better than those who write and
spread viruses.
If you had not seen through this document, I am glad you took the time to
download and read this. Please, NO MATTER HOW MUCH SENSE THIS ALL MAKES TO
YOU, DO NOT TRY TO DISASSEMBLE AND UPGRADE YOUR MODEM USING THESE
INSTRUCTIONS! In fact, even if you managed to add V.42bis to your modem
somehow, unless you purchase a license from IBM, UniSys and British Telecom
to use it, IT WOULD BE PIRATED SOFTWARE AND YOU WOULD BE A SOFTWARE PIRATE.
V.42/bis is owned and licensed by IBM, UniSys and British Telecom; their
license fees are substantial and are included in the cost of a V.42/bis
capable modem.
If you still want to try it, at least find a friend or solicit the help of a
student or ??? They won't be able to do the upgrade either, but maybe THEY
can convince you this is baloney!
I don't usually "go public" this directly. When I first read this file I
thought it was intended to be serious. When I read it again I knew it was
obviously a joke. When people started taking it seriously and suffering from
it I became angry. I ought to actually publish instructions for upgrading
from 2400 bps to 9600 bps. I think it would parallel the recipe I once
learned for cooking common lake Carp (a "trash" fish in the U.S.):
Clean the Carp
Lay it out flat on a redwood shingle
Generously season with salt, pepper and dill
Place in a 400 degree oven and cook for 3 hours
To eat, throw away the carp and eat the shingle!
The modem instructions would be:
Remove all interior components from your 2400 bps modem
Retain the case, power switch and lights
Put the 9600 bps sub-section you purchased into the case
Screw it down and connect up the switch and the lights
Throw out the 2400 bps modem
Well, that's about it. I've done my bit for the modem world, saved it from
a terrible fate, right?
Well, maybe not...............
Larry Holmes


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A 2.5 Meg Socketed Ram Upgrade for the 1040ST
A Shareware File by Barry Orlando Dated: Dec. 28, 1988
Introduction
This shareware text file provides a procedure which details a 2.5
megabyte on board RAM upgrade project. The method described replaces 16
256K dynamic RAM chips with 16 one megabit dynamic RAM chips installed
in chip sockets. Reinstallation of the ST's metal shield cover is also
not impaired.
The beauty of this modification is that pin compatibility is simplified
by the use of sockets instead of directly soldering the 1 meg RAM chips
(DRAMs) to the motherboard and by the fact that the removed bank of
sixteen perfectly reusable 256K DRAMs can be resold by you to persons
upgrading 520STfm computers to 1 megabyte.
If you use this upgrade method, I recommend that you also use the same
high quality low contact resistance sockets that I used and have listed
below, than to use any other standard sockets. These are the type and
quality which are used on expansion boards made for the IBM clones.
I originally wrote this procedure to aid me in upgrading my own
1040ST's memory to 2.5 megabytes because I didn't trust myself not
making mistakes and possibly damaging any of the electronic components,
especially the new DRAMs which I didn't consider cheap. I might note
that my 1040ST's pc-board was marked Rev 4, but I don't believe that
any other recent board revisions (if they exist) for boards with 32
256K DRAMs installed should affect this procedure.
Disclaimer of Liability
I make no claim that this modification will work for you. I can
only say that it worked for me. This modification should not be
attempted by anyone except by someone with experience repairing or
building digital electronic circuits. Performing this modification will
be done at your own risk and may void the warranty on your computer.
1
Background
The 256K dynamic ram chip differs from the 1 meg dynamic ram chip by
having one additional connection, namely the address input A9. The
following chip diagram illustrates this and shows pin layouts:
256K 1meg
------\__/------ ------\__/-----
A8|1. 16|VSS Din|1. **18|VSS
Din|2 *15|CAS WE|2 17|Dout
WE|3 14|Dout RAS|3 *16|CAS
RAS|4 *13|A6 NC|4 15|A9
A0|5* *12|A3 A0|5 *14|A8
A2|6* *11|A4 A1|6* *13|A7
A1|7* *10|A5 A2|7* *12|A6
VDD|8* * 9|A7 A3|8* *11|A5
---------------- VCC|9* *10|A4
---------------
Truth Table for above chips:
____________________________
A0-A9 Address Inputs
CAS Column Address
Din Data In
Dout Data Out
RAS Row-Address Strobe
VDD Power (+5V)
VSS Ground
WE Read/Write Input
NC Not Connected
* pc-board pin compatible
** pc-board pin compatible on most chips
The 2.5 megabyte modification essentially reconnects all pins as
previously connected on the lower of two banks of RAM chips plus adds a
new line from the previously unused A9 pin on the ST's MMU (pin 64 of
U15) to all new 1 meg chip pins A9 via a new 33 ohm resistor. Some of
the Address leads are interchanged, but this has no effect on the
operation of the computer.
Major Tools
1. Desoldering iron (I recommend the spring loaded type that
incorporates the head source.)
2
2. 15W grounded soldering iron (Radio Shack 64-2051 or similar)
3. Wire wrap clip and stripping tool
4. Exacto knife
5. 3-5 power magnifying glass or jewelers eyepiece
Parts Required
1. One 33 ohm resistor, 1/4 watt, 5%.
2. 5 feet length of 30 gauge wire, Kynar wire wrap solid
conductor (Radio Shack 278-502).
3. 16 double contact low profile dual-in-line I.C. sockets (D.C.
Electronics catalog no. T02-18, cost: $0.12 each)
4. Pack of 10 "Socket Wrap ID" (D.C. Electronics catalog no.
16-ID, cost: $2.05) You can get in touch with D.C. Electronics at
the following location:
D.C. Electronics
P.O. Box 3203
Scottsdale, AZ 85257
(800) 423-0070
5. 16 one megabit dynamic RAM chips, 120ns (I used Hitachi Part
no. HM511000-12, and paid $24.00 each plus state tax and $4.00
shipping from Ed at Computronix on Dec 16, 1988). You can get in
touch with Ed at the following location:
Computronix
2151 A O'Toole Ave.
San Jose, CA 95131
(408) 943-0771
Work Area
Prepare your work area by placing a towel on your flat working
surface and cover it with a layer of aluminum wrapping foil. This
provides padding for the components and a conductor for static
electricity.
Precautions
Since the slightest static discharge could easily damage
components on your computers pc-board, always keep one hand on the
metal foil bonded along the outer rim of the pc-board before and during
touching any part of the pc-board or its components. Avoid working on
this project when the humidity is low.
3
Procedure
1. After removing the pc-board from the insides of your computer,
desolder and remove the front 16 256K chips (U33 through U45 and U16
through U30).
2. Using the Exacto knife, cut the following traces on the top side of
the pc-board:
a. Between U30's pin 1 and U61's pin 1.
b. Between pin 14's of U33 through U45 and U16 through U30 and
other pin 14's of U46 through U61.
c. Between the thru-hole (nearest to pin 1 in center of U32) of
U32 and U46's pin 1. (Note: This thru-hole traces to U32's pin 1
on the underside of the board.)
3. Using the Exacto knife, cut the following traces on the bottom side
of the pc-board:
a. Between U30's pin 1 and the 32 ohm resistor R76.
b. Between U32's pins 2 and 14. Do the same for U33 through U45
and U16 through U30.
c. Between U30's pin 4 and U15's pin 8. (Note: Cut the trace after
it goes through the board to the bottom side near resistor R91,
but before it reappears on the top of the board via another
thru-hole.
d. Between U32's pin 14 and the thru-hole located between U32 and
U33.
4. Preparing New Sockets and Soldering Them Inplace
a. On all 16 new sockets, remove the internals of pin 4.
b. On all 16 new sockets, bend all pins 1 and 17 flat against
their bottom then up against their outer side.
c. On 14 of the new sockets, bend pin 18's flat against their
bottom and pointing straight out to the side.
d. On the remaining two, bend both pin 18's flat against their
bottom but back and down so it will just reach and fit into the
pc-board hole of it's adjacent pin (pin 17). These two sockets
will be installed and soldered with the socket's pin 18 going into
the old 256K chip's pin 16 hole below the new socket's pin 17.
Trial fit these two sockets at this time.
e. Using a pair of scissors, cut pieces of "Socket Wrap-ID"
plastic markers for sandwiching them between the new sockets and
the pc-board during installation. These little plastic markers
should be cut so as to electrically isolate the socket's pins 1
and 17 from leads and traces on the pc-board, and from pin 18 of
the socket for the two separately prepared sockets above, but also
so as not to interfere with seating the socket's four pads flush
with the top of the pc-board upon installation.
f. Solder the two sockets with the bent back pin 18 and markers
4
into U30 and U33.
g. Solder the remaining sockets with markers into U34 through U45
and U16 through U29. Pin 18 of these socket's must be soldered to
the top of the board at the nearest thru-hole that the pin 18 just
barely reaches. Use plenty of heat as these thru-holes are big
heat sinks.
5. Mounting The New 33 Ohm Resistor
a. Install a new 33 ohm resistor on the pc-board by drilling two
small holes from the top at points near capacitor C55 and resistor
R70. Make sure you don't drill through a trace on the other side
by holding the pc-board up to a bright light and marking the spots
with a pencil.
6. Wiring
Wire the following connections on the top side of the board:
a. Between U32's new socket's pins 1 and 17 and a thru-hole on the
pc-board between U32 and U33. This thru hole is the only one that
has a trace that run to another thru-hole between U46 and U47 on
the top side of the board.
b. Between U16's new socket's pins 1 and 17, and pin 2 of U54.
Solder the wire directly to the side of the chips pin 2.
c. Between each of the remaining new socket's pin 1 and 17 and a
thru-hole in back of each 256K RAM chip (i.e., U47 through U53 and
U55 through U61). These thru-holes are the ones that you will find
traces back to either pin 2 or pin 14 of U47 through U61 and then
trace over toward U22, U23, U26, and U27. Actually, pins 2 and 14
are tied together on the bottom of the board for every 256K RAM
chip still installed. So that's 14 more wires altogether (i.e.,
each new RAM chip's pins 1 and 17 will be connected to the pins 2
and 14 of the 256K chip directly in back of it.
Wire the following connections on the bottom side of the board
(Note: all pin numbers here refer to the pin numbers on the
pc-board, not the pin numbers of the new sockets or new ram
chips):
d. Between U15's pin 64 and one side of the new 33 ohm resistor.
e. Between all pin 14's of U32 through U45 and U16 through U30,
and the other side of the new 33 ohm resistor.
f. Between all pin 2's of U32 through U45 and U16 through U30, and
the thru-hole near R91 which had its trace cut to U30's pin 4.
This thru-hole traces back on top of the pc-board under the bank
of resistors and over to U15.
g. Between U61's pin 1, U30's pin 4, and the cut trace side of
resistor R76.
h. Between U30's pin 1 and U61's pin 3.
8. Inspect all solder joints with the magnifier for solder shorts and
5
faulty connections. Verify that all connections were made correct.
9. Install the new 1 meg RAM chips into their new sockets.
10.That's it! Clean isn't it? Now sit back and admire your work.
12.Reassemble the computer and reconnect the monitor and power cord and
let it whirl!
Shareware Policy
I am distributing this documentation as a $15.00 Shareware File.
Please feel free to re-post on your favorite Information Service or
local BBS. I ask only that you do so in its original unaltered form.
If you have followed these instructions and everything worked for you,
I'm sure you will appreciate the effort I put into documenting this
project and the money it has saved you from buying one of those
expansion boards on the market or by the time you could have spent
trying to figure such a project out by yourself. Please send your
shareware user registration fee to:
Barry Orlando
1120 Deerfield Dr.
Napa, Ca 94558
All registered users will be sent a free utility disk which includes a
program to test the new RAM as well as instructions on how to further
modify the computer to a full 4 megabytes.
Good Luck!
6

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<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
Management Overview <20><><EFBFBD> Review of Compaq DeskPro 286 <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
The Compaq 286 is the latest in the <20><><EFBFBD> by <20><><EFBFBD>
evolutionary cycle of the <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
microcomputer. This current generation <20><><EFBFBD>Bob McDuffee, Sysop, Grizzly King <20><><EFBFBD>
machine utilizes a true 16 bit <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
processor as well as 16/8 bit bus <20><><EFBFBD> Hardware Review <20><><EFBFBD>
interface. This allows the INTEL 80286 <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
microprocessor chip to perform at least <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
twice as fast as the IBM XT and the <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
Compaq Deskpro series. The test system <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
contained a 30 Megabyte hard drive, 10 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Megabyte tape backup unit, green <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
text/graphics display monitor, 640K of
RAM and a 1.2 Megabyte floppy disk drive. Throughout the test the machine
performed without fail. All software currently approved for purchase by the
DPIC ran without modification on the 286. This demonstrates that the machine is
fully compatible with the current installed base of microcomputers while
offering efficiency enhancements (clock speed of 8.00 MHZ compared to 7.2 MHZ
for the DeskPro) and, expanded memory and secondary storage options. Several
times during the test the high density disk drive was used to format and write
the standard 360K diskettes to transfer data to an older PC, and performed
flawlessly!
Objectives
Given the desire to off load the VM machine of `non-mainframe' systems as much
as possible, the need for a machine capable of handling large data files (PC-SAS
or PC-FOCUS for example) with reasonable speed and yet is compatible with even
the first IBM PC's is apparent.
Evaluation
Benchmark testing was performed to allow comparison between the Compaq Deskpro's
currently in use at StorageTek and the new generation of Compaq 286 Deskpro's.
================================================================================
Data Base Sort and Index Benchmarks
Test 1 Test2
Sort 3911 records on one indexed field. Add five (5) indexes to a file contain-
3911 records.
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286 Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
30 min. 18 sec. 5 min. 23 sec. 2 hrs 9 min. 30 sec. 43 min. 59 sec.
================================================================================
Spreadsheet Load, Recalculate, and View Benchmarks
Test 1 Test 2
Load a 59136K file from the hard disk. Recalculate a 59136K file
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286 Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
7 min. 45 sec. 1 min. 43 sec. 4 min. 45 sec. 0 min. 45 sec.
Test 3
View a graph.
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
0 min. 20 sec. 0 min. 4 sec.
================================================================================
Word Processor Search and Block Move Benchmark
Test 1 Test 2
Search for a phrase located near the Block Move in a 26 page document.
end of a 26 page document.
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286 Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
6.48sec. 4.12 sec. 8.14 sec. 2.59 sec.
================================================================================
File Operation Benchmarks performed on a file of 578 records.
Test 1 Test 2
Random Record Read Sequential Read
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286 Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
21.69 sec. 9.77 sec. 8.78 sec. 4.61 sec.
Test 3
Random Record Write
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
12.74 sec. 7.19 sec.
================================================================================
Prime Number Generation
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
13 sec. 7 sec.
================================================================================
Integer Addition
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
.23 sec. .07 sec.
================================================================================
Floating Point Arithmetic
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
.50 sec .29 sec.
================================================================================
[ TO READ REST OF ARTICLE PRESS CTRL-RIGHT ARROW ]

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Part 2 of the Review of the Compaq DeskPro 286 by Bob McDuffee
================================================================================
String Concatenation
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
.44 sec. .26 sec.
================================================================================
Data Look-up
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
1.01 sec. .36 sec
================================================================================
File Update
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286
.51 sec. .23 sec.
================================================================================
Norton Utilities Performance Rating
Compaq DeskPro Compaq 286 IBM XT
1.7 6.7 1.0
================================================================================
Overall Evaluation Summary
The Compaq DeskPro 286 is a fine example of today's technology. The machine
performed flawlessly throughout the evaluation period while proving itself to be
a much faster, more functional machine. The machine was tested with all of the
current software packages now in use at StorageTek, all performed faster on the
286. The added speed of the 80286 microprocessor and the ability to address up
to 7 MEG of RAM is essential for the operation of today's larger, more
sophisticated packages like PC-FOCUS and PC-SAS. Price comparisons favor the
Compaq only slightly over the IBM line. However, the value ("Bang-For-The-Buck)
is biased absolutely to Compaq.
Recommendation
Compaq has once again created an IBM compatible that goes beyond IBM in speed
and flexibility yet remains 100% compatible with the entire IBM line of
microprocessors. This machine is applicable in any area which manipulates large
amounts of data ( ie a database) or large spreadsheets. The increased storage
(from 10 MEG to 30 MEG) faster processing speed and overall performance make
this the best buy in a "Corporate" microcomputer today.
[ End of Article ]
[ No more down here!!! ]
[ Honest!! No more!! ]
[ It's all up at the top of Scroll!! ]

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U.S. ROBOTICS ANNOUNCES THE LAST MODEM YOU'LL EVER BUY
Provides Migration Path to Forthcoming CCITT 28.8 Kbps Standard
---------------------------------------------------------------
SKOKIE, Ill. -- June 8, 1992 -- U.S. Robotics today announced an upgrade
program for the CCITT-proposed standard of 28.8 Kbps, previously referred to
as V.FAST. The Courier V.32bis, Courier HST Dual Standard and Shared Access
Modem Sharing Kits are the products currently included in the program. Field
upgrades will be available for $299 as soon as the CCITT 28.8 Kbps draft
recommendation is completed. Official approval of the standard is not
expected until January, 1994.
"The CCITT-proposed 28.8 Kbps standard won't be a reality for most
manufacturers until 1994," said Jonathan Zakin, U.S. Robotics executive vice
president, sales and marketing. "By offering modems ready for 28.8 Kbps now,
we're providing insurance against technical obsolescence. Customers can
purchase a Courier high-speed modem or Shared Access Modem Sharing Kit now
and take advantage of the most updated technology available. When the 28.8
Kbps standard becomes available later, they'll already have a cost-effective
upgrade option and won't have to re-invest in new equipment."
"Key to the 28.8 Kbps program is the fact that the upgrade to the
Courier high-speed modems and Shared Access Modem Sharing Kits can be
completed by the end user at their worksite, which reduces their `down' time
and eliminates excess costs like shipping and handling," continued Zakin.
"You may hear about other 28.8 Kbps modems that are available now, but until
the standard is defined, no one knows what hardware will be needed to comply.
Our unique modem architecture makes future `field' upgrades a realistic and
simple procedure."
Because of U. S. Robotics' advanced modular modem architecture, the
company's Courier V.32bis, Courier HST Dual Standard, and Shared Access modems
are readily upgradable to 28.8Kbps. The modems are made up of a motherboard and
a smaller daughterboard, which holds the modems' microprocessors and firmware.
The current, high-speed daughterboard can easily be replaced with a new board
containing the 28.8 Kbps CCITT standard. U.S. Robotics is the only modem
manufacturer to implement this kind of flexible design.
"In the CClTT, the previously called `V.FAST' standard has gained
universal support at the 28.8Kbps speed," said Dale Walsh, U.S. Robotics vice
president, advanced development and participant in the CCITT committee on the
28.8 Kbps standard, "This is how our modular architecture works. The data
pump (which executes the modulation and demodulation of the data), and the
key controller functions (which perform the data compression, error control
and the AT command set) are on one board, making upgrades simple. We can
easily make the data pump faster and upgrade the controller functions to keep
up with the new speed. It's all in just one small plug-in card."
Because compatibility with CCITT standards is crucial, U.S. Robotics'
availability and implementation of the 28.8Kbps standard will depend on the
CClTT's progress. At this time, the standard is expected to define a connect
speed of 28.8 Kbps, two times faster than V.32bis, the fastest CCITT
standard now available.
U.S. Robotics is one of the first vendors to announce a program for
28.8Kbps compatibility. The company has a history of industry "firsts,"
including the first CCITT V.32bis modem from a major manufacturer, the first
self-managing modem management system and the first portable CCITT V.32
modem.
U.S. Robotics will upgrade any Modem Sharing Kit to 28.8Kbps. Current
Courier models, which have the smaller footprint and a higher, 57.6 Kbps DCE
to DTE (modem-to-computer) interface speed, are also upgradable. The
company's upgrade program does not include WorldPort and Sportster modems.
U. S. Robotics Courier modems offer a wide range of features, including
fax, remote configuration, and synchronous capabilities. The Shared Access
Modem Sharing Kits, which began shipping in March, 1992, allow for the
pooling of modems on a LAN so that a LAN user can access them for dial-in or
dial-out communications.
The following products will be upgradable to 28.8 Kbps:
Courier V.32 bis, internal and external (57,600 bps versions only)
Courier HST Dual Standard, internal and external (57,600 bps versions only)
Courier V.32 bis FAX, internal and external
Courier HST Dual Standard FAX, internal and external
Shared Access Modem Sharing Kit Single Port and Dual Port
THE CCITT 28.8 KBPS STANDARD: SOME BACKGROUND
---------------------------------------------
The standard for 28.8 Kbps dial-up communications being developed by the
CCITT will stretch the limits of dial-up telephone lines. But don't expect
to be sending files at top speeds immediately.
Dale Walsh, vice president for advanced development at U.S. Robotics,
Inc., cautions that most users won't be able to achieve the maximum speeds
permitted under the standard right away. When the standard is adopted, modems
that conform should be able to transmit at 19.2 Kbps on lines where a modem
conforming to V.32bis (the current high-speed standard) can now transmit at
14.4 Kbs. But Walsh, a member of the CCITT committee developing the
standard, says it is being formulated with the increasing digitization of
dial-up phone networks in mind.
The improved quality of phone lines, as much as any modem technology
improvements, has made high speed dial-up communications possible" says
Walsh. "We are designing the standard keeping in mind that phone networks
will use more and more digital circuits and digital central office switches."
Consequently, speeds in the neighborhood of 28.8 Kbps will be the
exception, rather than the rule--at least until the public switched
telephone network becomes completely digital.
"I'd say when it's finished in a year or so, the standard will allow
19.2 Kbps transmissions on 80 percent of all lines, 24 Kbps on 50 percent of
all lines, and 28.8 Kbps communications on 20 percent of all lines," says
Walsh, who also helped develop the CCITT V.32bis standard for 14.4 Kbps
dial-up communications. "As the phone networks improve, top speeds will be
more easily achieved, so I think it's more realistic to think of it as a
19.2 Kbps standard that is sometimes capable of higher speeds.
A common misconception is that the coming 28.8 Kbps standard will allow
speeds of 115.2 Kbps, when combined with V.42bis data compression. Walsh noted
that such calculations are based on an assumption that V.42bis allows 4 to 1
data compression. Outside the lab, V.42bis allows compression ratios between
2 to 1 and 3 to 1, meaning that under REAL LIFE conditions, the forthcoming
standard will allow maximum throughput of about 86.4 Kbps.
"It's a mistake to use the 28.8 number and max everything out from that,"
said Walsh.
Not that the 28.8 Kbps standard doesn't have its advantages. After all,
19.2 Kbps is an improvement over 14.4 Kbps. And the forthcoming standard will
adjust for line conditions, a critical factor in high-speed data
communications--like no previous standard. The standard under development
will include a "probing" function that the modem can use to "sound out" the
quality of the phone line. That will allow the modem to optimize transmissions
to take advantage of available bandwidth.
"We are still working on the training sequences," says Walsh. "But before
transmission starts, the standard will enable the modem to determine what band-
width is available and how to best position the signal to match available band-
width."
The standard achieves higher speeds through its ability to use more of a
line's bandwidth, not just the center portion of the channel used under current
standards.
"It will more closely match the modulation scheme to what's available,"
says Walsh. "That way, the modem can shape the transmissions to adapt
precisely to the channel, which is very important if you want to transmit at
high speeds.
The most recent committee meeting was held last month. Still to be
agreed upon are such critical issues as training sequences, coding schemes, and
signaling rates. Walsh said he expects the committee to reach final agreement
in 1993, with official CCITT adoption likely in 1994.
While some have taken to calling the standard under development V.Last,
Walsh isn't convinced this will be the final modem standard. After all, he
notes, no one thought dial-up phone lines would ever be this noise-free, and
further advances in that area could make even higher speed dial-up
communication possible.
"I'm certain we'll have at least a fax version of this standard as the
quality of phone lines keep improving," he said. "We're trying to be sure that
this standard will serve users into the year 2000. But modem standards are
like wars: you always think it's going to be the last one."
U. S. ROBOTICS, INC, (NASDAQ:USRX) (800)DIAL-USR voice for more infor-
mation.

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Date: Wed, 15 Jul 87 22:36:06 MEZ
From: Bernhard Nebel <NEBEL%DB0TUI11.BITNET@forsythe.stanford.edu>
Subject: A 2nd RS232 port
Comment: Extracted from digest info-atari16 87-283
To: INFO-ATARI16@score.stanford.edu
HOW TO GET A SECOND RS232 PORT FOR YOUR ATARI
It might happen to you that you need a second RS232 port for your
ATARI ST. Perhaps you have a printer with a serial port and a
telephon modem, as I do. The first idea might be to go to your dealer
expecting that he has an extension card for a few bucks. He hasn't,
and you get curious about whether the ATARI can be regarded as a real
computer. Anyway, you need a solution and don't want to trade your
ATARI for one of those clones and are even more upset about the idea
of exchanging the connectors any time you use another peripheral. This
can be the point when you consider looking more seriously into the
hardware detecting that there is this MIDI port you never spent any
thought about. It is just there for those people who cannot play piano
properly and compensate for this by buying a lot of electronic parts
hoping that they can improve their music by it :-). You may even have
a different opinion about them. You know, however, for sure that *you*
won't use this port. Therefore it seems to be a good idea to use it
for your own purposes.
The above describes precisely my thoughts leading to the modification
of my ATARI described below. It's just an easy, quick and cheap
hardware hack -- it doesn't meet the RS232 standards -- but it works!
I used a RS232 receiver to receive *and* send the signals, because
this was the chip I found somewhere in my old computer (a 6800 !!)
where it served the same purpose. However, note that nowadays
RS232 tranceivers are available which should be used instead.
Note that the description below applies *only* to the ATARI 520 ST and
things may be different for the 1040. Additionally, the description
can be, of course, incorrect. Therefore you should verify that the
modifications described below are correct by consulting the proper
sources. In any way, modifications according to the description below
carried out by you are on your own risk. In particular, you should be
aware that the warranty for your computer will expire after opening
it.
1) A COMMUNICATION PORT
The first thing you have to decide is what communication port you like to
use. I chose the MIDI IN port for three reasons:
- I won't use MIDI after the modification.
- Connectors for this communication port are easily available and cheap.
- Three of the five pins aren't used.
The drawback of this solution is that you might easily confuse the
MIDI IN port with the MIDI OUT port when plugging in your connector
which can result in blowing up your peripheral.
I use the following pin assignment:
Pin 1 = RS232 OUT
Pin 2 = GND
Pin 3 = RS232 IN
Note that pin 4 & 5 are already used.
Pin layout of the communication port seen from inside:
1 3
4 5
2
NOTE: In a lot of sources including my ATARI manual I found a different pin
layout which, however, seems to be wrong.
SOLDERING: Pin 2 of MIDI IN has to be connected with pin 2 of MIDI OUT.
NOTE: These pins are only accessible from the bottom side of the board.
2) REWIRING THE MIDI ACIA
The wiring of the MIDI ACIA has to be changed. We have to rewire the
Tx-Data and Rx-Data pins, because we want to use a different
driver. Additionally, the Tx-Clk and Rx-Clk must be connected to a
different clock, because a fixed baud rate of 7812.5 is probably not
appropriate. In the ATARI 520 ST the 6850 sitting next to the sound
chip -- the YM 2149 -- is the right chip.
CUTTING: Pin 2 (Rx Data), pin 3 (Rx Clk), pin 4 (Tx Clk) and pin 6 (Tx Data).
3) A NEW BAUD RATE GENERATOR
Timer A of the MFP 68091 is not used and can be employed as a baud
rate generator for our ACIA. A tiny assembler program setting the
correct baud rate is given below. I usually run this program at boot
time from my AUTO folder. A more sophisticated solution could be to
write an accessory to set the baud rate.
SOLDERING: Connect pin 3 (Rx Clk) and pin 4 (Tx Clk) of the MIDI ACIA with
pin 13 (Timer A Out) of the MFP.
4) A RS232 DRIVER
As I said above, I used a RS232 receiver (SN 75189) for both
transmitting and receiving. That means that the outgoing signal does
*not* conform to the RS232 voltage level specification. However, this
cheap kludge always worked.
SOLDERING: - Mount a 75189 (RS232 receiver) on a small circuit board.
- Connect pin 14 (Vcc) of the 75189 with Vcc, e.g., with pin 14
of a 7404.
- Connect pin 7 (Gnd) of the 75189 with Gnd, e.g., with pin 7
of a 7404.
- Connect pin 13 (4A) of the 75189 with pin 3 (RS232 In)
of the MIDI IN port .
- Connect pin 11 (4Y) of the 75189 with pin 2 (Rx Data) of
the MIDI ACIA .
- Connect a resistor (1K Ohm, probably 10K works as well) with
pin 11 (4Y) of the 75189 and Vcc.
- Connect pin 3 (1Y) of the 75189 with pin 1 (RS232 Out) of
the MIDI IN port.
- Connect a resistor (1K Ohm) with pin 3 (1Y) of the 75189
and Vcc.
- Connect pin 1 (1A) of the 75189 with pin 6 (Tx Data) of
the MIDI ACIA.
- Finally, you should install the circuit board somewhere on
the motherboard.
These are all hardware modifications in order to get a second RS232
port. There is, however, some software necessary before you actually
can use the new port. First, the baud rate has to be programmed into
timer A. A small assembly program is given below. Second, the ACIA
registers have to be set up to the proper values. At boot time they
get set to 8-Bit, no-parity. Third, you have to write programs which
actually use the port. I, for my part, changed GEM-KERMIT and my
TERMINAL accessory in order to work with the MIDI port.
SETTING THE BAUD RATE:
* Initialize Timer A as baud rate generator for MIDI ACIA
*
* Bernhard Nebel 14.12.86
*
* valid values for data and control are:
* baud control data
* 19200 1 1
* 9600 1 2
* 4800 1 4
* 3600 1 5
* 2400 1 8
* 2000 1 10
* 1800 1 11
* 1200 1 16
* 600 1 32
* 300 1 64
* 200 1 96
* 150 1 128
* 134 1 143
* 110 1 175
* 75 2 64
* 50 2 96
gemdos equ 1
bios equ 13
xbios equ 14
Pterm0 equ $00
Cconws equ $09
rsconf equ 15
setprt equ 33
xbtimer equ 31
modem .equ *
move.l #-1,-(sp) vector
move.w #64,-(sp) data
move.w #1,-(sp) control
move.w #0,-(sp) timer = A
move.w #xbtimer,-(sp)
trap #xbios
add.l #12,sp
move.l #mess,-(sp)
move.w #Cconws,-(sp)
trap #gemdos
addq.l #6,sp
move.w #Pterm0,-(sp)
trap #gemdos
* strings
.even
mess dc.b "MIDI port initialized (300 baud, 8-Bit, Nosync).",$0D,$0A,0
Have fun - Bernhard
} MAILER STANFORD 7/15/87
v Mail Delivery Subsy NEBEL@DB0TUI11.BITN 7/15/87 Returned mail: User unknown
Acknowledge-To: <NEBEL@DB0TUI11>
$

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Guide to PGP Operations in a Secure Environment
The following document provides a series of notes and examples which are designed
to help the PGP novice user to properly maintain and care for public keys in a
secure environment using the PGP utility software.
Item Activity Operative Command Results/Disposition
No.
1 Install System Set DOS PATH command in
AUTOEXEC.BAT so that DOS can
always find PGP; Set the DOS
ENV variable TZ=-3 (EST). Set
the DOS Env. Variable PGPPATH
to the drive and sub-directory
where you have your keyrings.
This will make PGP available
all the time.
2 REBOOT Ctrl-Alt-Del Required to make DOS Changes
(Item 1) work.
3 Generate Secret Key PGP -kg System will create public and
private keyrings in
subdirectory specified by
PGPPATH as specified in (1)
4 Create Public Key PGP -kxa <user id> This command will extract a
<keyfile> "Public Key" from your keyring
and put it in <keyfile>.
Specify the <user id> to be
extracted. To get ready to
send out you public key: give
your own user id. Save
<keyfile>.
5 Note: At this point you can send a message to someone and include your
Public Key. After you have done that, then THEY will be able to send
you a PGP crypted message.
6 Received Message Ah Ha! Save this message. You will
containing Public need to process this using
Key for a remote PGP, shortly.
correspondent.
**************************************************************************************
ACTIVITY EVENT ACTION TAKEN BY PGP
**************************************************************************************
7 Add Public Key(s) to PGP <filename> PGP will add any key(s) found
your keyring in <filename> to your Keyring
New Key, without PGP will ask if you want to
authenticating Authenticate these keys. You
signature(s) would only do this if you have
personnally received the key
directly from a trusted
person.
New Key, with Known ?? Does PGP Authenticate the k
Authenticating
Signatures
New Key, with a bad ??
signature
New key with 1 good ??
and 1 bad signature
Existing key, with PGP will check the new key to
no signature be sure it matches the old key
New key matches No action
existing key
New key not same as ??
old key
**********************************************************************
END


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A LOW COST PERFORMANCE BOOST FOR YOUR 386 PC
If you own a 386 based PC, you may be a little envious of the owners of all
these speedy new 486 based PCs. I know that I was. I say WAS because I
now get 486 class performance out of my old 386 system and I did not
spend a fortune. If you have a 386 system you may also be interested in
this upgrade.
THE Cx486DLC
Introduced in the summer of 1992, Cyrix produces a processor called the
Cx486DLC. The Cx486DLC is a cross between Intel's 386DX and 486SX. The
Cx486DLC is pin compatible with the 386DX and instruction set compatible
with the 486SX. Like the 486SX the Cx486DLC contains an internal cache
and an optimized execution unit. The cache and optimized execution unit
are the main reasons that a 486 is faster then a 386 at the same clock
rate. By replacing your 386 CPU with the Cx486DLC you get 486 class
performance without replacing your PC.
To be sure that your PC is upgradable to the Cx486DLC, check through the
following:
1 - The PC must be based on a 386DX (sometimes called a 386 or 80386)
from Intel or AMD. PCs based on the 386SX can not use this upgrade.
2 - Remove the cover of your PC and locate the CPU. It is a 1.5 inch
square IC. It should be labeled Intel or AMD 386DX. There must be
about 2 inches of open space above the CPU. The Cx486DLC runs hotter
than the 386DX and typically requires a heat sink mounted on top of the
chip. The additional space is required by the heat sink.
3 - You should have a socket on the motherboard for a 387 math
co-processor. You may have a 387 already installed.
If your PC meets all of the above requirements you can perform the
upgrade. I checked around for the best prices on the Cyrix chips and
found that CompuAdd express offers the best deal. They sell upgrade
kits for their line of scalable PCs. Each upgrade kit includes the
Cx486DLC, a Cyrix math co-processor, the heat sink and a chip puller for
removing the old 386 CPU. While they are intended for use with
CompuAdd's line of PCs, they are ideal for our upgrade and are quite a
bargain. At the time I'm writing this, the price of a 33 Mhz upgrade
kit has just dropped to $159 and a 40 Mhz kit has dropped to $249. A
math co-processor alone costs about $100. The upgrade kit to order if
your PC runs at 33 Mhz or slower is the 433DLC. The 40 Mhz kit is the
440DLC.
PERFORMING THE UPGRADE
Remove the cover from your PC, locate the 386 CPU. Note the location of
pin 1 on the CPU. Pin 1 is marked by a dot or cut off corner on the
chip. Use the chip puller to carefully pry the CPU out of it's socket.
Work slowly around the chip as to not bend any of the pins. Place the
486DLC into the socket with pin 1 in the same orientation as before.
Carefully press the chip into the socket. Once the chip is in place,
power on the PC, it should beep and power up normally. Power down the
PC, install the heat sink on top of the Cx486DLC and install the math
co-processor as instructed in the manual for the PC (you may need to
move a jumper in addition to installing the chip). Replace the cover
and you are ready to go. The PC should now run normally. To get the
full speed increase you will also need a program that activates the
Cx486DLC's cache. I've written such a program, called CYINIT. You
download a copy of CYINIT (in the archive 386486.ZIP) from both
Compuserve or Genie. It is in the IBMAPP section on Compuserve and in
Don Lancaster's PSRT on Genie. If would like a copy on disk, I will
provide one if you send me a check for $10.00. Once the system is up
and running add CYINIT to your autoexec.bat file. That way the cache
will automatically be activated when you start your PC.
THE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
I've upgraded several systems and found that the CPU performance
typically improves about 50%. Figure 1 shows the typical improvement
shown in the ZD Labs benchmark tests. The system upgraded was a 33 Mhz
386DX with a 64 K external cache and an Intel 387 math coprocessor (also
called an FPU - Floating Point Unit). The performance improvement varied
with the different tests, but averaged out to about a 50 % improvement.
The FPU test also showed that the Cyrix math coprocessor offered a large
speed gain over the Intel math coprocessor. Figure 2 compares the
performance of a 33 Mhz 386, a 33 Mhz Cx486DLC, a 33 Mhz 486DX, a 40 Mhz
Cx486DLC and a 66 Mhz 486DX2 running the 386 instruction mix from the ZD
Labs benchmark. As it shows the 486DLC gives 486 class performance to
your old 386 PC at a bargain price.
RESOURCE LIST
Cyrix
2703 North Central Expressway
Richardson, Texas 75080
In my article on upgrading your 386 PC to a 486. I recommended CompuAdd
Express as the best place to purchase the upgrade. Just recently
CompuAdd has shutdown the Express division and the upgrade kit is no
longer available from them. In scanning through the Computer Shopper I
have found the following list of vendors that sell the Cyrix CPUs ( I
have have not dealt with any of these outfits so these are not
endorsements on my part):
Buffalo Products 1-800-345-2356
L.A. Trade 1-800-433-3726
Nevada Computer 1-800-892-2928
Treasure Chest 1-800-677-9781
PC Importers 1-800-886-5155
In addition the Cyrix distributors are:
Bell Micro Pro 1-800-955-1999
Bell Industries 1-800-BUY-BELL
I hope that these numbers could be published in the next edition to aid
those looking to upgrade.
Robert G. Brown
30 Wicks Road
E. Northport NY 11731

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> <20>
<20> SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ
CONFLICTS WITH 8514A COMPATIBLE VIDEO BOARDS
The IBM 8514a and compatible video boards will conflict with any modem
or faxmodem you configure as COM4. This is because 8514a and
compatible video boards use the I/O address 2E8 which is the I/O
address used by COM4.
If you use an 8514a or compatible video board, DO NOT set your modem
or faxmodem to COM4. Neither the video board nor the modem will
operate reliably.
This also applies to video boards based on the S3 chipset.
S3-BASED VIDEO BOARDS
Video boards based on the S3 86C911 controller will use the I/O
address 2E8 (but won't use IRQ 3). This means you can't address your
modem as COM4.
The S3 controller has several features derived from the IBM 8514/a
adapter. Along with these features comes inherent issues with 8-bit
devices.
The 86C911 is a 16-bit device that uses x2E8h, x6E8, xAE8, xEE8h to
access its enhanced more register; all 16 bits are decoded. Since the
AT bus decodes only the lower 10 bits of the I/O address, conflicts
will occur between the 86C911 and other devices using the same
addresses.
WINFAX PRO LOCKS UP WHEN VIEWING FAILED RECEIVE
SatisFAXtion/200, /400, and Classic:
When running CASMGR 1.40, WinFax Pro may lock up when you view a
failed receive event in the WinFax log. Delrina's fix for this problem
is now available on CompuServe and the Delrina BBS in an archive file
called CAS.EXE. The archive file contains a program named a README
file and the program CASFIX.EXE. The README file instructs you to add
the CASFIX command immediately following the CASMGR command in your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
CONFIGURING YOUR SYSTEM'S MEMORY
For information on configuring your system's memory for use with
SatisFAXtion products, order FaxBACK document 4149.
HOW TO CREATE LOGO FILES
For detailed instructions on how to create logo files using various
graphics programs, order FaxBACK document 4006.
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
October 29, 1992 Intel FaxBACK # 4044 Page 1
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> <20>
<20> SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> (continued) <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ
THE INPUT FILE CONTAINS HP GL/2 COMMANDS...
...that are not supported by the emulator. Try setting your
application to use an HP LaserJet II printer driver.
While FAXPOP does support the HPPCL (Hewlett-Packard Printer Control
Language) up to and including verison 5, FAXPOP doesn't support the
HPGL (Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language). Use a printer driver that
doesn't incorporate HPGL commands.
For WordPerceft 5.1, use either an HP LJIII driver dated 3-92 or
earlier or just use an HP LJII driver.
CAN'T PRINT ON POSTSCRIPT PRINTER
Version 1.40 of the FAX.EXE program only prints on PostScript printers
when you select Print from the View Screen. If you print from any
other menu, the computer appears to send the data and the printer
appears to accept it. However, the page never actually prints.
Intel has corrected the problem and an updated MA.UTL file is
available on FaxBACK. The MA.UTL file is still version 1.40, but the
date on the file is 6-92 or later.
SatisFAXtion Modem/200 users, order document 0028.
SatisFAXtion Modem/400 users, order document 0029.
MODEM WON'T AUTOANSWER WHEN SLS ENABLED
If the SatisFAXtion board is set for "Shares phone line, mostly fax
calls", "shares phone line, mostly voice calls", or "Shares phoneline,
has a distinctive ring", modem callers MUST include the characters @#
at the end of their dialing string. The "@" command tells the calling
modem to wait for a period of silence (30 seconds by default). The "#"
character tells the answering SatisFAXtion board the call is from a
modem.
Otherwise, if no CNG tone is detected, the SatisFAXtion board will
assume the call is a voice call and ring the downline phone. If users
truly need the board to arbitrate between fax and modem calls without
user intervention, then they must set the SLS setting for "has its own
phone line".
NO DIALTONE ON DOWN-LINE PHONE
SatisFAXtion/200, SatisFAXtion/400
If you get a clicking sound or no dialtone on your down-line phone
after selecting one of the "Shares phone line" answering options, try
selecting the answering option "Has own phone line". If you get a
dialtone then, check the version number on your DOWNLOAD file. If you
have a DOWNLOAD.200 version earlier than 2.04 or a DOWNLOAD.400
version earlier than 3.01, call FaxBACK and order the latest DOWNLOAD
file for your board.
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
October 29, 1992 Intel FaxBACK # 4044 Page 2
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> <20>
<20> SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> (continued) <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ
Order 0028 for the Latest DOWNLOAD.200 (SatisFAXtion/200 only)
Order 0029 for the latest DOWNLOAD.400 (SatisFAXtion/400 only)
TROUBLESHOOTING SEND/RECEIVE PROBLEMS
If you're having trouble sending or receiving, here are some thing you
can try:
<20> Always load a disk cache program BEFORE loading CASMGR.
<20> Always load network software BEFORE loading CASMGR and FAXPOP.
<20> Do not load anti-virus software in TSR mode.
<20> If you use the STACKER program to increace your disk storage
space, always load the STACKER drivers BEFORE loading SATISFAX.SYS
in your CONFIG.SYS file.
<20> If you use QEMM 6.0, disable the STEALTH feature. Later versions
may or may not have this STEALTH mode problem fixed.
V.17 14.4KBPS RECEIVE STATUS REPORT
For the latest status on the SatisFAXtion Modem/400 high-speed receive
problem, order FaxBACK document 9983.
TELENET
Several customers have reported problems using this service. These
range from locking the system to not being able to connect.
SatisFAXtion/400:
SatisFAXtion Modem/400 users should use DOWNLOAD.400 version 3.02 or
higher when calling Telenet.
SatisFAXtion Classic:
SatisFAXtion users need software version 1.20 to connect to Telenet.
Also please note that you must type @ then press ENTER to get the
Telenet prompt.
CONFIGURING YOUR COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE
If your communications software doesn't list your SatisFAXtion
faxmodem but does list an Intel modem, choose the equivalent Intel
modem:
Intel Modem SatisFAXtion Faxmodem
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
14.4EX Modem/400, Modem/400e
9600EX Modem/400, Modem/400e (Set port speed to 57600)
2400 MNP/2400EX MNP Modem/200
2400B/2400EX Modem/100
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
October 29, 1992 Intel FaxBACK # 4044 Page 3
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> <20>
<20> SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> (continued) <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ
If your communications software doesn't list any Intel modems, order
the FaxBACK Communications software Index (document 4351). This index
will tell you how to find instructions for configuring many popular
communications programs.
MY SOFTWARE DOESN'T LIST THE INTEL MODEM
If your communications program doesn't list your Intel modem in the
setup screen, try selecting a Hayes compatible configuration. If the
problem persists, change the "Initialization String" to match your
modem type:
Intel Modem Initialization String
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Intel V.42 modems (1,2) : AT&F\N0\Q0\J1\V0"H0-J0
Intel 2400B MNP modems (3): AT&F\N0\Q0\J1\V0
Intel non-MNP modems (4) : AT&F&C1&D2
CARBON COPY FOR WINDOWS
SatisFAxtion/400:
You need DOWNLOAD.400 version 3.02 or higher to use Carbon for Windows
with a SatisFAXtion Modem/400. Earlier versions didn't implement the
Ring Indicator signal which Carbon Copy uses to detect incoming calls.
I/O AND IRQ CONFLICTS
When two devices share the same I/O address or IRQ (interrupt), one or
the other (or both) devices may not work correctly. To eliminate the
potential for conflicts, make sure each device you add to your
computer occupies a unique I/O address and IRQ.
Standard COM (serial) Port Address/IRQ Settings
I/O
Port Address IRQ
---- ------- ---
COM1 3F8 4
COM2 2F8 3
COM3 3E8 4
COM4 2E8 3
Intel faxmodems and modems come with a program called TESTCOM.EXE that
can tell you what I/O address and IRQs are in use. Change to the disk
or directory containing TESTCOM.EXE and enter this command: TESTCOM
/S
If TESTCOM reports that only COM1 is active, set the modem to COM2.
If TESTCOM reports both COM1 and COM2 active, disable the COM2 port in
your computer (if possible) so that you can set the modem to COM2.
See the user's guide for your computer to find out how to disable a
COM port.
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
October 29, 1992 Intel FaxBACK # 4044 Page 4
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͻ
<20> <20>
<20> SatisFAXtion Modem/400: Solutions to Common Problems <20>
<20> <20>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> (continued) <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>ͼ
If you're using both COM1 and COM2 or can't disable COM2, you may be
able to use COM3 or COM4 depending on the devices attached to COM1 and
COM2. A mouse and a modem will not successfully share an IRQ. A
printer and a modem sometimes can share an IRQ.
The Intel SatisFAXtion faxmodems, Intel internal 2400 baud modems, and
the Connection CoProcessor Modem Option allow two additional
configurations:
COM3 3E8 IRQ 5 (works in 286/386/486-based (AT) computers)
COM4 2E8 IRQ 2 (works in 8088/8086-based (PC/XT) computers)
NOTE: Before configuring your modem for COM3/IRQ 5 or COM4/IRQ 2,
make sure your communications software supports these ports.
NOTE: Never use IRQ 5 in 8088/8086-based computers because IRQ 5
is used by your hard drive. Never use IRQ 2 in 286/386/486-
based computers because IRQ 2 is used to "cascade" the two
interrupt controllers.
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
October 29, 1992 Intel FaxBACK # 4044 Page 5

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2 Suspected Bugs in MsDos v4.01
6/5/91
by
William S. Ataras III
'Discovered', tested and copyrighted 1991 by David M. Cox and
William S. Ataras III.
See how to contact us at the end of this document.
We work with satellite imagery. This type of work commonly
involves the manipulation of files between 1 and 200 megabytes in
size. In the course of writing and copying such data, we believe
we've run across 2 bugs. They are detailed below:
--------------------------- Bug #1 ----------------------------
The included program 32MEG.ASM uses the following 4 Dos functions
to create, write, and close 32MEG.DAT and exit:
3Ch - Create file handle.
40h - Write BUFSIZE bytes to file handle.
3Eh - Close file handle.
Int 20h - Exit.
BUFSIZE is a symbol equate in 32MEG.ASM. The included files
2048.COM and 2000.COM are the compiled versions of 32MEG.ASM with
BUFSIZE set to 2048 and 2000 respectively.
The assembly source was compiled and linked with Borland's
assembler TASM v1.01 and linker TLINK v2.0 as follows:
tasm 32meg
tlink /t 32meg
I tested the programs in the root directory of my C: which is a
Connor CP-3104 106meg harddrive. There was no AUTOEXEC.BAT and
the CONFIG.SYS looked like this:
files = 30
buffers = 30
lastdrive = z
shell = c:\command.com /p /e:1024
My computer is a 386 20mhz with 4megs of ram, 3megs extended.
The same results occured with a similar test on a completely
different 386 machine and different harddrive.
A run of Norton 4.50 DI.EXE produced:
DI-Disk Information, Advanced Edition 4.50, (C) Copr 1987-88, Peter Norton
Information from DOS Drive C: Information from the boot record
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
system id 'MSDOS4.0'
media descriptor (hex) F8
2 drive number
512 bytes per sector 512
4 sectors per cluster 4
2 number of FATs 2
512 root directory entries 512
214 sectors per FAT 214
54,722 number of clusters
number of sectors 219,351
1 offset to FAT 1
429 offset to directory
461 offset to data
sectors per track 33
sides 8
hidden sectors 33
Theoretically, the program should generate a dummy file well over
32 megabytes in length. You must have about 41 megs free on your
disk. It works fine when the BUFSIZE equate is 2048; the
resulting 32MEG.DAT is 41,943,040 bytes long. However, when
BUFSIZE is changed to 2000, 2 things happen. First, it takes
nearly twice as long to write the file. Given the fact that Dos
clusters and BIOS disk sectors are always powers of 2, it is not
unreasonable to expect that some additional magic must happen
behind the scenes when such abitrary and rather inconsiderate
byte counts are written. BUT, this was not expected; The
resulting file should have been 43,008,000 bytes long. It was
33,554,000 bytes long; the highest even multiple of 2000 below 32
megabytes.
A run of 'CHKDSK /F' produced 'Allocation error in C:\32MEG.DAT,
size adjusted'. Another 'DIR' told me the file was 43,008,000
bytes long as it should have originally been.
--------------------------- Bug #2 ----------------------------
This problem involves the ramdisk provided by the MsDos 4.01
driver RAMDRIVE.SYS.
I tested this in the root directory of my C: which is a Connor
CP-3104 106meg harddrive. There was no AUTOEXEC.BAT and the
CONFIG.SYS looked like this:
device = c:\dos\ramdrive.sys 2048 128 64 /e
files = 30
buffers = 30
lastdrive = z
shell = c:\command.com /p /e:1024
My computer is a 386 20mhz with 4megs of ram, 3megs extended. The
same results occured with a completely different 386sx 16mhz with
4megs, 3megs extended and different harddrive.
The rawdisk was D:.
A run of Norton 4.50 'DI.EXE D:' produced:
DI-Disk Information, Advanced Edition 4.50, (C) Copr 1987-88, Peter Norton
Information from DOS Drive D: Information from the boot record
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
system id 'RDV 1.20'
media descriptor (hex) F8
3 drive number
128 bytes per sector 128
4 sectors per cluster 4
1 number of FATs 1
64 root directory entries 64
48 sectors per FAT 48
4,079 number of clusters
number of sectors 16,384
1 offset to FAT 1
49 offset to directory
65 offset to data
sectors per track 1
sides 1
hidden sectors 0
I had an arbitrary image file DATA.DAT in C:\. DATA.DAT was
1,300,480 bytes long. Running the following batch file over and
over produced random lost clusters consistently on the 2nd
attempt.
copy data.dat d:
del d:data.dat
dos\chkdsk d:
Changing the 2048 in CONFIG.SYS to 2047 to look like this...
device = c:\dos\ramdrive.sys 2047 128 64 /e
files = 30
buffers = 30
lastdrive = z
shell = c:\command.com /p /e:1024
made the bug go away. I was able to run the same batch 'forever'
without a hitch (as I should have happened previously).
--------------------------- Summary ---------------------------
Feel free to try these tests on your machine if you have MsDos
4.01. I'm sure you'll get similar results. I'd be interested to
know if you didn't.
Contact us by:
Leave a message to Bill Ataras on Ed's BBS at (408)-384-3658.
OR Write:
Bill Ataras
38 Village Dr. #8
Carmel Valley, Ca. 93924

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CISC : The Intel 80486 vs. The Motorola MC68040
---------------------------------------------------
Source : Advanced Microprocessors by Daniel Tabak
Scribe : X-> Mike <-X - July '92
---------------------------------------------------
System Comparison
Most of the space in this text is dedicated to the most recent
advanced CISC microprocessors, the top current products within their families;
the Intel 80486 and the Motorola MC68040. They both belong to the latest
1.2 million transistors per chip generation. It therefore makes sense
to compare the two. It would be unfair to compare the NS32532 with them,
since the NS32532 belongs to an earlier generation and it is not in the same
class as the 80486 and MC68040.
A selection of points of comparison between the 80486 and the MC68040
is listed in Table 1.1. Looking carefully at the table, one can perceive
only a single line indentically marked in both columns: both chips have an
on-chip FPU, conforming to the IEEE 754-1985 standard. All other data are
different, although quite close in some instances. The points of difference
between the 80486 and the MC68040 will be discussed next in some detail.
Table 1.1 Comparison of Intel 80486 and Motorola MC68040
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feature Intel 80486 Motorola MC68040
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FPU on Chip Yes (IEEE) Yes (IEEE)
CPU General-Purpose 32-bit Registers 8 16; 8 Data/8 Address
FPU 80-bit Registers 8 (stack) 8
MMU on Chip Yes Yes; Dual: Data, Code
Cache on Chip 8k Mixed 4k Data + 4k Code
Segmentation Yes No
Paging Yes; 4k/page Yes; 4k or 8k/page
TLB (or ATC) size 32 entries 64 entries in each:
Data, Code ATC
Levels of protection 4 2
Instruction pipeline stages 5 6
Pins 168 179
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU General-Purpose Registers
Both systems have 32-bit general-purpose registers; the 80486 has 8,
while the 68040 has double that number, namely 16. There are advantages
(and disadvantages) to having a large register file. The register file of
the 80486 is definitely too small to avail itself to the advantages. This
is particularly exacerbated by the fact that the CPU registers of the 80486
are not really quite as general purpose as one might wish. In fact, all of
them are dedicated to certain special tasks, such as:
EAX, EDX Dedicated to multiplication/division operations
EDX Dedicated to some I/O operations
EBX, EBP Dedicated to serve as base registers for some addressing modes
ECX Dedicated to serve as a counter in LOOP instructions
ESP Dedicated to serve as a stack pointer
ESI, EDI Dedicated to serve as pointers in string instructions and as
index registers in some addressing modes
On the other hand, on the MC68040 the eight 32-bit data registers D0 to D7
are genuinely general purpose without any restrictions or specific tasks
imposed on them. Of the eight 32-bit address registers A0 to A7, only A7
is dedicated as a stack pointer. The user is free to use the other seven
resgisters A0 to A6 in any possible way.
From the point of view of the CPU register file, the MC68040 has a
very clear advantage. It is much better equipped to retain intermediate
results during a program run, thus reducing CPU-memory traffic. From this
standpoint, the MC68040 even has a slight edge over the VAX architecture.
The VAX (any VAX model) also has sixteen 32-bit general-purpose registers.
However, only 12 of those (as opposed to the 68040's 15) can be used freely
by the programmer. Of the four VAX dedicated registers, one is used as a
program counter and another as a stack pointer. The program counter is
completely separate on both the MC68040 and the 80486 and is not included in
the general-purpose registers.
FPU General-Purpose Registers
Both systems have eight 80-bit registers, providing a large range for
floating-point number representation and a high level of precision. The only
differnce between the two is that the 80486 FPU registers are organized as a
stack, while those of the MC68040 are accessed directly, as its integer CPU
registers. Because of the stack organization the 80486 might have a slight
edge from the standpoint of compiler generation (for that part of the compiler
dealing with floating-point operations).
MMU on Chip
The 80486 has a regular MMU on chip for the control and management of
its memory. The MC68040 has two MMUs: one for code and one for data. This
duality, supported by a separate operand data bus, allows the control unit to
handle instruction and operand fetching simultaneously in parallel and enhances
the handling of the instruction pipeline. Of course, the external bus leading
to the off-chip main memory is single (32-bit data, 32-bit address), and it is
shared by instructions and data operands. With a reasonable on-chip cache hit
ratio, the off-chip bus would be used less often.
Cache on Chip
The total on-chip cache of both systems is 8 kbytes. Interestingly
enough, they have the same parameters: both are four-way set-associative with
16 bytes per line. The difference is that while the 80486 on-chip 8k cache
is mixed, storing both code and data the MC68040 cache is subdivided into two
equal parts: a 4-kbyte data cache and a 4-kbyte code cache. Each cache is
controlled by the respective MMU, mentioned above. The advantage, as in the
MMU case, is the provision of two parallel paths for code and data, resulting
in an overall speedup of operation.
Segmentation
The Intel 80x86 family implements segmentation, while the M68000 family
does not. The earlier Intel systems (8086, 80286) were plagued with the upper
64-kbyte segment size limit, starting with the 80386 and so on, the segment sizecan be made as high as 4 Gbytes (maximum size of the physical memory),
effectively removing the segmentation feature by the decision of the user.
Therefore, as far as segmentation is concerned, the 80486 and MC68040 are
comparable. The 80486 has some edge, since it allows the user to implement
segmentation if needed and avail oneself to its advantages.
Paging
The MMUs of both systems feature paged virtual memory management.
The 80486 offers a single standard page size of 4 kbytes. This page size
is implemented in many other systems. With a 4-kbyte page size, one can
arrange an address mapping where the page directory and the page tables also
have the standard page size of 4 kbytes (1024 = 2^10 entries, 4 bytes each).
Thus, the page directory and the page tables can be treated as entire pages
and placed within page frames in the memory. This results in reduced
complexity in the MMU hardware and in the OS software, one of whose tasks is
to support the management of virtual memory. The MC68040 offers two page
sizes, selectable by the user: 4 kbytes and 8 kbytes. This tends to
complicate the MMU logic and the OS. It is a good thing that Motorola got
rid of the other page size options available with its MC68851 paged MMU:
8 sizes ranging from 256 bytes to 32 kbytes, stepped by a factor of 2. On the
other hand, the 8-kbyte per page option could be useful to a programmer dealing
with large modules of code exceeding 4 kbytes.
TLB (or ATC) Size
The 80486 MMU has a 32-entry TLB. With a 4-kbyte page it covers
32 x 4 kbytes = 128 kbytes of memory. The MC68040 offers much more. The TLB
is called address translation cache (ATC) by Motorola, but it does the same:
it translates virtual into physical addresses. The name given by Motorola is
simpler to perceive, although the TLB term is predominately used in the
computer literature. Each of the two MC68040 MMUs has a 64-entry ATC, for a
total of 128 entries on the chip. For a 4-kbyte page, a total of 128 x 4
kbytes = 512 kbytes of memory is covered (4 times that of the 80486), and for
an 8-kbyte page, 1 Mbyte (8 times that of 80486). In this case, a strong
advantage of the MC68040 is obvious. Since the ATCs encompass much more
memory, the ATC miss probability is considerably smaller. Thus, less time
will be wasted in accessing page tables in memory, resulting in faster overall
operation.
Levels of Protection
The 80486 offers four levels of protection, while the MC68040 has only
two - the supervisor and user, as does the whole M68000 family. While the
protection mechanism of the 80486 is much more sophisticated and, with the
segmentation encapsulation of information, offers more reliable protection,
it also results in more complicated on-chip logic. More time is taken up with
protection checks on the 80486.
Instruction Pipeline Stages
The 80486 instruction pipeline has five stages, while that of the
MC68040 has six. This means that the 80486 pipeline can handle five
instructions simultaneously and the MC68040 can handle six. This certainly
gives an edge in favor of the MC68040, although its MMU-cache-internal buses
duality is a much stronger contributor to its enhanced speed of operation.
The above comments are valid if the instructions are executed sequentially,
without any taken branches. In the case of the taken branch, the subsequent
prefetched instructions are flushed from the pipeline hardware. Neither
the 80486 nor the MC68040 employ the delayed branch feature, as do most of
the RISC-type systems. The MC68040 designers have investigated the possibilityof featuring a delayed branch or other techniques to alleviate the problem of
lost cycles in case of a flushed pipeline. After a number of simulations,
they came to the conclusion that the gain in performance was not worth the
extra hardware expenditure incurred in the implementation of any of the methods
considered. In RISC-type systems, on the other hand, due to reduced control
circuitry there is extra space for features such as the delayed branch which
alleviates the pipeline management problem in case of a taken branch. Indeed,
Intel's RISC 80860 and Motorola's RISC M88000 both implement the delayed branch
technique as an option, selectable by the user.
Performance Benchmarks
Dhrystone Benchmark Version 2.1 (Integer Performance Test -- ALU)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
System Results - Kdhrystones/s Relative
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
VAX 11/780 1.6 1.0
Motorola MC68030 (50 Mhz,1ws) 20.0 12.5
Intel 80486 (25 Mhz) 24.0 15.0
SPARC (25 Mhz) 27.0 16.8
Motorola M88000 (20 Mhz) 33.3 20.1
MIPS M/2000, R3000 (25 Mhz) 39.4 23.8
Motorola MC68040 (25 Mhz) 40.0 24.3
Intel 80860 (33.3 Mhz) 67.3 40.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
As one can see, the MC68040 Dhrystone integer performance considerably
exceeds that of the 80486. It should also be noted that the MC68040
outperforms its predecessor MC68030 by a factor of 2, while the MC68030
operates at a double frequency.
Linpack Benchmark (Double-Precision, 100x100) (F-P Performance Test -- FPU)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
System Results - MFLOPS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
VAX 11/780 0.14
NS32532 + NS32381 0.17
Intel 80386 + 80387 (20 Mhz) 0.20
VAX 8600 0.49
Intel 80486 (25 Mhz) 1.0
Motorola M88000 (20 Mhz) 1.2
Sun SPARCstation 1 1.3
Decstation 3100 (MIPS R2000) 1.6
Sun 4/200 (SPARC) 1.6
Am29000 (25 Mhz) 1.71
IBM 3081 2.1
Motorola MC68040 (25 Mhz) 3.0
R3000/R3010 (25 Mhz) 3.9
Intel 80860 4.5
RS/6000 (25 Mhz) 10.9
Cray 1S 12.0
Cray X-MP 56.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here, the MC68040 outperforms the 80486 by a factor of 3. This
performance ratio is well supported by the discussion given for the data
in Table 1.1.
The fact that more RISC-type processors, tested above, outperform the
80486 CISC should not escape notice either. This is particularly significant
for floating-point performance where the 80486 has an on-chip FPU, while the
R3000 and the SPARC use off-chip coprocessors.
A comparison of memory access clock cycles needed for the execution of
ADD instructions is reported in the following:
Memory Access Clock Counts
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Destination MC68040 80486 M88000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADD reg reg 1 1 1
ADD mem reg (cache hit) 1 2 3*
ADD reg mem (cache hit) 1 1 3*
ADD mem reg (cache miss) 3 4 15*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--"reg" represents a CPU register and "mem" represents a location in memory.
*Includes time to load register plus one clock for the ADD operation.
The superior performance of the MC68040 fits the discussion given
earlier in this text. It should also be noted that both the MC68040 and
80486 have an on-chip cache, while the M88000 cache is on a separate CMMU
chip (MC88200).
It should be noted that all of the above comparisons were conducted
with artificial benchmark programs such as Dhrystone. It is quite possible
that for some "real-life" programs the performance ordering might be quite
different. It is no accident that when company A conducts benchmark
experiments, its products come out ahead of others. It is quite possible
that when another company, say B, publishes its own benchmark results, the
performance ordering may look different. Therefore, the sample of benchmark
comparison results presented should be regarded as a tentative indication.
They are certainly not conclusive.
<*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*>
<*> <*>
<*> >>> THIS TEXTFILE PASSED THROUGH IMAGINE BBS ++46-42-135505 <<< <*>
<*> """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" <*>
<*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*><*>
<<3C><>S<EFBFBD>C<EFBFBD>O<EFBFBD>O<EFBFBD>P<EFBFBD>E<EFBFBD>X<EFBFBD><58><EFBFBD>S<EFBFBD>W<EFBFBD>E<EFBFBD>D<EFBFBD>E<EFBFBD>N<EFBFBD><4E><EFBFBD>H<EFBFBD>E<EFBFBD>A<EFBFBD>D<EFBFBD>Q<EFBFBD>U<EFBFBD>A<EFBFBD>R<EFBFBD>T<EFBFBD>E<EFBFBD>R<EFBFBD><52>>

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From: fdeck@sleepy.helios.nd.edu (francis deck)
Subject: CHEAP 8-BIT ADC FOR IBM PC
PLANS FOR A 4-CHANNEL 8-BIT ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER FOR PC
Francis J. Deck
fdeck@grumpy.helios.nd.edu
This is an extremely simple ADC for the PC. It connects to the parallel
printer port, and runs from a 9V battery. All parts are available from
Digi-Key Corporation (1-800-DIGI-KEY), and cost is under $20, including box!
Input voltage range is 0 to 5 V. Driver software is in Turbo Pascal. I
measured the speed to be roughly 1200 samples/sec on an 8 MHz XT, and 5700/sec
on the same PC with a 10 MHz 80286/cache accelerator card turned on.
You'll see that this circuit doesn't require a bidirectional 8-bit i/o port.
It should work even on the most wild of clones. I've had it going on IBM,
Zenith, Jameco, etc.
Needless to say, this is not an extreme precision device, but should suffice
for many medium-speed application, such as temperature logging or alarms. An
LM34 temperature sensor (10 mV/F output) would allow 2 degree resolution, for
instance. For signals which are noisy beyond 1 LSB (roughly 20 mV), taking
several readings and averaging them will improve the effective resolution by
the square root of the number of readings.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
________________
+ | |
__|__ |
___ 9 V |
_____ battery |
___ |
| |
| |
__|__ <
___ > 1 K Resistor
_ <
> Parallel Printer Port:
| (pin numbers shown are
| 1 for DB25 male plug)
_______|_________
| V+ | 12 2
| clk |----------------o D0
Inputs: | | 2 3
3 | cs' |----------------o D1
A0 o----------| in0 | 13 4
4 | din |----------------o D2
A1 o----------| in1 | 10 10
5 | dout |----------------o Acknowledge
A2 o----------| in2 | 7 18
6 | dgnd |----------------o Ground
A3 o----------| in3 | |
8 | | |
Gnd o----------| agnd | __|__
| | ___
| ADC0833CCN | _
| A to D Conv. |
| |
| vcc vref/2 |
|_________________|
| 7 | 9
| |
| | +2.5 V
__|__ |
0.1 uF _____ |
Disc | |
Capacitor | | +
| ____|___|
| | / \
| / \ LM336Z-2.5
| /_____\ Precision Reference IC
| |
| | -
----------|
__|__
___
_
Note: The pins of the LM336 can be identified as follows: The (+) terminal is
the middle pin. Now, look at the lettering on the chip, while holding the chip
with pins down and lettering facing you, the (-) terminal is on the right.
Some notes: First, V+ is the input to an internal Zener regulator, and power
supplies ranging from +9 to +15 V can be used. This makes it convenient to
mount the circuit inside an existing powered device, such as a light meter.
The circuit can also be powered by eliminating the battery and resistor, and
connecting a +5 V supply to the Vcc terminal.
I made a tiny little printed circuit board for this device, but it's hardly
necessary, considering the low component count. A little piece of perfboard
will suffice. Don't use cables longer than 1m to connect to the PC, since
raw TTL isn't very good for long-haul data transmission.
PARTS LIST [fmg - prices may have changed since the time this was posted!]
All the parts come from Digi-Key Corp, 1-800-DIGI-KEY.
Component Part # Price
--------- ------ -----
ADC0833 ADC0833CCN $5.00
LM336-2.5 LM336Z-2.5 1.05
1k ohm 1.0KQ .26/5
0.1 uF P4311-ND 1.70/10
DB25 male plug 225M-ND 1.08
14-pin IC skt. A9314 .29
9 V batt. snap BS6I-ND .22
9 V batt. P104 1.04
----------------------------------------
TOTAL: 10.64
DRIVER SOFTWARE LISTING
These codes are all written in Turbo Pascal.
{-------- ADC driver ANALOG.PAS -------}
unit analog;
interface
{-------- User-modifyable constants ------}
const
nlpt = 1; {printer port number}
vref = 2.5; {reference voltage for ADC}
{-------- Read an ADC channel --------}
function analog_read (ch: integer): real;
implementation
var
in_addr, out_addr: word; {i/o addresses}
const
cs = 2; {ADC chip select line}
di = 4; {ADC data input line}
clk = 1; {ADC clock line}
dout = 64; {ADC data output line}
a: array[0..3] of byte = {Channel select word, bit #1}
(0,di,0,di);
b: array[0..3] of byte = {Channel select word, bit #2}
(0,0,di,di);
{-------- Read an ADC channel --------}
function analog_read (ch: integer): real;
var
result: byte;
i: integer;
begin
{transmit chip setup sequence as per ADC0833 data sheet}
port[out_addr] := 0;
port[out_addr] := di;
port[out_addr] := di + clk;
port[out_addr] := di;
port[out_addr] := di + clk;
port[out_addr] := di;
port[out_addr] := a[ch];
port[out_addr] := a[ch] + clk;
port[out_addr] := b[ch];
port[out_addr] := b[ch] + clk;
port[out_addr] := di;
port[out_addr] := di + clk;
port[out_addr] := di;
port[out_addr] := di + clk;
port[out_addr] := 0;
{the main conversion loop}
result := 0;
for i := 1 to 8 do begin
result := result*2;
port[out_addr] := clk;
if port[in_addr] and dout <> 0 then result := result + 1;
port[out_addr] := 0;
end;
port[out_addr] := cs;
analog_read := result*vref*7.8125e-3;
end;
{-------- Initialization Section --------}
const
base: word = $40;
offs: array[1..3] of word = ($08,$0a,$0c);
dummy: real;
begin
{find out where printer port is}
out_addr := memw[base:offs[nlpt]];
in_addr := out_addr + 1;
{place ADC in idling mode}
port[out_addr] := cs;
{read ADC a few times to let it settle}
dummy := analog_read(0);
end.
{-------- End of ANALOG.PAS ---------}
{-------- Test program TEST.PAS --------}
program test;
uses
crt,
analog;
var
i: integer;
begin
while not keypressed do begin
for i := 0 to 3 do write (analog_read(i):3:3,' ');
writeln;
delay (500);
end;
end.
{-------- End of TEST.PAS --------}
If there is suitable interest in this topic, measured by how much e-mail y'all
send me, I will continue to post simple circuits. In the future, I may have
to switch to Postscript or HP-GL format for the schematics, which I'd mail to
interested persons.
[fmg - the above started a heated debate on the format of posted schematics -
the result of which seems to have been loss of interested in posting
them... bummer]
Incidentally, there's a real *gold mine* of inexpensive ICs out there which do
all sorts of things, and which, like the ADC0833 above, use *synchronous
serial i/o*, meaning that the send and receive data one bit at a time under
control of an external clock signal. This kind of i/o is very conducive to
parallel port connection, as I've shown. I will soon post a list of such
chips which range from ADC and DACs to remote digital peripherals to EEPROMs
to graphic equalizers!

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FFF FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
FFF FFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFF FFF FFF FFF FFF FFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFF FFF FFF FFF FFF FFFFFFF
FFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF
FFF FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
Specific information........
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Edit a 4dos.ini file if you don't have one.
It should look something like this:
Alias = 4096
Environment = 1264
History = 4096
set alias and environment as low as possible, but remember to leave
space for bat files and programs that use the space. A environment
of 100 more that required is good. It is good to set the alias space
as low as possible. Set the history as high as you prefer. I like 4k,
others might like more...
UMBLoad = Yes
UMBEnvironment = Yes
UMBHistory = Yes
UMBAlias = Yes
If you have umb's, specify these 4 lines!
DescriptionMax=200
ALWAYS insert this line! Now you can describe up to 200 characters, which
is more than enough in most cases. The default of 40(?) is almost never
enough...
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you need file-descriptions that is MORE that 200 characters, remove
the attributes on the DESCRIPT.ION file (attrib -h descript.ion)
edit it, and turn the attributes back on (attrib +h descript.ion)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>HistWinHeight=32
If you drive your screen at text resolutions of 50 lines or more, have
the luxury of a bigger history window! (PgUp, PgDn, etc.)
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The prompt leaves you many fancy options other that $p$g.....
Mine, help from 4dos and ansi.sys, shows time, date, free memory
(conv, xms, ems), free hd space (all drives), in full colours...
You can find it in the extras\prompt.set, which you will have to load
with SET /R [name of file]. Modify it as you like, bacause it is free to
spread!
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
With 4dos, you have the luxury of specifying to "md" or "cd" several
directories at once. You can, for instance, md a b c d e f, in which
will make the directories "a" "b", etc....
You can even create a total tree with the "/s" parameter.
This will allow you to create directories more than one level deep at once.
fx: md c:\hi\I\am\here!
will work, even if "c:\hi" does not exist in forehand!
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
In 4dos, the command-line separator is "^".
That means that you can write several commands on one line, fx.
cls^dir /w /s|list /s^pause^cls
This method can in turn create neat aliases, and if you need examples,
look at MY aliases file! (Included in EXTRAS\aliases.ali !!!!
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Be sure to remap your most used commands in dos to 1-key punches,
to maximize performance. See my alias-file for guidance.
Ex: "d" is "dir", etc....
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>

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== == == From - lae@mullauna.cs.mu.oz.au (Lewin EDWARDS) == == ==
-= A DIY Guide to Computer Repair & Modification (PC and Amiga 500) =-
[Note : To people who saved my earlier post re: installation of the 1Mb
Agnus, discard it and get a copy of this instead; the 1Mb Agnus
installation procedure is included here]
-=<* About This Document - Disclaimer *>=-
This document is intended to provide electronics hobbyists with some useful
notes the author has gathered whilst working on various systems. It is not
intended to train or encourage novices to attempt service or modifications
to expensive appliances. It is especially not intended to encourage
unqualified personnel to tamper with dangerous appliances such as monitors,
power supplies and other devices which contain vacuum tubes, live mains or
high-tension rails, or other hazardous areas. Any such work carried out is
done at the reader's own risk and the author accepts no reponsibility for
damage to property or person which occurs as a result of attempting any of
the procedures described herein.
Having said that, I can vouch for the workability of the
modifications listed here. I have personally performed them all myself on my
own machines (this is, after all, a chronicle of my own experiences, chopped
up under suitable headings for your convenience). With regards to the service
information, whilst I have described problems and the solution(s) I found,
keep in mind that this is rather like a doctor prescribing medication over
the telephone or from an encyclopaedia. What I mean by this statement is that
different problems may well cause the same symptoms; to take a trivial
example, if you turn your monitor on and nothing happens, perhaps the fuse is
blown, but on the other hand, perhaps it is not plugged in, or perhaps there
is a more sinister fault in the power supply section. For this reason, I
suggest you use the service information as a very vague guide ONLY. Remember;
it is very rare to find two machines which are exactly the same inside, and
so what I have found to be a suitable solution to a given fault may be
totally inappropriate to your situation.
-=<* The Commodore Amiga 500 *>=-
i. Serial Killer
----------------
Problems with Amiga serial ports generally fall into three categories; problems
with the flow control lines, problems with the actual data transmission lines,
and problems with the line level (caused by faulty line driver chips). The
first two can be relatively costly to repair, due to Commodore's monopoly on
the CIA and Paula chips, so I advise exploring the line driver section of the
circuit before rushing out to buy new Paulas or CIAs.
Faults in the line driver chips (MC1488 and MC1489, U38 and U39
respectively in the schematic on page F-7 of the book 'Introduction to the
Commodore Amiga 500') are typified by either total loss of transmission, total
loss of reception, or both. If you look at the flow control lines, (CTS and
RTS), you usually see that these lines are behaving normally (exactly why
these lines are rarely affected is a mystery to me); if not, then you probably
have a faulty CIA. Since the 1488 and 1489 only cost around A$1.00 each,
depending on your source, it is well worth replacing these chips before you
investigate Paula. Unfortunately, they are not socketed so you will have to
desolder them (see "Desoldering Small IC's" below). When you have the chips
out, put in a couple of sockets to facilitate later repairs.
If, after replacing the 148x's, you still experience problems, it is
time to look further. If you have suitable software, you can check whether the
problem lies in the flow control lines (in which case you have a damaged even
CIA, U8) or in the data lines (in which case you have a damaged Paula). If you
do not have, or are unable to interpret the results of, this software, you can
make use of an old Amiga-tech wrinkle; exchange the CIA chips and see if your
fault clears up. If it does, then ten to one the problem is in the CIA which
started out as U8; if the problem persists, then it is most likely a Paula
fault.
ii. Floppy Hassles
------------------
In my life I have opened at least 40 Amiga 500's and have NEVER seen two which
have the same make and model of internal floppy. It seems that Commodore
change their suppliers (and also the colors of the LEDs on the keyboard) on a
weekly basis. Let's see.. three possible LED colors (red, green, yellow),
three LEDs on the keyboard, four floppy manufacturers (Sankyo, Chinon,
Panasonic, Sony), two different styles of head connector (one film connector
per head or one wide film connector servicing both heads), helical screw or
belt-drive head carriage mechanisms.. that makes 144 possible configurations
already. For this reason it is not possible to give specific "look-to-the-left-
of-the-large-chip" directions, and I can only state a couple of possible faults
and their possible causes :
* Floppy refuses to acknowledge disk insert
Probably caused by a defective odd CIA (U7). Try switching the CIAs over. Also
check that the switches at the front of the drive travel freely up and down.
Verify that the pads to which the switch assembly is connected have not flaked
off the board (this can be caused by rough disk insertion).
* Floppy will not read disks formatted in other drives
The head alignment is faulty. There is a method of adjusting it without
special tools and measurement devices, but it requires considerable patience
and one of the X-Copy series of programs. The method is as follows :
- Format a disk in a working drive.
- Open your machine (or external drive). Remove the cover from the drive unit
(it is usually held on by one screw on either side and another on top at the
back). Locate the track zero sensor and loosen the screw which holds it in
position. Load X-Copy and select the Toolkit option CHECKDISK.
- You must now align the lower head. This can be accomplished by moving the
track zero sensor a little, then checking the disk, and repeating this until
you find a position in which the drive will read the lower side of the disk.
When this is done, tighten the screw which holds the track zero sensor, to
stop it shifting. If you have any Lok-Tite, a drop of that on the screw is
advisable.
- You must now align the upper head. Loosen the two screws which hold it to
the head carriage assembly (Do NOT remove these screws, unless you relish the
idea of going over the floor with a metal detector looking for small springs).
Adjust the upper head by eye until it appears to be exactly over the lower
head. Now repeat the above trial-and-error process, tweaking the upper head
around until you find a workable position. Tighten the screws, replace the
cover and reassemble.
If the above procedure sounds rigmarolish and uncertain, it is ! But
I have successfully performed it on a number of Amiga and PC 3.5" drives. And
I have never had a failure with it.
iii. Caps Lock Chaos
--------------------
Many Amiga owners will know, to their detriment, that occasionally the Caps
Lock light will start blinking and the keyboard will lock up. This is caused
by the microprocessor in the keyboard detecting a keyboard fault. I first
noticed this fault when our school Amiga room (two rev. 5a A500's) acquired an
autofire joystick, a Quickshot IIb I think. When switched to autofire mode,
this joystick would periodically jam the keyboard. If you have recently
acquired an autofire joystick, you should investigate whether turning it off
during boot fixes the problem. Otherwise, you can try the old "Atari Twist",
ie pick up your machine in both hands and twist it. This is basically
equivalent to reseating the chips on the motherboard; if you have a spare
moment, I suggest you actually open the machine up and manually reseat them.
iv. Bulimia of the Agnus
------------------------
iv-1. What is the 1Mb Agnus ?
-----------------------------
The 1Mb Agnus (variously known as the Obese Agnus or Fatter Agnus), Commodore
part 8372a or 318069-02, is the relatively new Agnus which is capable of
addressing 1Mb of chip-RAM. This allows you to have twice the amount of
sampled music, screens, and other custom-chip data in memory simultaneously.
It also has the desirable effect of letting you run things like Deluxe Paint
in 16-color 640x512 (or 640x400, NTSC users) mode, without having to
disconnect external drives, close down WorkBench screens and the like. For
A-Max users, installing the new Agnus and configuring it to 1Mb chip-RAM mode
will also increase A-Max compatibility. If you have more than 1Mb of RAM, then
it will make A-Max virtually 100% identical to a Mac Plus, memory-map-wise.
NOTE WELL : This modification requires 1Mb of RAM to be visible !
Commodore, not wishing to make two chips where one will do, is now shipping
the 8372a in most (nearly all Rev. 6a) A500's, without telling anybody. In
these machines, the extra chip-RAM capability has been disabled so that if you
connect an A501, it will still think it is "slow" [see below] RAM.
iv-2. An Aside on Memory Speeds
-------------------------------
The Amiga has *three* types of RAM. Chip-RAM, Fast-RAM and "Slow"-RAM.
Contrary to what many people assert, RAM at $C00000 (the default location of
the A501 expander, and the second 512K of RAM in A2000's) is NOT fast-RAM,
even though the system reports it as such. Because this RAM is refreshed and
accessed via Agnus, it is affected by buss contention in just the same way as
chip-RAM. It is simply a dead area in RAM which is not accessed by the custom
chips and which is not faster than chip-RAM. Moving this RAM to $80000 (which
is what you do to enable 1Mb chip-RAM) will have no effect on machine speed at
all.
iv-3. Compatibility
-------------------
To date (20-Oct-91, 18:11EST) I have personally tested at least 400 pieces of
software with the new Agnus. I have found three programs which do not work :
* Double Dragon II (Completely screwed up)
* VideoFX 3D (Again, completely useless)
* Impossible Mission II (This game requires memory at $C00000. It does not
mind the Agnus, but if you want to run it you must drop back to
512K chip/512K slow mode. Lousy AllocAbs() programmer !)
In addition, Dragon Ninja thinks you are running on a 512K machine and will
not play in-game music. Again, this can be rectified by switching into 512K
chip/512K slow mode. Some other games also think they are running on a 512K
machine, notably TechnoCop and R-Type, but this is of no real consequence.
iv-4. Identifying the Version of your A500
------------------------------------------
There are several versions of the A500 out there. I have only tried fitting
the new Agnus to the following :
a. The Revision 5 board shipped until early 1989
b. The new Revision 6a board supplied from May (?) 1989 onwards
The way to identify your machine type is to check the expansion port which
lurks under a plastic cover on the left-hand side of the computer. The Rev. 5
machine has a very fat strip (double width) at the back of the connector; the
Rev. 6a board has two normal-width strips instead.
iv-5. Installing the 8372a to Revision 5 A500's
-----------------------------------------------
1. Remove the 8371 from its socket. If you are an NTSC user who does not wish
to use the PAL mode, go to step 3.
2. Pin 41 of the new Agnus controls whether the machine starts up in PAL or
NTSC modes. When it is tied low (to ground), the machine boots in NTSC mode.
When the line is tied high or left floating (ie unconnected), it boots into
PAL mode. On the Rev. 5 board, pin 41 is connected to ground by tracks on BOTH
sides of the board, making it virtually impossible to cut the track without
desoldering the socket. This means if you just plug in the new Agnus, you will
be locked in NTSC mode !! There are a couple of ways to go about circumventing
this problem; I will detail here the one I undertook on my own Rev. 5 board. I
will assume you want to install some sort of switch to toggle PAL/NTSC mode.
If you only want to run in PAL mode, you can simply bend out pin 41 of the
Agnus socket (don't bend the pin on the chip) to prevent it from making
contact with Agnus. If you do this, proceed to step 3. Otherwise, get yourself
an SPDT or SPST toggle switch and two lengths of telephone (or other thin,
stiff single-core wire). Solder wires to the switch :
+---+
To a convenient ground--+-o | BACK VIEW OF SWITCH
+--------+-o | When held as shown, UP=PAL, DOWN=NTSC.
| | o |
| +---+
Uninsulated --> | | <-- This side is insulated
\-/ <-- Fold the wire thru 180 degrees
3. Insert the new Agnus. If installing the switch, you should now poke the
loose end of wire (see above) from the switch into pin 41 of the socket so
that the bare copper side touches the pin on the chip and the insulated side
touches the pin on the socket. In order to fit the wire down the hole you may
find it necessary to bend out or remove entirely [Not recommended !] the pin
on the socket. Secure the wire with a tiny drop of cyanoacrylate adhesive.
4. If you wish to install a memory mode switch, go to step 5. Otherwise,
locate JP2 (between 68000 and ROM). This consists of three pads. The center
and lower pads are joined by a thin track. Cut this track and place a drop of
solder between the center and upper pads. Now locate the _EXRAM line coming
from the A501 port (it comes from pin #32 and runs on the upper side of the
motherboard parallel to the A501 connector). Cut this line. You have now
completed the installation procedure.
5. Complicated. Locate JP2 and cut the track which joins the center and lower
pads. Locate the _EXRAM line from the A501 port (see step 4) and cut the
track. Solder wires to all three pads of JP2 and one wire to either side of
the gap you cut in the _EXRAM track. Wire a DPDT switch as follows :
+-----+ BACK VIEW OF SWITCH
Upper pad of JP2 --+-o o | When held as shown, UP=512K CHIP, DOWN=1M CHIP
Center pad of JP2 -+-o o-+- To one side of the gap in the _EXRAM track
Lower pad of JP2 --+-o o-+- To the other side of the gap
+-----+
You have now completed the installation procedure.
iv-6. Installing the 8372a to Revision 6a A500's
------------------------------------------------
1. Remove the 8371 from its socket. Insert the new 8372a. NTSC users who do
not wish to use the PAL mode should go to step 3. When installing the new
Agnus, note that on the 6a board, the Agnus socket has been rotated 90 degrees
anti-clockwise from the orientation on the revision 5 board. For this reason,
plugging in the Agnus correctly is no longer an intuitive operation !
2. JP4 controls PAL/NTSC video mode. If you are in North America or Hong Kong
or anywhere else the National Television Standards Committee TV format is
used, this should be bridged by a track or a blob of solder. If you are in
Australia, Europe or anywhere else the Phase-Alternated Linescan TV format is
used, this jumper should be cut open. If you wish to install a switch, then
simply connect it across the two pads of the jumper.
3. Cut the track joining the center and upper pads of JP2, and the track
joining the center and upper pads of JP7a. (JP2 is between the CPU and the ROM
and JP7a is just to the left of the A501 connector). If you wish to install a
memory switch, proceed to step 4 otherwise solder the center and lower pads of
JP2 together. You have now completed the installation procedure.
4. Connect a DPDT switch as follows :
+-----+ BACK VIEW OF SWITCH
Upper pad of JP2 --+-o o | When held as shown, UP=512K CHIP, DOWN=1M CHIP
Center pad of JP2 -+-o o-+-- Center pad of JP7a
Lower pad of JP2 --+-o o-+-- Upper pad of JP7a
+-----+
You have now completed the installation procedure.
v. Is My Jumper On The Line ?
------------------------------
Number Rev5 ? Rev6a ? Function
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
JP1 yes yes Connects reset timer (NE555) to main reset
JP2 yes yes Maps A501 at $C00000 or $80000
JP3 yes yes Swaps _CAS of RAM banks (of use for test purposes)
JP4 no yes 8371 Agnus : TEST line [solder closed !!]
8372a Agnus : PAL/NTSC video mode select
JP5 no yes 28MHz base clock to Agnus
JP6 no yes 7MHz clock on pin 7 of expansion connector
JP7a no yes Controls _EXRAM to Gary
JP7b no yes CIA tick from VSYNC or pin 32 of A501 (default VSYNC)
JP8 no yes LPEN from FIRE0 or FIRE1
JP9 no no ??? A non-existent jumper. Future Rev. 7 ???
JP10a no yes Connects AUDIN to pin 18 of serial port
JP10b no yes Connects AUDOUT to pin 11 of RS232 port
JP11 no yes Connects CSYNC to BCSYNC or video hybrid
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NB: These are A500 jumpers only. A2000, 2500, 3000 have different jumper
assignments. The 1000 *may* have similar settings but I cannot guarantee this.
vi. Hol(e)y, Hol(e)y, Hol(e)y
-----------------------------
Owners of Rev. 6a A500's will notice that they only have 4 RAM chips as
opposed to the 16 in the Rev. 5 and earlier machines. They will also note that
in between the RAM chips are empty sets of holes which look like something
ought to go into them.
Firstly, fear not - the reason you have a quarter the number of RAM
chips as older machines is that the 6a uses 44256 4-bit x 256K chips which are
four times as large as the 41256 1-bit x 256K chips used in the 5 and earlier
revisions. All the modern Amiga memory hardware (except possibly the A501)
uses these larger chips because they are slightly cheaper on a dollar-per-
megabyte basis. For example, the older Series I A590 hard drives use the
41256, and they will accept up to 2Mb. The new Series II A590's use the 44256
(and consequently have enough space to fit 8Mb of RAM).
But, back to those extra holes. They are indeed designed to accept
something; viz, another set of four 44256's to take your machine up to 1Mb
without having to buy an A501 or other expander (this is particularly useful
if you have a memory expansion which uses the A501 slot, and you want to have
1Mb chip-RAM). If you want to install your own RAM there, you should do as
follows : Purchase four 20-pin IC sockets (preferably machined-pin). Make sure
you have a solder-sniffer. Now look at those holes and you will see that they
are clogged by solder (this is due to the way the boards are soldered; the
process covers all exposed copper areas with solder). You must clean this
solder out by heating the board from one side and sniffing the solder out on
the other (or blowing the solder through; if you choose this method, make sure
to remove all the little splashes of solder from the board and your lap). When
you have cleaned out all the holes, solder in the sockets. Now plug in four
44256 chips and you have 1Mb of memory for slightly less than the cost of an
A501 (in Australia, the difference is roughly A$20).
With respect to the speed of RAM chips required, I use 150ns chips
with no problems at all; however, I suspect that Commodore would recommend
100ns devices. The price difference is minimal so you may as well buy 100ns
chips so that if you ever buy a series II A590, you can shift the chips over
and have 100%-guaranteed-not-to-overheat fast-RAM.
vii. 1Mb of Motherboard Memory on the Rev. 5
--------------------------------------------
It is possible to install 1Mb of RAM onto the revision 5 motherboard. However,
this modification is flaky at best and I cannot recommend it (having tried it
in a moment of sheer boredom). Also note that I could *not* get this extra
memory to be mapped at $C00000 (the computer would only recognise it if I had
JP2 set to map the A501 at $80000); which means that it is only of potential
interest to owners of the 1MB Agnus. (This failure to work as $C0 RAM may well
have been due to some stupid omission on my part).
I will deliberately be vague because this is not a trivial
modification. If you are unable to work out what to do with confidence, you do
not have enough knowledge to perform the mod.
The procedure can be summarised as follows: Take sixteen 41256 RAM
chips (for speed information, see the end of subsection vi. above). Bend the
refresh address strobe pins (_RAS, pin 4) on all the chips up and over so that
it is well clear of the other pins and easily accessible from the top of the
chip. Bend in all the other pins a little. Now, piggyback the new chips on top
of the existing RAM, making sure to install them in the same orientation as
the original chips. It is not possible to reach all the pins to solder them,
so you will have to content yourself with only soldering the corner pins.
Solder wires from the bent-up _RAS pins to pin #38 of the A501 port (or any
convenient take-off point of this signal). You should now have 1Mb of RAM. (If
you want to try using it as $C00000 RAM, you should ground the _EXRAM pin, pin
#32, of the A501 port. I had no success with this). This mod sounds all very
well, but in the current climate it may be slightly cheaper to buy a
secondhand A501 than to buy 41256 chips. In addition, due to the precarious
hold the piggybacked chips have on the originals (because there isn't enough
room to solder all of the pins down), the mod is sensitive to shock; if you
tap the table, you can sometimes guru the machine. For this reason, this is a
"possible but ill-advised" modification.
viii. Double Trouble
--------------------
The hack to accelerate your Amiga to 14MHz has been published in countless
articles, but I may as well include a brief description of it here. The hack
involves removing the original 68000 from your Amiga and substituting a
version rated at 16MHz (confusingly called the 68000P-12; the Motorola chips
have "16MHz" stamped on them, but the SGS-Thompson clones do not). The clock
pin is bent out and soldered to the output of a divide-by-2 counter whose
input is connected to the base 28MHz clock. THIS MODIFICATION SHOULD BE
INSTALLED WITH A SWITCH !! If not, you WILL (not may) find that some games
will refuse to load because they use timing-dependent loaders.
Aside from the problem mentioned above, the only compatibility
down-side to this modification is that some floppy drives will not handle the
increased step rate. If you find that your drives give read/write errors at
the high speed, you can either replace them or run a program called "DFDelay"
to slow down the step rate. (If df0: will not work, you have a problem. Try
swapping df1: for df0: - to do which you will need a Commodore df1:. The
mechanisms used in the old A1010 drives are EXTREMELY reliable and much
quieter than the new rubbishy things; if you have an A1010, you can be fairly
certain that it will support the new speed).
To perform the mod, remove your old 68000 and embed it in a perspex
block for future reference. Now rig half of a 74S74 dual D bistable as a
divide-by-2 counter. Connect the input of this to a convenient take-off point
of the 28MHz clock line on the motherboard (I use pin #34 of Agnus, but
anywhere will do). Now bend out pin 15 of the new CPU and solder a wire to
this pin. Take a piece of stiff telephone wire, strip approx. 5mm of
insulation from one end, and stick this end down pin 15 of the 68000 socket.
Insert the new CPU in the socket and verify that pin 15 is well clear of the
wire in the socket. Now wire a SPDT switch as follows :
BACK VIEW
+---+ When held as shown UP=7.14MHz,
To output of divide-by-2 counter -+-o | DOWN=14.28MHz
To pin 15 of 68000 -+-o |
To wire in pin 15 of 68000 socket -+-o |
+---+
The 74S74 should be mounted somewhere convenient; I break off all the unused
pins, bend the remaining pins out, and stick the chip on top of one of the
data path IC's; this has the advantage of allowing me to take power directly
off the existing components rather than stringing yet another pair of wires
through the machine.
If you only have chip and/or slow memory (see subsubsection iv-2.)
then your machine will run at approximately 150% normal speed (on
CPU-intensive operations; DMA rates will be unchanged). If you have true
fast-RAM then code running from fast-RAM will execute at close to 200% of
normal speed. Try placing a large perpective brush with anti-aliasing HIGH
in DeluxePaint III (or IV !) and you will see the speed increase.
ix. The Numbers Game
--------------------
This is how PLCC chips are numbered (using Agnus as an example) :
1 1 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5
BEVELED CORNER | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
/-------------------------------------------|
12 -| o |- 74
13 -| |- 73
14 -| |- 72
15 -| |- 71
16 -| |- 70
17 -| |- 69
18 -| |- 68
19 -| |- 67
20 -| 8372A |- 66
21 -| |- 65
22 -| |- 64
23 -| TOP VIEW |- 63
24 -| |- 62
25 -| |- 61
26 -| |- 60
27 -| |- 59
28 -| |- 58
29 -| |- 57
30 -| |- 56
31 -| |- 55
32 -| |- 54
|____________________________________________|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
x. A Change Of Face
-------------------
Installing the ECS Denise is simplicity itself. Simply remove the old Denise
and plug the new one straight in. Note that to use the new video modes, you
require the 1Mb Agnus (not necessarily in 1Mb chip-RAM mode, though). By
installing the new Denise, you also eliminate the annoying video glitches
which occur in NTSC mode when using the new Agnus with the old Denise.
xi. Snap, Crackle and Pop
-------------------------
[For non-Australians, the above is the slogan a local cereal company uses to
advertise a tasteless soggy mess called Rice Bubbles].
Symptom : Your monitor produces snapping or popping noises, and
sometimes goes unaccountably blank after being switched on for a while.
I have no idea why this problem seems to affect Commodore monitors so
badly. It is caused by arcing of the EHT rail (around 14kV, from memory) to
lower-voltage areas of the set. Initial treatment is to turn off the monitor,
leave it for a couple of days (to allow capacitors to discharge), and then to
remove every last speck of dust from the inside. This usually works.
If it does not, however, sterner measures are called for. Open your
monitor and (here comes the dangerous part) leave it running, open, for a few
hours. If you actively work against Murphy's Law by watching it from behind
something or inside something, where the monitor can't see you, you MAY
eventually be lucky enough to actually catch it in the act of arcing. Mark the
place with a spirit pen and spray on some anti-gaussing compound. (This stuff
has a very high dielectric constant and hence helps to prevent arcs).
xii. Yo Ho Ho And A Packet Of Disks
-----------------------------------
I sometimes describe A-Max as the only useful productivity tool for the Amiga;
Mac owners will agree with me when I say that Macintosh applications are
incomparably better than their Amiga counterparts. However, due to suppression
of the source of 128K ROMs by a certain computer mega-corporation named after
a piece of dead plant, the future of this marvellous product looks slightly
less certain than Melbourne hosting the 1996 Olympic Games (grin).
There exists a software patch which will allow you to [illegally] run
the emulator using a ROM image file on disk; however, if you wish to use a Mac
drive with the A-Max cartridge, you must have ROMs or EPROMs in the ROM
sockets. Problem ? No. Simply insert two blank 27512 64K x 8 EPROMs in the ROM
sockets.
NB: The above procedure is wholly illegal and the author is not explicitly
condoning nor advocating the practise. I personally own original Apple 128K
ROMs (purchased before the great ROM drought). The above information is
supplied for interest's sake only.
-=<* The 80x86-Based PC/XT/AT-Compatible *>=-
i. Tools of the Trade
---------------------
Since I come across many cards and peripherals of doubtful functionality, I
have invested in a 10MHz 286 motherboard with just enough RAM to get started,
plus a $20 Hercules card to run diagnostic programs. This is mounted in an
ancient XT casing, with an equally ancient 150W power supply. The total cost
of this system was about $150, and it allows me to test all XT and AT cards
(not EISA cards, but then I have no EISA-buss machines anyway !), drives and
so on. If you expect to be buying/selling many secondhand cards, drives, SIPPs
and so on, I heartily recommend buying such a system, unless you are game
enough to risk your "real" system by putting possibly defective cards in it.
ii. The Heat Is On
------------------
In many clone machines, particularly 16MHz or faster 286's which use the AMD
80286 rather than the Intel original, the CPU becomes extremely warm, too hot
to touch with the hand. For example, I have a 16MHz Acer motherboard which
uses an AMD 80286-16 processor, and after 25 minutes of operation at turbo
speed, the processor is far too hot to be touched for more than half a second.
This kind of heating is undesirable in that it shortens the chip life and,
more importantly, may lead to sudden crashes if the chip undergoes thermal
shutdown. (The so-called XT-286's, XT-class machines with 80286 processors,
are very susceptible to this problem). If your machine has this undesirable
property, you should consider attaching some sort of heatsink to the CPU. An
extra fan in the casing is also an option, though I find them to be relatively
ineffective for this task.
You can also try replacing the CPU with an original Intel chip. For
some reason, the Intel line stays a lot cooler than the AMD line in general.
iii. Sudden Death
-----------------
Scenario : You are working on an important document under an operating system
known to be bug-free (aren't fairy-tales wonderful ?). You leave the keyboard
to take your ten-minutes-per-hour anti-RSI coffee break. You return (having
neglected to save your work), you press a few keys... and nothing happens.
Your document is there on the screen, but the program has halted.
The above is quite often caused by overheating problems (see
subsection ii). It is also sometimes caused by dirty or otherwise imperfect
connections between cards or chips and their sockets. If your machine is more
than 2 years old, it may well be that your sockets are becoming dirty. (An
interesting anecdote springs to mind about a small LAN of XT-class machines,
all of which seemed to fail simultaneously. It turned out that the network
cards used single-wipe sockets which degraded much faster than the dual-wipe
sockets used on the motherboards, and occasionally the fileserver would start
to send out a packet, but would only manage to send part of the header before
the faulty network card corrupted the transfer. Because of a "feature" in the
network software, all the machines on the LAN stopped operations while waiting
for an ID sequence to indicate the machine the corrupted packet was destined
for. This looked exactly like a simultaneous crash on twenty machines and had
the serviceperson (erm, me) puzzled for quite a few days).
The immediate cure for this sort of problem is to pull out all your
cards, clean the connectors with an ink eraser (pencil erasers are not
abrasive enough), remove the fragments of eraser and reinsert the cards. You
can also push down on all the socketed chips to reseat them.
Oh yes. The above problem can also be caused by viruses. Use McAfee
Associates' SCAN (and if necessary CLEAN) programs to detect and kill these.
iv. Overworked FPU's
--------------------
Due to the large price discrepancy between the different speed ratings of
floating-point coprocessors, there is a strong temptation to buy (say) a 25MHz
387 for your 33MHz 386. The chances are good that such an arrangement will in
fact work, however note that the power dissipation of the FPU will be
increased. In simple terms, it will get hot. For this reason, you should
always look for ceramic-bodied chips, since they can dissipate MUCH more heat
than plastic-bodied devices. And whenever possible, run in non-turbo mode.
v. Hot-Rodding, Across the Universe
-----------------------------------
It is relatively common knowledge nowadays that it is quite possible to
hot-rod a 16MHz machine to 20MHz or a 33MHz machine to 40-50MHz. This
naturally carries with it the same overheating problems mentioned in
subsection iv above. However, if you are determined to undertake such a
modification, there are a couple of pieces of information you may find useful:
- For 80286 and 80386 machines, you will need a crystal or oscillator can
(make sure you know which you need) which is TWICE the frequency you want your
machine to run at.
- The crystal to replace is the one rated at TWICE the listed speed of your
motherboard (ie on a 16MHz board, there will be a 32MHz crystal). Do not be
led astray by the I/O clock crystal(s) !
- It is good practice to place a socket on the motherboard where you removed
the old crystal, so that if you ever have to sell your machine you can pop in
the original speed of crystal and cover up your tracks.
Note that I have never performed this type of enhancement to 80386
machines; however, this document is being typed on an 80286 which I hot-rodded
from 12MHz to 16MHz.
vi. Hacked Reset Switches
-------------------------
Most 286/386/486 motherboards (all I have ever seen) come with a reset switch
connection built-in; many XT motherboards do not. Consequently there have been
a number of postings to USENET describing how to add a pushbutton to the
_RESET line of the CPU. I find it rather amusing that several such founts of
wisdom advise the installation of a pullup resistor "to make sure the line
goes high again after the button is released". Interesting. Does this mean
that when you turn on your machine, you only have a 50/50 chance that the
_RESET line will be high enough to let the CPU start ? Of course not. The
designers already put in a pullup resistor, so there is absolutely no need to
put in another one. Just connect a normally open pushbutton between the _RESET
pin of the CPU and any convenient signal ground.
vii. Tearing Your Hair
----------------------
Scenario : Your favorite machine, with SoundBlaster, LAN, VGA, Hercules, Voice
Master, two serial and one multi I/O cards goes down. You don't know where to
start.
The first thing to do in such cases is to remove every card except the
display adaptor and the floppy controller (if this is integrated with the hard
disk controller then both will have to stay). You should now simply keep
adding cards until the machine no longer starts up (assuming it starts up in
its minimal configuration). Whilst this may sound obvious, you would be amazed
by the number of people who leave all their cards in and just poke about with
the jumper settings.
viii. Mix And Match
-------------------
It is often very convenient to have two monitors connected to the one machine.
(I have both VGA and Hercules cards in my "useful" machines). However, not all
display adapters can be mixed together in the one machine (due to memory
conflicts). Below is a table of the allowable configurations; a star indicates
"allowable" and a period (full stop) indicates an illegal combination.
with MDA CGA EGA MCGA VGA
MDA . * * * *
CGA * . * . .
EGA * * . . .
MCGA * . . . .
VGA * . . . .
For the purposes of display mixing, an MDA (mono 80x25 text only) is identical
to a Hercules Graphics Card (720x348 mono graphics). Note that if you have a
VGA card as one of your displays (the most common configuration is VGA + MDA
or Hercules), your VGA card will no longer be able to emulate Hercules modes.
(If you load up the extended-mode-handler program supplied with most SVGA
cards, you will be told that the card cannot be switched into mono mode). Note
the possible pitfall with Hercules cards; most of them contain a parallel
port, usually switchable from address 3BC to address 378. If you already have
a parallel port mapped at this address, strange errors will crop up. (Also
note that if you have parallel ports at 378 and/or 278, and the Herc parallel
port is at 3BC, the Herc card will become LPT1: - this may necessitate some
switching of cables). If possible, disable the onboard parallel port, or map
it to an unused port address.
One final note on the subject of video conflicts; a number of clone
companies have released so-called "color Hercules" cards, which support both
the Hercules and CGA standards. These cards will not co-reside with any other
video card.
ix. Expanding SVGA Cards
------------------------
Many people ask, "Can I expand my SVGA card ?". In most cases, the answer is
no. However, occasionally one runs across cards which have sockets for extra
RAM. The two examples of this which I have seen are Tseng Laboratories SVGA
cards (mine came with 512K and space for an extra 512K), and Trident cards
(again, mine came with 512K, but had sockets for the extra RAM). In such
cases, installing the extra memory is simply a matter of purchasing the
requisite RAM chips (usually 44256; however, some older cards will use 4464
or 41256 chips), and installing them in the empty sockets on the card. Before
you spend the money on this, however, consider - do you really need the extra
memory ? In the vast majority of SVGA cards, adding the extra RAM only allows
you to use ONE extra mode, viz. 1024x768x256. This mode is not really useful
unless it is un-interlaced (stare at an interlaced screen for a few hours and
you will understand why !). Also, on monitors coarser than 0.28" dot pitch,
this mode looks EXTREMELY fuzzy, and on some monitors it is not even
displayed properly (the edges of the screen are compressed). Although my
cards support this mode, I always use 640x480x256 as my maximum screen
resolution (except when viewing very large GIFs, eg the 1152x900 pictures
designed for and/or digitized on Suns).
A final note : I have yet to see a card which was supplied with 256K
which is expandable. Most of these cards were very early models which used
older (true VGA) chipsets incompatible with the newer de facto video
standards.
x. To BIOS or not to BIOS ?
---------------------------
THe question is often asked, "Which BIOS is best ?". One would imagine that
the best BIOS should be an original IBM chip; however, since most software is
developed on clones (I wonder how many people have seen a real IBM recently -
I haven't seen anything more recent than an original 5-slot PC, although I do
know of the PS/2, a 286 machine. Does IBM in fact make a 386 ?), a machine
with a "real" BIOS is not necessarily more compatible than a clone. So the
choice of BIOS boils down to personal preference. I personally own AMI 286 and
386 BIOSs, and Award 386 BIOS, and I have used Phoenix 286 and Award 286 BIOS.
Out of these, I strongly recommend the AMI (American Megatrends) BIOS because
it seems a lot more sensibly designed than the Award or Phoenix programs. For
example, the AMI 386 BIOS allows you to set up a whole lot of low-level
chipset parameters related to memory speed and setup, whilst the Award only
allows you to set drive and display types. Also, if you have been toying with
the XCMOS settings and have managed to make your computer non-functional, if
you have the AMI BIOS, you simply hold down Insert while pressing the reset
button, and the XCMOS settings will be set to default values, unlocking your
machine. With the Award BIOS, I had a machine with Hercules and VGA cards, but
no mono monitor, and I accidentally set the display type to "MONO", meaning
that the machine booted on the Herc card where I couldn't see anything.. in
order to get the machine usable again I had to open it and unplug the Hercules
card to force the BIOS to return to the VGA/EGA display setting. Annoying,
especially since the machine in question was the bottom (Murphy again !) in a
stack of three PCs with a monitor on top, all on a very crowded desk.
NB: Since the BIOS is resident on a standard EPROM, it is quite
possible to copy it using an EPROM reader/burner and a blank EPROM of the same
type. However, the astute will notice that there are *two* chips in the
machine with little holographic stickers; the BIOS and the keyboard
controller. I have never had occasion to try pirating BIOSs, but I doubt that
BIOS A will work with keyboard controller B. They definitely "know" about one
another, because when you boot a slow AMI machine, you see a serial number of
the format <something>-<something>-K (a pause while the keyboard is accessed),
then another digit indicating the keyboard controller version.
-=<* General Information *>=-
i. Desoldering Small IC's (Less than 40 pins)
---------------------------------------------
Small chips can be fairly easily desoldered by inserting a suitable lever
under one end, applying pressure and running a hot soldering iron up and down
the rows of pins. When one end is substantially further out than the other,
shift your lever to the other end and rock the chip out.
ii. Desoldering Large IC's (40 pins or more)
--------------------------------------------
This is not a task I relish, though I have had to do it a few times. I
strongly recommend the use of an IC desoldering tool. If this is unavailable,
then to help you rock the chip out (by the method described above), you should
"wet" the joints with a plentiful amount of fresh solder.
iii. Desoldering Surface-Mounting Resistors and Capacitors
----------------------------------------------------------
Unfortunately, one really needs to apply heat to both ends of these components
simultaneously to extract them easily. However, you can try using a
solder-sniffer to remove most of the solder, then heat up the entire component
and flick it off the board while the solder is still liquid. Make absolutely
sure you have the correct value of replacement component; SM resistors and
capacitors are often unmarked.
iv. Desoldering 160-pin Surface Mount IC's
------------------------------------------
Don't. It's impossible without a 160-arm soldering robot. If your motherboard
has a chip like this which is damaged, replace the motherboard; it will
probably be cheaper than trying to import a proprietary ULA from Taiwan or
Japan. Not to mention the hours you will waste soldering all those .025" pitch
pins, and the YEARS you will waste getting rid of the solder bridges.
(Note : For those who do not believe 160-pin IC's exist, please refer
to the Acer 16MHz 80286 motherboard, component U16. This is an M1207-16, a
160-pin surface-mounting ULA).
v. Old PCB's
------------
Printed circuit boards which have been in service for a while are MUCH more
susceptible to heat damage (when soldering and desoldering components) than
more recent boards. In the case of plated-thru-hole double-sided boards
particularly, it is extremely easy to pull the pad off the top side of the
board when desoldering components. This necessitates much laborious flying
lead installation and is generally a hassle ! I recently had cause to repair a
device made in late 1979 (an old glass tty, in fact), and I would strongly
advise staying well clear of these older devices if at all possible.
** EOF **
There has not been an error in d4wnloading and the fqle is 1^00% uncorrupt?d.

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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
The following is an article published in "Video Computing (tm)", The
Journal Of Interactive Video And Optical Storage Application. Published
by VideoSoft. November/December 1988 issue.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
DISK STORAGE REACHES MOLECULAR LEVEL
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~
Forget disc capacity as we know it: 550 megabytes on a CD-ROM; 108,000
frames on a videodisc; 4 gigabytes on a 14-inch optical disc. These will
all become insignificant as Martin Marietta's new optical storage system
works at a terabyte per square centimeter capacity, in half the current
access time.
OAK RIDGE, Tennessee -- Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL), have invented a new optical storage technology capable of turning
a single molecule on an optical disc into a storage point.
ORNL, part of the Department of Energy and one of the largest
government research laboratories, is operated by Martin Marietta Energy
Systems. The department has transferred the rights to Martin Marietta,
which is now in the process of patenting and licensing the technology.
Energy Systems has started to solicit interested companies for possible
licensing agreements.
The most common methods for writing on optical discs use lasers
to burn pits or micron-sized holes or change the polarity of individual
data points in substrate sandwiched between two layers of polycarbonate.
The hardware then "reads" the change in the position of the reflected
laser's beam. The new system uses a laser or radiation beam similar to
current systems. But the unique featurea of ORNL's technology is in its
ability to go to the molecular level.
A VIDEO COMPUTING reporter talked with Mr. Guven Yalcintas
(pronounced Yal*sin*tosh), Martin Marietta's licensing director.
V.C.: Currently we use lasers to burn pits or blisters into substrate.
What are you doing that is different?
Mr. Yalcintas: We will license this technology to one of the companies,
an American company. We would like to protect the patentable ideas. Our
discussion will take place within that limit. In today's technology,
optical disk technology, the lasers are simply burning a hole. Well, you
can do that in this technology, too. What is new is we can write to the
media without burning the hole. We can make changes in the molecular
level.
V.C.: Are you referring to changes in the polarity?
Mr. Yalcintas: Yes indeed. You can change the polarity of the molecule
or you can identify that molecule as plus or minus, zeroes or ones
becoming information.
V.C.: How do you read back the information?
Mr. Yalcintas: Whatever source we use to change that information at the
molecular level is the same source that receives it back.
V.C.: We currently use lasers to do that. Are you using a laser?
Mr. Yalcintas: Yes. In fact, the laser we use has much lower power that
modifies the molecule.
V.C.: Is this technology erasable?
Mr. Yalcintas: This is WORM technology. You sensitize the substrate and
place the information covered with the plastic coating and the
information is going to stay there.
V.C.: Has anyone talked about the possibility of making it erasable?
Mr. Yalcintas: No. Let me go one step back. ORNL is a government
laboratory. It is operated by Martin Marietta for the Department of
Energy. What goes on over here every day with 5,000 plus scientists is
basic research. The research this group of scientists is working on is
a project to identify a trace amount of organic compounds in order to be
able to develop a sensor, a detecting system for minute amounts of
organic compounds. We have developed very nice operating radiation
detectors. While they were working on that research, they figured out
that they could leave information on a substrate with a laser. The
research was not directed at optical discs to store information as
WORM or erasable. One day, other research may find some easy way to
deal with that. Right now it's not the topic. Right now we are
finding out every day that WORM technology is in great demand. The
IRS wants WORM technology, the Navy wants WORM technology. The nuclear
regulatory commission wants to check data on reactors. It doesn't want
that data to be changed. For one reason, there is no funding for that,
and second, we don't believe there is any reason to erase. With this
volume of storage you don't need to erase, you just keep on storing.
V.C.: How much data can you store?
Mr. Yalcintas: Roughly, the size of the molecule is 10 -6E (0.000001)
centimeters, in one square centimeter you then have 10 12E molecules.
If each molecule is a potential storage spot for the data, then you
have 10 12E bytes in one square centimeter (1,000,000,000,000... one
trillion bytes per centimeter!). If you pick up a disc with 500 million
storage spots (present day CD-ROM), in the same size storage disc you are
going to have probably 500 million times one million storage spots.
That's why people are really fascinated.
V.C.: I take it that the technology is at a fundamental level of
research. Have you done a "blackbox" yet?
Mr. Yalcintas: No, and we are probably not going to. This office
receives 15 to 20 inventions per month. We analyze them and try to
license them. If there is a stumbling block with industry, we can go
out one more step to develop. We have maturation funding we can use
for further study, but for this project I don't believe it will be
necessary. When we show the data, people are fascinated.
V.C.: Have you licensed the technology yet?
Mr. Yalcintas: We have been talking to over 40 companies, 15 of which
requested non-disclosure information. Four of them have already signed,
and we have released full information to them.
V.C.: What are other advantages of your new technology?
Mr. Yalcintas: You can specify what part of the information can be
accessed for security purposes. It can be made secure, so the
military will be delighted. You can identify an access frequency for
someone and he can't read the rest of the disc. Also, much more
information can be entered at current optical disc speeds. The speed
for current optical discs is identified at somewhere near 1800 to 1900
rpm. I have heard of some to 3000 rpm. Winchesters are somewhere near
3600 rpm. This is just a concept, it has not been tried, but we have
reason to believe very strongly that you can apply two substrates instead
of one. With the same laser, or frequency, you will be receiving two
different signals from two different substrates. At the same speed at
the same spot, two sets of information will be coming to you. Two
different molecules, with two different signals.
Hit [ENTER] to continue

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68040 Info:
----------------------------
This new CISC microprocessor
offers RISC performance
----------------------------
Motorola has officially unwrapped its newest 32-bit
microprocessor, the 68040. Manufactured with 0.8-micron
high-speed CMOS technology, the 68040 packs 1.2 million
transistors on a single silicon die. With 900,000 extra
transistors to work with over the 300,000 transistors in a 68000
processor, the 68040's designers added new features and boosted
performance. New features include the following:
-- Optimised 68030 integer unit. While retaining object-code
compatibility with previous 68000-family processors, the IU has
been optimised to execute instructions in fewer clock cycles
(i.e., run faster). The claimed boost in performance is three
times that of a 68030.
-- Integral FPU. The 68020 and 68030 require external FPU
coprocessor chips to handle floating-point math. The 68040,
however, has an FPU built into it, giving it the power to do
serious number crunching. The FPU's data types are compatible
with the ANSI/IEEE 754 standard for binary floating-point math,
and its instruction set is object code-compatible with Motorola's
68881/68882 FPUs. Like the IU, the 68040's on-chip FPU has been
optimised to execute frequently used instructions using fewer
clock cycles. The claimed performance boost is 10 times that of a
68882.
-- Large caches. Processor accesses to the system bus are
minimised by storing the most recently used set of instructions
or data in on-chip, 4K-byte caches. Both caches operate
independently but can be accessed at the same time. Bus snoop
logic is used to maintain cache coherence (i.e., it ensures that
the cache's contents match those parts of memory corresponding to
the cache). The bus snooper's design is fine-tuned to support
multiprocessor systems where one or more bus masters or 68040s
might share the same section of memory.
-- Separate memory units for instructions and data. Each memory
unit consists of a memory management unit, a cache controller,
and bus snoop logic. The MMUs use a subset of the 68030's MMU
instruction set. Both memory units function independently of each
other to improve processor throughput.
The 68040 ships with an initial clock speed of 25MHz; higher
speeds are to be available in the future, Motorola says. The
68040 comes in a 179-pin grid-array package. With the elimination
of coprocessor function lines (now that the MMU and FPU are
consolidated onto the processor) and the addition of snoop
control lines, the 68040 is not pin-compatible with the 68030.
Because of the 68040's software compatibility with its
predecessors, it can tap into the existing software base of 680x0
applications. It does this not only while eliminating a component
(the FPU) from a computer's design, but also while improving
performance. In fact, the 68040 executes instructions on the
average of nearly once per clock cycle -- the same as a RISC
processor.
Fine-Tuned for Performance
The 68040 was built on the firm foundation of its
predecessors. The design team used the experience garnered from
developing earlier processors to aid in optimising the throughput
of the 040.
The 040 was designed from the ground up, Motorola engineers
said. It incorporates a high degree of parallelism using a number
of internal buses. An internal Harvard architecture gives the
processor full access to both instructions and data. Both the IU
and FPU have separate pipelines and can operate concurrently. For
example, the FPU can perform floating-point instructions
independently of the IU. Each stream (instructions or data) has
its own dedicated cache and MU that function independently of
each other. A smart bus controller assigns priorities to bus
traffic to and from the caches.
There were several key areas where Motorola was able to
boost performance. The first was in reducing the clock cycles
needed to execute certain instructions. The next was to ensure
that the processor funnels instructions and data into itself
quickly and constantly, lest it stall while waiting on
information. The processor then gets its results back into the
system without interfering with incoming information. Finally, as
if this wasn't enough, the processor stays off the system bus to
a greater extent than is the case with other processor designs.
This lets DMA transfers and other bus masters have use of it.
CISC with the Speed of RISC
The IU was optimised so that high-usage instructions execute
in fewer clock cycles, particularly branch instructions. Motorola
said it performed thousands of code traces using real-world
applications to determine which instructions were used most
often. The IU consists of 6 stages: instruction prefetch, decode,
effective address calculation, operand fetch, execution, and
writeback (i.e., the result is written to either a register or to
memory). Each stage works concurrently on the instruction
pipeline. Dual prefetch and decode units deal with the branch
instructions: One set processes the instruction taken on the
branch, and another processes the instruction not taken. In this
way, no matter what the outcome, the IU has the next instruction
decoded and ready to go without seriously disrupting the
pipeline. This complex design has a big pay-off: Motorola has
determined that the average instruction takes 1.3 clock cycles to
execute. The ability to execute an instruction once per clock
cycle is the performance edge of RISC processors -- yet the
68040's IU accomplishes the same goal while executing
complex-instruction-set computer (CISC) instructions.
The FPU adds 11 registers to the 68040 register set: Eight
of them are 80-bit floating-point registers, and three are
status, control, and instruction address registers. The FPU has a
three-stage execution unit, and, like the IU, each stage operates
concurrently. Load and store instructions (FMOVE) can be
performed during other arithmetic operations, and a 64- by 8-bit
hardware multiplication unit speeds many calculations. However,
the FPU only implements a subset of the 68882 instructions
on-chip. The transcendental (trigonometric and exponential)
functions are emulated in software via a software trap. But
Motorola claims that even these instructions should execute 25%
to 100% faster on 25MHz 68040 than on a 33MHz 68882 FPU.
Boosting Throughput
In the area of throughput, each stream is managed by a
separate memory unit that uses an MMU for logical-to-physical
address translations during bus accesses. These MMUs support
demand-paged virtual memory. Both MMUs have a four-way
set-associative address translation cache (ATC) with 4 entries
(versus 22 entries for the 68030). The ATCs reduce processor
overhead by storing the most recent address translations. When an
address translation is required, the ATC is searched, and if it
contains the address, it is used immediately. Otherwise, a
combination of high-speed hardware logic and microcode searches
the translation tables located in main memory.
Like the PU, these MMUs implement a subset of the 68030's
MMU instruction set. Gone are the PLOAD and PMOVE instructions,
because enhanced existing instructions made them superfluous.
Also, only 2 memory page sizes are supported, 4K and 8K bytes,
whereas the 68030 MMU supported 8 page sizes ranging from 256
bytes to 32K bytes. A design tradeoff was made here: A
performance gain was possible by supporting only the 2 most
common page sizes. In any case, this change impacts only
operating-system code, since MMU instructions aren't normally
used by applications.
The two on-chip 4K caches improve processor throughput in 2
ways: They keep the pipelines filled and minimise system bus
accesses. To see how this is done, you must examine the structure
of the cache. Each is a four-way set-associative cache composed
of 64 sets of four lines. A line consists of 4 longwords, or 16
bytes. Cache lines are read or written rapidly using burst-mode
access (a type of bus transfer that moves 16 bytes in a minimum
of clock cycles). For read operations, this fills the cache
efficiently and, at the same time, loads adjacent instructions or
data into the cache that could be used in the near future.
Zen and the Art of Cache Maintenance
As the cache is accessed and data modified, cache-mode bits
in the ATC determine, on a page-by-page basis, the method by
which the information is handled. That is, the ATC entry that
corresponds to the address in main memory whose contents were
copied into the cache decides how the data will be updated. The
modes are cacheable write-through, cacheable copyback,
noncacheable, and noncacheable I/O.
In the cacheable write-through mode, an update to the data
cache forces a write to main memory. While this generates
additional bus activity, this mode is required when working with
a portion of memory that other processors share. The copyback
mode updates the cache line but without updating main memory. The
modified (or "dirty") cache line is copied back into main memory
only when absolutely necessary. "Noncacheable" indicates that the
data shouldn't be cached, which is typically the situation for
shared data structures or for locked accesses (e.g., an operand
access or a translation table entry update). Noncacheable I/O
indicates that the data can't be cached and must be read or
written in the exact order of instruction execution. This mode is
for memory-mapped I/O devices (typically a serial device) where
the information's order is crucial.
The bus snooper is used in multiple bus master situations
where a noncaching bus master, such as a DMA controller, might
modify the memory that is mapped into the 68040's cache. The bus
snooper monitors the external bus and updates the cache as
required.
Cache validity is handled on a line-by-line basis (i.e., a
cache miss triggers a burst-mode access that updates 16 bytes
either in the cache or main memory). The copyback mode minimises
writes to main memory, and the bus controller prioritises each
cache's external memory requests. Read requests take priority
over writes to ensure that the pipelines remain filled.
The caches are critical to the 040's overall throughput.
They keep instructions and data moving into the processor while
satisfying the apparently contradictory role of minimising system
bus accesses. Motorola estimates that the cache hit rate is about
93 percent for instruction and data reads and about 94 percent
for data writes.
A Processor for the 1990's
It is perhaps appropriate that Motorola has introduced the
68040 in the first month of the 1990s. The 040 has the power to
tackle the jobs with large amounts of information that we will be
dealing with regularly in the next ten or so years.
Preliminary results have a 68040 weighing in at 20 million
instructions per second versus the SPARC's 18 MIPS and the
80486's 15 MIPS, all clocked at 25MHz. On floating-point
operations, the 68040 antes up 3.5 million floating-point
operations per second versus the SPARCS's 2.6 MFLOPS and the
80486's 1 MFLOPS. If these numbers are accurate, then the 68040
already out performs one RISC processor.
But the computer industry doesn't stand still. As we move
into the new decade, we can expect new RISC processors to once
again take the lead in performance. Still, the 68040 shows that
owners of CISC systems can have their cake and eat it, too. They
don't have to forsake their software base or settle for mediocre
performance.
And Motorola is already working on the 68050.
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Last Change 7/17/93. Please send updates directly to Harald.
86BUGS.LST revision 1.0
By Harald Feldmann (harald.feldmann@almac.co.uk), mail address:
Hamarsoft, p.o. box 91, 6114 ZH Susteren, The Netherlands.
(Please retain my name and address in the document)
This file lists undocumented and buggy instructions of the Intel 80x86
family of processors. Some of the information was obtained from the book
"Programmer's technical reference, the processor and coprocessor; by
Robert L. Hummel; Ziff davis press. ISBN 1-56276-016-5 Which is highly
recommended. Note that Intel does not support the special features and
may decide to drop opcode variants and instructions in future products.
All mentioned trademarks and/or tradenames are owned by the respective
owners and are acknowledged.
Undocumented instructions and undocumented features of Intel and IIT
processors:
AAD: OPCODE: d5,0a OPCODE VARIANT
This instruction regularly performs the following action:
- unpacked BCD in AX example (AX = 0104h)
- AL = AH * 10d + AL (AL = 0eh )
- AH = 00 (AH = 00h )
The normal opcode decodes as follows: d5,0a
The instruction itself is an instruction plus operand. By
replacing the second byte with any number in the range 00 -
ff we can build our own instruction AAD for various number
systems in those ranges. For example by coding d5,10 we
achieve an instruction that performs: AL = AH * 16d + AL.
Note: the variant is not supported on all 80x86-compatible
CPUs, notably the NEC V-series, because some hard-code the
divisor at 0Ah
AAM: OPCODE: d4,0a OPCODE VARIANT
This instruction regularly performs the following action:
- binary number in AL
- AH = AL / 10d
- AL = AL MOD 10d
Thus creating an unpacked BCD in AX.
The normal opcode decodes as follows: d4,0a
The instruction itself is an instruction plus operand. By
replacing the second byte with any number in the range 00 -
ff we can build our own instruction AAM for various number
systems in that range. For example by coding d4,07 we
achieve an instruction that performs: AH = AL / 07d, AL = AL
MOD 07d
The AAD and AAM opcode variants have been found in Future
Domain SCSI controller ROMS.
LOADALL: OPCODE: 0f,05 (i80286) & 0f,07 (i80386 & i80486)
UNDOCUMENTED
Load _ALL_ processor registers. Does exactly as the name
suggests, separate versions for i80286 and i80386 exist. The
i80286 LOADALL instruction reads a block of 102 bytes into
the chip, starting at address 000800 hex. The i80286 LOADALL
takes 195 clocks to execute.
The sequence is as follows (Hex address, Bytes, Register):
0800: 6 N/A
0806: 2 MSW (Machine Status Word)
0808: 14 N/A
0816: 2 TR (Task Register)
0818: 2 FLAGS (Flags)
081a: 2 IP (Instruction Pointer)
081c: 2 LDT (Local Descriptor Table)
081e: 2 DS (Data Segment)
0820: 2 SS (Stack Segment)
0822: 2 CS (Code Segment)
0824: 2 ES (Extra Segment)
0826: 2 DI (Destination Index)
0828: 2 SI (Source Index)
082a: 2 BP (Base Pointer)
082c: 2 SP (Stack Pointer)
082e: 2 BX (BX register)
0830: 2 DX (DX register)
0832: 2 CX (CX register)
0834: 2 AX (AX register)
0836: 6 ES cache (ES descriptor _cache_)
083c: 6 CS cache (CS descriptor _cache_)
0842: 6 SS cache (SS descriptor _cache_)
0848: 6 DS cache (DS descriptor _cache_)
084e: 6 GDTR (Global Descriptor Table)
0854: 6 LDT cache (Local Descriptor_cache_)
085a: 6 IDTR (Interrupt Descriptor table)
0860: 6 TSS cache (Task State Segment _cache_)
Descriptor cache entries are internal copies of the
original registers (the LDT cache is normally a copy of the
last regularly _loaded_ LDT). Note that after executing
LOADALL, the chip will use the _cache_ registers without
re-checking the caches against the regular registers. That
means that cache and register do not have to be the same.
Caches are updated when the original register is loaded
again. Both will then contain the same value.
Descriptor caches layout:
3 bytes 24 bit physical address of segment
1 byte access rights byte, mapped as access right
byte in a regular descriptor. The present
bit now represents a valid bit. If this bit
is cleared (zero) the segment is invalid and
accessing it will trigger exception 0dh. The
DPL (Descriptor Privilege Level) fields of
the CS and SS descriptor caches determine
the CPL (Current Privilege Level).
2 bytes 16 bit segment limit.
This layout is the same for the GDTR and IDTR registers,
except that the access rights byte must be zero.
i80386 LOADALL:
The i80386 variant loads 204 (dec) bytes from the address at
ES:EDI and resumes execution in the specified state.
No timing information available.
relative offset: Bytes: Registers:
0000: 4 CR0
0004: 4 EFLAGS
0008: 4 EIP
000c: 4 EDI
0010: 4 ESI
0014: 4 EBP
0018: 4 ESP
001c: 4 EBX
0020: 4 EDX
0024: 4 ECX
0028: 4 EAX
002c: 4 DR6
0030: 4 DR7
0034: 4 TR
0038: 4 LDT
003c: 4 GS (zero extended)
0040: 4 FS (zero extended)
0044: 4 DS (zero extended)
0048: 4 SS (zero extended)
004c: 4 CS (zero extended)
0050: 4 ES (zero extended)
0054: 12 TSS descriptor cache
0060: 12 IDT descriptor cache
006c: 12 GDT descriptor cache
0078: 12 LDT descriptor cache
0084: 12 GS descriptor cache
0090: 12 FS descriptor cache
009c: 12 DS descriptor cache
00a8: 12 SS descriptor cache
00b4: 12 CS descriptor cache
00c0: 12 ES descriptor cache
Descriptor caches layout:
1 byte zero
1 byte access rights byte, same as i80286
2 bytes zero
4 bytes 32 bit physical base address of segment
4 bytes 32 bit segment limit
UNKNOWN: OPCODE: 0f,04 UNDOCUMENTED
This instruction is likely to be an alias for the LOADALL on
the i80286. It is not documented and is even marked as
unused in the 'Programmer's technical reference'. Still it
executes on the i80286. >> info wanted <<
SETALC: OPCODE: d6 UNDOCUMENTED
This instruction copies the Carry Flag to the AL register.
In case of a CY, AL becomes ffh. When the Carry Flag is
cleared, AL becomes 00.
Floating Point special instructions:
FMUL4X4: OPCODE: db,f1 IIT ONLY
This instruction is available only on the IIT (Integrated
Information Technology Inc.) math processors.
Takes 242 clocks.
The instruction performs a 4x4 matrix multiply in one
instruction using four banks of 8 floating point registers.
The operands must be loaded to a specific bank in a specific
order. The equation solved can be represented by:
Xn = (A00 * Xo) + (A01 * Xo) + (A02 * Xo) + (A03 * Xo)
Yn = (A10 * Yo) + (A11 * Yo) + (A12 * Yo) + (A13 * Yo)
Zn = (A20 * Zo) + (A21 * Zo) + (A22 * Zo) + (A23 * Zo)
Vn = (A30 * Vo) + (A31 * Vo) + (A32 * Vo) + (A33 * Vo)
Where Xo stands for the original X value and Xn for the
result. Operands must be loaded to the following registers
in the specified banks in the specified order.
Before FMUL4X4 After FMUL4X4
bank bank
Register: 0 1 2 0
ST(0) Xo A33 A31 Xn
ST(1) Yo A23 A21 Yn
ST(2) Zo A13 A11 Zn
ST(3) Vo A03 A01 Vn
ST(4) A32 A30 ?
ST(5) A22 A20 ?
ST(6) A12 A10 ?
ST(7) A02 A00 ?
All four banks can be selected by using the bankswitching
instructions, but only bank 0, 1 and 2 make sense since bank
3 is an internal scratchpad. The separate banks can contain
8 floating points and may be re-used with normal
instructions. Each bank acts like an independent i80287,
except when bankswitched inbetween, in those cases where the
initial status is not maintained;
Pseudo- multichip operation can be performed in each bank
and even in multiple banks at the same time (although only
one instruction will operate on one register at any given
time), provided that the active register and top register
are not changed after switching from bank to bank.
EXAMPLE:
FINIT ; reset control word
FSBP1 ; select bank 1
FLD DWORD PTR es:[si] ; first original
FLD DWORD PTR es:[si+4] ; second original
FLD DWORD PTR es:[si+8] ; third original
FSTCW WORD PTR [bx] ; save FPU control status
FSBP2 ; NOTE ! you will see three
active registers in this
bank when using a
debugger
FINIT ; nothing visible
FLD DWORD PTR [si] ; new value
FLD DWORD PTR [si+4] ; second new value
FADD ST,ST(1) ; two values visible
FSTP DWORD PTR [si+8] ; one value visible
FSBP1 ; one original visible
FLDCW WORD PTR [bx] ; restore FPU status to the
one active in bank 1,
causing original three
values to be visible
again in correct
sequence
... simply continue with what you wanted to do with
those numbers from es:[si], they are still there.
FLD DWORD PTR [si+8] ; for instance...
This feature of the IIT chips can be used to perform complex
operations in registers with many components remaining the
same for a large dataset, only saving intermediary results
to ONE memory location, bankswitching to the next series of
operands, loading that ONE operand and continuing the
calculation with the next set of operands already in that
bank. This does require another read into the new bank but
may save time and memoryspace compared to memory based
operands or multiple pass algorithms with multiple arrays of
intermediary results.
BANKSWITCH INSTRUCTIONS:
FSBP0: OPCODE: db,e8 IIT ONLY
Selects the original bank. (default) (6 clocks)
FSBP1: OPCODE: db,eb IIT ONLY
Selects bank 1 from FMUL4X4 instruction diagram (6 clocks)
FSBP2: OPCODE: db,ea IIT ONLY
Selects bank 2 from FMUL4X4 instruction diagram (6 clocks)
FSBP3: OPCODE: db,e9 IIT ONLY UNDOCUMENTED
Selects the scratchpad bank3 used by the FMUL4X4 internally.
Not very useful but funny to look at... How-to: load
any value into bank 0,1 or 2 until you have a full 8
registers, then execute this bankswitch. Using a
debugger like CodeView you are now able to inspect the
bank3 registers. (most likely to take 6 clocks)
TRIGONIOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
Apparently the IIT 2c87 recognises and executes some
i80387 trigoniometric functions. UNDOCUMENTED
FSIN (sine) and FCOS (cosine) have been tested and function
according to the Intel 80387 specifications. FSINCOS
(available on the Intel 80287XL, 80387 and up) does not
work.
FSIN: OPCODE: d9,fe IIT 2c87+ (also Intel 80387+) UNDOCUMENTED
Calculates the sine of the input in radians in ST(0). After
calculation, ST(0) contains the sine. Takes approximately
120 clocks.
FCOS: OPCODE: d9,ff IIT 2c87+ (also Intel 80387+) UNDOCUMENTED
Calculates the cosine of the input in radians in ST(0).
After calculation, ST(0) contains the cosine. Takes
approximately 120 clocks.
... CUT HERE FOR FIRST REVISION, next part is to be revised ...
Instructions by mnemonic mnemonic:
opcode: processor: remark & remedy:
AAA i80286 & i80386 & i80486
CMPS i80286
CMPXCHG i80486
FINIT
FSTSW
FSTCW
INS i80286 &
i80386 &
i80486
INVD i80486
MOV to SS n/a early 8088 Some early 8088 would not properly
disable interrupts after a move to
the SS register. Workaround would
be to explicitly clear the
interrupts, update SS and SP and
then re-enable the interrupts.
Typically this would occur in a
situation where one would relocate
a stack in memory, more than 64Kb
from the original one, updating
both SS and SP like in:
MOV SS,AX ; would disable
interrupts
automatically during
this and next
instruction.
MOV SP,DX ; interrupts disabled
... ; interrupts enabled.
multiple prefixes
with REPx 8088 & 8086 They would not properly restart at
the first prefix byte after an
interrupt. when more than one
prefix is used. e.g. LOCK REP MOVSW
CS:[bx]. A workaround is to test
after the instruction for CX==0,
here: LOCK REP MOVSW CS:[BX] OR
CX,CX JNZ here because of the CS
override, the REP and LOCK prefixes
would not be recognised to be part
of the instruction and the REP MOVSW
would be aborted. This also seems to
be the case for a REP MOVSW CS:[BX]
Note that this also implies that
REPZ, REPNZ are affected in SCASW
for instance.

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References to the various Central Processing Units (CPUs) as the "86"
refers to either the 8088, 8086, 80186, 80286, etc. References to
the various coprocessors as the "87" refers to either the 8087, the 287,
the 387, or the special IIT-2C87 processor.
The 8087 and 287 Coprocessors
All IBM-PC's, and most clones, contain a socket for a floating
point coprocessor. If you shell out between $80 and $300, and
plug the appropriate chip into that socket, then a host of
floating point instructions is added to the assembly language
instruction set.
The original IBM-PC, and the XT, accept the original floating
point chip, the 8087. The AT accepts a later update, the 287.
From a programming standpoint, the two chips are nearly
identical: the 287 adds the instructions FSETPM and FSTSW AX, and
ignores the instructions FENI and FDISI. There is, however, a
rather nasty design flaw in the 8087, that was corrected in the
287.
To understand the flaw, you must understand how the 86 and 87
work as coprocessors. Whenever the 86 sees a floating point
instruction, it communicates the instruction, and any associated
memory operands, to the 87. Then the 86 goes on to its next
instruction, operating in parallel with the 87. That's OK, so
long as the following instructions don't do one of the following:
1. Execute another floating point instruction; or
2. Try to read the results of the still-executing floating
point instruction.
If they do, then you must provide an instruction called WAIT (or
synonymously FWAIT), which halts the 86 until the 87 is finished.
For almost all floating point instructions, it should not be
necessary to provide an explicit FWAIT; the 86 ought to know that
it should wait. For the 8087, it IS necessary to give an
explicit FWAIT before each floating point instruction: that is
the flaw.
Because of the flaw, all assemblers supporting the 8087 will
silently insert an FWAIT code (hex 9B) before all 87
instructions, except those few (the FN instructions other than
FNOP) not requiring the FWAIT.
* Microsoft recognizes the new 287 instructions, if and only if
it sees the .287 directive. In general, don't attempt to police
your instruction usage-- if you use an instruction available on a
limited number of processors, I trust that you are programming
for one of those processors.
In summary, if your program will be running only on machines with
a 287, you can give ".287" directive. Your programs will be
significantly shorter than if they were assembled by Microsoft.
If you want your programs to run on all machines containing a
floating point chip, you should refrain from specifying .287.
WARNING: The most common mistake 87 programmers make is to try to
read the results of an 87 operation in 86 memory, before the
results are ready. At least on my AT, the system often crashes
when you do this! If your program runs correctly when single
stepped, but crashes when set loose, then chances are you need an
extra explicit FWAIT somewhere.
Emulating the 8087 by Software
There is a software package provided with many compilers
(Borland's Turbo C and most Microsoft compilers, for example)
that emulates the 8087 instruction set. The emulator is very
cleverly implemented so that the programmer need not know whether
a floating point chip will be available, or whether emulation
will be necessary. This is done by having the linker replace all
floating point machine instructions with INT calls to certain
interrupts, dedicated to emulation. The interrupt handlers
interpret the operands to the instructions, and emulate the 8087.
The Floating Point Stack
The 87 has its own register set, of 8 floating point numbers
occupying 10 bytes each, plus 14 bytes of status and control
information. Many of the 87's instructions cause the numbers to
act like a stack, much like a Hewlett-Packard calculator. For
this reason, the numbers are called the floating point stack.
The standard name for the top element of the floating point stack
is either ST or ST(0); the others are named ST(1) through ST(7).
Thus, for example, the instruction to add stack element number 3
into the top stack element is usually coded FADD ST,ST(3).
Floating Point Initializations
In general, you use the 87 by loading numbers from 86 memory to
the 87 stack (using FLD instructions), calculating on the 87
stack, and storing the results back to 86 memory (using FST and
FSTP instructions). There are seven constant numbers built into
the 87 instruction set: zero, one, Pi, and four logarithmic
conversion constants. These can be loaded using the FLD0, FLD1,
FLDPI, FLDL2T, FLDL2E, FLDLG2, and FLDLN2 instructions. All
other constants must be declared in, then loaded from, 86 memory.
Integer constant words and doublewords can be loaded via FILD.
Non-integer constant doubleword, quadwords, and ten-byte numbers
can be loaded via FLD.
Floating Point Operand Types
The list of floating point instructions contains a variety of
operand types. Here is a brief explanation of those types:
0 stands for the top element of the floating point stack.
A synonym for 0 is ST or ST(0).
i stands for element number i of the floating point stack.
i can range from 0 through 7. A synonym for i is ST(i).
mem10r is a 10-byte memory quantity (typically declared with a
DT directive) containing a full precision floating point
number. Intel recommends that you NOT store your numbers
in full precision; that you use the following double
precision format instead. Full precision numbers are
intended for storage of intermediate results (on the
stack); they exist to insure maximum accuracy for
calculations on double precision numbers, which is the
official external format of 87 numbers.
mem8r is an 8-byte memory quantity (typically declared with a
DQ directive) containing a double precision floating
point number. This is the best format for floating
point numbers on the 87. The 87 takes the same amount
of time on double precision calculations as it does on
single precision. The only extra time is the memory
access of 4 more bytes; negligible in comparison to the
calculation time.
mem4r is a 4-byte quantity (typically defined with a DD
directive) containing a single precision floating point
number.
mem10d is a 10-byte quantity (also defined via DT) containing a
special Binary Coded Decimal format recognized by the
FBLD and FBSTP instructions. This format is useful for
input and output of floating point numbers.
mem4i is a 4-byte quantity representing a signed integer in
two's-complement notation.
mem2i is a 2-byte quantity representing a signed integer in
two's-complement notation.
mem14 and mem94 are 14- and 94-byte buffers containing the 87
machine state.
The 87 Instruction Set
Following is the 87 instruction set. The "w" in the opcode field
is the FWAIT opcode, hex 9B, which is suppressed if .287 is
selected. Again, "0", "1", and "i" stand for the associated
floating point stack registers, not constant numbers! Constant
numbers in the descriptions are given with decimal points: 0.0,
1.0, 2.0, 10.0.
Opcode Instruction Description
w D9 F0 F2XM1 0 := (2.0 ** 0) - 1.0
w DB F1 F4X4 IIT only: 4 by 4 matrix multiply
w D9 E1 FABS 0 := |0|
w DE C1 FADD 1 := 1 + 0, pop
w D8 C0+i FADD i 0 := i + 0
w DC C0+i FADD i,0 i := i + 0
w D8 C0+i FADD 0,i 0 := i + 0
w D8 /0 FADD mem4r 0 := 0 + mem4r
w DC /0 FADD mem8r 0 := 0 + mem8r
w DE C0+i FADDP i,0 i := i + 0, pop
w DB E8 FBANK 0 IIT only: set bank pointer to default
w DB EB FBANK 1 IIT only: set bank pointer to bank 1
w DB EA FBANK 2 IIT only: set bank pointer to bank 2
w DF /4 FBLD mem10d push, 0 := mem10d
w DF /6 FBSTP mem10d mem10d := 0, pop
w D9 E0 FCHS 0 := -0
9B DB E2 FCLEX clear exceptions
w D8 D1 FCOM compare 0 - 1
w D8 D0+i FCOM 0,i compare 0 - i
w D8 D0+i FCOM i compare 0 - i
w D8 /2 FCOM mem4r compare 0 - mem4r
w DC /2 FCOM mem8r compare 0 - mem8r
w D8 D9 FCOMP compare 0 - 1, pop
w D8 D8+i FCOMP 0,i compare 0 - i, pop
w D8 D8+i FCOMP i compare 0 - i, pop
w D8 /3 FCOMP mem4r compare 0 - mem4r, pop
w DC /3 FCOMP mem8r compare 0 - mem8r, pop
w DE D9 FCOMPP compare 0 - 1, pop both
w D9 FF FCOS 387 only: push, 1/0 := cosine(old 0)
w D9 F6 FDECSTP decrement stack pointer
w DB E1 FDISI disable interrupts (.287 ignore)
w DE F9 FDIV 1 := 1 / 0, pop
w D8 F0+i FDIV i 0 := 0 / i
w DC F8+i FDIV i,0 i := i / 0
w D8 F0+i FDIV 0,i 0 := 0 / i
w D8 /6 FDIV mem4r 0 := 0 / mem4r
w DC /6 FDIV mem8r 0 := 0 / mem8r
w DE F8+i FDIVP i,0 i := i / 0, pop
w DE F1 FDIVR 1 := 0 / 1, pop
w D8 F8+i FDIVR i 0 := i / 0
w DC F0+i FDIVR i,0 i := 0 / i
w D8 F8+i FDIVR 0,i 0 := i / 0
w D8 /7 FDIVR mem4r 0 := mem4r / 0
w DC /7 FDIVR mem8r 0 := mem8r / 0
w DE F0+i FDIVRP i,0 i := 0 / i, pop
w DB E0 FENI enable interrupts (.287 ignore)
w DD C0+i FFREE i empty i
w DE /0 FIADD mem2i 0 := 0 + mem4i
w DA /0 FIADD mem4i 0 := 0 + mem2i
w DE /2 FICOM mem2i compare 0 - mem2i
w DA /2 FICOM mem4i compare 0 - mem4i
w DE /3 FICOMP mem2i compare 0 - mem2i, pop
w DA /3 FICOMP mem4i compare 0 - mem4i, pop
w DE /6 FIDIV mem2i 0 := 0 / mem2i
w DA /6 FIDIV mem4i 0 := 0 / mem4i
w DE /7 FIDIVR mem2i 0 := mem2i / 0
w DA /7 FIDIVR mem4i 0 := mem4i / 0
w DF /0 FILD mem2i push, 0 := mem2i
w DB /0 FILD mem4i push, 0 := mem4i
w DF /5 FILD mem8i push, 0 := mem8i
w DE /1 FIMUL mem2i 0 := 0 * mem2i
w DA /1 FIMUL mem4i 0 := 0 * mem4i
w D9 F7 FINCSTP increment stack pointer
9B DB E3 FINIT initialize 87
w DF /2 FIST mem2i mem2i := 0
w DB /2 FIST mem4i mem4i := 0
w DF /3 FISTP mem2i mem2i := 0, pop
w DB /3 FISTP mem4i mem4i := 0, pop
w DF /7 FISTP mem8i mem8i := 0, pop
w DE /4 FISUB mem2i 0 := 0 - mem2i
w DA /4 FISUB mem4i 0 := 0 - mem4i
w DE /5 FISUBR mem2i 0 := mem2i - 0
w DA /5 FISUBR mem4i 0 := mem4i - 0
w D9 C0+i FLD i push, 0 := old i
w DB /5 FLD mem10r push, 0 := mem10r
w D9 /0 FLD mem4r push, 0 := mem4r
w DD /0 FLD mem8r push, 0 := mem8r
w D9 E8 FLD1 push, 0 := 1.0
w D9 /5 FLDCW mem2i control word := mem2i
w D9 /4 FLDENV mem14 environment := mem14
w D9 EA FLDL2E push, 0 := log base 2.0 of e
w D9 E9 FLDL2T push, 0 := log base 2.0 of 10.0
w D9 EC FLDLG2 push, 0 := log base 10.0 of 2.0
w D9 ED FLDLN2 push, 0 := log base e of 2.0
w D9 EB FLDPI push, 0 := Pi
w D9 EE FLDZ push, 0 := +0.0
w DE C9 FMUL 1 := 1 * 0, pop
w D8 C8+i FMUL i 0 := 0 * i
w DC C8+i FMUL i,0 i := i * 0
w D8 C8+i FMUL 0,i 0 := 0 * i
w D8 /1 FMUL mem4r 0 := 0 * mem4r
w DC /1 FMUL mem8r 0 := 0 * mem8r
w DE C8+i FMULP i,0 i := i * 0, pop
DB E2 FNCLEX nowait clear exceptions
DB E1 FNDISI disable interrupts (.287 ignore)
DB E0 FNENI enable interrupts (.287 ignore)
DB E3 FNINIT nowait initialize 87
w D9 D0 FNOP no operation
DD /6 FNSAVE mem94 mem94 := 87 state
D9 /7 FNSTCW mem2i mem2i := control word
D9 /6 FNSTENV mem14 mem14 := environment
DF E0 FNSTSW AX AX := status word
DD /7 FNSTSW mem2i mem2i := status word
w D9 F3 FPATAN 0 := arctan(1/0), pop
w D9 F8 FPREM 0 := REPEAT(0 - 1)
w D9 F5 FPREM1 387 only: 0 := REPEAT(0 - 1) IEEE compat.
w D9 F2 FPTAN push, 1/0 := tan(old 0)
w D9 FC FRNDINT 0 := round(0)
w DD /4 FRSTOR mem94 87 state := mem94
w DD /6 FSAVE mem94 mem94 := 87 state
w D9 FD FSCALE 0 := 0 * 2.0 ** 1
9B DB E4 FSETPM set protection mode
w D9 FE FSIN 387 only: push, 1/0 := sine(old 0)
w D9 FB FSINCOS 387 only: push, 1 := sine, 0 := cos(old 0)
w D9 FA FSQRT 0 := square root of 0
w DD D0+i FST i i := 0
w D9 /2 FST mem4r mem4r := 0
w DD /2 FST mem8r mem8r := 0
w D9 /7 FSTCW mem2i mem2i := control word
w D9 /6 FSTENV mem14 mem14 := environment
w DD D8+i FSTP i i := 0, pop
w DB /7 FSTP mem10r mem10r := 0, pop
w D9 /3 FSTP mem4r mem4r := 0, pop
w DD /3 FSTP mem8r mem8r := 0, pop
w DF E0 FSTSW AX AX := status word
w DD /7 FSTSW mem2i mem2i := status word
w DE E9 FSUB 1 := 1 - 0, pop
w D8 E0+i FSUB i 0 := 0 - i
w DC E8+i FSUB i,0 i := i - 0
w D8 E0+i FSUB 0,i 0 := 0 - i
w D8 /4 FSUB mem4r 0 := 0 - mem4r
w DC /4 FSUB mem8r 0 := 0 - mem8r
w DE E8+i FSUBP i,0 i := i - 0, pop
w DE E1 FSUBR 1 := 0 - 1, pop
w D8 E8+i FSUBR i 0 := i - 0
w DC E0+i FSUBR i,0 i := 0 - i
w D8 E8+i FSUBR 0,i 0 := i - 0
w D8 /5 FSUBR mem4r 0 := mem4r - 0
w DC /5 FSUBR mem8r 0 := mem8r - 0
w DE E0+i FSUBRP i,0 i := 0 - i, pop
w D9 E4 FTST compare 0 - 0.0
w DD E0+i FUCOM i 387 only: unordered compare 0 - i
w DD E1 FUCOM 387 only: unordered compare 0 - 1
w DD E8+i FUCOMP i 387 only: unordered compare 0 - i, pop
w DD E9 FUCOMP 387 only: unordered compare 0 - 1, pop
w DA E9 FUCOMPP 387 only: unordered compare 0 - 1, pop both
9B FWAIT wait for 87 ready
w D9 E5 FXAM C3 -- C0 := type of 0
w D9 C9 FXCH exchange 0 and 1
w D9 C8+i FXCH 0,i exchange 0 and i
w D9 C8+i FXCH i exchange 0 and i
w D9 C8+i FXCH i,0 exchange 0 and i
w D9 F4 FXTRACT push, 1 := expo, 0 := sig
w D9 F1 FYL2X 0 := 1 * log base 2.0 of 0, pop
w D9 F9 FYL2XP1 0 := 1 * log base 2.0 of (0+1.0), pop

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The Designing and Building of an 8-Bit Computer:
A Personal Story
Written by Mark Balch
Copyright 1990 by Mark Balch,
All Rights Reserved.
You may freely copy and distribute this text file provided that:
it is not sold for profit nor used in a commercial environment; that it
is distributed in its absolutely original, unmodified form; and that it
bears the original copyright notice seen above.
These past few weeks have been very exciting for me because I have
been working with and programming my first home-brew 8-bit computer.
This article is not, by far, the last word on building computers but is
intended to serve as an eye-opener for those interested in the inner
workings of computers. I am not going to explain every facet about 8-
bit computers because such a project could easily fill several
reference volumes and would require the authorship of a true
professional. I am simply going to describe my own little creation:
the preparation leading to its design and construction, the actual
processes of designing and building my computer, the long process of
finding and correcting my initial hardware problems ("bugs") and my
current, on-going exploration of the computer's capabilities from the
programming side of things.
I first started researching the low level intricacies of 8-bit
computers about three years ago by reading Steve Ciarcia's monthly
column in BYTE magazine called "The Circuit Cellar." (I had first seen
this column as early as 1985 when I glanced through old issues of Byte
out of curiosity. Unfortunately, Steve no longer writes for Byte
magazine due to what are, in my opinion, questionable attitudes of the
management. But, lucky for his readers, Steve founded an excellent
magazine along with fellow electrical engineers devoted to hardware
"hacking" called Circuit Cellar INK. In addition to this, beginners
like myself and industry pro's can communicate with each other by
calling the CCI BBS which will be mentioned later in more detail.) In
this monthly column, Steve would present working projects along with
schematics and thorough explanations (schematic diagrams are the
detailed plans or blue-prints for an electronic circuit). These
projects included 8-bit multi-purpose control computers called micro-
controllers, a "smart" printer spooler, a logic IC (Integrated Circuit)
tester and many other interesting topics. His last three articles even
detailed a multi-processing super computer! I never built any of these
projects, but each month they taught me more and more about computer
design and gave me ideas for my own projects.
At around the same time, I purchased a book dealing with the
Motorola 6800 microprocessor family which explained, in great detail,
the workings of 8-bit microprocessor systems. I also sent letters to
semiconductor companies such as Motorola, Rockwell and Texas
Instruments asking for information on their microprocessor, memory and
peripheral products. These companies were wonderful with the myriad of
free reference manuals that they sent me. Over a one year period of
time, I probably mailed more than 20 letters, mostly to Motorola and a
good deal to Texas Instruments, and in reply received at least 2
bookshelves worth of valuable information in the form of their product
fliers, reference manuals and application notes (application notes are
usually sample designs incorporating a certain product for a specific
task). These companies were so obliging because the more engineers
that use their semiconductor products, the more chips they sell and the
more money they make. Nevertheless, all of this free information
supplied me with weeks worth of reading material from which I learned a
great deal.
About a year later, I decided to design a robot based on an
article that I found in a 1986 issue of Byte. I carefully drew the
schematic diagrams for my simple circuit by hand on three sheets of
graph paper. The microprocessor that I chose for the robot was the
6808 which I had learned about from that book. Anyway, this was my
first attempt and to say "things got messed up" is an understatement.
I ordered parts, some expensive pieces of equipment to "burn" EPROM
chips (more on this later) and realized that I didn't know how to
begin. Worse yet, the science fair was about a month away. The
details are very cloudy in my head for some reason, probably because I
had no idea about what I was doing. The project was scrapped and I
think I continued to read more about electronics.
The year after (two years ago) I decided to go ahead and build a
normal computer board, no wheels and no robot. I was able to get my
parents to buy me an expensive schematic drawing program called Schema
for my IBM clone computer to enable me to draw better diagrams. I
designed the computer around the 6808 microprocessor (MPU) again and
ordered some parts. But wouldn't ya know it...my social life got in
the way when I joined my school's production of the musical Cabaret. I
didn't start building the project till February 1st and with the
science fair a month away things went hay wire. I cut corners to build
it quickly and made a mess for the second year in a row. Thinking back
on that project, the design was a pretty good one with only a few
flaws. Had I given myself enough time I might have gotten it to work,
but who knows.
Okay. I had enough. This was crazy. I made up my mind to build
a computer, and really build one this time. Summer vacation was over
and school had started. (We're back in September of 1989 in case you
lost track of my excellent time-keeping!) I went back to my computer
and spent some time with Schema. What a terrific program: expensive
but definitely worth ever penny to an electrical engineer. I came up
with a straight forward design for an 8-bit computer. It was again
built around the 1 MHz 6808 MPU and was to have an expansion bus
capable of addressing 32K of off-board input/output or memory, 2K or
RAM, 8K of EPROM, an LCD, a serial port capable of operation up to
19.2K baud, 8 LEDs, 4 push buttons and an 8 position DIP switch.
Now let me do some explaining in case some of the above terms
aren't too clear to you. The 6808 that I used has an operating or
clock frequency of 1 megahertz (MHz). All computers have a certain
clock frequency which dictates how fast instructions are fetched from
memory and executed. Everything that the MPU does is synchronized by a
constant pulse train called the clock. A 1 megahertz clock speed means
that the MPU receives 1 million clock cycles per second (mega meaning
million and hertz meaning a cycle of repetition. You have probably
seen clock speeds of 10, 12, 16, 20 MHz and higher in computer
catalogs. Yes, a 30 MHz 80386 MPU receives 30 million clock pulses per
second!). Each instruction that the MPU performs is broken down into
parts and each part is executed in one clock cycle. Different
instructions have different execution times. On the 6808, the average
instruction execution time is about 4 or 5 clock cycles, ranging from 2
cycles all the way up to 12 cycles. The faster the clock frequency,
the faster an MPU can execute instructions. Why didn't I use a 20 MHz
clock frequency? Well first of all, the highest possible operating
frequency of the 6800 family is 2 MHz. Second, the faster your MPU
operates, the more expensive and harder to build your computer gets.
At 20 MHz, you need very fast memory which ain't cheap, and you have to
be careful about other technical problems arising from radio
interference in the computer's signal lines.
The 2K of RAM means 2 kilobytes of Random Access Memory. Thinking
back on things, I should have designed 8K of RAM...oh well. Random
Access Memory is the term given to memory that can be written to and
read from. RAM is known as volatile memory because it cannot retain
its information when power is removed from the chip. Here's something
that most people don't realize about memory quantities: the 2 kilobyte
number is a round number. The RAM chip actually has 2,048 bytes of RAM
but 2,000 is selected because it is easier to keep track of. If you're
wondering why the RAM chip is made to hold 2,048 bytes (2,048 isn't
exactly a round number), it's because computers operate on the binary,
or base 2, number system at their lowest level. All numbers in
computers are powers of 2. This is because a signal wire can either be
ON or OFF. So you have two possible numbers: 1 and 0. 2,048 is 2
raised to the 11th power. This means that 11 address signal lines
(numbers) are needed to access all of the 2K of RAM.
The 8K of EPROM means 8 kilobytes of Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory. This memory is non-volatile, meaning that it retains its
information even while the power is off. Under normal operation, this
memory cannot be written to, so it is called Read Only Memory. But as
the name implies, under certain conditions the chip can be programmed
and also erased. A special device known as an EPROM programmer is
needed to "burn" the information into the chip with high voltage
electrical pulses. Another device known as an EPROM eraser is needed
to erase the information in the chip before it can be re-programmed.
This erasure process is accomplished by a high powered ultra-violet
light source. Now here's the question: why use an EPROM if you have
RAM? Well, the MPU by itself is a dumb piece of silicon wafer.
Without a program it won't do a thing so you must always have some
program immediately available for it when the computer is powered on.
The EPROM retains its data almost indefinitely, so even after power has
been turned off, it can supply the MPU with instructions as soon as the
computer is turned on. Okay great, but why do you have to make it
erasable? Once you have a perfect program developed, you don't have to
make an erasable PROM chip, but during the initial stages of
development, you must be able to correct your mistakes. If the EPROM
was not erasable, an engineer would waste dozens or even hundreds of
PROM chips before he got his program or design correct. And believe
me, no matter how perfect you think your program is the first time,
it's bound to be buggy. As you gain experience, the number of bugs of
course decreases, but they are always popping up when you least expect
it.
The LCD is an acronym for Liquid Crystal Display. You've seen
them lots of times on calculators, watches and maybe some machines.
They can be used to display letters, numbers and graphics. The one
that I used is a 16 character display. They're not cheap though.
Buying them from retailers can set you back about $30 for the one I
used and up to $80 for a 40 character 2 line display. The best place
to buy them is from odd-lot clearing houses who buy over-stocked items
from manufacturers and sell them at great prices. I got three of them
for $30, a pretty good deal.
The serial port is actually composed of two chips, a connector and
some assorted electronic components. The first chip is known as either
a UART (Universal Asynchronus Receiver/Transmitter) or an ACIA
(Asynchronus Communications Interface Adapter). I prefer UART because
it has only two syllables! This chip is the heart of the serial port.
It receives data from the MPU and converts it into a serial format and
then sends it to the second chip. In reverse, it takes serial data
from the other chip and converts it into 8-bit bytes for use by the
MPU. I used the Rockwell 6551 which is a very easy to use but complete
chip. Many engineers had recommended it to me. Motorola makes the
6850 which is also a UART, but I don't like it. It requires an
external clock source and is not as flexible. Heck, they made a great
MPU, so who am I to complain!?! The second chip is known as a level
converter. Standard logic levels are from 0 to +5 volts. This is
known as TTL logic (TTL means Transistor-Transistor Logic. They are
the low level basic logic circuits from which all other circuits are
built). But the RS-232 serial communications standard uses -12 to +12
volt logic levels. Somehow, the computer industry got stuck with this
"great" idea, so we all have to design around it. The level converter
simply converts the RS-232 signals to TTL logic signals and vice-versa.
The chip I used is the MAX232 which is a great product from Maxim
Semiconductor. Unlike the standard chips used for signal conversion,
the 1488 and 1489 which require external +12 and -12 voltage sources,
the MAX232 converts +5V to +10V and -10V without any external hardware.
This minimizes circuit complexity, but increases the cost a little.
If you've forgotten by now, I am explaining all of the parts of my
computer design! Last but certainly not least is some input/output
(I/O) circuitry that I incorporated into my design to allow status
signaling to the user through 8 LEDs and user input through a keyboard
consisting of 4 buttons and 8 switches. By the way, LED is an acronym
for Light Emitting Diode. These guys are available in several colors
and they do what their name implies: light up! All of this
miscellaneous I/O hardware is tied together for easy communication with
the MPU by the 6821 PIA. This is another Motorola product designed to
complement its 6800 family of MPUs. PIA stands for Peripheral
Interface Adapter. It has 2 8 bit I/O ports and 4 controllable signal
lines. I connected the 8 LEDs to one port, the DIP switch to the other
and the four buttons to the signal lines. Once I figured out how to
work it, the PIA performed very nicely and allowed very flexible
control of my I/O devices.
I now take you back to the story of building the beast. We were
up to the point where I designed the computer with Schema. Okay.
During the design process, I communicated with engineers on the CCI BBS
and asked little questions here and there. They offered much help and
I soon had three nice looking pages of schematics printed out. I was
ready to build the computer, so I ordered all of the parts from mail-
order houses in silicon valley. The technique that I used is called
wire wrapping. There are two basic methods for prototyping circuits
(prototyping being the first time you are building the circuit) along
with some others: soldering and wire wrapping. Some people like
soldering. Steve Ciarcia solders all of his projects, but as someone
said on the CCI BBS, Steve was destined to be a brain surgeon. The
underside of his boards really look like art. Most of us are not so
talented and soldering can become a great mess. Melting through
insulation, twisting, turning, burning! Eech. For my previous project
(the one that I built, but didn't work) I had called the CCI BBS and
asked about prototyping methods. The general consensus was to wire
wrap. So, I bought some tools and went ahead with it. The wire
wrapping part of my previous project was certainly a success. The
process is very easy to learn.
This year, I ordered some more wire and assorted materials
necessary to build the project. It was a hefty bill, but I paid some
and my parents paid some. I started building it, I think, in October
or November. In any case, I finished in a few weeks and was ready for
the initial test by December. Everything looked great, but I was
scared as hell to try the thing out. I soon got up the nerve to
program an EPROM with a simple program and plugged it into its socket.
I turned the power on with a rapid heart beat and relaxed. The damn
thing didn't even cough! It just sat there with the power on. No
smoking, no explosions, no LEDs going on, no words on the LCD. I was
disappointed, but did I really expect it to work? No, I really looked
at it as something that I couldn't possibly get to work. I mean...me
build a computer? Come on, a computer is a computer, not some lego set
or something like that. I gave it a few more tries and still nothing
happened. I checked my design and everything seemed okay. I checked
the wiring and everything seemed okay.
Okay. I decided to check the power rails. I took out my multi-
meter which I bought at Radio Shack on sale for $9.95. A multi-meter
is an instrument that can measure several electrical characteristics of
wires. The most basic multi-meter (what I had) can measure voltage and
resistance. I selected voltage mode and put the probes to my power
rails. Hey! I found something. The voltage read almost 0 which meant
that either my power supply was not functioning or there was a short.
I checked the power supply and it was fine, so there must be a short...
but where? I called the CCI BBS once again and asked for some help.
About two weeks later, I found the short with a technique that an
engineer had explained to me. Okay. I'm ready. Again I plugged in
the EPROM and again nothing happened. After a few more desperate
tries, I gave up. It was now the beginning of January. I decided to
stop work until February.
About two weeks later, I logged onto the CCI BBS as I always did
weekly and found a message waiting for me. It was from an engineer in
silicon valley who had started working with 8-bit MPUs when he too was
a sophomore in high school. I was then a Junior, but that's beside the
point. He gave me encouragement and some hints on how to find my
short. I wrote back thanking him for the encouragement but telling him
that I found my short and that the computer still didn't work. I was
confident of my design because of those I had seen in Steve's column
and in the new magazine Circuit Cellar INK. He soon replied with some
trouble-shooting techniques. The first one was a simple test to
determine if the MPU was actually executing instructions. It consisted
of a single jump command that keep jumping back to itself. I tried it
and it worked. This was amazing. For the first time, I actually had
some assurance that my design had some life in it. Knowing this, I
decided to scrap the fancy demo program I wrote and go for a simple LED
flasher. I wrote the program and burned it into an EPROM. But it
didn't work. This was very disappointing, but I didn't give up this
time, because the first test had worked.
After a few hours of playing around, I found the problem! Three
address lines were wired backwards to the address decoder chip. Time
for some background: most 8 bit microprocessors can address 64
kilobytes. This actually equals 65,536 bytes because there are 16
address lines. Since the computer does not consist of one big 64K RAM
or EPROM chip but rather several smaller (smaller in terms of the
number of bytes they occupy in the address space) peripherals, this
large address space must be divided. A common denominator is 8 8K
chunks of memory. The top three address lines (A15 through A13) are
connected to an address decoder which determines which memory block is
currently active according to these three address lines. Because we're
working with the binary number system, three binary digits can
represent 8 combinations. The decoder chip, in this case a 74LS138
decoder chip, activates one of eight enable signals depending on the
content of the three address signals that it receives. Now, how does
this represent a problem to me if the three lines are wired backwards?
Well let's take the example that I had. My LED flasher program needed
to address the 6821 PIA so that it could turn the LEDs on and off.
This PIA is connected to the second 8K memory block enable line coming
from the 74LS138 decoder. To select this second memory block, the MPU
had to place the digits 001 on the lines A15-A13. But if the three
address lines were wired backwards, the decoder would see 100 instead
of 001 and would select the wrong memory chunk. I discovered this
problem by monitoring the decoder's memory enable lines with a logic
probe. The logic probe simply tells me whether the signal line is high
(1) or low (0). For some strange reason, the second memory block was
never being accessed, but the fourth was. After some thought, I
realized that the binary number representation for 4 was the exact
opposite for that of 2. I ran upstairs to get my reference book and
sure enough, the decoder was getting the signals in reverse order.
I went back upstairs and fixed the problem. One very big
advantage of wire wrapping is that mistakes can easily be fixed. All I
did was unwrap the wire from the three signal lines and I rewrapped
them. It took about 5 minutes to do. I plugged the EPROM back into
its socket and poof! My LEDs were flashing! True, my complicated
computer didn't look like much more than a christmas tree, but I knew
that it was working. The LEDs were not flashing on their own: the MPU
was telling them to flash. Now this was a victory!
Once I got to this point, things started falling into place.
Within a week and a half I got everything working perfectly. Sure,
there were troubles but I got them resolved. The only modification I
still have to make is an enable circuit for my expansion bus. I forgot
to design one in and because of that the bus cannot be used. But
that's okay for now because I am not yet building peripheral cards for
my computer. I am now working on a terminal program that will enable
me to download programs to the computer's RAM from my communications
program on my IBM clone. It should be working within a week.
Some miscellaneous problems that I encountered and fixed include:
two signals on the serial port were wired backwards, one wire on my LCD
was broken, the expansion bus mystery mentioned above, some pull-down
resistors that should have originally been pull-up resistors and
connecting the LEDs to the other I/O port instead of the one it was
originally connected to. It was like unravelling a mystery plot,
almost every day after I got the LEDs flashing, something new fell into
place and started working. From here on in, its just a matter of
software. The hardware is all done (whew!) and now I just have to deal
with it from the programmer's point of view.
The programming isn't bad, but now and then you get a little bug
that drives you crazy until its found and eliminated. The entire
project was and continues to be a great learning experience and usually
alot of fun. Maybe one day, you'll see my name on a super computer?!
Who knows. I got the baby purring and from here the sky's the limit.
My next project is going to be a faster computer with a monitor, full
keyboard and disk drives. I probably won't get it right on the first
power up, but now that I know my computer works, every other problem
will be a minor inconvenience!
X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X
Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm)
& the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845
Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649
Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766
realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043
Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102
Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives,
arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality,
insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS.
Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are,
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Amiga 8meg ram expander (C)1991 Silicon Synapse Electronics
Designed by John Kamchen Support BBS: (204) 589-1078 Wpg,MB Canada Nov.28
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
This project is ShareWare. If you build it, and it works (why wouldn't it?)
then passing $20 along my way would help pay for future projects as fantastic
as this one. The address is at the end of this file.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
With memory prices dropping every day, a fully expanded Amiga looks better all
the time. If you shop around, you can get a 1meg simm for less than $40. That
means an 8meg system will set you back $320. Not that bad, considering 3 years
ago that would have got you only 2 megs. But you need more than just RAM, you
also need a RAM CARD (duhh). These days, you have a big selection to choose
from. GVP, IVS, ICD to name a few. Some are simply RAM cards, some have an
SCSI host as well. My GrandSlam cost $300, a Meta4 about $175, DataFlyer RAM
about $125. Now you can build your own 8meg expander for less than $10 !
If you shop around, you can get all the interface and control chips for less
than $5 ($4.98 to be exact). The parts list shows prices from Active. Adding
sockets and whatever jacks the price up a few bucks.
Parts List: Cost
U1 74ls138 .40
U2 - U6 74ls157 2.35
U7 - U8 74ls245 1.28
U9 74ls14 .35
U10 74hc08 .31
U11 74ls32 .29
Misc:
Decoupling caps 11 x .1uf
How it works: RAM ACCESS
When the CPU accesses the area from $20000 to $9FFFFF, U1 decodes A21-A23 to
provide 4 possible bank select signals. About 58ns after _AS goes low, _RAS
will also go low. Depending on what kind of access it is (WORD BYTE READ
WRITE) one or two _CAS lines will go low either 94ns (READ) or >100ns (WRITE)
after _AS low. Remember that on the 68000, _UDS/_LDS go low at the same time
as _AS for a READ, but are delayed for a WRITE. That is why they go thru the 2
OR gates (U11). This ensures that _CASxx will fall at the right time.
When _AS goes high at the end of the cycle, _CASxx goes high first, then _RAS.
REFRSH MODE
The DRAM memory is being used in _CAS before _RAS refresh mode. This means
that if _CAS is brought LOW about 20ns before _RAS, the DRAM automaticly
selects what row to refresh. Only 64k x 4, 256k x 4 and 1meg x 1/4 support
this feature. Otherwise, there would need to be counters and stuff added,
maybe 5 more chips. When the CPU accesses CHIP ram ($0 to $1FFFFF), Y0 of U1
goes LOW. This is the signal that says 'Time to refresh, cuz we ain't gonna be
needed on this cycle'. All _CASxx lines will come low 72ns after _AS LOW,
followed by _RAS LOW 100ns after _AS LOW. So the time diff between _CAS and
_RAS is about 28ns, within the 20ns min parameter. The chip is kept refreshed
untill the cycle ends.
CONSTRUCTION:
This design uses D0-D15, A1-A23, R/W, _AS, _UDS and _LDS. All these signals
can be found at the expansion port of the 500, or CPU/Zorro slots on a 2000.
For 500 owners ,this board could also be placed under the 68000 itself,
saving your expansion port for better things. As long as you provide a good
power path, there should be no problems. My proto-type board with 2megs used
around 300ma while running Memory_Doctor, and 169ma just sitting there, no
programs running. It uses ALOT more than my GrandSlam (90ma) for refreshing,
but I'm not using custom chips and they are. For a 500 supply, 8megs might be
more than it can handle, so consider buying a 150-200w switching supply (any
AT type will do since they cost half as much as a '500 specific' supply).
SIMM sockets cost ALOT of bucks, so you may want to spend a $1 more and buy
SIPP ram (with the pins). Those can fit into normal IC sockets (Just to give
you an idea, 8megs of SIPP sockets cost $21, while 12 20pin sockets cost
$2.50). The SIPPs will tend to sit in at an angle, so fashion some type of
brace for them. If you use SIPP ram, the board won't fit inside a 500, but
low-profile SIMM sockets just might.
Get the exact same parts that I have in the parts list. Don't sub an HC for an
LS. All types have been chosen for their propagation times. Best place to get
the parts is Active Components. They are cheap, and always have good stock. I
have heard of people being charged upto $2 a chip at some other places (Radio
Shack, WES). Board layout isn't critical, but use some common sense, try and
keep data and address lines together, and so forth. Wire wrapping is OK.
ADDING RAM:
You can use 1meg by 8 (or 9, some place charge MORE for the 8bit sipp!), or
256k x 8/9 sipps. To use the 256k, they must have only 2 chips on them (3 if
it is a 9bit simm). Why? The ones with 8 or 9 chips use 256k x 1 type DRAM
chips. Those are fine in other ram expanders but not here. They DON'T support
_CAS before _RAS refresh. The 256k x 4 do, so that's what type you need.
___________________________ ___________________________
| || || || || || || || || | |-------- -------- ----|
| || || || || || || || || | |-------- -------- ----|
uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
These won't work! These WILL work fine.
AUTO-CONFIG:
As is, the design will not configure on power up. A program called AutoAddRAM
is used to patch the expansion into the free memory pool. If you have a hard
drive, this can be done during the startup-sequence. For floppy users, follow
the docs for the program. Unlike a PAL'd ram card, this one hard-wires the ram
address area. The folowing are some examples of how to write the .arr file.
200000 3ffffe 0 Little /* 2meg, using 1meg simm, in bank 1 & 8
400000 9ffffe 0 BigBoy /* 6meg, using 1meg simm, bank 2,3,4,5,6 & 7
200000 27fffe 0 Expansion /* 256k, using 256k simm, bank 1 & 8
400000 47fffe 0 Expansion /* 256k, bank 2 & 7
600000 67fffe 0 Expansion /* 256k, bank 3 & 6
800000 87fffe 0 Expansion /* 256k, bank 4 & 5
With those last 256k areas, you just added 2megs, although it's broken up into
4 256k sections in the expansion mapped area. This is a cheaper way to get to
2megs, since those 256k simms are CHEAP when bought used. I found that APPLE
service centers seems to always have the right type of simm (I assume
Apple/Mac machines use _CAS before _RAS as well).
You can also mix and match memory sizes, 2megs using 1meg simms, and an extra
768k using 256k simms. This list shows where your memory will show up.
Bank1/8 Bank2/7 Bank3/6 Bank4/5
from $200000 $400000 $600000 $800000
256k $27fffe $27fffe $67fffe $67fffe
1meg $3ffffe $5ffffe $7ffffe $9ffffe
I provided an .iff picture of where to place the parts and all. There are
holes here and there for decoupling caps. There are also 2 files in
BoardMaster format, which contain the actual artwork. Those can be plotted,
or HP LaserJet printed using BoardMaster. A good way to mount this board is
to solder 64 wires into the board, then solder your 68000 to those (Look at
the AtOnce). Just an idea.
----------------------------------------------------
Also from Silicon Synapse Electronics ShareWare Division:
S.A.P.E.P. (Simple Amiga Parallel Eprom Programmer)
Incredible software/hardware combo. Program 2764-27128 21v/12.5v eproms thru
the Pport. Fairly simple project shows just how versitile the Amiga's parallel
port can be! Includes complete schematics, SAPEP program & C source.
The Computer Tech Journal
Issue #1: Audio Sampler Fundamentals (includes demo circuits)
Issue #2: 8meg Ram for Amiga (ignore this, new one this fall)
Issue #3: Eprom Programmer (Look for S.A.P.E.P., software/hardware project)
Issue #4: Proto-Board for the Amiga (a must have for any Amiga hacker!)
To get all the ShareWare/PD files listed in this file, just send $2 (US or
CDN) and your return address to:
John Kamchen
c/o Silicon Synapse Electronics
41 Matheson Ave.E
Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
R2W-0C1
Or call Silicon Synapse Electronics BBS (204) 589-1078 12/24 24hrs
or Fire & Brimstone BBS (204) 255-8824 12/24 24hrs Fido# 1:348:705.0
J.Kamchen Nov.27 1991 3:30pm
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Not long ago, many data communicators thought that dial-up modem manufacturers
had pushed transmission speeds to the limit with the introduction of 2400 bit
per second (bps) modems. Recently, however, several manufacturers have
creatively combined relatively mature techniques of data transmission with
newer technology and have introduced 9600 bps modems.
Unfortunately, a widely accepted standard for full duplex 9600 bps
transmission as defined by the International Consultative Committee for
Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT) does not yet exist (the CCITT is currently
considering proposals for a new 9600 bps dial-up standard). This means that
today's 9600 bps modems do not offer cross-manufacturer compatibility. The
CCITT HAS endorsed a half duplex and a full duplex 9600 bps standard, but to
date implementations of these relatively flexible standards have been
proprietary, i.e., even the "standardized" modems from different manufacturers
are not compatible.
All this means that modem users who want to enjoy the dream speed of 9600 bps
must weigh the pros and cons of each 9600 bps technique before committing to a
particular 9600 bps design. This paper was written in an effort to provide
typical modem users with enough technical information and insight that they
will be able to consider the new 9600 bps modems from the position of an
educated consumer and not have to rely on information gleaned from sales
brochures and advertisements. It should be noted that the author, Wes Cowell,
is an employee of USRobotics.
THE ROAD TO 9600
High speed data communications via the dial-up phone network is limited by the
available phone line bandwidth and by random channel impairments. Just as the
diameter of a pipe limits its liquid flow capacity, so does the telephone
channel bandwidth limit its data flow capacity.
The roughly 3000-Hz available in the telephone bandwidth poses few problems
for 300 bps modems, which only use about one fifth of the bandwidth. A full
duplex 1200 bps modem requires about half the available bandwidth,
transmitting simultaneously in both directions at 600 baud and using phase
modulation to signal two data bits per baud. "Baud rate" is actually a
measure of signals per second. Because each signal can represent more than
one bit, the baud rate and bps rate of a modem are not necessarilly the same.
In the case of 1200 bps modems, their baud rate is actually 600 (signals per
second) and each signal represents two data bits. By multiplying signals per
second with the number of bits represented by each signal one determines the
bps rate: 600 signals per second X 2 bits per signal = 1200 bps.
In moving up to 2400 bps, modem designers decided not to use more bandwidth,
but to increase speed through a new signalling scheme known as quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM).
In QAM, each signal represents four data bits. Both 1200 bps and 2400 bps
modems use the same 600 baud rate, but each 1200 bps signal carries two data
bits, while each 2400 bps signal carries four data bits:
600 signals per second X 4 bits per signal = 2400 bps.
A technique known as adaptive equalization enables 2400 bps modems to adapt to
phone line impairments call-by-call. Essentially, if the modem is experiencing
problems with a noisy line, it looks for a "sweet spot" in the bandwidth and
attempts to avoid troublesome frequencies. This technique makes 2400 bps
modems more tolerant of line noise than their 1200 bps counterparts that use
compromise equalization (a one-size-fits-all approach).
While these advanced modulation and equalization techniques in 2400 bps modems
provide for double the data rate of 1200 bps modems, they also result in a
design at least four times more complex than 1200 bps modems.
Which brings us to the problem of designing a 9600 bps modem.
Jumping to 9600 from 2400 bps is several orders of magnitude more complicated
than going to 2400 from 1200 bps. Telephone network characteristics make it
highly unlikely that success will be had in extending the "data signal
alphabet" (number of bits represented by each signal) beyond four bits per
signal.
Instead, modem designers must increase the bandwidth that is to carry the
signal, and this presents a very big problem. In fact, at speeds of 4800 bps
(1200 signals per second), the transmit and receive channels must be expanded
to the point where they actually begin to overlap. A 9600 bps "band"
requires roughly 90 percent of the available bandwidth, making it impossible
to have two-way communication without the bands interfering with each other.
A helpful analogy to the problem might be to consider a two lane highway:
traffic must flow in both directions simultaneously, but to carry more cars
per unit of time, highway designers must either increase the number of lanes
in each direction or widen the two lanes to accommodate driver error with a
margin of safety. Unfortunately, these options are not available to modem
designers as the available bandwidth is of a fixed size.
With these considerations and limitations in mind, let's examine three basic
ways to accomplish full duplex (two-way) 9600 bps communications: echo
cancellation, virtual full duplex (achieved by half duplex systems), and
asymmetrical frequency division.
ECHO-CANCELLATION
This method solves the problem of overlapping transmit and receive channels.
Each modem's receiver must try to filter out the echo of its own transmitter
and concentrate on the other modem's transmit signal. This presents a
tremendous computational problem that significantly increases the complexity
-- and cost -- of the modem. But it offers what other schemes don't:
simultaneous two-way transmission of data at 9600 bps.
The CCITT "V.32" recommendation for 9600 bps modems includes echo-
cancellation. The transmit and receive bands overlap almost completely, each
occupying 90 percent of the available bandwidth. Measured by computations per
second and bits of resolution, a V.32 modem is roughly 64 times more complex
than a 2400 bps modem. This translates directly into added development and
production costs which means that it will be some time before V.32 modems can
compete in the high- volume modem market.
Despite the fact that V.32 is a recognized standard, it is uneconomical and
unnecessarily complex for personal computer datacomm applications that simply
don't require simultaneous two-way 9600 bps transmission.
HALF DUPLEX SYSTEMS
(Virtual Full Duplex)
Half duplex solutions devote the entire bandwidth to 9600 bps in one direction
at a time, and "ping-pong" the data flow back and forth to simulate full
duplex. This is potentially the simplest scheme. Its performance is
acceptable in data transfer applications that don't involve user interaction,
i.e. file transfers. Even so, advanced error-control protocols that require
ACKnowledgments to be sent in response to received data blocks generate a high
number of "line reversals" which greatly impair overall data throughput. In
short, the benefit of higher speed is so significantly compromised by line
reversals in half duplex sessions that the net gain in data throughput may be
marginal at best.
If users want to operate in an interactive mode, their data must be sent to
the remote computer, the data channel must be reversed, and then the data must
be echoed back. This process results in significant turn-around delays which
can be very frustrating to users.
Half duplex modems of this kind are most often based on CCITT recommendation
V.29 for half duplex 9600 bps transmission on the dial-up network. V.29 based
data pumps used in facsimile systems are available as LSI chip sets, providing
a short-cut to modem manufacturers, particularly to companies that don't
develop their own modem technologies. But the major problem is that the V.29
modulation scheme has been outdated by the fact that it operates in a half
duplex mode and doesn't provide good signal to noise performance. The V.32
recommendation, which operates in a full duplex mode and employs Trellis
Coding Modulation offers greater throughput and a greater immunity to channel
impairments.
To the best of my knowledge, modems employing V.29-based modulation include
products from Racal-Vadic, Comspec, Develcon, Gamma Technology, Microcomm, and
Electronic Vaults, Inc. (EVI). These modems, however, are NOT mutually
signal compatible -- cross-manufacturer compatibility does not exist.
Another modem in the half duplex category, but not based on V.29 modulation,
is the Telebit Trailblazer (R), which uses a proprietary modulation method.
Trailblazer is based on a multi-carrier technique. Conceptually, the
transmission channel is divided into many (512), independent, very narrow
channels (think of our two-lane highway and imagine it as having 512 very
narrow lanes (say, for bicycles) going in one direction and you've got a fair
idea of how Trailblazer divides the bandwidth). The main advantage is that no
receiver adaptive equalizer is needed because each channel is very narrow
compared to the overall channel bandwidth.
Further, in the Trailblazer modulation scheme, the modulation rate in each
narrow channel can be changed somewhat independently. Trailblazer is
different from many other modems in that the decision to fall back to lower
speeds is built into the modem protocol, rather than controlled by the user's
computer port. It is claimed that in the face of channel impairments,
throughput can be adapted gracefully to channel conditions. Traditional
modulation systems would have to fall back in larger steps. But there are
three inherent MAJOR problems:
1) The turn-around delay is very long compared to conventional modulation
techniques because data must be sent in large blocks. A typed character may
take several seconds to be echoed back to the system that sent it. As a
result, the system fails to achieve the illusion of full duplex and is not
really suited to interactive online sessions.
2) The Trailblazer receiver cannot "track" carrier "phase jitter" (phase
jitter can be thought of in terms of "phase shift": think of how the whine of
a race car goes from higher to lower as it passes the viewer -- the frequency
of the sound is said to be "shifted" or "jittered"). Instead of cancelling
out phase jitter (which is commonly encountered on long distance calls) the
Trailblazer can only respond by lowering throughput to gain more immunity to
phase jitter.
3) The ability to transmit at the maximum rate when subject to channel
impairment is considerably less than for conventional modems. There is one
notable exception: the multiple channel technique offers extremely good
immunity to impulse noise because the impulse energy is distributed over
narrow channels. While conventional modems can achieve similar results
through special coding or filtering techniques they rarely implement such
methods.
ASYMMETRICAL FREQUENCY DIVISION
When one considers the nature of most PC datacomm applications, it is realized
that most applications are interactive, involving manual (typed) data entry
from one end and data file transmission from the other end.
Few, if any, PC users can justify using an expensive 9600 bps channel to carry
their typed characters when they realize that 300 bps translates to 360 words
per minute. Assuming one could type 100 words per minute, even a 100 bps
transmission channel would be sufficient.
On the other hand, file transfer should take advantage of the tremendous speed
of the microprocessor. Serial ports are often set at data rates in excess of
19,000 bps.
Considering these inherent characteristics, a communications scheme that
incorporated a high speed and a low speed channel would be best suited for
most PC datacomm applications.
Remembering the highway analogy (higher speeds mean wider lanes), one can see
how such a method would grant modem designers a large portion of the
available bandwidth for a 9600 bps channel and still leave enough room to
accommodate a narrow 300 bps channel without any channel overlap.
By utilizing two discreet channels, such a modem would avoid costly, complex
echo-cancellation schemes. And, because the channels carry data in both
directions simultaneously, the communications link is a true full duplex
connection. This means that data entered at one system would be almost
instantaneously echoed back -- eliminating the frustrating turn-around delay
experienced in half duplex sessions.
USRobotics has developed just such a modem. It passes data in one direction
using the V.32 modulation technique (a very robust method that is very immune
to phone line impairments) but employs only a 300 bps channel in the opposite
direction so that the channels do not overlap and echo-cancellation is not
necessary.
The use of the high-speed channel by the two modems is based on data demand.
In most applications, however, "channel swapping" will not be required. For
interface elegance, the modems employ a 4K buffer that allow them to perform
data rate conversion: sending and receiving speeds remain constant between the
modem and the computer -- it is only in between the modems that transmitted
and received data run at different speeds.
For interactive sessions, users are assigned the low-speed channel while the
data sent to them (long mail messages, menus, files, etc.) in the 9600 bps
channel.
For file transfer sessions, the data blocks that make up a file are sent in
the 9600 bps channel while the corresponding ACKnowledgments are returned in
the 300 bps channel. An asymmetric frequency division scheme is ideal for
file transfer where large data blocks (usually several hundred bytes in
length) are transmitted in the high-speed channel and the ACKs (usually only
a few bytes in length) are carried in the low-speed channel.
If a user switches from an interactive mode to file transfer and then back to
interactive mode, the high speed channel is dynamically and automatically
assigned to the system with the greatest data demand.
A BRIEF COMPARISON
Three options exist for data communicators who desire to operate at 9600 bps:
1) V.32-type modems offer a full duplex connection but do so by virtue of
echo-cancellation. This technique is so complex, and has proven so difficult
to employ, that the cost for such modems will remain prohibitively high and
their implementation a delicate task for some time to come.
2) Half duplex modems (either V.29 or multi-carrier) offer 9600 bps but the
turn-around delay inherent in half duplex links severely compromise overall
throughput. This degradation of throughput, however, can be more than offset
by data compression techniques assuming the modems in question support
identical compression protocols and are operating on relatively "clean" phone
lines. Both half duplex methods suffer disproportionate degradation on
"noisy" lines: the V.29 modems must spend more and more time in line reversals
as detected data errors increase, and the multi-carrier modems must sacrifice
throughput to gain noise immunity.
3) Asymmetrical Frequency Division offers 9600 bps communications in a true
full duplex implementation. By efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth,
these modems provide users with high speed file transfer capabilities and fast
response in interactive sessions. Because the transmit and receive data
channels do not overlap, expensive echo-cancelling techniques are unnecessary
making these modems economically efficient.
IN CONCLUSION
Until a widely recognized standard is agreed upon by the standards community,
and implemented by several manufacturers, modem buyers must weigh the benefits
and detriments of each 9600 bps scheme.
V.32 would be best where symmetrical, full duplex, synchronous communication
is desired (for example, dial-up HDLC links between multiplexers) and where
the user can modify his software to accommodate non-"AT" command-driven
modems.
V.29 modems would be likely solutions where absolute lowest price is required
and conformance to an international standard (in a very limited sense) is
desired.
Multi-carrier transmission schemes are well-suited to applications that
require maximum one-way throughput and where circuit conditions are known to
be good. This transmission method is also ideally suited for circuits where
immunity to impulse noise is paramount.
Users who most often work with one-way file transfers (PC-to-PC) or with real-
time applications may opt for an Asymmetrical Frequency Division scheme, which
is suited equally well for either application. The elegant approach to the
frequency division (avoiding overlapping bandwidths) also allows these modems
to present a very economical ratio between dollars and bps.
Potential high-speed-modem buyers should also consider the aspects of ease-of-
use, ease-of-implementation, and downward compatibility with existing
implemented standards (the CCITT's V.22bis for 2400 bps, Bell 212A for 1200
bps, and Bell 103 for 200 bps).
POST SCRIPT
Many modem users have voiced confusion and consternation about the lack of
compatibility between modem manufacturers at speeds greater than 2400 bps.
Modem manufacturers have embraced the Bell 212A and 103 standards for 1200 and
300 bps. In these post-divestiture days, however, Bell no longer sets modem
standards in the U.S. and hence, U.S. modem manufacturers have turned to the
CCITT as a definitive source for standards. The industry-wide acceptance of
the CCITT's V.22bis standard for 2400 bps is the best example of this shift.
The CCITT recommendations V.29 and V.32 for 9600 bps have not resulted in
compatible implementations. It is important to remember that V.29 was
originally developed as a four-wire full duplex leased-line modem and has
since been adapted by various manufacturers to encompass half duplex dial up
applications. Other problems with V.29 are that it compromises transmission
speed and is poor for interactive sessions. V.32 is proving to be
prohibitively complex and exceptionally difficult to implement (driving
development and production costs up).
Recognizing the need for an alternative to the V.32 recommendation, the CCITT
has requested proposals from modem manufacturers.
Presently, two proposals are being considered by the CCITT. One is the multi-
carrier scheme developed and sponsored by Telebit. The other is an
Asymmetrical Frequency Division scheme developed and sponsored by USRobotics.
 and s

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Filename: 9600DATA.TXT
Version : 1.2b
Updated : 1/11/1991
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Comparison of High Speed Modems
Compatibility/Features/Differences/Prices
Including: HST, V.32, V.32bis, V.42, V.42bis
By Mike Ehlert, SysOp: PACIFIC COAST MICRO BBS
USR HST/V.32bis (805) 494-9386
USR HST 14.4k (805) 497-3456
CC Speedmodem (805) 496-7320
FidoNet 1:206/2801
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A High Speed Modem
Disclaimer
Standards
The CCITT
Half-Duplex Vs. Full Duplex
What is MNP, HST, V.32, V.42 etc.
What to look for: Throughput, Configurability, UARTS, etc.
Some Questions to ask: If Considering a generic V.32/V.42.
Some Questions to ask: If Considering a FAX/Modem.
Modem Manufacturer Phone Numbers.
Modem Compatibility Listing.
Modem Price Comparisons.
Document Updates.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A High Speed Modem
==================
Are you thinking of going to a High speed modem?
2400 baud can be very slow for transferring large files.
Modems advertised as 4800 are really only 2400 with data compression such
as MNP-5 or even just software data compression. Don't be fooled.
A 9600 or faster modem will make a tremendous difference on your transfer time.
Most 9600 Baud users never want to go back to 2400. There is a lot of confusion
and mis-information about 9600 Baud and faster Modems. I wrote this to help
clarify and point out the differences between the different modems available
for MS-DOS machines.
If price is no object, the Best modem to get for BBS use is the US Robotics
Dual Standard. It is a combination of the HST 14400 Baud modem and a
V.32/V.42 modem all rolled into one modem.
If price is an Issue, (like it is to most people) then you may want to consider
a Standard HST 14.4k, or a different Brand if that is also too expensive.
But if you do not buy a US Robotics Modem, you will not be able to hook up to
a Standard USR HST 14.4k, which is the most Common BBS Modem.
Other then USR, you could get a V.32 or V.32/V.42 computable modem for about
25% less then a Standard HST, or you could get a 9600 FAX/Modem for less then
half the cost of a V.32 See the price comparisons at the end.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disclaimer
==========
This information was obtained from several reputable sources, but none
of it is guaranteed to be 100% accurate. I am not responsible for any
incorrect information in this document, nor am I responsible for any
loss of profits to anyone resulting from reading the information in this
documentation. Proceed at your own risk.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corrections and updates
=======================
Since new modem brands, models, and new prices are appearing constantly,
this documentation is going to need a lot of updating. Also some of the Current
Information may need corrections as well. You are welcome to make changes to
this information, but please send me a copy of your update so that I can add
your changes to the current latest version I have. That way all the corrections
that are made will be added to the latest version, which will also be avail.
for download on my bbs.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STANDARDS
=========
At one Time Hayes was the standard in modems. All other modems tried to be
"Hayes Compatible". This is still true with 1200 and 2400 bps modems,
but NOT when it comes to 9600 or faster modems. Hayes established a Standard
called the AT command set. Other modem manufacturers quickly adopted this
standard and the AT commands are still used today (with a few commands added).
Well Along Came USRobotics, and designed the HST, a proprietary 9600 modem
that quickly became popular, and no one else was allowed to duplicate.
Hayes then also came out with a proprietary 9600 modem, but since it could not
talk to the HST at 9600 it never became popular in the IBM world.
Next USR improved their HST modem, making it transfer at 14400 bps without
even using data compression.
USR's HST became the standard for MS-DOS computable High Speed modems.
Realizing that the industry needed a "non-proprietary" 9600 standard that
any manufacturer could use, the CCITT came up with the V.32 specification.
It took a several years before modem manufactures started finding ways to
implement this standard at a price competitive to HST, but a few manufactures
started producing them, including Hayes. Next the CCITT realized that better
error correction and data compression methods existed, and thus came up with
the V.42 and .V42 bis standard. They are currently finalizing the V.32bis
specification, which will also run at 14,000 Baud in full duplex.
Now Modem Manufactures all seem to be jumping on the V.32 Bandwagon,
Even USR offers V.32/V.42 modems and allows the HAT's to be upgraded to
a "Dual-Standard" so it can be both HST and V.32/V.42 in one.
The New Hats also have V.42bis and can be upgraded to the new V.32bis DS.
The price Difference between the HST and the HST-DS is considerable though,
which is why Most BBS Sysops still buy the HST without the "DS" option.
The V.32/V.42 have become the standard in the Macintosh world, and some
MS-DOS BBS's are now running V.32/V.42 instead of supporting the HST,
and some are supporting both types, using multiple lines.
Fax Machines have had their own standards, CCITT V.27, V.27ter, and V.29
define the modulation scheme used for Fax, and T.30 defines a Fax Protocol.
Fax Machines nowadays can transfer Faxes at 4800 or 9600 Baud. Most Fax/Modems
can only transfer files at 2400 Baud. There is now one Fax/Modem which can
also transfer files at 9600 bps, and is far less expensive then the V.32/V.42s,
plus offer the benefits of a Fax machine.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The CCITT
=========
The International Consultive Committee for Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT)
set the V.32, V.42, and V.42bis Standards in 9600 bps communications.
They have also set the standards of 1200 and 2400 bps in Europe.
Unfortunately the V.32 standard is very expensive to implement for the
modem manufactures, and the HST has already become the industry standard
in the IBM BBS world. But since any company may manufacture V.32/42 Modems
without a license or royalty, there is more price-competition going on
with these then with the HST, which currently has no true competition.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Half Duplex Vs. Full Duplex
===========================
Half-Duplex is When Data is Transited in one Direction at a time.
Full-Duplex is both directions at once. 2400 baud modems are Full-Duplex.
The HST Modem uses an improved form of Half-Duplex, in which one direction is
transferring at high speed while the other direction is sending ACK/NAK signals
at a slower speed. A similar method is used on the Speedmodem.
V.32 modems use Full duplex, which in most cases does not improve performance
when used on a BBS. There is one way to take full advantage of a Full-Duplex
Modem: By using a protocol called Bimodem to upload and Download as the same
time at 9600 bps in each direction! Unfortunately Bimodem has not become very
popular. Most BBS's and users still use one direction transfer protocols such
as Zmodem or YModem-G.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is MNP, HST, V.32, V.42?
=============================
MNP
MNP (Microcomm Network Protocol) levels 1-4 are methods of error correction
in which the two modems connected verify the integrity of the data transmitted.
Error correction is required for several streaming protocols such as Ymodem-G
in which the protocol sends a constant stream of data and lets the modems do
the error correction. This requires a clean, noise free line as streaming
protocols will abort if line noise interferes too much.
These MNP Levels are used in almost all High Speed Modems Made today, But
Just because two modems both have MNP it does not ensure that they will both
talk to each other (at over 2400 baud).
MNP Level 5 is for data compression. Since All BBS's have their files archived
in ZIP, LZH, GIF or some such compressed format (try to ZIP a LZH file), MNP5
can actually increase the overhead by attempting to compress the file further.
Therefore BBS's leave MNP5 turned off, and so should the BBS callers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HST
HST stands for "High Speed Technology" - a method of communicating at high
speeds which was developed by US Robotics in 1984. HST is a proprietary
method so currently only US Robotics is allowed to Make HST Compatible Modems.
The original HST modems were 9600 bps by using a 9200 bps channel in one
direction and a 450 bps "back channel" in the other to send ACK/NAK
signals for confirmation of data - a half duplex mode - often referred to
as "ping-ponging". In 1989 USR improved the HST to run at 14400 bps by further
optimizing their proprietary method. All HST's sold now include the 144k
speed as well as the original 9600 mode. Because the HST 14.4k is a raw speed,
It allows the HST to transfer pre compressed files such as ZIPs at faster
speeds then any other 9600 modem: over 1700 Characters per second.
The HST has become the "BBS-Standard" in high-Speed Modems. More BBS's use
the HST then any other type of modem, including the V.32.
As of January 1st 1991 all HST modems also include the V.42/V.42bis error
correction and data compression (not to be confused with V.32).
The HST's can also be upgraded to the HST "Dual Standard" allowing it to also
be V.32bis compatible. The price is significant for this upgrade however,
and in very few cases is any speed gained.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.32
V.32 is a 9600 Baud standard that was established by the CCITT back in 1984.
V.32 is full duplex (9600 bps in both directions at once). Normally this would
be impossible, but using a technique called "echo cancellation", one modem
can filter its own tones from the phone line, enabling it to pick out the
signals from the other modem. However, echo cancellation requires that high
speed modems include built-in digital signal processor (DSP) chips, which is
the main reason V.32 and V.42 costs so much.
V.32 also includes a fall back to 4800, if line noise becomes a problem at 9600.
The V.32 standard also provides an optional error-reduction scheme, called
"trellis-coded modulation (TCM). TCM allows 9600 modems to check for
transmission errors with a redundancy bit, which results in fewer errors on
noisy lines. Most V.32's include this option, but some do not.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.32bis
It was first realized in 1989 that it is feasible to push V.32 up to 14,400
baud, the same speed as the HST now runs. This requires even better echo
cancelers and an overall improvement in receiver quality, so it will be
more costly to produce than the V.32 to produce. V.32bis has not yet officially been
finalized CCITT, but as of January 1st US Robotics has started shipping
a new version of their Dual Standard Modem which includes V.32bis in an early
but functional form. USR plans to update their DS ROMS when the CCITT actually
release the completed V.32bis specification, scheduled for mid 1991.
It's expected that other Modem manufacturers will not be able to offer the
V.32bis technology until the 4th quarter of 1991.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.42
V.42 is nothing to do with actual modem speed, but how the error correction
and data compression schemes interface. When the CCITT approved V.42 in 1988,
they decided to include two different error correction and data compression
schemes. The first one is MNP,(short for Microcom Networking Protocol).
MNP classes 2, 3, & 4 which handle error correction. Note that MNP-5 was not
included in the V.42 standard because it is only used for data compression.
MNP was made an official standard due to the large number of modems that
currently use it. The Second method is the preferred method, known as LAP-M
(Link Access Protocol-Modem). A modem with only MNP is called "V.42 Compatible"
and one with LAP-M its known as "V.42 Compliant". If a V.42 Compliant connected
to a V.42 compatible, it would first try to Handshake with LAP-M, and after it
realized that the other modem is not Compliant, it would try the MNP Method, and
they connect.
Most V.42 modems are fully V.32 compatible, but they do NOT have to be,
according to CCITT guidelines. So when purchasing a V.42, make sure that
it is really a V.32 Modem that is also V.42 compliant or compatible.
There are now some 2400 baud modems which are also V.42bis compliant,
so since the LAP-M gives 4:1 data compression they are advertised as
"9600 throughput", which really can be misleading and confusing.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.42bis
V.42bis is a new CCITT standard for data compression techniques, which was
approved in late 1989. To Support V.42bis, a modem MUST support both LAP-M and
MNP-5, unlike the Standard V.42 in which LAP-M is only an option. V.42 provides
a maximum data compression of 4:1, giving a 9600 bps modem a throughput up to
38400 bps. MNP only offers 2:1 Compression. Like MNP-5, LAP-M and V.42bis will
not be effective when transferring compressed files from BBS's, such as ZIP
files. Since V.42 is implemented in firmware, many V.42 compliant modems can
be upgraded to V.42bis with a new ROM.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Speedmodem
A less expensive method of 9600 bps communication can be achieved without
using the CCITTs method of "echo cancellation", so that the a digital signal
processor is not needed, making the cost much less expensive.
This method is used on the Compucom Speedmodem. The Speedmodem also uses
Dynamic Impedance Stabilization (DIS) to increase the reliability of the
telephone interfaces signal-to-noise ratio of the telephone line by increasing
the clarity and power of the signal, and automatically compensating for
impedance variations on the phone line. This reduces the probability of
line noise, allowing the Protocols to transfer files with less overhead
It also has a faster fall back rate of 7200 bps if too much line noise exists
for 9600 communications. This makes the Speedmodem stand up to worse line
noise conditions at a faster rate then V.32 can handle.
The Speedmodem is also a 9600 bps Group III Facsimile, so with this modem,
you can send document and scanned images as a Fax, as well as receive Faxes.
It supports BitFAX by Bitcom and any other 3rd party FAX software which
uses the standard CCITT AT-FAX command set.
A Data Compression called CSP (CompuCom Speed Protocol) is used to yield a
compression of up to 4:1, giving a throughput of up to 38400 bps.
This however, like MNP5 will not be effective when transferring compressed
files from BBS's, such as ZIP files.
DIS and CPS are proprietary methods owned by CompuCom, Sunnyvale, CA.
Because this modem is inexpensive more people can afford to buy it, and since
its both a FAX and a Modem in one, it should gain popularity quickly.
It is still a new product, but hundreds of BBS's are showing support for it.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
What Next?
By mid 1991 the V.32bis standard will be finalized, and by that years end
the several 14,400 Bps full duplex modems will be on the market.
There is already talk of the CCITT releasing another standard in 1992,
which will be for 192,000 bps. Since these modems are expected to cost
considerably more then the V.32s currently on the market, they will be
out of the price range of most BBS users.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
THROUGHPUT:
==========
You'll see ads claiming that you can attain 19,200 bps or 38,400 bps
with a 9600 Baud modem - this is true only if you are using MNP5 or other
form of data compression on an uncompressed data or text file. Any 9600 Baud
modem using compression will transfer at that effective rate.
But for BBS use, where files are already compressed (such as ZIPs, LZHs, GIFs)
MNP5 will actually slow down throughput by attempting to compress a file that
is already compressed. Generally when using a modem for BBS transfers, its
the RAW speed of the Modem and not the throughput which is important.
Figures of around 1700 cps by the HST modems are attained through proprietary
methods not available on other modems.
CONFIGURABILITY:
================
In High Speed Modems, there is a lot more to configure than on a 2400 Baud
modem. Be sure your modem comes with NRAM (Non-volatile Random Access Memory)
that can store your modem configuration, making long init strings unnecessary.
Also many modems have dip switches to set the default configuration, which
also simply things. If you buy an Internal Modem, be sure its fully
Configurable as far as selecting the com port and IRQ (interrupt request)
setting. Some modems can be addressed from Com1: up to COM8:
UARTS
=====
Internal Modems have a serial port built in, and External Modems use an
existing Serial Port in the computer. A serial port has a UART chip to buffer
and control the Input/Output (I/O). The XT usually has an 8450 UART which will
handle up to 9600 Baud. The AT usually has the 16450. If you have an external
modem you should replace your UART with the 16550 (NS16550AN).
INTERNAL or EXTERNAL
====================
MS-DOS Users can choose internal modems, that plug in a computers slot,
or external, which plugs into an existing serial port with a serial cable.
Internals are usually less expensive, take up less space, have the correct UART
already installed (see below) and don't need a cable. But the Externals usually
have a lot of little lights on it that you can stare at, and its easier to move
to another machine. So which ever you prefer (or is available in some cases).
If Considering a USRobotics Modem
=================================
You only need to worry about weather you want the HST
(which can be upgraded later), or the Dual Standard
which is the same modem with the V.32bis option included.
If Considering a V.32/V.42 Modem
========================================
Some questions to ask:
Can you afford the USR "DS" instead?
Is it both V.32 and V.42 compatible?
Is it V.42 compatible, V.42 compliant, or V.42bis?
If its not V.42bis or compliant, can it be upgraded?
Do Local/National BBS's support it?
Would you rather wait a year for a V.32bis?
What is the warranty? 5 years?
If Considering a FAX/Modem
==============================
some questions to ask:
Is it Send and Receive Fax?
Does it support 3rd party FAX software?
Is it 4800 or 9600 bps?
Does it support MNP?
Does it support other compression?
Do Local/National BBS's support it?
What is the Warranty? 5 Years?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modem Compatibility Listing:
============================
These modems will usually be downwardly compatible with 2400 Baud and slower
modems, Which means they are also CCITTY V.22bis and Bell 103/212A compatible.
Most have an auto-fall back mode that will detect the highest negotiable Baud
rate, which can either through hardware or software configuration.
If the modem is V.42 capable, it will fall back to MNP if the other modem is
not LAP-M capable, but is MNP capable. Modems supporting MNP will connect
with data compression/error correction with other MNP modems at the highest
Baud rate negotiable between the two. The speeds listed here are the actual
Raw speed, not possible throughput that can be achieved using data compression.
Listed in alphabetical order by brand name -
Generic V.32 only
Made by a number of companies using the CCITT method of communicating at
9600 bps.
These are expected to become outdated as V.42 is added to most V.32 modems
- Talks to other brand V.32 modems at 9600 Baud.
Generic V.42 Only
If a Modem is V.42 or V.42bis only, and not V.32, then it can only talk to
other V.42 modems at 2400, (with 9600 throughput using data compression)
This is not considered a 9600 Modem and should be avoided.
- Talks to other brand V.42 modems at 2400 Baud with LAP-M.
Generic V.32/V.42 (and V.42bis)
These modems follow BOTH the CCITT V.32 and V.42 standards for
communicating at 9600 bps.
- Talks to other brand V.32 modems at 9600 Baud.
- Talks to other brand V.42 modems at Top Supported Baud.
(Some Generic Brands include: Anderson Jacobson, Codex, Computer Peripherals,
Digicom, E-Tech, Farallon, Fastcomm, General Datacom, Intel, Magic, Mastercom,
Microcom, Multi-tech, NEC, Practical Peripherals, Prometheus, Radcal Vadic,
Shiva, Telebit, Telenetics, USD, and many others just appearing
Some of these offer LAP-M and V.42bis, and some do not.)
Hayes V-Series:
The early Hayes V-Series uses a proprietary method of communicating at
9600 bps.
- Talks other Hayes V-Series modems at 9600 Baud.
Hayes V-Series V.42:
The Hayes V-Series V.42 uses the proprietary method of communicating at
9600 Baud but will incorporate the V.42 data compression and error checking
- Talks to other V.42 modems at 2400 with error correction/compression.
Talks to other MNP modems at 2400 using error correction/compression.
Talks to other Hayes V-Series at 9600.
Hayes ULTRA:
Uses CCITT V.32 and V.42bis method for communicating at 9600 Baud.
Has MNP5 abilities.
Has LAP-M abilities
- Talks to Other V.32 modems at 9600 Baud
Talks to other V.42 modems at up to 9600 Baud
Talks to other Hayes V-Series at 9600
Telebit Trailblazer:
Uses proprietary PEP method of communicating at 9600 Baud.
Has MNP5 abilities.
- Talks to other Telebit Trailblazers at 9600.
Talks to other MNP modems at 2400 baud with error correction/compression
USR Courier V.32:
Uses CCITT V.32 and V.42 method of communicating at 9600 Baud.
offers MNP5 abilities.
- Talks to Other V.32 modems at 9600 Baud.
Talks to Other V.42 modems at up to 9600 baud
USR Courier HST: (old version)
Uses the USR proprietary HST method of communicating at 9600 Baud.
Has MNP5 abilities.
- Talks to HST type modems at up to 9600 Baud.
USR Courier HST 14.4:
Uses the USR proprietary HST method of communicating at 9600 Baud.
Has MNP5 abilities.
- Talks to HST DS's at 14,400 Baud
Talks to HST 14.4's at 14,400 Baud
Talks to HST's at 9600 Baud
USR Courier HST DS:
The Dual Standard incorporates both the proprietary HST method of
communicating at 14400 baud and the and the CCITT V.32 & v.42 methods of
communicating at 9600 Baud. (and V.32bis after 1/1/1991)
Has MNP5 abilities.
- Talks to Other V.32 modems at 9600 Baud.
Talks to Other V.32bis modems 14,400 Baud.
Talks to Other DS's at 14,400 Baud
Talks to 14.4 HST's at 14,400 Baud
Talks to old 9600 HST's at 9600 Baud.
COMPUcom Speedmodem/Fax:
Uses the Proprietary DIS at 9600 Baud.
Has 7200 and 4800 Baud Fall back
Has CCITT FAX V.27ter & V.29
Has MNP5 abilities.
Has CSP abilities.
Talks to Group III Faxes at 9600.
-Talks to Speedmodems at 9600.
Talks to other MNP modems at 2400 with error correction/compression
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manufacturer Toll Free Charge Call Support BBS
============ ============== ============== ==============
Anchor (800) 541-2318
Anderson Jacobson (800) 438-8520 (408) 435-8520
Codex (508) 261-4000
Compucom (800) 228-6648 (408) 732-4500 (408) 738-4990
Computer Peripherals (800) 854-7600 (805) 499-5751 (805) 499-9646
Digicom (800) 574-2730
E-Tech (408) 982-0270
Farallon (415) 596-9100
Fastcomm (800) 521-2496 (703) 620 3900
General Datacom (203) 574-1118
Hayes (800) 241-9625 (404) 441-1617 (800) 874-2937
Intel (800) 538-3373 (503) 645-6275
Magic Modems (800) 622-3475
Mastercom (213) 834-6666
Microcomm (800) 822-8224 (617) 551-1000
Multi-Tech (800) 328-9717
NEC (800) 222-4632 (408) 433-1250
Practical Peripherals (800) 442-4774 (818) 706-0333
Prometheus (800) 477-3473 (503) 624-0571
Radcal Vadic (800) 482-3427 (408) 432-8008
Radcal Milgo (800) 327-7909 (305) 846-1601
Shiva (800) 458-3550 (617) 864-8500
Telebit (800) 835-3248 (408) 734-4333
Telenetics (800) 822-4267 (714) 779-2766
USD (800) 631-4869 (205) 430-8000
USRobotics (800) DIAL-USR (708) 982-5001 (708) 982-5092
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Price Comparisons
=================
No Prices have been stated above this Section, because prices often change,
and I want to keep all the prices together so they could be quickly updated
as needed. There are 3 types of prices I will cover. First is The Retail price,
second is the Sysop price, which is only available if you run a BBS.
Many Modem Manufactures offer BBS Sysop special prices directly, at about
50% off the retail price. First the BBS has to be verified, so the modem
manufacture knows that is a real BBS that has been running for at least
6 Months, and has a minimum number of users, etc. Usually the Manufacturer
will call the BBS once, or twice a few week apart to be sure. Verification
usually take 3-4 weeks. Then the Sysop has to agree to use the Modem on the
BBS for some set amount of time.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Generic Brands Retail Sysop
V.32 Only EXT $650-$1,000 ????
V.32/V.42 EXT $700-$1,000 ????
V.32/V.42bis EXT $700-$1,200 $339+
Software Included: Varies
Warranty: Varies 1-5 years
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Hayes Retail Sysop
Ultra V.32/V.42 $1,199 $599
V-Series V.42 (not V.32) $999 $499
V-Series 9600 $799 $399
Software Included: None
Warranty: 2 years
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Compucom Retail Sysop
SpeedModem/Fax INT $279 $169
Software included: BitFax
Warranty: 5 years
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Intel Retail Sysop
9600EX $799 $399
Software included: None
Warranty: 5 years
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Practical Peripherals Retail Sysop
V.32/V.42 EXT $699 $339
V.32/V.42 INT N/A N/A
Software Included: None
Warranty: 5 Years
Note: Due to many reports of Incompatibilities/Problems from Owners
of these new P.P. Modems, I would not currently recommend them, although
they are currently the lowest priced V.32 I have seen.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Telebit Retail Sysop
T1000 ??? ???
T1500 V.32 ??? ???
TrailBlazer INT ??? ???
Trailblazer EXT ??? ???
T2500 V.32/V.42 ??? ???
Software Included:None
Warranty: 5 years
------------------------------------------------------------------
USRobotics Retail SysOp
Courier Dual Standard E $1,595 $699
Courier Dual Standard I $1,395 $649
Courier V.32/V.42 EXT $1,099 $599
Courier V.32/V.42 INT $949 $577
Courier HST 14.4 EXT $995 $449
Courier HST 14.4 INT $895 $405
DS Upgrade Kit for HST EXT $600 $300
DS Upgrade Kit for HST INT $500 $250
Software included: None
Warranty: 2 Years
------------------------------------------------------------------
Document updates:
Date Release Comments
---- ------- --------
10/30/90 1.0 Initial Release. Should have run a spell checker!
11/08/90 1.1 Spelling fixes, V.32bis update, Compucom update
01/10/91 1.2 USR V.32bis Update, other minor corrections
01/11/91 1.2b Speedmodem Corrections submitted to Remco Treffkorn
for feedback (not for public release)
01/19/91 1.2c Ran the spelling checker through this unbelievable
document. Some of the spelling is still wrong like
"weather" for "whether." (T. Rosen)
** End-of-file **

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9600 Baud MODEM
Not long ago, many data communicators thought that dial-up modem manufacturers
had pushed transmission speeds to the limit with the introduction of 2400 bit
per second (bps) modems. Recently, however, several manufacturers have
creatively combined relatively mature techniques of data transmission with
newer technology and have introduced 9600 bps modems.
Unfortunately, a widely accepted standard for full duplex 9600 bps
transmission as defined by the International Consultative Committee for
Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT) does not yet exist (the CCITT is currently
considering proposals for a new 9600 bps dial-up standard). This means that
today's 9600 bps modems do not offer cross-manufacturer compatibility. The
CCITT HAS endorsed a half duplex and a full duplex 9600 bps standard, but to
date implementations of these relatively flexible standards have been
proprietary, i.e., even the "standardized" modems from different manufacturers
are not compatible.
All this means that modem users who want to enjoy the dream speed of 9600 bps
must weigh the pros and cons of each 9600 bps technique before committing to a
particular 9600 bps design. This paper was written in an effort to provide
typical modem users with enough technical information and insight that they
will be able to consider the new 9600 bps modems from the position of an
educated consumer and not have to rely on information gleaned from sales
brochures and advertisements. It should be noted that the author, Wes Cowell,
is an employee of USRobotics.
THE ROAD TO 9600
High speed data communications via the dial-up phone network is limited by the
available phone line bandwidth and by random channel impairments. Just as the
diameter of a pipe limits its liquid flow capacity, so does the telephone
channel bandwidth limit its data flow capacity.
The roughly 3000-Hz available in the telephone bandwidth poses few problems
for 300 bps modems, which only use about one fifth of the bandwidth. A full
duplex 1200 bps modem requires about half the available bandwidth,
transmitting simultaneously in both directions at 600 baud and using phase
modulation to signal two data bits per baud. "Baud rate" is actually a
measure of signals per second. Because each signal can represent more than
one bit, the baud rate and bps rate of a modem are not necessarilly the same.
In the case of 1200 bps modems, their baud rate is actually 600 (signals per
second) and each signal represents two data bits. By multiplying signals per
second with the number of bits represented by each signal one determines the
bps rate: 600 signals per second X 2 bits per signal = 1200 bps.
In moving up to 2400 bps, modem designers decided not to use more bandwidth,
but to increase speed through a new signalling scheme known as quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM).
In QAM, each signal represents four data bits. Both 1200 bps and 2400 bps
modems use the same 600 baud rate, but each 1200 bps signal carries two data
bits, while each 2400 bps signal carries four data bits:
600 signals per second X 4 bits per signal = 2400 bps.
A technique known as adaptive equalization enables 2400 bps modems to adapt to
phone line impairments call-by-call. Essentially, if the modem is experiencing
problems with a noisy line, it looks for a "sweet spot" in the bandwidth and
attempts to avoid troublesome frequencies. This technique makes 2400 bps
modems more tolerant of line noise than their 1200 bps counterparts that use
compromise equalization (a one-size-fits-all approach).
While these advanced modulation and equalization techniques in 2400 bps modems
provide for double the data rate of 1200 bps modems, they also result in a
design at least four times more complex than 1200 bps modems.
Which brings us to the problem of designing a 9600 bps modem.
Jumping to 9600 from 2400 bps is several orders of magnitude more complicated
than going to 2400 from 1200 bps. Telephone network characteristics make it
highly unlikely that success will be had in extending the "data signal
alphabet" (number of bits represented by each signal) beyond four bits per
signal.
Instead, modem designers must increase the bandwidth that is to carry the
signal, and this presents a very big problem. In fact, at speeds of 4800 bps
(1200 signals per second), the transmit and receive channels must be expanded
to the point where they actually begin to overlap. A 9600 bps "band"
requires roughly 90 percent of the available bandwidth, making it impossible
to have two-way communication without the bands interfering with each other.
A helpful analogy to the problem might be to consider a two lane highway:
traffic must flow in both directions simultaneously, but to carry more cars
per unit of time, highway designers must either increase the number of lanes
in each direction or widen the two lanes to accommodate driver error with a
margin of safety. Unfortunately, these options are not available to modem
designers as the available bandwidth is of a fixed size.
With these considerations and limitations in mind, let's examine three basic
ways to accomplish full duplex (two-way) 9600 bps communications: echo
cancellation, virtual full duplex (achieved by half duplex systems), and
asymmetrical frequency division.
ECHO-CANCELLATION
This method solves the problem of overlapping transmit and receive channels.
Each modem's receiver must try to filter out the echo of its own transmitter
and concentrate on the other modem's transmit signal. This presents a
tremendous computational problem that significantly increases the complexity
-- and cost -- of the modem. But it offers what other schemes don't:
simultaneous two-way transmission of data at 9600 bps.
The CCITT "V.32" recommendation for 9600 bps modems includes echo-
cancellation. The transmit and receive bands overlap almost completely, each
occupying 90 percent of the available bandwidth. Measured by computations per
second and bits of resolution, a V.32 modem is roughly 64 times more complex
than a 2400 bps modem. This translates directly into added development and
production costs which means that it will be some time before V.32 modems can
compete in the high- volume modem market.
Despite the fact that V.32 is a recognized standard, it is uneconomical and
unnecessarily complex for personal computer datacomm applications that simply
don't require simultaneous two-way 9600 bps transmission.
HALF DUPLEX SYSTEMS
(Virtual Full Duplex)
Half duplex solutions devote the entire bandwidth to 9600 bps in one direction
at a time, and "ping-pong" the data flow back and forth to simulate full
duplex. This is potentially the simplest scheme. Its performance is
acceptable in data transfer applications that don't involve user interaction,
i.e. file transfers. Even so, advanced error-control protocols that require
ACKnowledgments to be sent in response to received data blocks generate a high
number of "line reversals" which greatly impair overall data throughput. In
short, the benefit of higher speed is so significantly compromised by line
reversals in half duplex sessions that the net gain in data throughput may be
marginal at best.
If users want to operate in an interactive mode, their data must be sent to
the remote computer, the data channel must be reversed, and then the data must
be echoed back. This process results in significant turn-around delays which
can be very frustrating to users.
Half duplex modems of this kind are most often based on CCITT recommendation
V.29 for half duplex 9600 bps transmission on the dial-up network. V.29 based
data pumps used in facsimile systems are available as LSI chip sets, providing
a short-cut to modem manufacturers, particularly to companies that don't
develop their own modem technologies. But the major problem is that the V.29
modulation scheme has been outdated by the fact that it operates in a half
duplex mode and doesn't provide good signal to noise performance. The V.32
recommendation, which operates in a full duplex mode and employs Trellis
Coding Modulation offers greater throughput and a greater immunity to channel
impairments.
To the best of my knowledge, modems employing V.29-based modulation include
products from Racal-Vadic, Comspec, Develcon, Gamma Technology, Microcomm, and
Electronic Vaults, Inc. (EVI). These modems, however, are NOT mutually
signal compatible -- cross-manufacturer compatibility does not exist.
Another modem in the half duplex category, but not based on V.29 modulation,
is the Telebit Trailblazer (R), which uses a proprietary modulation method.
Trailblazer is based on a multi-carrier technique. Conceptually, the
transmission channel is divided into many (512), independent, very narrow
channels (think of our two-lane highway and imagine it as having 512 very
narrow lanes (say, for bicycles) going in one direction and you've got a fair
idea of how Trailblazer divides the bandwidth). The main advantage is that no
receiver adaptive equalizer is needed because each channel is very narrow
compared to the overall channel bandwidth.
Further, in the Trailblazer modulation scheme, the modulation rate in each
narrow channel can be changed somewhat independently. Trailblazer is
different from many other modems in that the decision to fall back to lower
speeds is built into the modem protocol, rather than controlled by the user's
computer port. It is claimed that in the face of channel impairments,
throughput can be adapted gracefully to channel conditions. Traditional
modulation systems would have to fall back in larger steps. But there are
three inherent MAJOR problems:
1) The turn-around delay is very long compared to conventional modulation
techniques because data must be sent in large blocks. A typed character may
take several seconds to be echoed back to the system that sent it. As a
result, the system fails to achieve the illusion of full duplex and is not
really suited to interactive online sessions.
2) The Trailblazer receiver cannot "track" carrier "phase jitter" (phase
jitter can be thought of in terms of "phase shift": think of how the whine of
a race car goes from higher to lower as it passes the viewer -- the frequency
of the sound is said to be "shifted" or "jittered"). Instead of cancelling
out phase jitter (which is commonly encountered on long distance calls) the
Trailblazer can only respond by lowering throughput to gain more immunity to
phase jitter.
3) The ability to transmit at the maximum rate when subject to channel
impairment is considerably less than for conventional modems. There is one
notable exception: the multiple channel technique offers extremely good
immunity to impulse noise because the impulse energy is distributed over
narrow channels. While conventional modems can achieve similar results
through special coding or filtering techniques they rarely implement such
methods.
ASYMMETRICAL FREQUENCY DIVISION
When one considers the nature of most PC datacomm applications, it is realized
that most applications are interactive, involving manual (typed) data entry
from one end and data file transmission from the other end.
Few, if any, PC users can justify using an expensive 9600 bps channel to carry
their typed characters when they realize that 300 bps translates to 360 words
per minute. Assuming one could type 100 words per minute, even a 100 bps
transmission channel would be sufficient.
On the other hand, file transfer should take advantage of the tremendous speed
of the microprocessor. Serial ports are often set at data rates in excess of
19,000 bps.
Considering these inherent characteristics, a communications scheme that
incorporated a high speed and a low speed channel would be best suited for
most PC datacomm applications.
Remembering the highway analogy (higher speeds mean wider lanes), one can see
how such a method would grant modem designers a large portion of the
available bandwidth for a 9600 bps channel and still leave enough room to
accommodate a narrow 300 bps channel without any channel overlap.
By utilizing two discreet channels, such a modem would avoid costly, complex
echo-cancellation schemes. And, because the channels carry data in both
directions simultaneously, the communications link is a true full duplex
connection. This means that data entered at one system would be almost
instantaneously echoed back -- eliminating the frustrating turn-around delay
experienced in half duplex sessions.
USRobotics has developed just such a modem. It passes data in one direction
using the V.32 modulation technique (a very robust method that is very immune
to phone line impairments) but employs only a 300 bps channel in the opposite
direction so that the channels do not overlap and echo-cancellation is not
necessary.
The use of the high-speed channel by the two modems is based on data demand.
In most applications, however, "channel swapping" will not be required. For
interface elegance, the modems employ a 4K buffer that allow them to perform
data rate conversion: sending and receiving speeds remain constant between the
modem and the computer -- it is only in between the modems that transmitted
and received data run at different speeds.
For interactive sessions, users are assigned the low-speed channel while the
data sent to them (long mail messages, menus, files, etc.) in the 9600 bps
channel.
For file transfer sessions, the data blocks that make up a file are sent in
the 9600 bps channel while the corresponding ACKnowledgments are returned in
the 300 bps channel. An asymmetric frequency division scheme is ideal for
file transfer where large data blocks (usually several hundred bytes in
length) are transmitted in the high-speed channel and the ACKs (usually only
a few bytes in length) are carried in the low-speed channel.
If a user switches from an interactive mode to file transfer and then back to
interactive mode, the high speed channel is dynamically and automatically
assigned to the system with the greatest data demand.
A BRIEF COMPARISON
Three options exist for data communicators who desire to operate at 9600 bps:
1) V.32-type modems offer a full duplex connection but do so by virtue of
echo-cancellation. This technique is so complex, and has proven so difficult
to employ, that the cost for such modems will remain prohibitively high and
their implementation a delicate task for some time to come.
2) Half duplex modems (either V.29 or multi-carrier) offer 9600 bps but the
turn-around delay inherent in half duplex links severely compromise overall
throughput. This degradation of throughput, however, can be more than offset
by data compression techniques assuming the modems in question support
identical compression protocols and are operating on relatively "clean" phone
lines. Both half duplex methods suffer disproportionate degradation on
"noisy" lines: the V.29 modems must spend more and more time in line reversals
as detected data errors increase, and the multi-carrier modems must sacrifice
throughput to gain noise immunity.
3) Asymmetrical Frequency Division offers 9600 bps communications in a true
full duplex implementation. By efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth,
these modems provide users with high speed file transfer capabilities and fast
response in interactive sessions. Because the transmit and receive data
channels do not overlap, expensive echo-cancelling techniques are unnecessary
making these modems economically efficient.
IN CONCLUSION
Until a widely recognized standard is agreed upon by the standards community,
and implemented by several manufacturers, modem buyers must weigh the benefits
and detriments of each 9600 bps scheme.
V.32 would be best where symmetrical, full duplex, synchronous communication
is desired (for example, dial-up HDLC links between multiplexers) and where
the user can modify his software to accommodate non-"AT" command-driven
modems.
V.29 modems would be likely solutions where absolute lowest price is required
and conformance to an international standard (in a very limited sense) is
desired.
Multi-carrier transmission schemes are well-suited to applications that
require maximum one-way throughput and where circuit conditions are known to
be good. This transmission method is also ideally suited for circuits where
immunity to impulse noise is paramount.
Users who most often work with one-way file transfers (PC-to-PC) or with real-
time applications may opt for an Asymmetrical Frequency Division scheme, which
is suited equally well for either application. The elegant approach to the
frequency division (avoiding overlapping bandwidths) also allows these modems
to present a very economical ratio between dollars and bps.
Potential high-speed-modem buyers should also consider the aspects of ease-of-
use, ease-of-implementation, and downward compatibility with existing
implemented standards (the CCITT's V.22bis for 2400 bps, Bell 212A for 1200
bps, and Bell 103 for 200 bps).
POST SCRIPT
Many modem users have voiced confusion and consternation about the lack of
compatibility between modem manufacturers at speeds greater than 2400 bps.
Modem manufacturers have embraced the Bell 212A and 103 standards for 1200 and
300 bps. In these post-divestiture days, however, Bell no longer sets modem
standards in the U.S. and hence, U.S. modem manufacturers have turned to the
CCITT as a definitive source for standards. The industry-wide acceptance of
the CCITT's V.22bis standard for 2400 bps is the best example of this shift.
The CCITT recommendations V.29 and V.32 for 9600 bps have not resulted in
compatible implementations. It is important to remember that V.29 was
originally developed as a four-wire full duplex leased-line modem and has
since been adapted by various manufacturers to encompass half duplex dial up
applications. Other problems with V.29 are that it compromises transmission
speed and is poor for interactive sessions. V.32 is proving to be
prohibitively complex and exceptionally difficult to implement (driving
development and production costs up).
Recognizing the need for an alternative to the V.32 recommendation, the CCITT
has requested proposals from modem manufacturers.
Presently, two proposals are being considered by the CCITT. One is the multi-
carrier scheme developed and sponsored by Telebit. The other is an
Asymmetrical Frequency Division scheme developed and sponsored by USRobotics.


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<H1>Computer Textfiles: AST Research Technical Bulletins</H1>
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<TD BGCOLOR=#00FF00><FONT COLOR=#000000><B>Filename</B><BR></FONT></TD>
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<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0001a.tb">0001a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0001A 5-18-84 COMPATIBLE CLOCK BATTERIES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0002.tb">0002.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0002 4-16-84 POWER-ON SELF TEST ERROR ON XT AND PORTABLE COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0003a.tb">0003a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0003A 4-30-84 MEMORY SWITCH ERROR IN IBM GUIDE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0004b.tb">0004b.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3968<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0004B 3-19-85 D-RAM CHIP COMPATIBILITY FOR MULTIFUNCTION CARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0005.tb">0005.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2042<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0005 4-23-84 SETTING CLOCK FREQUENCY FOR SIXPAKPLUS FASTER OR SLOWER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0006.tb">0006.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0006 4-30-84 MONOGRAPHPLUS CAUTION STATEMENT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0007.tb">0007.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0007 4-13-84 CABLE CONNECTION FOR AST PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0008a.tb">0008a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1289<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0008A 6-25-84 MEGAPLUS II GAME ADAPTER PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0009.tb">0009.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 773<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0009 4-13-84 SIXPAKPLUS WITHOUT PRINTER OPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0010.tb">0010.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1591<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0010 4-13-84 IRQ-7 PARALLEL PORT CONTENTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0011.tb">0011.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 740<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0011 5-1-84 SIXPAKPLUS VER 1.0 SCHEMATIC ERROR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0012.tb">0012.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0012 5-16-84 MEGAPLUS II IRQ SILKSCREEN CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0013a.tb">0013a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0013A 8-31-84 3.30 WORDSTAR PATCH FOR IBM PC'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0014.tb">0014.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1124<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0014 6-1-84 MULTIFUNCTION FEATURE SUMMARY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0015a.tb">0015a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0015A 9-19-84 INCOMPATIBILITY OF COLUMBIA'S PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0016.tb">0016.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2943<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0016 6-7-84 FREQUENTLY-ASKED QUESTIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0017.tb">0017.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2508<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0017 6-8-84 APPROVED PARTS FOR OPTIONAL SERIAL PORTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0018.tb">0018.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 705<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0018 6-11-84 SIXPAKPLUS SWITCH SETTING & PLUG POSITION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0019a.tb">0019a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0019A 7-16-84 IBM PC ERROR CODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0020.tb">0020.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 805<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0020 6-18-84 COM 2 SELECTION IN IBM PC-2 EARLY MODELS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0021.tb">0021.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0021 6-22-84 USING A TALLGRASS HARDFILE AS THE PC-NET FILE SERVER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0022.tb">0022.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1457<BR><TD> AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0022 6-18-84 GAME SIGNAL LINE CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0023a.tb">0023a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 410<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0023A 4-1-85 IBM DISPLAYWRITE SERIES COMPATIBILITY WITH PCNET
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0024.tb">0024.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 859<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0024 6-22-84 CONNECTING UDS MODEMS WITH CC432 BOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0025.tb">0025.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1260<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0025 7-9-84 PCNET II TERMINATOR ALTERNATIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0026a.tb">0026a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0026A 8-20-84 MONOGRAPH COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0027.tb">0027.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0027 7-9-84 ERRORS DURING IBM FORMAT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0028.tb">0028.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0028 7-13-84 BASIC'S AVAILABLE MEMORY DISCREPANCY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0029.tb">0029.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0029 7-16-84 AST-PCNET PRINT SPOOLER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0030.tb">0030.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0030 7-17-84 DMA CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT IN THE IBM PC AND XT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0031.tb">0031.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0031 7-17-84 AST MONOGRAPHPLUS TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0032a.tb">0032a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0032A 4-15-85 5251 VERSION 2.1 INTERRUPT REQUEST SELECTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0033a.tb">0033a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0033A 9-4-84 AST-5251 VER. 2.1 ADDRESSING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0034.tb">0034.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1536<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0034 7-18-84 HARDWARE INTERRUPT ASSIGNMENT IN THE IBM PC AND XT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0035.tb">0035.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2497<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0035 7-25-84 SWITCH SETTINGS FOR THE COMPAQ PORTABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0036.tb">0036.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0036 7-25-84 TESTING OF THE GAME PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0039.tb">0039.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0039 7-31-84 MONOGRAPHPLUS WITH AMDEK MD#310A
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0040.tb">0040.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 584<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0040 8-9-84 SIXPAK GAME PORT SCHEMATIC ERROR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0043.tb">0043.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2306<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0043 8-20-84 PATCHING PC DOS 2.1 FOR ADDITIONAL DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0045.tb">0045.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0045 8-21-84 PATCHING WORDSTAR FOR PRINTING TO ALTERNATE PORTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0046.tb">0046.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0046 8-21-84 REBOOTING AN IBM PC FROM A BATCH FILE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0047.tb">0047.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0047 8-21-84 AST-PCOX VERSION 1.2 SOFTWARE WITH 4331 MODEL HOSTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0049a.tb">0049a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2365<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0049A 4-1-85 SLOW PRINTING WITH SUPERSPOOL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0050.tb">0050.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 632<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0050 10-24-84 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF THE PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0051.tb">0051.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0051 10-5-84 FRAMEWORK AND AST NEWLINE FOR THE MONOGRAPHPLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0052a.tb">0052a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0052A 11-8-84 CLOCK/CALENDAR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0053a.tb">0053a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0053A 11-8-84 CORRECTING THE TIME/DATE OF THE AST CLOCK*
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0055.tb">0055.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9635<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0055 9-21-84 FAULT ISOLATION OF THE IBM PC-1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0059.tb">0059.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0059 9-26-84 MONOGRAPH COMPATIBILITY WITH MS WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0061.tb">0061.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0061 10-5-84 ASTCLOCK AND COMPAQ VERSION 2.11 CONTENTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0062.tb">0062.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0062 10-9-84 SUPERSPOOL AND LPT2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0064.tb">0064.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0064 10-11-84 SERIAL PORT WRAP PLUG
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0065.tb">0065.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1522<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0065 11-7-84 AT MOTHERBOARD MEMORY CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0066.tb">0066.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0066 11-27-84 SUPERSPOOL AND THE 3270 PC CONTROL PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0067.tb">0067.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3290<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0067 11-16-84 CORRECTIONS TO THE ADVANTAGE! USER'S MANUAL VERSION 1.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0071.tb">0071.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7224<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0071 12-10-84 COMPATIBILITY OF AST PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0073.tb">0073.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 775<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0073 3-5-85 I/O MINI PARALLEL PORT UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0074.tb">0074.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0074 1-28-85 CC-832/4-PORT ASYNC COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0075.tb">0075.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 884<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0075 3-5-85 NULL MODEM CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0076.tb">0076.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 679<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0076 3-11-85 I/O MINI SERIAL PORT #2 UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0077a.tb">0077a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2176<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0077A 7-2-85 POWER CONSUMPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0078.tb">0078.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2200<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0078 4-1-85 AST PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DIMENSIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0079.tb">0079.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0079 4-1-85 PROPER USE OF THE AST MP MINI
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0080.tb">0080.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14548<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0080 4-2-85 QUICK REFERENCE: ADVANTAGE!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0084.tb">0084.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0084 5-3-85 MGO 123/PREVU AND MAX 12E
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0089.tb">0089.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0089 5-28-85 ADVANTAGE GAME PORT UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0090.tb">0090.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0090 5-28-85 ADVANTAGE SERIAL PORT #2 UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0102.tb">0102.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 708<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0102 7-1-85 MONOGRAPHPLUS SERIAL PORT UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0103.tb">0103.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0103 7-2-85 REACH!/SMARTCOM COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0113.tb">0113.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0113 9-06-85 PCNET (COAX) SELFTEST PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0116.tb">0116.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 454<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0116 10-22-85 RAMPAGE! OPERATION IN IBM-3270 PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0117.tb">0117.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 642<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0117 11-01-85 AST-PCOX AND IBM'S ENHANCED COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0131.tb">0131.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2176<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0131 11-01-85 COMPATIBILITY OF AST-5251/12 WITH HAYES 2400 BAUD MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0132.tb">0132.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 576<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0132 11-01-85 CONCORD V.22 COMPATIBILITY WITH AST-3780
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0133.tb">0133.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0133 11-07-85 AST-PCOX FIRMWARE IDENTIFICATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0134.tb">0134.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2176<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0134 11-11-85 AST-3780 TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0135.tb">0135.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0135 11-11-85 AST-PCOX TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0136.tb">0136.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0136 12-30-85 5250FT/11-A DOCUMENTATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0137.tb">0137.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1017<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0137 12-20-85 AST 5251/11 EMULATION SOFTWARE VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0138.tb">0138.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0138 12-19-85 AST 5251/11 EMULATION SOFTWARE VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0139.tb">0139.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0139 11-19-85 CONFIGURING AST COMMUNICATION AND LAN NETWORK BOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0140.tb">0140.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0140 1-15-86 FOURPORT/XN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0141.tb">0141.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1536<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0141 12-6-85 AST-SNA SLOW PRINTER FIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0142.tb">0142.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1536<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0142 12-6-85 AST-BSC SLOW PRINTER FIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0143.tb">0143.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0143 1-15-86 TWO SIXPAKPLUS CLOCK CHIPS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0144.tb">0144.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0144 1-15-86 RAMPAGE/AT SWITCH SETTINGS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0145.tb">0145.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0145 11-25-85 RAMPAGE CONFLICT WITH IBM PC I
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0146.tb">0146.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 996<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0146 1-15-86 REACH! JUMPER SETTINGS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0147.tb">0147.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0147 1-15-86 COLOSSUS INSTALLATION ON AT&T 6300
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0148b.tb">0148b.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 833<BR><TD> AST RESEARCH, INC. TECHNICAL BULLETIN #TB-0148B 12-23-87
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0149.tb">0149.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0149 1-31-86 SUPERPAK AND MICROSOFT WINDOWS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0150.tb">0150.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0150 2-19-86 ERROR IN AST-5250/DISPLAY USER'S MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0151a.tb">0151a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0151A 04-11-86 AST COMMUNICATION BOARDS WITH THE IBM AT AND COMPATIBLES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0152.tb">0152.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0152 2-19-86 AST-5251/11 WITH AT&T 6300 USING DISPLAYWRITE 36
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0153.tb">0153.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0153 2-19-86 ERROR IN AST-5251/11 PLUS USER'S MANUAL REVISION C
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0154.tb">0154.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0154 2-19-86 EAGLE SPIRIT PC COMPATIBILITY WITH AST 5251/11 EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0156.tb">0156.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0156 3-07-86 AST-5251/11 BOARDS WITH IBM 3179 TERMINALS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0158.tb">0158.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 384<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0158 04-01-86 AST FOURPORT/XN & 30 MBYTE IBM-AT INCOMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0159.tb">0159.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0159 04-11-86 TRANSMITTING A FILE WITH 0 BYTES USING AST-3780
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0160.tb">0160.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0160 04-11-86 AST-3270/COAX PROM LOCATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0162.tb">0162.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0162 4-24-86 AST-3780/SERIAL LASER PRINTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0163.tb">0163.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0163 4-24-86 ADVANTAGE PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0164.tb">0164.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0164 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 CABLE TERMINATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0165.tb">0165.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST RESERACH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0165 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 ADDRESS DELETION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0166.tb">0166.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0166 4-24-86 I/O MINI E9/E10 JUMPERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0168.tb">0168.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0168 4-25-86 AST 3-G SILKSCREEN CONFLICTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0169.tb">0169.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0169 4-25-86 AST-5251/12 /HAYES 2400 BAUD MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0170.tb">0170.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0170 4-25-86 REACH! MODEM INTERFERENCE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0171.tb">0171.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 384<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0171 4-25-86 AST-5250 FT/11-A USERS MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0172.tb">0172.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3840<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0172 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0173.tb">0173.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1688<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0173 4-26-86 AST RAMPAGE AT QUICK REFERENCE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0174.tb">0174.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0174 4-30-86 MP-MINI MEMORY ADDRESSING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0175.tb">0175.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0175 4-25-86 AST 5251/11 / PRINTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0177.tb">0177.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0177 6-4-86 REX.SYS MEMORY ALLOCATION AND IBM XT MODEL 516089
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0178.tb">0178.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0178 5-19-86 DESQVIEW COMPATIBILITY WITH VEMM SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0179.tb">0179.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3597<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0179 5-19-86 SIXPAK PREMIUM COMPATIBILITY WITH NEW IBM XT'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0180.tb">0180.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2816<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0180 5-12-86 AST-5251/MODEL 12 VERSION 3.3 WITH IBM SYSTEM/34
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0181.tb">0181.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0181 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 - IBM SYSTEM/34
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0182b.tb">0182b.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1498<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0182B 6-30-86 CC432 WRAP PLUG
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0183.tb">0183.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0183 5-26-86 CLEO'S 3780 PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0184.tb">0184.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0184 5-25-86 CC-432 AND ALLOY HARD DISKS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0185.tb">0185.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1133<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0185 5-28-86 UDS MODEM'S MODULAR TELEPHONE CABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0186a.tb">0186a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 696<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0186A 9-16-86 AST-PCOX/AST-3270 COAX FIRMWARE RELEASE 1.4
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0188.tb">0188.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2304<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0188 5-16-86 THE ASTFT/11-A FILE TRANSFER WITH IBM SYSTEM/38
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0189.tb">0189.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0189 6-24-86 REMM.SYS DRIVER AND MICROSOFT WINDOWS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0190.tb">0190.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 384<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0190 6-02-86 SUPERDRIVE AND EAGLE PC'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0191.tb">0191.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1193<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0191 6-24-86 RAMPAGE AT/8 MHz
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0192a.tb">0192a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 606<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0192A 11-11-86 REACH! MODEM COMPATIBILITY WITH
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0193a.tb">0193a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 591<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0193A 11-11-86 SNA-BSC LOCAL PRINT SCREEN AND NEW XT MODEL 5160089
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0194.tb">0194.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0194 6-26-86 HAYES SMARTCOMII/LAN-RSN-REACH! MODEM COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0196.tb">0196.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0196 6-26-86 DESQVIEW/LOTUS/E.G.A.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0197.tb">0197.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4096<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0197 6-26-86 DESQVIEW COMPATIBILITY PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0198.tb">0198.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0198 6-26-86 RECEIVING A FILE USING AST 3780
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0199.tb">0199.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0199 6-26-86 REACH! MODEM/LINE PROBLEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0200.tb">0200.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0200 6-26-86 DESQVIEW / MICROSOFT WORD VERSION 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0201.tb">0201.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0201 7-02-86 5251/11 VERSION 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0203a.tb">0203a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 994<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0203A 09-18-86 BASIC TEST PROGRAM WITH ADVANTAGE GAME PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0204a.tb">0204a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 516<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0204A 09-19-86 ADVANTAGE D-RAMs / 8MHz PC/AT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0205a.tb">0205a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1221<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0205A 09/18/86 AST-BSC / COMPAQ PORTABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0206a.tb">0206a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0206A 09/18/86 AST-SNA / COMPAQ PORTABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0207a.tb">0207a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0207A 09/18/86 SNA/BSC STAND ALONE / GATEWAY CLUSTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0208a.tb">0208a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 718<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0208A 09/18/86 LOADING 'KERNEL.EXE' WITH AST5251/11 VERSION 3.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0209a.tb">0209a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1740<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0209A 09/19/86 AST-NETBIOS/IBM PCNETWORK SINGLE FLOPPY BOOT DISK PREPARATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0210a.tb">0210a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1082<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0210A 09/19/86 AST3270/FTS-C / TELEX 3274 CONTROLLERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0211a.tb">0211a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 582<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0211A 09/19/86 AST3270/FTS-C / IBM 3274 CONTROLLERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0212a.tb">0212a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 377<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0212A 09/19/86 EPSON EQUITY II / PREVIEW!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0213a.tb">0213a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 494<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0213A 09/19/86 DESQVIEW / EPSON EQUITY II
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0214a.tb">0214a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4379<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0214A 09/19/86 PATCH TO ACCESS THE LEARN MENU ON TANDY 1000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0216a.tb">0216a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 740<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0216A 09/19/86 RAMPAGE AT-PAK MANUAL ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0217a.tb">0217a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 644<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0217A 09/16/86 AST 3-G/AST 3-G PLUS USER'S MANUAL ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0218a.tb">0218a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 304<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0218A 09/19/86 IBM'S APL & COBOL / AST'S MEMORY PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0221a.tb">0221a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 716<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0221A 09/18/86 AST RAMPAGE OR SIXPAK PREMIUM / ORCHID'S 'TINI TURBO'
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0222a.tb">0222a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 986<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #O222A 09/18/86 AST RAMPAGE PAK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0223.tb">0223.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2118<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0223 08/29/86 NETWORK BOOT DISKS FOR SINGLE FLOPPY PC'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0228.tb">0228.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1685<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0228 09/18/86 3G FAMILY COMPATIBILITY WITH STSC APL*PLUS SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0229.tb">0229.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1040<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0229 09/18/86 COMPATIBILITY TEST RESULTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0231.tb">0231.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1444<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0231 09/22/86 OMNITEL ENCORE 1200 HB MODEM AND CROSSTALK SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0232.tb">0232.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 387<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0232 10/09/86 5250 FILE TRANSFER USING EXCELLERATE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0233.tb">0233.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0233 10/07/86 3270 EXTENDED ATTRIBUTES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0234.tb">0234.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 610<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0234 10/10/86 AST 3780 EMULATION (ANY VERSION)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0235.tb">0235.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0235 10/10/86 AST-BSC OR AST-SNA (ANY VERSION)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0236.tb">0236.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1750<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0236 09/24/86 KNIGHT VERSION 1.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0237.tb">0237.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1725<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0237 09/24/86 AST-NETBIOS MEMORY USE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0238.tb">0238.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1334<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0238 09/23/86 BATCH FILES FROM ASTMENU
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0239.tb">0239.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 801<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0239 10/13/86 MULTIMATE AND SUPERSPOOL IN DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0240.tb">0240.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 523<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0240 10/29/86 CARBON COPY WITH USE WITH ANY SERIAL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0241.tb">0241.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 971<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0241 11/10/86 AT&T 6300 PC WITH DESQVIEW & RAMPAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0242.tb">0242.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 553<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0242 11-25-86 TURBOLASER/TURBOSCAN CABLE CONNECTIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0243.tb">0243.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 438<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0243 11/24/86 RUNNING IBM'S PC SUPPORT 36 WITH AST-5251/11 EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0244.tb">0244.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1072<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0244 11/24/86 VIRTUAL DRIVE INSTALLATION OF THE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0245.tb">0245.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 827<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0245 11/06/86 MONOGRAPHPLUS WITH IBM DIAGNOSTICS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0246.tb">0246.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1055<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0246 11/19/86 AST-3G PLUS/MEMORY ERROR MESSAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0247.tb">0247.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3941<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0247 12-10-86 SPERRY IT I/O PORT SELECTION FOR THE TURBOLASER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0248.tb">0248.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1759<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0248 12/17/86 PRINTER EMULATION SCREEN FOR THE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0249.tb">0249.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 780<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0249 12/16/86 NEW CLUSTER ADAPTER FOR AST-5250 CLUSTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0250.tb">0250.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1232<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0250 12/23/86 INTERRUPT REQUEST (IRQ) LEVEL PRIORITY FOR THE AST-5251/11 EMULATION PACKAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0251.tb">0251.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1020<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0251 12/18/86 SPERRY IT AND DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0252.tb">0252.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 777<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0252 01/07/87 SUPERSPOOL/DATA PRODUCTS PRINTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0253.tb">0253.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0253 01/08/87 AST EXTENDED MEMORY IN THE PC LIMITED AT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0254.tb">0254.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 598<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0254 01/14/87 DESQVIEW/MS WORD/HERCULES PLUS CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0255.tb">0255.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 621<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0255 01/16/87 PRINT SCREENS WITH DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0256.tb">0256.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 455<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0256 02/18/87 PREMIUM/286 WITH DBASE III PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0257.tb">0257.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 502<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0257 1-28-87 TURBOSCAN EYESTAR CONVERT PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0258.tb">0258.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 627<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0258 01/31/87 AST PREMIUM/286 AND IOMEGA BERNOULLI
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0259.tb">0259.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1891<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0259 02/09/87 PREMIUM 286 / NEC FD1155C FLOPPY DISK DRIVE JUMMPER SETTINGS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0260.tb">0260.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 461<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0260 02/12/87 USING DISPLAY CARDS WITH AST5251/11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0261.tb">0261.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1458<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0261 02/17/87 ASTFT11 FILE TRANSFER WITH S36 SSP5
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0262.tb">0262.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2821<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0262 02/12/87 DECISION DATA MODEL #5751-01 CLUSTER WITH 5250 MODEL 11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0263.tb">0263.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1265<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0263 02/11/87 COREDATA PERSONAL COMPUTERS WITH THE AST-5251/11 PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0264.tb">0264.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 701<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0264 02/13/87 THE AST 3G I/O AND PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0265.tb">0265.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 746<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0265 02/20/87 AST RAMPAGE/EGA for AT AND PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0267.tb">0267.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 901<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0267 03/24/87 PREVIEW I/O AND SCREEN SAVE PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0268.tb">0268.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3253<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0268 02/27/87 DIAGRAM ERRORS IN THE I/O MINI II MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0269.tb">0269.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 999<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0269 03/31/87 AST TURBOLASER / HARVARD PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0270.tb">0270.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 645<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0270 02/25/87 IBM\XT-286 MOTHERBOARD RAMPAGE\286 MEMORY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0271.tb">0271.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 926<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0271 04/06/87 HAYES SMARTMODEM COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0272.tb">0272.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 474<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0272 04/28/87 PREVIEW I\O AND THE PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0273.tb">0273.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 350<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0273 04/15/87 NETWARE COMPATABILITY WITH AST-RSN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0274.tb">0274.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 466<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0274 04/24/87 AST FASTRAM MEMORY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0275.tb">0275.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 769<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0275 04/30/87 PREMIUM/286 OPERATION WITH MICROSOFT MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0276.tb">0276.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 586<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0276 05/26/87 AST-3G PLUS/FRAMEWORK II
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0277.tb">0277.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 464<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0277 05/27/87 IBM XT-286/DESQVIEW 1.11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0278a.tb">0278a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1001<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0278A 08/28/87 RAMPAGE 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0279.tb">0279.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5160<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0279 05/29/87 AST PCNET/PCNET II QUICK REFERENCE MATERIAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0280.tb">0280.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 717<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0280 06/02/87 EEMS/HP VECTRA/MS WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0284.tb">0284.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 884<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0284 7-6-87 AST 5250 CLUSTER CLEAR KEYBOARD BUFFER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0285.tb">0285.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 837<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0285 06/19/87 EEMS/CONCURRENT DOS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0286.tb">0286.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1367<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0286 07/06/87 AST 5250 CONFIGURATION FILE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0287.tb">0287.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1684<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0287 07/28/87 AST-4000 LOW LEVEL FORMAT ROUTINE (CFMT)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0288.tb">0288.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0288 08/03/87 AST 5250 EMULATION WITH DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0289.tb">0289.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 982<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0289 08-05-87 SIXPAKPREMIUM/EGA USER'S MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0290.tb">0290.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 963<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0290 6/10/87 PANASONIC FX600/RAMPAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0291.tb">0291.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 710<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0291 8/11/87 Premium 286/Clock
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0292.tb">0292.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 556<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0292 8/11/87 ASTUTE/DMA Test
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0293.tb">0293.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 952<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0293 8/11/87 STACK ERROR/MS-DOS 3.2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0294.tb">0294.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2104<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0294 8/17/87 NETBIOS REQUIREMENTS FOR AST-BSC/SNA GATEWAYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0295.tb">0295.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3128<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0295 9-3-87 AST TURBOLASER LASER PRINTER CONTROLLER IDENTIFICATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0296.tb">0296.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 451<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0296 9-22-87 HOTSHOT 286 AND REX.SYS 1.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0297.tb">0297.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1456<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0297 9-11-87 AST Hotshot Using 8086/88 Device Drivers
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0298.tb">0298.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2442<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0298 9-11-87 HARDCARD 10 - 40 & PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0303.tb">0303.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2934<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0303 9-22-87 AST5250 GATEWAY WITH IBM'S TOKEN RING NETWORK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0304.tb">0304.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0304 9-22-87 AST 3G/PLUS AND BASIC BORDER COLORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0305.tb">0305.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0305 9-18-87 DOCUMENTATION UPDATE FOR PCOX/COAX UPGRADE KITS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0306.tb">0306.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0306 8-24-87 AST-3270/COAX SERIES PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0307.tb">0307.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4096<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0307 9-14-87 IBM PC SUPPORT 36 SSP RELEASE 5.1 WITH AST5251/11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0308.tb">0308.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0308 9-22-87 AST-NETBIOS TAPESTRY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0309.tb">0309.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0309 9-22-87 2X 2400 MODEM/CC432
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0310.tb">0310.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0310 9-25-87 PREMIUM/286 WITH DESQVIEW 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0311.tb">0311.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0311 9-29-87 AST STARPORT HEAT CAUTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0312.tb">0312.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0312 9-29-87 FOURPORT/XN INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0313.tb">0313.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0313 10-2-87 2X9600 MODEM/UNIX OR XENIX HOSTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0314.tb">0314.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0314 10-5-87 AST NETBIOS VARIABLE LIMITS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0315.tb">0315.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0315 10-8-87 AST-PCNET / AT & T 6300+
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0320.tb">0320.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0320 9-29-87 KNIGHT DATA SECURITY VERSION 1.10
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0321.tb">0321.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 608<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0321 10-26-87 AST 5250/DOS VERSIONS 3.20
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0322.tb">0322.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 631<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0322 9-25-87 RAMPAGE/2 AND AST CLOCK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0323.tb">0323.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5924<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0323 10-28-87 AST-5250 SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0324.tb">0324.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 886<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0324 10-24-87 5250 ALTERNATE CONFIGURATION FILENAME
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0325.tb">0325.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 645<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0325 10-24-87 5250 SHUTDOWN.EXE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0326.tb">0326.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 461<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0326 10-29-87 AST-3780/NCR PC6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0327.tb">0327.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 487<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0327 10-24-87 PCOX/COMPAQ
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0328.tb">0328.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0328 10-25-87 3270/FTS-C/PROBLEMS WITH TSO
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0329.tb">0329.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 445<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0329 10-26-87 CROSSTALK/PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0330.tb">0330.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 439<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0330 10-26-87 CODEVIEW/PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0331.tb">0331.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1211<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0331 11-13-87 PCOX/3270 COAX / KEYTRONICS KEYBOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0332.tb">0332.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1216<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0332 10-22-87 AST-RSN/AST-PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0333.tb">0333.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1824<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0333 11-13-87 5250 EMULATION/HP LASERJET II
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0334.tb">0334.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 462<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0334 11-23-87 AST PCNET AND EASY PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0335.tb">0335.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 940<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0335 11/18/87 AST-COAX SERIES/API OPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0336.tb">0336.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 850<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0336 11/19/87 COAX PRODUCTS/KEYTRONICS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0337.tb">0337.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0337 11/25/87 FTS-C/R-TSO COMMAND SEQUENCE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0338.tb">0338.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0338 12/01/87 AST ADVANCED NETWARE/86 LIMITATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0339.tb">0339.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1616<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0339 12/10/87 AST-5250 ASYNC DIALUP - POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION PROBLEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0340.tb">0340.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 288<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0340 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 SLOW CURSOR MOVEMENT KEYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0341.tb">0341.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 389<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0341 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 DESQVIEW INCOMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0342.tb">0342.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9421<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0342 11/19/8 AST-5251/12 TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0343.tb">0343.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2495<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0343 11/19/87 AST-5250/GATEWAY INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0344.tb">0344.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5579<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0344 11/19/87 AST-5250/ASYNC DIALUP INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0345.tb">0345.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6565<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0345 11/19/87 AST-5250/CLUSTER INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0346.tb">0346.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 480<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0346 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 PRINTER PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0347.tb">0347.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 332<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0347 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 RANDOM CHARACTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0348.tb">0348.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1668<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0348 12/16/88 TURBOLASER/PS ROTARY SWITCH CONNECTOR TO PCB PROBLEM:
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0349.tb">0349.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4031<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0349 12/28/87 AST 5250 TRANSLATION TABLES An alternate method of finding the translation tables for
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0350.tb">0350.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 385<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0350 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 WITH FRAMEWORK When 5250 emulation is running in the background mode and
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0351.tb">0351.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1028<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0351 12-28-87 UDS SYNCHRONOUS MODEM/INTERNAL CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0352.tb">0352.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 575<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0352 1-11-88 AST MS-DOS/DISK CACHE SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0353.tb">0353.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 423<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0353 1-11-88 DCA PRODUCTS - PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0354.tb">0354.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 396<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0354 1-7-88 PREMIUM/286 - DECNET
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0355.tb">0355.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1357<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0355 1-7-88 AST 3G PRODUCTS AND OS/2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0356.tb">0356.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 460<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0356 1-7-88 PREMIUM/286/WORDSTAR 2000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0357.tb">0357.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 540<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0357 1-7-88 NOVELL/360K FLOPPY DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0358.tb">0358.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 595<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0358 1-19-88 AST'S HALF HEIGHT 40MB FIXED DISK DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0359.tb">0359.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 611<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0359 1-6-88 AST ETHERNET/ERROR "08"
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0360.tb">0360.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 670<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0360 1-11-88 AST 5251/11 - FAINT SCREEN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0361.tb">0361.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 747<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0361 1-14-88 PREMIUM/286 - DCA IRMA
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0362.tb">0362.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 528<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0362 1-14-88 CONCURRENT PC DOS/REMM.SYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0363.tb">0363.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 501<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0363 1-14-88 AST 3G-PLUS VIDEO ADAPTER/XENIX OPERATING SYSTEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0364.tb">0364.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 628<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0364 1-19-88 AST 3G-PLUS/CHARTMASTER & DIAGRAM MASTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0365.tb">0365.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 354<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0365 1-19-88 PREMIUM/286 - IBM 5250 ENHANCED EMULATION BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0366.tb">0366.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 454<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0366 1-19-88 PREMIUM/286 KEYBOARD FAILURES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0367.tb">0367.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 285<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0367 1-19-88 PREMIUM/286 AND ST-412 FIXED DISK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0368.tb">0368.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0368 1-19-88 THIRD FLOPPY DRIVE ON PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0369.tb">0369.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 413<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0369 1-19-88 AST-3G/MULTIMATE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0370.tb">0370.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 793<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0370 1-20-88 PREMIUM/286 KEYBOARD ROM REVISIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0371.tb">0371.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 951<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0371 1-20-88 PREMIUM/286 - AST FIXED DISKS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0372.tb">0372.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 389<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0372 1-20-88 AST CC432 / EVEREX PC 1800
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0373.tb">0373.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 382<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0373 1-20-88 AST SNA PEN DETECT BIT SUPPORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0374.tb">0374.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 508<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0374 1-20-88 AST SNA DISK PRINTER EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0375.tb">0375.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 488<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0375 1-20-88 AST SNA DISK PRINTER CODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0376.tb">0376.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 562<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0376 1-20-88 AST SNA / VTAM CONFIGURATION CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0377.tb">0377.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2291<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0377 01-29-88 AT&T6300 DIM DISPLAY PATCH
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0378.tb">0378.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 603<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0378 02-08-88 5251/11 NOSNOW OPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0379.tb">0379.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 402<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0379 02-11-88 AST 5250 EMULATION WITH MICROSOFT WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0380.tb">0380.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1045<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0380 02-08-88 AST 5250 / KEYTRONIC 101 KEY ENHANCED KEYBOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0381.tb">0381.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 647<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0380 02-17-88 AST-3780 AND AUTO-DIAL MODEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0382.tb">0382.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 822<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0382 02-17-88 AST-5250 DISPLAY/PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0383.tb">0383.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 653<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0383 02-17-88 AST-5251/11 PRODUCTS in the PHILLIPS PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0384.tb">0384.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1042<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0384 02-17-88 AST-5251/11 IN THE EPSON EQUITY III PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0385.tb">0385.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1041<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0385 02-18-88 AST FT11/A VER 1.30 WITH INDEXED DATA FILES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0386.tb">0386.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 415<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0386 03-01-88 REACH MODEM/8 MHZ
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0387.tb">0387.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 452<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0387 03-01-88 REACH MODEM/HAYES INCOMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0389.tb">0389.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3377<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0389 03-01-88 TURBOLASER/PS EL/LPC UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0428.tb">0428.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2660<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0428B 04-04-90 PREMIUM/286 AND 386 THIRD FLOPPY SUPPORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0429.tb">0429.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10253<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0429B 01-02-90 PREMIUM/386 AND 386C DIAGNOSTICS AND UTILITIES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0435.tb">0435.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1046<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0435B 10-06-92 TURBOLASER PRINT QUALITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0457.tb">0457.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3085<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0457A 02-21-90 AST-3270/FTS-C FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0499.tb">0499.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1192<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0499A 05/16/90 AST-5250 ASYNC DIAL-UP FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0500.tb">0500.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3582<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0500E 11-14-90 AST-5251/11 ENHANCED FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0513.tb">0513.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3235<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0513F 11-15-90 AST-5251/11 FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0547.tb">0547.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1160<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0547A 03-22-90 5250 FILE TRANSFER ON THE IBM AS/400
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0550.tb">0550.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1196<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0550A 03-06-90 AST-3270 COAX II-CUT FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0552.tb">0552.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1236<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0552A 05/16/90 AST-3270 COAXII-CUT FTS-II FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0553.tb">0553.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1044<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0553A 04-26-90 AST-3780 FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0559.tb">0559.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 853<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0559A 02-21-90 SCO XENIX AND CONNER CP-344 DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0573.tb">0573.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4354<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0573A 04-19-90 5251/12 AND SYSTEM 34 SESSION PARAMETERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0599.tb">0599.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1293<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0599 01-15-90 AST PRODUCTS AND NOVELL NETWARE/386
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0600.tb">0600.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1110<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0600 01-16-90 486/25 SETUP: COPROCESSOR INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0601.tb">0601.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 880<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0601 01-19-90 REMOVAL OF NON-DOS PARTITIONS FROM AT EMBEDDED DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0602.tb">0602.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1227<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0602A 02-26-90 XFORMER/286 COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0603.tb">0603.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1074<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0603A 02-27-90 INSTALLING AST 3G PRODUCTS WITH OS/2 EXTENDED EDITION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0604.tb">0604.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4855<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0604 01-29-90 AST DOS 3.3 AND IBM PC SUPPORT INSTALL UTILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0605.tb">0605.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 591<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0605 01-29-90 PREMIUM SYSTEMS AND LOGITECH MODULA 2/86
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0606.tb">0606.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0606 01-29-90 AST MS-DOS AND IOMEGA BERNOULLI BOX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0607.tb">0607.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1049<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0607 01-29-90 ASTCACHE AND 3.5" FLOPPY DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0608.tb">0608.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 847<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0608A 02-26-90 ASTEMM.SYS AND MICROSOFT EXCEL 2.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0609.tb">0609.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1476<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0609A 02-01-90 REMM.SYS VERSION 4.50
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0610.tb">0610.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1747<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0610 02-07-90 SERIAL PORT PARITY ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0611.tb">0611.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 939<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0611 02-08-90 WORKSTATION/286 WITH NETWORTH ETHERNEXT CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0612.tb">0612.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 840<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0612 02-14-90 WORKSTATION/286 AND PROTEON PRONET 10 CARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0613.tb">0613.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3108<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0613A 04-19-90 FASTBOARD 486/25 UPGRADE REQUIREMENTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0614.tb">0614.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2400<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0614 03-02-90 PREVIEW I/O PARALLEL PORT ADDRESS CORRECTIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0615.tb">0615.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1124<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0615 03-02-90 CONFIGURING FLOPPY DRIVES FOR AST SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0616.tb">0616.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 869<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0616 03-07-90 AST 3780 COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0617.tb">0617.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 672<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0617 03-14-90 PREMIUM/286 AND KEYTRONICS 3270 KEYBOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0618.tb">0618.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 829<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0618 03-14-90 FASTBOARD 386 AND MICROSOFT WORKS 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0619.tb">0619.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1798<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0619 03-20-90 RUNNING COMPATIBILITY TESTS ON THE VGA PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0620.tb">0620.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 865<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0620 03-27-90 BRAVO/386SX WITH TIARA LAN ADAPTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0621.tb">0621.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 962<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0621 04-04-90 WD7000-ASC SCSI CARDS AND PREMIUM 386/25 AND 386/33
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0622.tb">0622.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1273<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0622 04-12-90 SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS PROGRAMS AND PREMIUM COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0623.tb">0623.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1073<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0623A 02-08-91 COMPUTONE INTELEPORT 8 CARDS AND PREMIUM 386/25 AND 386/33
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0624.tb">0624.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 667<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0624 04-16-90 IBM OS/2 1.1, ESDI DRIVES AND PREMIUM 386C COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0625.tb">0625.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2083<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0625A 05/16/90 AST 5250 GATEWAY COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0626.tb">0626.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 458<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0626 05-02-90 CONFIGURING AST 5251/11 ENHANCED AS A 3196 TERMINAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0627.tb">0627.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1237<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0627 05/31/90 INCOMPATIBLE DRAMS FOR RAMPAGEPLUS/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0628.tb">0628.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 711<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0628 06-29-90 USE OF ASTEMM.SYS WITH SUPERCALC 5
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0629.tb">0629.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0629 06-27-90 AUTOSENSING OPERATION OF THE VGA PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0630.tb">0630.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 790<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0630 07-01-90 BRAVO 386SX/DEC DEPCA CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0631.tb">0631.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 707<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0631 07-06-90 AST-TURBOSCAN COMPATIBILITY ISSUE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0632.tb">0632.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 825<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0632 08-13-90 PREMIUM 386SX/16 AND VERSACAD 386
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0633.tb">0633.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 753<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0633 08-15-90 AST SYSTEMS/DIGITAL RESEARCH FlexOS V2.2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0634.tb">0634.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5095<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0634 08-23-90 AST SHADOW BIOS MEMORY ADDRESSES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0635.tb">0635.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 715<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0635 09-17-90 PREMIUM 386C SYSTEMS WITH PHILLIPS CD ROM PLAYER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0636.tb">0636.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1553<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0636 10-02-90 PREMIUM 486/25 - NOVELL AND IBM TOKEN RING CARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0637.tb">0637.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0637 10-04-90 AST COMPUTERS AND EVEREX TAPE DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0638.tb">0638.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 902<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0638 10-10-90 VGA PLUS AND WESTERN DIGITAL ETHERCARD PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0639.tb">0639.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 772<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0639 10-25-90 SMC ARCNET AND 5251/11-A ENHANCED
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0640.tb">0640.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 930<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0640 11-05-90 MULTIPLE IPX VERSIONS AND 5250 GATEWAY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0641.tb">0641.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1513<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0641 11-08-90 NEW 386SX/16 PROCESSOR BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0642.tb">0642.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2533<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0642 11-12-90 VGA MODES SUPPORTED ON AST VGA PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0643.tb">0643.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1109<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0643 11-06-90 RAMPAGEPLUS/286 AND ZENITH COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0644.tb">0644.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1668<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0644 11-12-90 AST COMPUTERS AND CHECKIT V3.0 SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0645.tb">0645.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 796<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0645 11-13-90 NOVELL NETBIOS ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0646.tb">0646.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1204<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0646 11-15-90 TAPE DRIVE MOUNTING PROBLEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0647.tb">0647.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 626<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0647 10-11-90 AST PREMIUM/386C WITH 16 MEGABYTES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0648.tb">0648.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 706<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0648 10-23-90 BRAVO/286 WITH 3270 EMULATION SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0649.tb">0649.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6341<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0649 11-14-90 WINDOWS 3.0 INSTALLATION INFORMATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0650.tb">0650.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 706<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0650 11-26-90 AST PREMIUM WORKSTATION/286 MEMORY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0651.tb">0651.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1522<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0651 12-03-90 BRAVO/386SX - SEAGATE 157A
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0652.tb">0652.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0652 12-11-90 STARTEC BALUN HUB WITH AST5251/11 EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0653.tb">0653.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 992<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0653 12-14-90 BRAVO/486 CONFIDENCE TEST
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0654.tb">0654.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1778<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0654 12-21-90 PREMIUM 386/16 WITH MATH CO-PROCESSOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0655.tb">0655.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 585<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0655A 02-04-91 AST MS OS/2 VERSION 1.2 AND MONOCHROME VIDEO ADAPTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0656.tb">0656.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 841<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0656A 02-04-91 CATAMOUNT ATC-16 TAPE CONTROLLER AND CUPID SYSTEMS WITH CHIPS & TECHNOLOGY CHIP SET
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0657.tb">0657.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 727<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0657 01/17/91 PC SUPPORT VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0658.tb">0658.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 845<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0658 01-21-91 VGA PLUS - IRQ 2 CONFLICTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0659.tb">0659.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1112<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0659 01-30-91 RUNNING 3270 FTS UNDER PROFS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0660.tb">0660.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 590<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0660 01-30-91 AST 3270 COAX II WITH WEITEK MATH CO-PROCESSOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0661.tb">0661.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 908<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0661 01-30-91 AST COAX II-CUT AND WD-1007A CONTROLLER CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0662.tb">0662.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 697<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0662 01-31-91 PREMIUM COMPUTER WITH NASHUA DISKETTES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0663.tb">0663.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 821<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0663 02-01-91 BRAVO/386SX AND KEYBOARD ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0664.tb">0664.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 810<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0664 02-08-91 PREMIUM COMPUTERS AND MICROSPEED PC-TRACKBALL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0665.tb">0665.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1326<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0665 02-14-91 GUIDELINES FOR USING NOVELL'S COMPSURF UTILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0666.tb">0666.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1322<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0666 02-13-91 NOVELL COMPSURF WITH ESDI DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0667.tb">0667.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 738<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0667 02-18-91 PROTEON 16/4MB TOKEN RING ADAPTER (MODEL 1390) AND OS/2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0668.tb">0668.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1257<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0668 03-06-91 PREMIUM EXEC BATTERY PACK PRESSURE PAD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0669.tb">0669.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1325<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0669 03-08-91 PREMIUM 386SX-16 WITH PARADISE 8514/A PLUS CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0670.tb">0670.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 718<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0670 03-25-91 BRAVO/386SX AND THOMAS CONARD TC 4035
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0671.tb">0671.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 907<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0671 04-05-91 PREMIUM II WITH IBM'S 3270 ENTRY LEVEL PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0672.tb">0672.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 656<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0672 04-15-91 BRAVO/486 WITH SQL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0673.tb">0673.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 668<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0673 05-02-91 DEPCA DE-200A CARD AND ASTEMM 4.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0674.tb">0674.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0674 05-02-91 AST PREMIUM II 386SX/20 WITH ORACLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0675.tb">0675.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20497<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0675 05-02-91 CONFIGURATION FILES FOR ISA OPTION BOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0676.tb">0676.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 669<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0676 05-02-91 PREMIUM/386-C SERIAL PORT CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0677.tb">0677.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 648<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0677 05-02-91 GIGATREND TAPE BACK-UP UNIT AND PREMIUM 386/33
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0678.tb">0678.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1404<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0678A 02-05-92 PREMIUM EXEC BATTERY MANAGEMENT CONTROLLER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0679.tb">0679.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 627<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0679 05-08-91 PREMIUM EXEC, QEMM AND DESQVIEW 2.26
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0680.tb">0680.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 685<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0680 05-08-91 ETHERNEXT LAN CARD AND PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0681.tb">0681.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 849<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0681 05-17-91 PREMIUM EXEC SUSPEND/RESUME AND PROTECTED MODE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0682.tb">0682.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1062<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0682 05-06-91 AST PREMIUM SYSTEMS WITH BUILT-IN MOUSE PORTS AND ADIC'S DCB
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0683.tb">0683.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 901<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0683 05-08-91 SUN RIVER CARD AND AST PREMIUM/386-33TE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0684.tb">0684.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2444<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0684 05-21-91 NOVELL 386 WITH AST DESK TOP AND TOWER SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0685.tb">0685.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1335<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0685 05-24-91 THE SUPER VGA MONITOR WITH AST VGA ADAPTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0686.tb">0686.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 795<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0686 05-28-91 BRAVO 386/SX-16 AND NOVELL'S NE2000 CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0687.tb">0687.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 883<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0687 05-30-91 PREMIUM/386-25, 33 AND CORE TAPE BACK UP UNIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0688.tb">0688.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 704<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0688 05-31-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/20 AND GEO WORKS ENSEMBLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0689.tb">0689.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1885<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0689 04-30-91 PREMIUM II SYSTEM BIOS AUTOSENSE FEATURE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0690.tb">0690.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2119<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0690 06-18-91 EXCESSIVE HEAT IN TOWER EISA SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0691.tb">0691.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1552<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0691 06-19-91 PREMIUM II ILLEGAL CMOS VALUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0692.tb">0692.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1014<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0692 07-12-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/20 AND XIRCOM MULTIPLEXOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0693.tb">0693.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 885<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0693 06-20-91 PREMIUM/386-25 PARALLEL PORT AND INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS UNIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0694.tb">0694.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 729<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0694 06-28-91 AST PREMIUM 386SX-16 AND ALSYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0695.tb">0695.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1723<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0695 07-18-91 DESQVIEW AND AST SYSTEMS WITH BUILT-IN MOUSE PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0696.tb">0696.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1810<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0696A 08-16-91 SCO UNIX BOOT FAILURE WITH MEMORY EXPANSION BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0697.tb">0697.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1035<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0697A 08-19-91 SIMULATION SCIENCES SOFTWARE AND AST 486 SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0698.tb">0698.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 840<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0698A 08-16-91 INTELLI-TREND SOFTWARE AND AST PREMIUM/386 SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0699.tb">0699.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 838<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0699 08-05-91 AST KEYBOARD AND BRAVO 486/25
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0700.tb">0700.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1099<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0700A 08-16-91 PREMIUM 386SX/16 AND COLORADO 120MB TAPE DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0701.tb">0701.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 876<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0701 08-07-91 PREMIUM EXEC SERIAL MOUSE/BACKLIGHT TIMEOUT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0702.tb">0702.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1003<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0702 09-17-91 AST ETHERNODE REMOTE BOOT AND DOS 5.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0703.tb">0703.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1900<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0703 09-17-91 PREMIUM/486-33TE AND WESTERN DIGITAL'S ELITE 16 COMBO
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0704.tb">0704.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16332<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0704 09-06-91 AST 5251/12 REMOTE GATEWAY INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0705.tb">0705.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 995<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0705 09-17-91 PREMIUM EXEC AND LCD BORDER COLOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0706.tb">0706.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1026<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0706 09-25-91 IBM PS/PC SOFTWARE AND PREMIUM EXEC INTERNAL DATA MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0707.tb">0707.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2147<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0707 10-10-91 PREMIUM II 486SX/20 AND LOTUS 123 RELEASE 3.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0708.tb">0708.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1030<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0708 10-14-91 AST PREMIUM EXEC AND TOSHIBA EXPRESSWRITER 301
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0709.tb">0709.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1298<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0709 10-14-91 AST SYSTEMS WITH IBM'S OS/2 EE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0710.tb">0710.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2286<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0710A 10-28-91 SCO OPEN DESKTOP IN 800X600 VIDEO MODE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0711.tb">0711.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 863<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0711 10-28-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX20 AND AST MODEM SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0712.tb">0712.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1083<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0712A 10-28-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX-20 AND XIRCOM MULTIPLEXOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0713.tb">0713.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1055<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0713 10-31-91 AST PREMIUM EXEC 386SX-20 AND TAYLOR SOFTWARE FOR MODICON 884
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0714.tb">0714.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2030<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0714A 12-20-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX AND LOSS OF SETUP
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0715.tb">0715.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1261<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0715 11-05-91 AST PREMIUM EXEC 286/12 AND DOS 5.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0716.tb">0716.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1047<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0716 10-28-91 AST PREMIUM II 386SX-20 AND TRAK ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0717.tb">0717.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1198<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0717 10-22-91 PREMIUM II UTILITIES WITH MIS-IDENTIFICATION OF 386/33 PROCESSOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0718.tb">0718.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1693<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0718 10-09-91 AST's SVGA MONITOR AND OS/2 1.21
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0719.tb">0719.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 891<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0719 11-07-91 AST ETHERNODE AND SMC CONCENTRATORS/HUBS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0720.tb">0720.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1307<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0720 11-12-91 AST PREMIUM 486/33 TOWER EISA AND DPTFMT PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0721.tb">0721.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 806<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0721A 12-16-91 PREMIUM EXEC AND EMM386.EXE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0722.tb">0722.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1132<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0722 11-01-91 ADVANCED FASTRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0723.tb">0723.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1311<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0723 12-02-91 AST PREMIUM/386 TOWER EISA DETECTING RAM MEMORY AT 512K
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0724.tb">0724.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 819<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0724 12-10-91 AST SYSTEMS AND IBM ENTRY LEVEL 3270 VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0725.tb">0725.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 808<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0725 12-16-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/25 AND NUMLOCK KEY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0726.tb">0726.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1498<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0726 12-16-91 PREMIUM EXEC, MS-DOS 5.0 DOSSHELL AND TASK SWAPPING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0727.tb">0727.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1110<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0727 12-17-91 AST 5251/11 ENHANCED WITH P.C. SUPPORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0728.tb">0728.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1155<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0728 12-26-91 AST BRAVO 486/25 VIDEO BIOS ERRORS DURING POST
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0729.tb">0729.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 843<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0729 01-03-92 AST PREMIUM II 386SX-20 AND DEC PCSA SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0730.tb">0730.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1113<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0730 01-06-92 AST SYSTEMS WITH PS/2 MOUSE PORT AND CH PRODUCTS ROLLER MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0731.tb">0731.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1301<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0731 01-06-92 AST 486 SYSTEMS AND MICROSOFT EXCEL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0732.tb">0732.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1718<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0732 11-04-91 AST PREMIUM II WITH 387SX MATH CO-PROCESSOR AND WINDOWS 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0733.tb">0733.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1297<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0733 01-06-92 WINFAX ERRORS AND MICROSOFT WORKS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0734.tb">0734.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1173<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0734 01-06-92 BRAVO 386SX-20 AND MICROSOFT WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0735.tb">0735.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1035<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0735 01-16-92 FASTBOARD 386 AND DR-DOS 6.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0736.tb">0736.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1289<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0736 01-21-92 PREMIUM 486/25 AND IMSI PET MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0737.tb">0737.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1320<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0737 01-23-92 PREMIUM EXEC AND MICROSOFT PS/2 MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0738.tb">0738.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 818<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0738 01-23-92 PREMIUM EXEC AND MICROSOFT BALLPOINT MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0739.tb">0739.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 750<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0739 11-11-91 AST PREMIUM 486/33 WITH GERMAN KEYBOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0740.tb">0740.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1297<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0740 01-15-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC WITH PC HF WEATHER FAX SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0741.tb">0741.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 837<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0741 01-22-92 PREMIUM EXEC WITH MICROSOFT EXCEL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0742.tb">0742.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1192<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0742 01-24-92 MICROSOFT WINDOWS 3.0 AND ENHANCED VGA MODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0743.tb">0743.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1284<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0743 01-24-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC 386 AND HEALTHDYNE SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0744.tb">0744.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1649<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0744A 03-04-92 AST 486 BASED SYSTEMS WITH ADAPTEC 1540 AND 1542B
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0745.tb">0745.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1230<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0745 01-30-92 AST SYSTEMS AND AST 5251/11 TERMINAL EMULATION PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0746.tb">0746.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 982<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0746 02-20-92 AST SYSTEMS WITH DPTDDL.SYS DRIVER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0747.tb">0747.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1123<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0747 02-21-92 RAMPAGEPLUS/MC AND DCA 3270/MC BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0748.tb">0748.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6987<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0748 03-18-92 BIOS SHADOWING IN AST SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0749.tb">0749.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 856<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0749 03-27-92 INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER SETS AND EXTENDED TEXT MODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0750.tb">0750.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4845<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0750 04-01-92 PREMIUM EXEC NI-CAD BATTERY INFORMATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0751.tb">0751.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1312<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0751 04-06-92 HARD DRIVE OPTION KITS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0752.tb">0752.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1393<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0752 04-08-92 VGA DRIVER SUPPORT FOR WINDOWS 3.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0753.tb">0753.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 832<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0753 04-20-92 PREMIUM II 386/33 WITH BARR/3 SDLC BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0754.tb">0754.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1515<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0754 05-20-92 AST OFFICE ADVANTAGE 386SX/20 AND WINDOWS 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0755.tb">0755.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1074<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0755 05-28-92 THIRD FLOPPY DRIVE SUPPORT UNDER IBM OS/2 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0756.tb">0756.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1266<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0756 06-01-92 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/20 AND BATTERY WATCH
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0757.tb">0757.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1731<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0757 06-09-92 AST PREMIUM 486/33 WITH SQL SERVER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0758.tb">0758.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1856<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0758 05-27-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC AND THE WESTERN DIGITAL 60MB DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0759.tb">0759.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 839<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0759B 12-15-92 SIMM MATRIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0760.tb">0760.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2318<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0760 06-10-92 ASTIVGA.EXE ON THE PREMIUM II AND BRAVO SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0761.tb">0761.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1399<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0761 06-24-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC 386SX-25 AND CARRIER CORP. SOFTWARE PROTECTION KEY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0762.tb">0762.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1499<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0762 07-01-92 AST 5251/11 ENHANCED AND PC GUARDIAN "VIRUS PREVENTION PLUS"
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0763.tb">0763.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 974<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0763 07-16-92 AST MONOCHROME VGA MONITORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0764.tb">0764.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1221<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0764 07-17-92 AST POWER PREMIUM SYSTEMS AND HARDWARE CURSOR IMPLEMENTATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0765.tb">0765.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1206<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0765 07-20-92 AST SYSTEMS AND NORTON DESKTOP
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0766.tb">0766.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1086<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0766 07-21-92 AST POWER PREMIUM AND PEN POINT SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0767.tb">0767.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1502<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0767 07-17-92 ADVANTAGE/BRAVO SYSTEMS AND AST/WINDOWS 3.1 LOGO SCREEN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0768.tb">0768.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1114<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0768 07-23-92 AST PREMIUM II 386/33 AND TORUS ETHERNET ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0769.tb">0769.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 936<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0769A 11-10-92 AST SVGA 14" LOW RADIATION MONITOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0770.tb">0770.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1470<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0770 07-28-92 PREMIUM EXEC DATA FAX\SEND RECEIVE MODEM AND BITFAX SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0771.tb">0771.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 992<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0771 08-12-92 AT&T UNIX AND AST SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0772.tb">0772.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 805<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0772 08-17-92 BRAVO 386SX/16 SYSTEMS HANG ON DOS 5.0 INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0773.tb">0773.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0773 08-25-92 3COM COMPATIBILITY IN AST EISA SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0774.tb">0774.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 380<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0774 09-01-92 AST POWER PREMIUM AND PAGEMAKER 4.0 IN 800X600X32K MODE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0775.tb">0775.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1003<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0775 09-01-92 AST BRAVO 386/486 SYSTEMS AND BOOT FAILURES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0776.tb">0776.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 787<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0776 09-15-92 UPGRADING THE BRAVO-II 486/XX BIOS TO VERSION 1.22
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0777.tb">0777.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 950<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0777 09-15-92 AST 5250 MCA ADAPTERS AND IBM MODEL P70 PORTABLE COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0778.tb">0778.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1966<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0778 09-22-92 BRAVO LC MEMORY UPGRADES WITH APPROVED VENDORS/PART NUMBERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0779.tb">0779.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1133<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0779 09-25-92 PREMIUM SE 4/33 AND MAYNARD INTERNAL TAPE ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0780.tb">0780.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 812<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0780 10-28-92 PREMIUM EXEC AND ULTRACOM 9600 MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0781.tb">0781.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1187<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0781 11-02-92 PREMIUM 486/33E AND COGENT DATA TECHNOLOGIES E/MASTER II-AT/TP ETHERNET ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0782.tb">0782.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 839<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0782 11-05-92 ADVANTAGE! PLUS SETUP ANOMALIES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0783.tb">0783.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1117<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0783B 01-11-93 POWER EXEC WITH FILE TRANSFER AND LAPLINK SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0784.tb">0784.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1005<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0784 11-06-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC DATA/FAX INTERNATIONAL MODEMS AND WINFAXPRO 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0785.tb">0785.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1389<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0785 11-06-92 FASTRAM MEMORY BOARD FAILURES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0786.tb">0786.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 950<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0786 11-16-92 POWER EXEC AND FLASH BIOS UPDATE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0787.tb">0787.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 795<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0787 11-10-92 PREMIUM EXEC SYSTEMS AND IBM OS/2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0788.tb">0788.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1203<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0788 11-17-92 AST 486 SYSTEMS WITH IBM'S 5250 EMULATION CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0789.tb">0789.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2070<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0789 11-19-92 PREMIUM 486/25 SYSTEMS AND NOVELL NON-DEDICATED NETWARE 2.2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0790.tb">0790.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1959<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0790 12-01-92 BRAVO 4/33 LC AND IRWIN TAPE BACKUP UNIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0791.tb">0791.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1148<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0791 11-20-92 ADVANTAGE! PLUS MINI-TOWER AND I/O PORT CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0792.tb">0792.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 913<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0792 12-04-92 PREMIUM EXEC 3/25C AND CENTRAL POINT PC COMMUTE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0793.tb">0793.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 804<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0793 12-08-92 FASTBOARD/386 WITH RAM PARITY ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0794.tb">0794.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1270<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0794 12-09-92 POWER PREMIUM AND DALLAS SEMICONDUCTOR DS1255
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0795.tb">0795.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1081<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0795 12-10-92 PREMIUM II 386SX/20 AND XENIX 2.3 VERSION 4
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0796.tb">0796.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1112<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0796 12-09-92 PREMIUM 386C WITH 386 TO THE MAX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0797.tb">0797.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 968<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0797 12-16-92 POWER PREMIUM AND MICROSOFT C/C++
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0798.tb">0798.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1055<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0798 12-21-92 ADVANTAGE! SYSTEMS AND MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0799.tb">0799.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1110<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0799 12-16-92 BRAVO AND ADVANTAGE MEMORY ACCESS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0800.tb">0800.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1153<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0800 12-30-62 POWER EXEC WITH STACKER AND NORTON DESKTOP
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0801.tb">0801.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1090<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0801 01-06-93 BRAVO 486/33 AND PIXEL WORKS RA-1280
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0802.tb">0802.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1875<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0802 01-04-93 POWER EXEC MODEM SOFTWARE AND EMM386.EXE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0803.tb">0803.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1298<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0803 12-30-92 EISA SYSTEMS WITH THE RACAL INTERLAN CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0804.tb">0804.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1087<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0804 01-11-93 POWER EXEC WITH SUSPEND AND PARALLEL PRINTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0805.tb">0805.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 918<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0805 01-11-93 POWER EXEC AND "MOUSE CONNECTED TO..." FIELD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0806.tb">0806.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 841<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0806 01-11-93 POWER EXEC AND RECEIVING DATA COMMUNICATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0807.tb">0807.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 550<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0807 01-11-93 POWER EXEC, EXTERNAL KEYBOARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0808.tb">0808.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 732<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0808 01-11-93 POWER EXEC SL AND 12:05 ERROR MESSAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0809.tb">0809.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 906<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0809 01-11-93 POWER EXEC SL COM PORT COMBINATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0810.tb">0810.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 666<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0810 01-11-93 POWER EXEC AND FULL POST TEST
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0811.tb">0811.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 605<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0811 01-11-93 POWER EXEC SETUP FIELD CHANGES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0812.tb">0812.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1410<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0812 01-21-93 PREMIUM EXEC SUSPEND MODE AND BITFAX SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="ASTRESEARCH/0813.tb">0813.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1204<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0813 02-02-93 CUPID 486/33 SYSTEMS AND INTEL OVERDRIVE PROCESSOR UPGRADES
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<H1>Computer Textfiles: AST Research Technical Bulletins</H1>
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<TD BGCOLOR=#000000><FONT COLOR=#FFFFFF><B>Filename</B><BR></FONT></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR=#002200><FONT COLOR=#FFFFFF><B>Size</B><BR></FONT></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR=#004400><FONT COLOR=#FFFFFF><B>Description of the Textfile</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0001a.tb">0001a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0001A 5-18-84 COMPATIBLE CLOCK BATTERIES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0002.tb">0002.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0002 4-16-84 POWER-ON SELF TEST ERROR ON XT AND PORTABLE COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0003a.tb">0003a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0003A 4-30-84 MEMORY SWITCH ERROR IN IBM GUIDE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0004b.tb">0004b.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3968<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0004B 3-19-85 D-RAM CHIP COMPATIBILITY FOR MULTIFUNCTION CARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0005.tb">0005.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2042<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0005 4-23-84 SETTING CLOCK FREQUENCY FOR SIXPAKPLUS FASTER OR SLOWER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0006.tb">0006.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0006 4-30-84 MONOGRAPHPLUS CAUTION STATEMENT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0007.tb">0007.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0007 4-13-84 CABLE CONNECTION FOR AST PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0008a.tb">0008a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1289<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0008A 6-25-84 MEGAPLUS II GAME ADAPTER PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0009.tb">0009.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 773<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0009 4-13-84 SIXPAKPLUS WITHOUT PRINTER OPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0010.tb">0010.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1591<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0010 4-13-84 IRQ-7 PARALLEL PORT CONTENTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0011.tb">0011.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 740<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0011 5-1-84 SIXPAKPLUS VER 1.0 SCHEMATIC ERROR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0012.tb">0012.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0012 5-16-84 MEGAPLUS II IRQ SILKSCREEN CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0013a.tb">0013a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0013A 8-31-84 3.30 WORDSTAR PATCH FOR IBM PC'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0014.tb">0014.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1124<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0014 6-1-84 MULTIFUNCTION FEATURE SUMMARY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0015a.tb">0015a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0015A 9-19-84 INCOMPATIBILITY OF COLUMBIA'S PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0016.tb">0016.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2943<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0016 6-7-84 FREQUENTLY-ASKED QUESTIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0017.tb">0017.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2508<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0017 6-8-84 APPROVED PARTS FOR OPTIONAL SERIAL PORTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0018.tb">0018.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 705<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0018 6-11-84 SIXPAKPLUS SWITCH SETTING & PLUG POSITION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0019a.tb">0019a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0019A 7-16-84 IBM PC ERROR CODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0020.tb">0020.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 805<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0020 6-18-84 COM 2 SELECTION IN IBM PC-2 EARLY MODELS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0021.tb">0021.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0021 6-22-84 USING A TALLGRASS HARDFILE AS THE PC-NET FILE SERVER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0022.tb">0022.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1457<BR><TD> AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0022 6-18-84 GAME SIGNAL LINE CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0023a.tb">0023a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 410<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0023A 4-1-85 IBM DISPLAYWRITE SERIES COMPATIBILITY WITH PCNET
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0024.tb">0024.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 859<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0024 6-22-84 CONNECTING UDS MODEMS WITH CC432 BOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0025.tb">0025.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1260<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0025 7-9-84 PCNET II TERMINATOR ALTERNATIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0026a.tb">0026a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0026A 8-20-84 MONOGRAPH COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0027.tb">0027.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0027 7-9-84 ERRORS DURING IBM FORMAT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0028.tb">0028.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0028 7-13-84 BASIC'S AVAILABLE MEMORY DISCREPANCY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0029.tb">0029.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0029 7-16-84 AST-PCNET PRINT SPOOLER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0030.tb">0030.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0030 7-17-84 DMA CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT IN THE IBM PC AND XT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0031.tb">0031.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0031 7-17-84 AST MONOGRAPHPLUS TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0032a.tb">0032a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0032A 4-15-85 5251 VERSION 2.1 INTERRUPT REQUEST SELECTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0033a.tb">0033a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0033A 9-4-84 AST-5251 VER. 2.1 ADDRESSING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0034.tb">0034.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1536<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0034 7-18-84 HARDWARE INTERRUPT ASSIGNMENT IN THE IBM PC AND XT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0035.tb">0035.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2497<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0035 7-25-84 SWITCH SETTINGS FOR THE COMPAQ PORTABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0036.tb">0036.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0036 7-25-84 TESTING OF THE GAME PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0039.tb">0039.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0039 7-31-84 MONOGRAPHPLUS WITH AMDEK MD#310A
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0040.tb">0040.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 584<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0040 8-9-84 SIXPAK GAME PORT SCHEMATIC ERROR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0043.tb">0043.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2306<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0043 8-20-84 PATCHING PC DOS 2.1 FOR ADDITIONAL DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0045.tb">0045.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0045 8-21-84 PATCHING WORDSTAR FOR PRINTING TO ALTERNATE PORTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0046.tb">0046.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0046 8-21-84 REBOOTING AN IBM PC FROM A BATCH FILE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0047.tb">0047.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0047 8-21-84 AST-PCOX VERSION 1.2 SOFTWARE WITH 4331 MODEL HOSTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0049a.tb">0049a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2365<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0049A 4-1-85 SLOW PRINTING WITH SUPERSPOOL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0050.tb">0050.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 632<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0050 10-24-84 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF THE PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0051.tb">0051.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0051 10-5-84 FRAMEWORK AND AST NEWLINE FOR THE MONOGRAPHPLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0052a.tb">0052a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0052A 11-8-84 CLOCK/CALENDAR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0053a.tb">0053a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0053A 11-8-84 CORRECTING THE TIME/DATE OF THE AST CLOCK*
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0055.tb">0055.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9635<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0055 9-21-84 FAULT ISOLATION OF THE IBM PC-1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0059.tb">0059.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0059 9-26-84 MONOGRAPH COMPATIBILITY WITH MS WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0061.tb">0061.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0061 10-5-84 ASTCLOCK AND COMPAQ VERSION 2.11 CONTENTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0062.tb">0062.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0062 10-9-84 SUPERSPOOL AND LPT2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0064.tb">0064.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0064 10-11-84 SERIAL PORT WRAP PLUG
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0065.tb">0065.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1522<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0065 11-7-84 AT MOTHERBOARD MEMORY CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0066.tb">0066.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0066 11-27-84 SUPERSPOOL AND THE 3270 PC CONTROL PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0067.tb">0067.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3290<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0067 11-16-84 CORRECTIONS TO THE ADVANTAGE! USER'S MANUAL VERSION 1.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0071.tb">0071.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 7224<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0071 12-10-84 COMPATIBILITY OF AST PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0073.tb">0073.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 775<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0073 3-5-85 I/O MINI PARALLEL PORT UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0074.tb">0074.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0074 1-28-85 CC-832/4-PORT ASYNC COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0075.tb">0075.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 884<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0075 3-5-85 NULL MODEM CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0076.tb">0076.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 679<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0076 3-11-85 I/O MINI SERIAL PORT #2 UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0077a.tb">0077a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2176<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0077A 7-2-85 POWER CONSUMPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0078.tb">0078.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2200<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0078 4-1-85 AST PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DIMENSIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0079.tb">0079.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0079 4-1-85 PROPER USE OF THE AST MP MINI
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0080.tb">0080.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 14548<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0080 4-2-85 QUICK REFERENCE: ADVANTAGE!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0084.tb">0084.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0084 5-3-85 MGO 123/PREVU AND MAX 12E
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0089.tb">0089.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0089 5-28-85 ADVANTAGE GAME PORT UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0090.tb">0090.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0090 5-28-85 ADVANTAGE SERIAL PORT #2 UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0102.tb">0102.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 708<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0102 7-1-85 MONOGRAPHPLUS SERIAL PORT UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0103.tb">0103.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0103 7-2-85 REACH!/SMARTCOM COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0113.tb">0113.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0113 9-06-85 PCNET (COAX) SELFTEST PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0116.tb">0116.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 454<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0116 10-22-85 RAMPAGE! OPERATION IN IBM-3270 PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0117.tb">0117.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 642<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0117 11-01-85 AST-PCOX AND IBM'S ENHANCED COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0131.tb">0131.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2176<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0131 11-01-85 COMPATIBILITY OF AST-5251/12 WITH HAYES 2400 BAUD MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0132.tb">0132.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 576<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0132 11-01-85 CONCORD V.22 COMPATIBILITY WITH AST-3780
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0133.tb">0133.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0133 11-07-85 AST-PCOX FIRMWARE IDENTIFICATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0134.tb">0134.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2176<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0134 11-11-85 AST-3780 TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0135.tb">0135.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0135 11-11-85 AST-PCOX TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0136.tb">0136.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0136 12-30-85 5250FT/11-A DOCUMENTATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0137.tb">0137.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1017<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0137 12-20-85 AST 5251/11 EMULATION SOFTWARE VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0138.tb">0138.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0138 12-19-85 AST 5251/11 EMULATION SOFTWARE VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0139.tb">0139.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0139 11-19-85 CONFIGURING AST COMMUNICATION AND LAN NETWORK BOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0140.tb">0140.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0140 1-15-86 FOURPORT/XN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0141.tb">0141.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1536<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0141 12-6-85 AST-SNA SLOW PRINTER FIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0142.tb">0142.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1536<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0142 12-6-85 AST-BSC SLOW PRINTER FIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0143.tb">0143.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0143 1-15-86 TWO SIXPAKPLUS CLOCK CHIPS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0144.tb">0144.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0144 1-15-86 RAMPAGE/AT SWITCH SETTINGS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0145.tb">0145.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0145 11-25-85 RAMPAGE CONFLICT WITH IBM PC I
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0146.tb">0146.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 996<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0146 1-15-86 REACH! JUMPER SETTINGS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0147.tb">0147.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0147 1-15-86 COLOSSUS INSTALLATION ON AT&T 6300
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0148b.tb">0148b.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 833<BR><TD> AST RESEARCH, INC. TECHNICAL BULLETIN #TB-0148B 12-23-87
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0149.tb">0149.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0149 1-31-86 SUPERPAK AND MICROSOFT WINDOWS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0150.tb">0150.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0150 2-19-86 ERROR IN AST-5250/DISPLAY USER'S MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0151a.tb">0151a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0151A 04-11-86 AST COMMUNICATION BOARDS WITH THE IBM AT AND COMPATIBLES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0152.tb">0152.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0152 2-19-86 AST-5251/11 WITH AT&T 6300 USING DISPLAYWRITE 36
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0153.tb">0153.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0153 2-19-86 ERROR IN AST-5251/11 PLUS USER'S MANUAL REVISION C
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0154.tb">0154.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0154 2-19-86 EAGLE SPIRIT PC COMPATIBILITY WITH AST 5251/11 EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0156.tb">0156.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0156 3-07-86 AST-5251/11 BOARDS WITH IBM 3179 TERMINALS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0158.tb">0158.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 384<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0158 04-01-86 AST FOURPORT/XN & 30 MBYTE IBM-AT INCOMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0159.tb">0159.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0159 04-11-86 TRANSMITTING A FILE WITH 0 BYTES USING AST-3780
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0160.tb">0160.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0160 04-11-86 AST-3270/COAX PROM LOCATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0162.tb">0162.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0162 4-24-86 AST-3780/SERIAL LASER PRINTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0163.tb">0163.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0163 4-24-86 ADVANTAGE PARALLEL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0164.tb">0164.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0164 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 CABLE TERMINATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0165.tb">0165.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST RESERACH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0165 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 ADDRESS DELETION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0166.tb">0166.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0166 4-24-86 I/O MINI E9/E10 JUMPERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0168.tb">0168.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0168 4-25-86 AST 3-G SILKSCREEN CONFLICTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0169.tb">0169.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0169 4-25-86 AST-5251/12 /HAYES 2400 BAUD MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0170.tb">0170.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0170 4-25-86 REACH! MODEM INTERFERENCE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0171.tb">0171.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 384<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0171 4-25-86 AST-5250 FT/11-A USERS MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0172.tb">0172.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3840<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0172 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0173.tb">0173.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1688<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0173 4-26-86 AST RAMPAGE AT QUICK REFERENCE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0174.tb">0174.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0174 4-30-86 MP-MINI MEMORY ADDRESSING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0175.tb">0175.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0175 4-25-86 AST 5251/11 / PRINTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0177.tb">0177.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0177 6-4-86 REX.SYS MEMORY ALLOCATION AND IBM XT MODEL 516089
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0178.tb">0178.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0178 5-19-86 DESQVIEW COMPATIBILITY WITH VEMM SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0179.tb">0179.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3597<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0179 5-19-86 SIXPAK PREMIUM COMPATIBILITY WITH NEW IBM XT'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0180.tb">0180.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2816<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0180 5-12-86 AST-5251/MODEL 12 VERSION 3.3 WITH IBM SYSTEM/34
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0181.tb">0181.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0181 4-24-86 AST-5251/11 - IBM SYSTEM/34
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0182b.tb">0182b.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1498<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0182B 6-30-86 CC432 WRAP PLUG
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0183.tb">0183.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0183 5-26-86 CLEO'S 3780 PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0184.tb">0184.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0184 5-25-86 CC-432 AND ALLOY HARD DISKS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0185.tb">0185.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1133<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0185 5-28-86 UDS MODEM'S MODULAR TELEPHONE CABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0186a.tb">0186a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 696<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0186A 9-16-86 AST-PCOX/AST-3270 COAX FIRMWARE RELEASE 1.4
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0188.tb">0188.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2304<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0188 5-16-86 THE ASTFT/11-A FILE TRANSFER WITH IBM SYSTEM/38
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0189.tb">0189.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0189 6-24-86 REMM.SYS DRIVER AND MICROSOFT WINDOWS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0190.tb">0190.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 384<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0190 6-02-86 SUPERDRIVE AND EAGLE PC'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0191.tb">0191.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1193<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0191 6-24-86 RAMPAGE AT/8 MHz
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0192a.tb">0192a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 606<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0192A 11-11-86 REACH! MODEM COMPATIBILITY WITH
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0193a.tb">0193a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 591<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0193A 11-11-86 SNA-BSC LOCAL PRINT SCREEN AND NEW XT MODEL 5160089
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0194.tb">0194.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0194 6-26-86 HAYES SMARTCOMII/LAN-RSN-REACH! MODEM COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0196.tb">0196.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0196 6-26-86 DESQVIEW/LOTUS/E.G.A.
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0197.tb">0197.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4096<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0197 6-26-86 DESQVIEW COMPATIBILITY PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0198.tb">0198.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0198 6-26-86 RECEIVING A FILE USING AST 3780
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0199.tb">0199.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0199 6-26-86 REACH! MODEM/LINE PROBLEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0200.tb">0200.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0200 6-26-86 DESQVIEW / MICROSOFT WORD VERSION 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0201.tb">0201.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0201 7-02-86 5251/11 VERSION 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0203a.tb">0203a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 994<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0203A 09-18-86 BASIC TEST PROGRAM WITH ADVANTAGE GAME PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0204a.tb">0204a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 516<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0204A 09-19-86 ADVANTAGE D-RAMs / 8MHz PC/AT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0205a.tb">0205a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1221<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0205A 09/18/86 AST-BSC / COMPAQ PORTABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0206a.tb">0206a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 920<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0206A 09/18/86 AST-SNA / COMPAQ PORTABLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0207a.tb">0207a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0207A 09/18/86 SNA/BSC STAND ALONE / GATEWAY CLUSTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0208a.tb">0208a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 718<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0208A 09/18/86 LOADING 'KERNEL.EXE' WITH AST5251/11 VERSION 3.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0209a.tb">0209a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1740<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0209A 09/19/86 AST-NETBIOS/IBM PCNETWORK SINGLE FLOPPY BOOT DISK PREPARATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0210a.tb">0210a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1082<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0210A 09/19/86 AST3270/FTS-C / TELEX 3274 CONTROLLERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0211a.tb">0211a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 582<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0211A 09/19/86 AST3270/FTS-C / IBM 3274 CONTROLLERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0212a.tb">0212a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 377<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0212A 09/19/86 EPSON EQUITY II / PREVIEW!
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0213a.tb">0213a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 494<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0213A 09/19/86 DESQVIEW / EPSON EQUITY II
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0214a.tb">0214a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4379<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0214A 09/19/86 PATCH TO ACCESS THE LEARN MENU ON TANDY 1000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0216a.tb">0216a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 740<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0216A 09/19/86 RAMPAGE AT-PAK MANUAL ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0217a.tb">0217a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 644<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0217A 09/16/86 AST 3-G/AST 3-G PLUS USER'S MANUAL ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0218a.tb">0218a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 304<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0218A 09/19/86 IBM'S APL & COBOL / AST'S MEMORY PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0221a.tb">0221a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 716<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0221A 09/18/86 AST RAMPAGE OR SIXPAK PREMIUM / ORCHID'S 'TINI TURBO'
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0222a.tb">0222a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 986<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #O222A 09/18/86 AST RAMPAGE PAK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0223.tb">0223.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2118<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0223 08/29/86 NETWORK BOOT DISKS FOR SINGLE FLOPPY PC'S
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0228.tb">0228.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1685<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0228 09/18/86 3G FAMILY COMPATIBILITY WITH STSC APL*PLUS SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0229.tb">0229.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1040<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0229 09/18/86 COMPATIBILITY TEST RESULTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0231.tb">0231.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1444<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0231 09/22/86 OMNITEL ENCORE 1200 HB MODEM AND CROSSTALK SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0232.tb">0232.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 387<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0232 10/09/86 5250 FILE TRANSFER USING EXCELLERATE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0233.tb">0233.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0233 10/07/86 3270 EXTENDED ATTRIBUTES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0234.tb">0234.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 610<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0234 10/10/86 AST 3780 EMULATION (ANY VERSION)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0235.tb">0235.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0235 10/10/86 AST-BSC OR AST-SNA (ANY VERSION)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0236.tb">0236.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1750<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0236 09/24/86 KNIGHT VERSION 1.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0237.tb">0237.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1725<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0237 09/24/86 AST-NETBIOS MEMORY USE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0238.tb">0238.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1334<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0238 09/23/86 BATCH FILES FROM ASTMENU
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0239.tb">0239.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 801<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0239 10/13/86 MULTIMATE AND SUPERSPOOL IN DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0240.tb">0240.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 523<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0240 10/29/86 CARBON COPY WITH USE WITH ANY SERIAL PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0241.tb">0241.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 971<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0241 11/10/86 AT&T 6300 PC WITH DESQVIEW & RAMPAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0242.tb">0242.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 553<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0242 11-25-86 TURBOLASER/TURBOSCAN CABLE CONNECTIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0243.tb">0243.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 438<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0243 11/24/86 RUNNING IBM'S PC SUPPORT 36 WITH AST-5251/11 EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0244.tb">0244.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1072<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0244 11/24/86 VIRTUAL DRIVE INSTALLATION OF THE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0245.tb">0245.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 827<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0245 11/06/86 MONOGRAPHPLUS WITH IBM DIAGNOSTICS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0246.tb">0246.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1055<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0246 11/19/86 AST-3G PLUS/MEMORY ERROR MESSAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0247.tb">0247.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3941<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0247 12-10-86 SPERRY IT I/O PORT SELECTION FOR THE TURBOLASER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0248.tb">0248.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1759<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0248 12/17/86 PRINTER EMULATION SCREEN FOR THE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0249.tb">0249.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 780<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0249 12/16/86 NEW CLUSTER ADAPTER FOR AST-5250 CLUSTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0250.tb">0250.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1232<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0250 12/23/86 INTERRUPT REQUEST (IRQ) LEVEL PRIORITY FOR THE AST-5251/11 EMULATION PACKAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0251.tb">0251.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1020<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0251 12/18/86 SPERRY IT AND DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0252.tb">0252.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 777<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0252 01/07/87 SUPERSPOOL/DATA PRODUCTS PRINTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0253.tb">0253.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0253 01/08/87 AST EXTENDED MEMORY IN THE PC LIMITED AT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0254.tb">0254.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 598<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0254 01/14/87 DESQVIEW/MS WORD/HERCULES PLUS CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0255.tb">0255.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 621<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0255 01/16/87 PRINT SCREENS WITH DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0256.tb">0256.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 455<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0256 02/18/87 PREMIUM/286 WITH DBASE III PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0257.tb">0257.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 502<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0257 1-28-87 TURBOSCAN EYESTAR CONVERT PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0258.tb">0258.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 627<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0258 01/31/87 AST PREMIUM/286 AND IOMEGA BERNOULLI
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0259.tb">0259.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1891<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0259 02/09/87 PREMIUM 286 / NEC FD1155C FLOPPY DISK DRIVE JUMMPER SETTINGS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0260.tb">0260.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 461<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0260 02/12/87 USING DISPLAY CARDS WITH AST5251/11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0261.tb">0261.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1458<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0261 02/17/87 ASTFT11 FILE TRANSFER WITH S36 SSP5
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0262.tb">0262.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2821<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0262 02/12/87 DECISION DATA MODEL #5751-01 CLUSTER WITH 5250 MODEL 11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0263.tb">0263.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1265<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0263 02/11/87 COREDATA PERSONAL COMPUTERS WITH THE AST-5251/11 PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0264.tb">0264.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 701<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0264 02/13/87 THE AST 3G I/O AND PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0265.tb">0265.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 746<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0265 02/20/87 AST RAMPAGE/EGA for AT AND PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0267.tb">0267.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 901<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0267 03/24/87 PREVIEW I/O AND SCREEN SAVE PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0268.tb">0268.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3253<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0268 02/27/87 DIAGRAM ERRORS IN THE I/O MINI II MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0269.tb">0269.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 999<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0269 03/31/87 AST TURBOLASER / HARVARD PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0270.tb">0270.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 645<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0270 02/25/87 IBM\XT-286 MOTHERBOARD RAMPAGE\286 MEMORY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0271.tb">0271.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 926<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0271 04/06/87 HAYES SMARTMODEM COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0272.tb">0272.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 474<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0272 04/28/87 PREVIEW I\O AND THE PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0273.tb">0273.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 350<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0273 04/15/87 NETWARE COMPATABILITY WITH AST-RSN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0274.tb">0274.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 466<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0274 04/24/87 AST FASTRAM MEMORY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0275.tb">0275.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 769<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0275 04/30/87 PREMIUM/286 OPERATION WITH MICROSOFT MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0276.tb">0276.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 586<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0276 05/26/87 AST-3G PLUS/FRAMEWORK II
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0277.tb">0277.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 464<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0277 05/27/87 IBM XT-286/DESQVIEW 1.11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0278a.tb">0278a.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1001<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0278A 08/28/87 RAMPAGE 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0279.tb">0279.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5160<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0279 05/29/87 AST PCNET/PCNET II QUICK REFERENCE MATERIAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0280.tb">0280.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 717<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0280 06/02/87 EEMS/HP VECTRA/MS WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0284.tb">0284.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 884<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0284 7-6-87 AST 5250 CLUSTER CLEAR KEYBOARD BUFFER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0285.tb">0285.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 837<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0285 06/19/87 EEMS/CONCURRENT DOS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0286.tb">0286.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1367<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0286 07/06/87 AST 5250 CONFIGURATION FILE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0287.tb">0287.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1684<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0287 07/28/87 AST-4000 LOW LEVEL FORMAT ROUTINE (CFMT)
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0288.tb">0288.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0288 08/03/87 AST 5250 EMULATION WITH DESQVIEW
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0289.tb">0289.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 982<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0289 08-05-87 SIXPAKPREMIUM/EGA USER'S MANUAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0290.tb">0290.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 963<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0290 6/10/87 PANASONIC FX600/RAMPAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0291.tb">0291.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 710<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0291 8/11/87 Premium 286/Clock
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0292.tb">0292.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 556<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0292 8/11/87 ASTUTE/DMA Test
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0293.tb">0293.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 952<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0293 8/11/87 STACK ERROR/MS-DOS 3.2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0294.tb">0294.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2104<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0294 8/17/87 NETBIOS REQUIREMENTS FOR AST-BSC/SNA GATEWAYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0295.tb">0295.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3128<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0295 9-3-87 AST TURBOLASER LASER PRINTER CONTROLLER IDENTIFICATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0296.tb">0296.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 451<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0296 9-22-87 HOTSHOT 286 AND REX.SYS 1.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0297.tb">0297.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1456<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0297 9-11-87 AST Hotshot Using 8086/88 Device Drivers
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0298.tb">0298.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2442<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0298 9-11-87 HARDCARD 10 - 40 & PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0303.tb">0303.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2934<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0303 9-22-87 AST5250 GATEWAY WITH IBM'S TOKEN RING NETWORK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0304.tb">0304.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1024<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0304 9-22-87 AST 3G/PLUS AND BASIC BORDER COLORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0305.tb">0305.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1152<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0305 9-18-87 DOCUMENTATION UPDATE FOR PCOX/COAX UPGRADE KITS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0306.tb">0306.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0306 8-24-87 AST-3270/COAX SERIES PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0307.tb">0307.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4096<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0307 9-14-87 IBM PC SUPPORT 36 SSP RELEASE 5.1 WITH AST5251/11
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0308.tb">0308.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0308 9-22-87 AST-NETBIOS TAPESTRY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0309.tb">0309.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0309 9-22-87 2X 2400 MODEM/CC432
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0310.tb">0310.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0310 9-25-87 PREMIUM/286 WITH DESQVIEW 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0311.tb">0311.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0311 9-29-87 AST STARPORT HEAT CAUTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0312.tb">0312.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1664<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0312 9-29-87 FOURPORT/XN INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0313.tb">0313.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1280<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0313 10-2-87 2X9600 MODEM/UNIX OR XENIX HOSTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0314.tb">0314.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0314 10-5-87 AST NETBIOS VARIABLE LIMITS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0315.tb">0315.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 640<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0315 10-8-87 AST-PCNET / AT & T 6300+
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0320.tb">0320.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 512<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0320 9-29-87 KNIGHT DATA SECURITY VERSION 1.10
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0321.tb">0321.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 608<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0321 10-26-87 AST 5250/DOS VERSIONS 3.20
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0322.tb">0322.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 631<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0322 9-25-87 RAMPAGE/2 AND AST CLOCK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0323.tb">0323.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5924<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0323 10-28-87 AST-5250 SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0324.tb">0324.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 886<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0324 10-24-87 5250 ALTERNATE CONFIGURATION FILENAME
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0325.tb">0325.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 645<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0325 10-24-87 5250 SHUTDOWN.EXE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0326.tb">0326.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 461<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0326 10-29-87 AST-3780/NCR PC6
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0327.tb">0327.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 487<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0327 10-24-87 PCOX/COMPAQ
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0328.tb">0328.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0328 10-25-87 3270/FTS-C/PROBLEMS WITH TSO
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0329.tb">0329.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 445<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0329 10-26-87 CROSSTALK/PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0330.tb">0330.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 439<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0330 10-26-87 CODEVIEW/PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0331.tb">0331.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1211<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0331 11-13-87 PCOX/3270 COAX / KEYTRONICS KEYBOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0332.tb">0332.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1216<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0332 10-22-87 AST-RSN/AST-PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0333.tb">0333.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1824<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0333 11-13-87 5250 EMULATION/HP LASERJET II
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0334.tb">0334.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 462<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0334 11-23-87 AST PCNET AND EASY PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0335.tb">0335.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 940<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0335 11/18/87 AST-COAX SERIES/API OPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0336.tb">0336.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 850<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0336 11/19/87 COAX PRODUCTS/KEYTRONICS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0337.tb">0337.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1594<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0337 11/25/87 FTS-C/R-TSO COMMAND SEQUENCE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0338.tb">0338.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1048<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0338 12/01/87 AST ADVANCED NETWARE/86 LIMITATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0339.tb">0339.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1616<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0339 12/10/87 AST-5250 ASYNC DIALUP - POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION PROBLEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0340.tb">0340.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 288<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0340 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 SLOW CURSOR MOVEMENT KEYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0341.tb">0341.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 389<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0341 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 DESQVIEW INCOMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0342.tb">0342.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 9421<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0342 11/19/8 AST-5251/12 TROUBLESHOOTING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0343.tb">0343.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2495<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0343 11/19/87 AST-5250/GATEWAY INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0344.tb">0344.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5579<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0344 11/19/87 AST-5250/ASYNC DIALUP INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0345.tb">0345.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6565<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0345 11/19/87 AST-5250/CLUSTER INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0346.tb">0346.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 480<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0346 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 PRINTER PROBLEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0347.tb">0347.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 332<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0347 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 RANDOM CHARACTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0348.tb">0348.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1668<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0348 12/16/88 TURBOLASER/PS ROTARY SWITCH CONNECTOR TO PCB PROBLEM:
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0349.tb">0349.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4031<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0349 12/28/87 AST 5250 TRANSLATION TABLES An alternate method of finding the translation tables for
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0350.tb">0350.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 385<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0350 12/17/87 AST 5251/11 WITH FRAMEWORK When 5250 emulation is running in the background mode and
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0351.tb">0351.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1028<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0351 12-28-87 UDS SYNCHRONOUS MODEM/INTERNAL CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0352.tb">0352.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 575<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0352 1-11-88 AST MS-DOS/DISK CACHE SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0353.tb">0353.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 423<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0353 1-11-88 DCA PRODUCTS - PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0354.tb">0354.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 396<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0354 1-7-88 PREMIUM/286 - DECNET
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0355.tb">0355.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1357<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0355 1-7-88 AST 3G PRODUCTS AND OS/2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0356.tb">0356.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 460<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0356 1-7-88 PREMIUM/286/WORDSTAR 2000
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0357.tb">0357.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 540<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0357 1-7-88 NOVELL/360K FLOPPY DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0358.tb">0358.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 595<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0358 1-19-88 AST'S HALF HEIGHT 40MB FIXED DISK DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0359.tb">0359.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 611<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0359 1-6-88 AST ETHERNET/ERROR "08"
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0360.tb">0360.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 670<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0360 1-11-88 AST 5251/11 - FAINT SCREEN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0361.tb">0361.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 747<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0361 1-14-88 PREMIUM/286 - DCA IRMA
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0362.tb">0362.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 528<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0362 1-14-88 CONCURRENT PC DOS/REMM.SYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0363.tb">0363.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 501<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0363 1-14-88 AST 3G-PLUS VIDEO ADAPTER/XENIX OPERATING SYSTEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0364.tb">0364.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 628<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0364 1-19-88 AST 3G-PLUS/CHARTMASTER & DIAGRAM MASTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0365.tb">0365.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 354<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0365 1-19-88 PREMIUM/286 - IBM 5250 ENHANCED EMULATION BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0366.tb">0366.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 454<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0366 1-19-88 PREMIUM/286 KEYBOARD FAILURES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0367.tb">0367.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 285<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0367 1-19-88 PREMIUM/286 AND ST-412 FIXED DISK
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0368.tb">0368.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0368 1-19-88 THIRD FLOPPY DRIVE ON PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0369.tb">0369.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 413<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0369 1-19-88 AST-3G/MULTIMATE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0370.tb">0370.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 793<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0370 1-20-88 PREMIUM/286 KEYBOARD ROM REVISIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0371.tb">0371.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 951<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0371 1-20-88 PREMIUM/286 - AST FIXED DISKS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0372.tb">0372.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 389<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0372 1-20-88 AST CC432 / EVEREX PC 1800
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0373.tb">0373.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 382<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0373 1-20-88 AST SNA PEN DETECT BIT SUPPORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0374.tb">0374.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 508<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0374 1-20-88 AST SNA DISK PRINTER EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0375.tb">0375.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 488<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0375 1-20-88 AST SNA DISK PRINTER CODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0376.tb">0376.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 562<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0376 1-20-88 AST SNA / VTAM CONFIGURATION CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0377.tb">0377.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2291<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0377 01-29-88 AT&T6300 DIM DISPLAY PATCH
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0378.tb">0378.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 603<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0378 02-08-88 5251/11 NOSNOW OPTION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0379.tb">0379.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 402<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0379 02-11-88 AST 5250 EMULATION WITH MICROSOFT WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0380.tb">0380.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1045<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0380 02-08-88 AST 5250 / KEYTRONIC 101 KEY ENHANCED KEYBOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0381.tb">0381.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 647<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0380 02-17-88 AST-3780 AND AUTO-DIAL MODEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0382.tb">0382.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 822<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0382 02-17-88 AST-5250 DISPLAY/PREMIUM 286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0383.tb">0383.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 653<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0383 02-17-88 AST-5251/11 PRODUCTS in the PHILLIPS PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0384.tb">0384.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1042<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0384 02-17-88 AST-5251/11 IN THE EPSON EQUITY III PC
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0385.tb">0385.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1041<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0385 02-18-88 AST FT11/A VER 1.30 WITH INDEXED DATA FILES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0386.tb">0386.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 415<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0386 03-01-88 REACH MODEM/8 MHZ
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0387.tb">0387.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 452<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0387 03-01-88 REACH MODEM/HAYES INCOMPATIBILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0389.tb">0389.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3377<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0389 03-01-88 TURBOLASER/PS EL/LPC UPGRADE KIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0428.tb">0428.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2660<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0428B 04-04-90 PREMIUM/286 AND 386 THIRD FLOPPY SUPPORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0429.tb">0429.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 10253<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0429B 01-02-90 PREMIUM/386 AND 386C DIAGNOSTICS AND UTILITIES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0435.tb">0435.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1046<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0435B 10-06-92 TURBOLASER PRINT QUALITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0457.tb">0457.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3085<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0457A 02-21-90 AST-3270/FTS-C FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0499.tb">0499.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1192<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0499A 05/16/90 AST-5250 ASYNC DIAL-UP FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0500.tb">0500.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3582<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0500E 11-14-90 AST-5251/11 ENHANCED FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0513.tb">0513.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3235<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0513F 11-15-90 AST-5251/11 FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0547.tb">0547.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1160<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0547A 03-22-90 5250 FILE TRANSFER ON THE IBM AS/400
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0550.tb">0550.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1196<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0550A 03-06-90 AST-3270 COAX II-CUT FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0552.tb">0552.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1236<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0552A 05/16/90 AST-3270 COAXII-CUT FTS-II FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0553.tb">0553.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1044<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0553A 04-26-90 AST-3780 FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0559.tb">0559.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 853<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0559A 02-21-90 SCO XENIX AND CONNER CP-344 DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0573.tb">0573.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4354<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0573A 04-19-90 5251/12 AND SYSTEM 34 SESSION PARAMETERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0599.tb">0599.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1293<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0599 01-15-90 AST PRODUCTS AND NOVELL NETWARE/386
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0600.tb">0600.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1110<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0600 01-16-90 486/25 SETUP: COPROCESSOR INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0601.tb">0601.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 880<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0601 01-19-90 REMOVAL OF NON-DOS PARTITIONS FROM AT EMBEDDED DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0602.tb">0602.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1227<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0602A 02-26-90 XFORMER/286 COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0603.tb">0603.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1074<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0603A 02-27-90 INSTALLING AST 3G PRODUCTS WITH OS/2 EXTENDED EDITION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0604.tb">0604.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4855<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0604 01-29-90 AST DOS 3.3 AND IBM PC SUPPORT INSTALL UTILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0605.tb">0605.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 591<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0605 01-29-90 PREMIUM SYSTEMS AND LOGITECH MODULA 2/86
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0606.tb">0606.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 792<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0606 01-29-90 AST MS-DOS AND IOMEGA BERNOULLI BOX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0607.tb">0607.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1049<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0607 01-29-90 ASTCACHE AND 3.5" FLOPPY DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0608.tb">0608.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 847<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0608A 02-26-90 ASTEMM.SYS AND MICROSOFT EXCEL 2.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0609.tb">0609.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1476<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0609A 02-01-90 REMM.SYS VERSION 4.50
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0610.tb">0610.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1747<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0610 02-07-90 SERIAL PORT PARITY ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0611.tb">0611.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 939<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0611 02-08-90 WORKSTATION/286 WITH NETWORTH ETHERNEXT CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0612.tb">0612.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 840<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0612 02-14-90 WORKSTATION/286 AND PROTEON PRONET 10 CARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0613.tb">0613.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 3108<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0613A 04-19-90 FASTBOARD 486/25 UPGRADE REQUIREMENTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0614.tb">0614.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2400<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0614 03-02-90 PREVIEW I/O PARALLEL PORT ADDRESS CORRECTIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0615.tb">0615.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1124<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0615 03-02-90 CONFIGURING FLOPPY DRIVES FOR AST SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0616.tb">0616.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 869<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0616 03-07-90 AST 3780 COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0617.tb">0617.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 672<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0617 03-14-90 PREMIUM/286 AND KEYTRONICS 3270 KEYBOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0618.tb">0618.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 829<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0618 03-14-90 FASTBOARD 386 AND MICROSOFT WORKS 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0619.tb">0619.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1798<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0619 03-20-90 RUNNING COMPATIBILITY TESTS ON THE VGA PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0620.tb">0620.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 865<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0620 03-27-90 BRAVO/386SX WITH TIARA LAN ADAPTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0621.tb">0621.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 962<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0621 04-04-90 WD7000-ASC SCSI CARDS AND PREMIUM 386/25 AND 386/33
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0622.tb">0622.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1273<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0622 04-12-90 SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS PROGRAMS AND PREMIUM COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0623.tb">0623.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1073<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0623A 02-08-91 COMPUTONE INTELEPORT 8 CARDS AND PREMIUM 386/25 AND 386/33
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0624.tb">0624.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 667<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0624 04-16-90 IBM OS/2 1.1, ESDI DRIVES AND PREMIUM 386C COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0625.tb">0625.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2083<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0625A 05/16/90 AST 5250 GATEWAY COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0626.tb">0626.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 458<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0626 05-02-90 CONFIGURING AST 5251/11 ENHANCED AS A 3196 TERMINAL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0627.tb">0627.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1237<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0627 05/31/90 INCOMPATIBLE DRAMS FOR RAMPAGEPLUS/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0628.tb">0628.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 711<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0628 06-29-90 USE OF ASTEMM.SYS WITH SUPERCALC 5
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0629.tb">0629.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1408<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0629 06-27-90 AUTOSENSING OPERATION OF THE VGA PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0630.tb">0630.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 790<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0630 07-01-90 BRAVO 386SX/DEC DEPCA CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0631.tb">0631.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 707<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0631 07-06-90 AST-TURBOSCAN COMPATIBILITY ISSUE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0632.tb">0632.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 825<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0632 08-13-90 PREMIUM 386SX/16 AND VERSACAD 386
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0633.tb">0633.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 753<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0633 08-15-90 AST SYSTEMS/DIGITAL RESEARCH FlexOS V2.2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0634.tb">0634.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 5095<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0634 08-23-90 AST SHADOW BIOS MEMORY ADDRESSES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0635.tb">0635.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 715<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0635 09-17-90 PREMIUM 386C SYSTEMS WITH PHILLIPS CD ROM PLAYER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0636.tb">0636.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1553<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0636 10-02-90 PREMIUM 486/25 - NOVELL AND IBM TOKEN RING CARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0637.tb">0637.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 896<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0637 10-04-90 AST COMPUTERS AND EVEREX TAPE DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0638.tb">0638.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 902<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0638 10-10-90 VGA PLUS AND WESTERN DIGITAL ETHERCARD PLUS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0639.tb">0639.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 772<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0639 10-25-90 SMC ARCNET AND 5251/11-A ENHANCED
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0640.tb">0640.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 930<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0640 11-05-90 MULTIPLE IPX VERSIONS AND 5250 GATEWAY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0641.tb">0641.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1513<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0641 11-08-90 NEW 386SX/16 PROCESSOR BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0642.tb">0642.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2533<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0642 11-12-90 VGA MODES SUPPORTED ON AST VGA PRODUCTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0643.tb">0643.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1109<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0643 11-06-90 RAMPAGEPLUS/286 AND ZENITH COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0644.tb">0644.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1668<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0644 11-12-90 AST COMPUTERS AND CHECKIT V3.0 SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0645.tb">0645.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 796<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0645 11-13-90 NOVELL NETBIOS ISSUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0646.tb">0646.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1204<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0646 11-15-90 TAPE DRIVE MOUNTING PROBLEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0647.tb">0647.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 626<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0647 10-11-90 AST PREMIUM/386C WITH 16 MEGABYTES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0648.tb">0648.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 706<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0648 10-23-90 BRAVO/286 WITH 3270 EMULATION SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0649.tb">0649.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6341<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0649 11-14-90 WINDOWS 3.0 INSTALLATION INFORMATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0650.tb">0650.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 706<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0650 11-26-90 AST PREMIUM WORKSTATION/286 MEMORY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0651.tb">0651.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1522<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0651 12-03-90 BRAVO/386SX - SEAGATE 157A
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0652.tb">0652.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0652 12-11-90 STARTEC BALUN HUB WITH AST5251/11 EMULATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0653.tb">0653.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 992<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0653 12-14-90 BRAVO/486 CONFIDENCE TEST
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0654.tb">0654.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1778<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0654 12-21-90 PREMIUM 386/16 WITH MATH CO-PROCESSOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0655.tb">0655.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 585<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0655A 02-04-91 AST MS OS/2 VERSION 1.2 AND MONOCHROME VIDEO ADAPTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0656.tb">0656.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 841<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0656A 02-04-91 CATAMOUNT ATC-16 TAPE CONTROLLER AND CUPID SYSTEMS WITH CHIPS & TECHNOLOGY CHIP SET
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0657.tb">0657.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 727<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0657 01/17/91 PC SUPPORT VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0658.tb">0658.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 845<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0658 01-21-91 VGA PLUS - IRQ 2 CONFLICTS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0659.tb">0659.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1112<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0659 01-30-91 RUNNING 3270 FTS UNDER PROFS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0660.tb">0660.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 590<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0660 01-30-91 AST 3270 COAX II WITH WEITEK MATH CO-PROCESSOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0661.tb">0661.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 908<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0661 01-30-91 AST COAX II-CUT AND WD-1007A CONTROLLER CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0662.tb">0662.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 697<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0662 01-31-91 PREMIUM COMPUTER WITH NASHUA DISKETTES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0663.tb">0663.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 821<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0663 02-01-91 BRAVO/386SX AND KEYBOARD ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0664.tb">0664.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 810<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0664 02-08-91 PREMIUM COMPUTERS AND MICROSPEED PC-TRACKBALL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0665.tb">0665.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1326<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0665 02-14-91 GUIDELINES FOR USING NOVELL'S COMPSURF UTILITY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0666.tb">0666.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1322<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0666 02-13-91 NOVELL COMPSURF WITH ESDI DRIVES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0667.tb">0667.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 738<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0667 02-18-91 PROTEON 16/4MB TOKEN RING ADAPTER (MODEL 1390) AND OS/2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0668.tb">0668.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1257<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0668 03-06-91 PREMIUM EXEC BATTERY PACK PRESSURE PAD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0669.tb">0669.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1325<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0669 03-08-91 PREMIUM 386SX-16 WITH PARADISE 8514/A PLUS CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0670.tb">0670.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 718<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0670 03-25-91 BRAVO/386SX AND THOMAS CONARD TC 4035
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0671.tb">0671.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 907<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0671 04-05-91 PREMIUM II WITH IBM'S 3270 ENTRY LEVEL PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0672.tb">0672.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 656<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0672 04-15-91 BRAVO/486 WITH SQL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0673.tb">0673.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 668<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0673 05-02-91 DEPCA DE-200A CARD AND ASTEMM 4.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0674.tb">0674.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 764<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0674 05-02-91 AST PREMIUM II 386SX/20 WITH ORACLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0675.tb">0675.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 20497<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0675 05-02-91 CONFIGURATION FILES FOR ISA OPTION BOARDS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0676.tb">0676.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 669<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0676 05-02-91 PREMIUM/386-C SERIAL PORT CONFLICT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0677.tb">0677.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 648<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0677 05-02-91 GIGATREND TAPE BACK-UP UNIT AND PREMIUM 386/33
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0678.tb">0678.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1404<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0678A 02-05-92 PREMIUM EXEC BATTERY MANAGEMENT CONTROLLER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0679.tb">0679.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 627<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0679 05-08-91 PREMIUM EXEC, QEMM AND DESQVIEW 2.26
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0680.tb">0680.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 685<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0680 05-08-91 ETHERNEXT LAN CARD AND PREMIUM/286
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0681.tb">0681.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 849<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0681 05-17-91 PREMIUM EXEC SUSPEND/RESUME AND PROTECTED MODE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0682.tb">0682.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1062<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0682 05-06-91 AST PREMIUM SYSTEMS WITH BUILT-IN MOUSE PORTS AND ADIC'S DCB
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0683.tb">0683.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 901<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0683 05-08-91 SUN RIVER CARD AND AST PREMIUM/386-33TE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0684.tb">0684.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2444<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0684 05-21-91 NOVELL 386 WITH AST DESK TOP AND TOWER SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0685.tb">0685.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1335<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0685 05-24-91 THE SUPER VGA MONITOR WITH AST VGA ADAPTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0686.tb">0686.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 795<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0686 05-28-91 BRAVO 386/SX-16 AND NOVELL'S NE2000 CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0687.tb">0687.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 883<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0687 05-30-91 PREMIUM/386-25, 33 AND CORE TAPE BACK UP UNIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0688.tb">0688.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 704<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0688 05-31-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/20 AND GEO WORKS ENSEMBLE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0689.tb">0689.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1885<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0689 04-30-91 PREMIUM II SYSTEM BIOS AUTOSENSE FEATURE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0690.tb">0690.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2119<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0690 06-18-91 EXCESSIVE HEAT IN TOWER EISA SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0691.tb">0691.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1552<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0691 06-19-91 PREMIUM II ILLEGAL CMOS VALUES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0692.tb">0692.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1014<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0692 07-12-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/20 AND XIRCOM MULTIPLEXOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0693.tb">0693.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 885<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0693 06-20-91 PREMIUM/386-25 PARALLEL PORT AND INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS UNIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0694.tb">0694.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 729<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0694 06-28-91 AST PREMIUM 386SX-16 AND ALSYS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0695.tb">0695.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1723<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0695 07-18-91 DESQVIEW AND AST SYSTEMS WITH BUILT-IN MOUSE PORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0696.tb">0696.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1810<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0696A 08-16-91 SCO UNIX BOOT FAILURE WITH MEMORY EXPANSION BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0697.tb">0697.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1035<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0697A 08-19-91 SIMULATION SCIENCES SOFTWARE AND AST 486 SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0698.tb">0698.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 840<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0698A 08-16-91 INTELLI-TREND SOFTWARE AND AST PREMIUM/386 SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0699.tb">0699.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 838<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0699 08-05-91 AST KEYBOARD AND BRAVO 486/25
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0700.tb">0700.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1099<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0700A 08-16-91 PREMIUM 386SX/16 AND COLORADO 120MB TAPE DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0701.tb">0701.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 876<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0701 08-07-91 PREMIUM EXEC SERIAL MOUSE/BACKLIGHT TIMEOUT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0702.tb">0702.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1003<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0702 09-17-91 AST ETHERNODE REMOTE BOOT AND DOS 5.00
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0703.tb">0703.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1900<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0703 09-17-91 PREMIUM/486-33TE AND WESTERN DIGITAL'S ELITE 16 COMBO
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0704.tb">0704.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 16332<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0704 09-06-91 AST 5251/12 REMOTE GATEWAY INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0705.tb">0705.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 995<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0705 09-17-91 PREMIUM EXEC AND LCD BORDER COLOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0706.tb">0706.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1026<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0706 09-25-91 IBM PS/PC SOFTWARE AND PREMIUM EXEC INTERNAL DATA MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0707.tb">0707.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2147<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0707 10-10-91 PREMIUM II 486SX/20 AND LOTUS 123 RELEASE 3.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0708.tb">0708.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1030<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0708 10-14-91 AST PREMIUM EXEC AND TOSHIBA EXPRESSWRITER 301
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0709.tb">0709.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1298<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0709 10-14-91 AST SYSTEMS WITH IBM'S OS/2 EE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0710.tb">0710.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2286<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0710A 10-28-91 SCO OPEN DESKTOP IN 800X600 VIDEO MODE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0711.tb">0711.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 863<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0711 10-28-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX20 AND AST MODEM SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0712.tb">0712.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1083<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0712A 10-28-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX-20 AND XIRCOM MULTIPLEXOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0713.tb">0713.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1055<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0713 10-31-91 AST PREMIUM EXEC 386SX-20 AND TAYLOR SOFTWARE FOR MODICON 884
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0714.tb">0714.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2030<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0714A 12-20-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX AND LOSS OF SETUP
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0715.tb">0715.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1261<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0715 11-05-91 AST PREMIUM EXEC 286/12 AND DOS 5.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0716.tb">0716.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1047<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0716 10-28-91 AST PREMIUM II 386SX-20 AND TRAK ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0717.tb">0717.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1198<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0717 10-22-91 PREMIUM II UTILITIES WITH MIS-IDENTIFICATION OF 386/33 PROCESSOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0718.tb">0718.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1693<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0718 10-09-91 AST's SVGA MONITOR AND OS/2 1.21
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0719.tb">0719.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 891<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0719 11-07-91 AST ETHERNODE AND SMC CONCENTRATORS/HUBS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0720.tb">0720.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1307<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0720 11-12-91 AST PREMIUM 486/33 TOWER EISA AND DPTFMT PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0721.tb">0721.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 806<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0721A 12-16-91 PREMIUM EXEC AND EMM386.EXE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0722.tb">0722.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1132<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0722 11-01-91 ADVANCED FASTRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0723.tb">0723.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1311<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0723 12-02-91 AST PREMIUM/386 TOWER EISA DETECTING RAM MEMORY AT 512K
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0724.tb">0724.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 819<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0724 12-10-91 AST SYSTEMS AND IBM ENTRY LEVEL 3270 VERSION 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0725.tb">0725.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 808<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0725 12-16-91 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/25 AND NUMLOCK KEY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0726.tb">0726.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1498<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0726 12-16-91 PREMIUM EXEC, MS-DOS 5.0 DOSSHELL AND TASK SWAPPING
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0727.tb">0727.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1110<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0727 12-17-91 AST 5251/11 ENHANCED WITH P.C. SUPPORT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0728.tb">0728.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1155<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0728 12-26-91 AST BRAVO 486/25 VIDEO BIOS ERRORS DURING POST
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0729.tb">0729.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 843<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0729 01-03-92 AST PREMIUM II 386SX-20 AND DEC PCSA SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0730.tb">0730.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1113<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0730 01-06-92 AST SYSTEMS WITH PS/2 MOUSE PORT AND CH PRODUCTS ROLLER MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0731.tb">0731.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1301<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0731 01-06-92 AST 486 SYSTEMS AND MICROSOFT EXCEL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0732.tb">0732.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1718<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0732 11-04-91 AST PREMIUM II WITH 387SX MATH CO-PROCESSOR AND WINDOWS 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0733.tb">0733.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1297<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0733 01-06-92 WINFAX ERRORS AND MICROSOFT WORKS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0734.tb">0734.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1173<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0734 01-06-92 BRAVO 386SX-20 AND MICROSOFT WORD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0735.tb">0735.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1035<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0735 01-16-92 FASTBOARD 386 AND DR-DOS 6.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0736.tb">0736.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1289<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0736 01-21-92 PREMIUM 486/25 AND IMSI PET MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0737.tb">0737.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1320<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0737 01-23-92 PREMIUM EXEC AND MICROSOFT PS/2 MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0738.tb">0738.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 818<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0738 01-23-92 PREMIUM EXEC AND MICROSOFT BALLPOINT MOUSE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0739.tb">0739.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 750<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0739 11-11-91 AST PREMIUM 486/33 WITH GERMAN KEYBOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0740.tb">0740.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1297<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0740 01-15-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC WITH PC HF WEATHER FAX SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0741.tb">0741.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 837<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0741 01-22-92 PREMIUM EXEC WITH MICROSOFT EXCEL
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0742.tb">0742.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1192<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0742 01-24-92 MICROSOFT WINDOWS 3.0 AND ENHANCED VGA MODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0743.tb">0743.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1284<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0743 01-24-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC 386 AND HEALTHDYNE SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0744.tb">0744.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1649<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0744A 03-04-92 AST 486 BASED SYSTEMS WITH ADAPTEC 1540 AND 1542B
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0745.tb">0745.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1230<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0745 01-30-92 AST SYSTEMS AND AST 5251/11 TERMINAL EMULATION PROGRAM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0746.tb">0746.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 982<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0746 02-20-92 AST SYSTEMS WITH DPTDDL.SYS DRIVER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0747.tb">0747.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1123<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0747 02-21-92 RAMPAGEPLUS/MC AND DCA 3270/MC BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0748.tb">0748.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 6987<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0748 03-18-92 BIOS SHADOWING IN AST SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0749.tb">0749.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 856<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0749 03-27-92 INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER SETS AND EXTENDED TEXT MODES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0750.tb">0750.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 4845<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0750 04-01-92 PREMIUM EXEC NI-CAD BATTERY INFORMATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0751.tb">0751.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1312<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0751 04-06-92 HARD DRIVE OPTION KITS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0752.tb">0752.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1393<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0752 04-08-92 VGA DRIVER SUPPORT FOR WINDOWS 3.1
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0753.tb">0753.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 832<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0753 04-20-92 PREMIUM II 386/33 WITH BARR/3 SDLC BOARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0754.tb">0754.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1515<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0754 05-20-92 AST OFFICE ADVANTAGE 386SX/20 AND WINDOWS 3.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0755.tb">0755.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1074<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0755 05-28-92 THIRD FLOPPY DRIVE SUPPORT UNDER IBM OS/2 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0756.tb">0756.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1266<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0756 06-01-92 PREMIUM EXEC 386SX/20 AND BATTERY WATCH
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0757.tb">0757.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1731<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0757 06-09-92 AST PREMIUM 486/33 WITH SQL SERVER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0758.tb">0758.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1856<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0758 05-27-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC AND THE WESTERN DIGITAL 60MB DRIVE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0759.tb">0759.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 839<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0759B 12-15-92 SIMM MATRIX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0760.tb">0760.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2318<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0760 06-10-92 ASTIVGA.EXE ON THE PREMIUM II AND BRAVO SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0761.tb">0761.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1399<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0761 06-24-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC 386SX-25 AND CARRIER CORP. SOFTWARE PROTECTION KEY
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0762.tb">0762.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1499<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0762 07-01-92 AST 5251/11 ENHANCED AND PC GUARDIAN "VIRUS PREVENTION PLUS"
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0763.tb">0763.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 974<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0763 07-16-92 AST MONOCHROME VGA MONITORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0764.tb">0764.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1221<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0764 07-17-92 AST POWER PREMIUM SYSTEMS AND HARDWARE CURSOR IMPLEMENTATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0765.tb">0765.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1206<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0765 07-20-92 AST SYSTEMS AND NORTON DESKTOP
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0766.tb">0766.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1086<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0766 07-21-92 AST POWER PREMIUM AND PEN POINT SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0767.tb">0767.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1502<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0767 07-17-92 ADVANTAGE/BRAVO SYSTEMS AND AST/WINDOWS 3.1 LOGO SCREEN
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0768.tb">0768.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1114<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0768 07-23-92 AST PREMIUM II 386/33 AND TORUS ETHERNET ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0769.tb">0769.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 936<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0769A 11-10-92 AST SVGA 14" LOW RADIATION MONITOR
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0770.tb">0770.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1470<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0770 07-28-92 PREMIUM EXEC DATA FAX\SEND RECEIVE MODEM AND BITFAX SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0771.tb">0771.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 992<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0771 08-12-92 AT&T UNIX AND AST SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0772.tb">0772.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 805<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0772 08-17-92 BRAVO 386SX/16 SYSTEMS HANG ON DOS 5.0 INSTALLATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0773.tb">0773.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1768<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0773 08-25-92 3COM COMPATIBILITY IN AST EISA SYSTEMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0774.tb">0774.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 380<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0774 09-01-92 AST POWER PREMIUM AND PAGEMAKER 4.0 IN 800X600X32K MODE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0775.tb">0775.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1003<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0775 09-01-92 AST BRAVO 386/486 SYSTEMS AND BOOT FAILURES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0776.tb">0776.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 787<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0776 09-15-92 UPGRADING THE BRAVO-II 486/XX BIOS TO VERSION 1.22
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0777.tb">0777.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 950<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0777 09-15-92 AST 5250 MCA ADAPTERS AND IBM MODEL P70 PORTABLE COMPUTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0778.tb">0778.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1966<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0778 09-22-92 BRAVO LC MEMORY UPGRADES WITH APPROVED VENDORS/PART NUMBERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0779.tb">0779.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1133<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0779 09-25-92 PREMIUM SE 4/33 AND MAYNARD INTERNAL TAPE ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0780.tb">0780.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 812<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0780 10-28-92 PREMIUM EXEC AND ULTRACOM 9600 MODEM
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0781.tb">0781.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1187<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0781 11-02-92 PREMIUM 486/33E AND COGENT DATA TECHNOLOGIES E/MASTER II-AT/TP ETHERNET ADAPTER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0782.tb">0782.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 839<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0782 11-05-92 ADVANTAGE! PLUS SETUP ANOMALIES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0783.tb">0783.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1117<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0783B 01-11-93 POWER EXEC WITH FILE TRANSFER AND LAPLINK SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0784.tb">0784.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1005<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0784 11-06-92 AST PREMIUM EXEC DATA/FAX INTERNATIONAL MODEMS AND WINFAXPRO 2.0
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0785.tb">0785.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1389<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0785 11-06-92 FASTRAM MEMORY BOARD FAILURES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0786.tb">0786.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 950<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0786 11-16-92 POWER EXEC AND FLASH BIOS UPDATE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0787.tb">0787.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 795<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0787 11-10-92 PREMIUM EXEC SYSTEMS AND IBM OS/2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0788.tb">0788.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1203<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0788 11-17-92 AST 486 SYSTEMS WITH IBM'S 5250 EMULATION CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0789.tb">0789.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 2070<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0789 11-19-92 PREMIUM 486/25 SYSTEMS AND NOVELL NON-DEDICATED NETWARE 2.2
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0790.tb">0790.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1959<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0790 12-01-92 BRAVO 4/33 LC AND IRWIN TAPE BACKUP UNIT
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0791.tb">0791.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1148<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0791 11-20-92 ADVANTAGE! PLUS MINI-TOWER AND I/O PORT CONFIGURATION
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0792.tb">0792.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 913<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0792 12-04-92 PREMIUM EXEC 3/25C AND CENTRAL POINT PC COMMUTE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0793.tb">0793.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 804<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0793 12-08-92 FASTBOARD/386 WITH RAM PARITY ERRORS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0794.tb">0794.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1270<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0794 12-09-92 POWER PREMIUM AND DALLAS SEMICONDUCTOR DS1255
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0795.tb">0795.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1081<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0795 12-10-92 PREMIUM II 386SX/20 AND XENIX 2.3 VERSION 4
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0796.tb">0796.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1112<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0796 12-09-92 PREMIUM 386C WITH 386 TO THE MAX
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0797.tb">0797.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 968<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0797 12-16-92 POWER PREMIUM AND MICROSOFT C/C++
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0798.tb">0798.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1055<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0798 12-21-92 ADVANTAGE! SYSTEMS AND MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0799.tb">0799.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1110<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0799 12-16-92 BRAVO AND ADVANTAGE MEMORY ACCESS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0800.tb">0800.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1153<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0800 12-30-62 POWER EXEC WITH STACKER AND NORTON DESKTOP
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0801.tb">0801.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1090<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0801 01-06-93 BRAVO 486/33 AND PIXEL WORKS RA-1280
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0802.tb">0802.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1875<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0802 01-04-93 POWER EXEC MODEM SOFTWARE AND EMM386.EXE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0803.tb">0803.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1298<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0803 12-30-92 EISA SYSTEMS WITH THE RACAL INTERLAN CARD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0804.tb">0804.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1087<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0804 01-11-93 POWER EXEC WITH SUSPEND AND PARALLEL PRINTERS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0805.tb">0805.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 918<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0805 01-11-93 POWER EXEC AND "MOUSE CONNECTED TO..." FIELD
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0806.tb">0806.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 841<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0806 01-11-93 POWER EXEC AND RECEIVING DATA COMMUNICATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0807.tb">0807.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 550<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0807 01-11-93 POWER EXEC, EXTERNAL KEYBOARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAMS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0808.tb">0808.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 732<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0808 01-11-93 POWER EXEC SL AND 12:05 ERROR MESSAGE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0809.tb">0809.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 906<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0809 01-11-93 POWER EXEC SL COM PORT COMBINATIONS
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0810.tb">0810.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 666<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0810 01-11-93 POWER EXEC AND FULL POST TEST
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0811.tb">0811.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 605<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0811 01-11-93 POWER EXEC SETUP FIELD CHANGES
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0812.tb">0812.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1410<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0812 01-21-93 PREMIUM EXEC SUSPEND MODE AND BITFAX SOFTWARE
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD ALIGN=TOP><A HREF="0813.tb">0813.tb</A> <tab to=T><TD> 1204<BR><TD> AST Research Technical Bulletin #0813 02-02-93 CUPID 486/33 SYSTEMS AND INTEL OVERDRIVE PROCESSOR UPGRADES
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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0001A 5-18-84
COMPATIBLE CLOCK BATTERIES
The lithium batteries used on AST multifunction products are used
to power the clock/calendar circuitry while the computer is
powered off. The expected life of these batteries is
approximately one year.
A replacement battery may be obtained from the AST product dealer
(AST part number 108-BR2325). Compatible substitution batteries
may be purchased from local camera or department stores.
The following is a list of compatible lithium batteries:
Manufacturer Part Number
Duracell DL2032
General Electric BR2325
Panasonic BR2325
Ray-O-Vac BR2325
Sanyo CR2032
Varta CR2032
*Radio Shack CR2320H
Battery replacement instructions are included in the manual
supplied with the AST product.
*Battery is .5mm thinner and is rated 50mAh less, but will
function properly. The expected life is approximately nine
months.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0002 4-16-84
POWER-ON SELF TEST ERROR ON XT AND PORTABLE COMPUTERS
When the IBM-XT or portable computer is powered-on, the system
BIOS initializes a Power-On Self Test (POST). In the upper left-
hand corner of the screen, the progress of the POST is displayed
in the format:
XXX KB OK
The number (XXX) should continue to increase until it equals the
amount of memory installed in the system. Normally, this test
takes 23 to 90 seconds to complete, depending on the amount of
memory installed. Upon completion, the system will attempt to
boot the diskette in drive A.
However, if switch 1 of the switch system board switch block is
"ON", the POST will re-initialize and start over. This will
continue in an endless loop.
This problem can be resolved by removing power from the system,
positioning switch 1 in the "OFF" position and then re-applying
power to the system.
The IBM Guide to Operations refers to this switch only as "Normal
operation; always off".


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0003A 4-30-84
MEMORY SWITCH ERROR IN IBM GUIDE
TO OPERATIONS FOR IBM PORTABLE PC
When extending the memory size of the IBM Portable PC beyond the
128K minimum capacity of the system motherboard, the procedure is
essentially the same as that for the XT.
Additional memory may be installed on the I/O bus without first
fully populating the motherboard. However, it is necessary to
indicate the amount of motherboard memory installed via switches
3 and 4 of the system motherboard switch block.
Unfortunately, page 4-81 of the IBM Guide to Operations Manual
erroneously shows that the switch position for 256K on the
motherboard is switch 3 off and switch 4 on. This is actually
the setting for 128K of RAM.
The following is the proper settings for switches 3 and 4 of the
system motherboard switch block.
AMOUNT OF MEMORY SWITCH SWITCH
INSTALLED ON MOTHERBOARD 3 4
128K OFF ON
192K ON OFF
256K (fully populated) OFF OFF


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0004B 3-19-85
D-RAM CHIP COMPATIBILITY FOR MULTIFUNCTION CARDS
The following is a list of 64K and 256K RAM Integrated Circuits
recommended by AST for use with AST Products. The products
covered in this list are: SixPakPlus, Advantage!, jrCombo,
MP Mini, MegaPlus II, ComboPlus and MP II.
The following 64K D-RAMS are recommended for the MegaPlus II,
MP Expansion, and ComboPlus. The SixPakPlus (Revision D or
earlier) also uses the same D-RAMS.
VENDOR PART NUMBER
AMD AM9064-20PC
Hitachi HM4864P-3
Fujitsu MB8264-20M
Intel P2164A-20
Micron MT4264N-3 or -20
Mitsubishi M5K4164NP-20
Mostek MK456N-20
Motorola MCM6665AP20 or ...BP20
NEC UPD4164C-2
OKI MSM3764-2 or S
TI TMS4164-20NL
Toshiba TMMS4164-20NL
Toshiba TMM4164AP-20
The following 64K D-RAMS are recommended for the jrCombo, MP Mini
and MP II. The SixPakPlus (Revision E or later) also uses the
same D-RAMS.
VENDOR PART NUMBER
AMD AM9064-15PC
Hitachi HM4864P-2
Fujitsu MB8264-15M
Intel P2164A-15
Micron MT4264N-2 or -15
Mitsubishi M5K4164NP-15
Mostek MK4564N-15
Motorola MCM6665AP15 or ...BP15
NEC UPD4164C-3
OKI MSM3764-15RS
TI TMS4164-15NL
Toshiba TMM4164P-3
Toshiba TMM4164AP-15
AMD AM9064-20PC
Hitachi HM4864P-3
Fujitsu MB8264-20M
Intel P2164A-20
Micron MT426N-3 or -20
Mitsubishi M5K4164NP-20
Mostek MK456N-20
Motorola MCM6665AP20 or ...BP20
NEC UPD4164C-2
OKI MSM3764-20RS
TI TMS4164-20NL
Toshiba TMM4164P-4
Toshiba TMM4164AP-20
The following 64K D-RAMS are recommended for the Advantage!:
VENDOR PART NUMBER
AMD AM9064-15PC
Hitachi HM4864P-2
Fujitsu MB8264-15M
Intel P2164A-15
Micron MT4264N-2 or -15
Mitsubishi M5K416NP-15
Mostek MK456N-15
Motorola MCM6665AP15 or ...BP15
NEC UPD4164C-3
OKI MSM3764-15RS
TI TMS4164-15NL
Toshiba TMM4164P-3
Toshiba TMM4164AP-15
The following 256K D-RAMS are recommended for the Advantage! and
jrCombo:
VENDOR PART NUMBER
Hitachi HM50256P-15
TI TMS4256-15NL
AT & T WCM41256FX-20
AST further recommends that the speed of the D-RAMS, measured in
nanoseconds should NOT be mixed on the same board.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0005 4-23-84
SETTING CLOCK FREQUENCY FOR SIXPAKPLUS FASTER OR SLOWER
CAUTION: We suggest that you leave the factory configuration
alone. But, if you must, here is the pertinent
information you'll need.
How to set frequency of SixPak clock, so as to slow frequency
down or speed frequency up.
First, a few points of reference:
1. Clock chip U66 on SixPak board, pin 11 is the pin
responsible for checking frequency (see Diagram 1.0).
The notched end of the chip is the location of pin 1
(see Diagram 1.1).
2. Variable Capacitor; C86 located next to clock chip (see
Diagram 2.0). Turning this clockwise speeds up frequency
and turning counter-clockwise slows it down (see Diagram
2.1).
The recommended frequency range is 30.5171-30.5175KHZ.
Above 30.5175, or clockwise, is faster; and below
30.5171 KHZ, or counter-clockwise, is slower (see
Diagram 2.2).
3. Setting Frequency Counter: Racal-Dana 9906 or
Equivalent.
A) Time Base 104
B) Period A
C) Delay Out
D) DC
E) Start and Stop on Leading Edge
4. Checking voltage of battery pin 24 of clock chip and
minus side of battery holder (see Diagram 3.0).
Minimum voltage at pin 24 should be no lower than 2.3
volts, and the battery itself should be 3.0 volts; 2.8
at the lowest.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0006 4-30-84
MONOGRAPHPLUS CAUTION STATEMENT
The following caution statement is included both as a separate
warning notice, and as a notice within both manuals in each
MonoGraphPlus shipping package.
C A U T I O N ! ! !
TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO YOUR MONITOR, DO NOT RUN THE IBM
DIAGNOSTICS WITH YOUR AST RESEARCH MONOGRAPHPLUS
BOARD UNTIL YOU HAVE MODIFIED THEM ACCORDING TO THE
INSTRUCTIONS IN APPENDIX A OF THE MONOGRAPHPLUS
USER'S MANUAL OR APPENDIX E OF THE MONOGRAPHPLUS
TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL.
If you run unmodified diagnostics with the MonoGraph
Plus board, the screen will display "garbage" and
damage to your monitor can result. Under no
circumstances will AST Research, Inc., be liable in
any way for damages that arise from running
unmodified IBM diagnostics with the MonoGraphPlus
board.
Do not run the diagnostics if you are unable to patch
them.
The damage which is referred to is that a fuse within the
Monochrome monitor may "blow" and result in the requirement for a
service call. As this is an internal fuse, the monitor must be
opened up to service the fault. We do not recommend that the
customer attempt this service himself. Potentially lethal
voltages exist within the monitor, even with the power cord
removed from the source. In addition, this fuse is soldered into
the circuit, and as such, soldering skills are required for its
replacement.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0007 4-13-84
CABLE CONNECTION FOR AST PARALLEL PORT
TO IDS MODEL P-132 COLOR PRINTER
To connect the IDS model P-132 color printer to the AST parallel
port, a unique printer cable must be fabricated.
While AST does not provide a cable for this connection, table 1
illustrates the connections necessary to fabricate a cable to
connect between the AST adapter cables DB25S connector and the
IDS printer.
LINE AST PARALLEL PORT IDS PRINTER LINE
NAME CABLE CONNECTOR CONNECTOR NAME
-STROBE 1---------------------3 STROBE
D0 2--------------------14 D0
D1 3--------------------13 D1
D2 4--------------------12 D2
D3 5--------------------11 D3
D4 6--------------------10 D4
D5 7---------------------9 D5
D6 8---------------------8 D6
D7 9 N.C.
-ACK 10--------------------22 ACK
BUSY 11--------------------19 BUSY
PE 12--------------------24 PAPER OUT
SLOT 13---------------------4 ON LINE
-ERROR 15---------------------18 FAULT TTL LEVEL
GROUND 18----------------------7 SIGNAL GROUND
thru
25--- ---1 PROTECTIVE GROUND


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0008A 6-25-84
MEGAPLUS II GAME ADAPTER PROBLEM
In the revisions listed below of the MegaPlus II, the location of
a crystal is in conflict with securing the game adapter piggyback
board.
REV AO
REV C
REV D
REV E
Normally, the game adapter is plugged into a 62-pin connector on
the MegaPlus II board, then fastened at the top via a
standoff.
This conflict will require the user to remove the standoff, or
"stud", that fastens the game adapter to the MegaPlus II. The
two boards, therefore, being fastened at the 62 pin connector
only. Tests show this is a plausible solution.
The revision ID is located at the leftmost end of the board near
the center.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0009 4-13-84
SIXPAKPLUS WITHOUT PRINTER OPTION
Jumper IRQ-7 should be removed when the printer option is not
installed on the SixPakPlus. It is possible that the IRQ-7
driver (U85-FIG.1) could erroneously enable and hold this term
low. By removing the IRQ-7 jumper, this possibility is
eliminated.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0010 4-13-84
IRQ-7 PARALLEL PORT CONTENTION
IRQ-7 USED BY AST MULTIFUNCTION BOARDS
FOR PARALLEL I/O PORT OPERATIONS
In some of the earlier multifunction boards, where the parallel
port is an option and that option is not included on the board, a
problem is created.
When this option, parallel port, was not ordered, a IC (74LS174)
that governs the status lines for the parallel port was deleted
on the bill of materials. Unfortunately, this IC also controls
the IRQ-7 line. With this IC (74LS174) not present, it creates a
low condition, via 74LS125, which causes contention with other
devices trying to use IRQ-7. Example of circuit is attached.
The IC (74LS174) must be installed for proper operation. Refer
to schematics, at rear of user's manual, for correct location of
74LS174 IC.
AST Research suggests when working with dual in line packages,
that you carefully place IC's in socket so that the legs insert
properly into socket. Examine carefully after insertion and
verify that all legs of IC are seated properly in their
respective socket.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0011 5-1-84
SIXPAKPLUS VER 1.0 SCHEMATIC ERROR
The SixPakPlus ver 1.0 has an error in the game port interface
schematic (see Fig. 1.0). Please make respective changes to
SixPakPlus user's manual.
Game port schematic is located in back of manual, part number
PUB-001177-01-AO.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0012 5-16-84
MEGAPLUS II IRQ SILKSCREEN CONFLICT
In certain revisions of the MegaPlus II, the silkscreen for the
IRQ block is in error. The correct silkscreen for the IRQ jumper
block should be:
* * * * * * * * *
< JUMPER BLOCK
* * * * * * * * *
CORRECT
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 7
S C S C C S C
The incorrect silkscreen is as follows:
* * * * * * * * *
< JUMPER BLOCK
* * * * * * * * *
INCORRECT
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 7
S C S S C C S C
Notice that the position labeled 3S and 3 are swapped, and 4 was
changed to 4S.
Listed below are the revision levels that have the incorrect
silkscreen for ASSY 03-01165-01 MegaPlus II board:
REV AO
REV C
REV D
REV E


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0013A 8-31-84
3.30 WORDSTAR PATCH FOR IBM PC'S
WITH MORE THAN 512K RAM MEMORY
"NOT ENOUGH MEMORY" ERROR
WordStar is a program that is set up to see a maximum of 512K RAM
memory. If it sees more than that amount, it will try to write
over itself. Not being able to complete this task, WordStar will
give back the error "not enough memory".
The patch below will rectify the error explained above. This
patch is also only compatible with IBM PCs with WordStar 3.30 and
PC DOS 2.00 and 2.10. This patch is to be utilized with IBM
DEBUG on the WINSTALL.COM file.
IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 2.00 & 2.10
A> debug WINSTALL.COM <-------------First Line
-e 2d4 <---------------------------Second Line
090B:02D4 7C.72 <----------------Third Line - Only the 72
-w <--------------------------------Fourth Line
Writing 0480 bytes <----------------Computer Answer Back with
-q <--------------------------------Fifth Line, and Final
WordStar is a registered trademark of Micro Pro Corporation. IBM
is a registered trademark of International Business Machines
Corporation.

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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0014 6-1-84
MULTIFUNCTION FEATURE SUMMARY
The matrix table below was assembled for quick reference of
multifunction products and their features.
I/O COMBO MEGA SIXPAK MP II MONOGRAPH
PLUS II PLUS II PLUS II PLUS PLUS
MAXIMUM MEM N/A 256K 256K 384K 384K N/A
ON BOARD
ADDITIONAL N/A N/A 128K N/A N/A N/A
MEGAPAK MEM OR
256K
SERIAL PORT ONE STD ONE STD ONE STD ONE STD N/A ONE STD*
TWO OPT TWO OPT
PARALLEL ONE OPT ONE STD ONE OPT ONE STD N/A ONE STD
PORT
GAME PORT ONE OPT N/A ONE OPT ONE OPT N/A N/A
CLOCK STD STD STD STD STD STD
SUPERPAK STD STD STD STD STD N/A
MONOGRAPHPAK N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A STD
* ONE DELETED IS OPTIONAL


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0015A 9-19-84
INCOMPATIBILITY OF COLUMBIA'S PARALLEL PORT
Due to compatibility inquiries, tests have been conducted on
Columbia's (DESKTOP PC model 1600) parallel port.
The results of these tests show that Columbia parallel port is
not directly compatible with IBM hardware standard or AST
SuperSpool.
Listed below are three major considerations to be aware of when
configuring this system with an AST product.
1. Parallel port on Columbia does a self increment. When
an AST product with a parallel port is installed and
addressed as LPT1, the Columbia parallel port
increments to LPT2.
2. SuperSpool will not function properly when output is
directed to Columbia's parallel port. This is true
whether the port is addressed as LPT1 or LPT2.
3. Located on the Columbia's motherboard is the cable
connector for a parallel port. This connection is not
IBM plug compatible. It is a 37 position connector,
whereas the IBM and AST parallel port connectors are 25
position.
To optimize usage of an AST product in this PC; 1) address AST
board as LPT1, thereby allowing usage of SuperSpool, 2) procure
an IBM compatible cable or modify existing cable to conform with
IBM standards, 3) if Columbia's parallel port is to be used, do
not direct SuperSpool to this point.
Note: All testing and considerations are based on PC-DOS.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0016 6-7-84
FREQUENTLY-ASKED QUESTIONS
MONOGRAPHPLUS GRAPHICS CARD
*WHAT DOES THE MONOGRAPHPLUS DO?
The MonoGraphPlus replaces IBM's Monochrome Display/Printer
Adapter and enables you to do bit-mapped graphics on the
monochrome display without sacrificing its high quality text
characters.
*WHAT IS THE RESOLUTION WITH THE MONOGRAPHPLUS?
There are two graphics pages each with a resolution of 720h x
348v.
*CAN I RUN 1-2-3 ON THE MONOGRAPHPLUS?
Yes. The MonoGraphPlus is one of the graphics cards that Lotus
fully supports.
*IS THE GRAPHICS CARD COMPATIBLE WITH THE XT?
Yes. It's compatible with the XT and DOS 2.0.
*CAN I RUN THE SAME SOFTWARE THAT I RAN ON MY IBM MONOCHROME
BOARD?
Yes. Applications software and programming languages compatible
with the IBM monochrome board are also compatible with the
MonoGraphPlus. You can run text mode software like WordStar,
VisiCalc and dBase II without any modifications.
*WHAT SOFTWARE DO YOU SUPPLY?
We provide a diskette, MonoGraphPak, which includes programs to
use the clock/calendar function and to display a 26th status
line. That line includes such information as directory trees,
status of selected keys, and a running display of the time-of-
day. In addition, we supply detailed information on how to
program a 27th line with any information you wish.
*CAN I RUN GRAPHICS SOFTWARE WRITTEN ONLY FOR THE IBM COLOR CARD?
No. However, there are a number of graphics programs
compatible with the MonoGraphPlus.
*CAN I SIMULTANEOUSLY DISPLAY TEXT AND GRAPHICS?
Yes. In graphics mode, software draws the test characters.
*WHAT CHARACTER SET DOES THE MONOGRAPHPLUS USE?
The character set is the IBM style of a 7x9 character in a 9x14
box. It is located in a socketed EPROM on the MonoGraphPlus.
*WHICH PRINTERS OR PLOTTERS CAN I USE WITH THE CARD?
Any parallel port printer or plotter is compatible with the
MonoGraphPlus.
*WILL YOUR CARD WORK WITH IBM'S COLOR CARD IN THE SYSTEM?
No, because they use the same memory address in the screen
buffer.
*WHICH SYSTEM AND MONITORS OTHER THAN IBM'S WILL THE
MONOGRAPHPLUS SUPPORT?
The MonoGraphPlus meets the specifications of the IBM PC and the
IBM monochrome display and it will support other systems and
monitors which also meet those specs. The MonoGraphPlus does not
support a color monitor.
*WHAT DOCUMENTATION DO YOU SUPPLY?
We supply a User's Manual which describes installation, checkout
and basic use of the MonoGraphPlus. In addition, we supply a
very comprehensive Technical Reference Manual which includes
detailed programming information, schematics, and other
information of value to the technical user.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0017 6-8-84
APPROVED PARTS FOR OPTIONAL SERIAL PORTS
To insure a high level of product quality, AST qualifies all
components used within their products.
The attached list itemizes the semi-conductors used to install an
optional serial port. Listed under each generic part number and
description are the approved manufacturers and part number for
that part.
Parts other than those listed are not qualified and may not
function properly.
GENERIC AST PART NO. APPROVED MANUFACTURER
8250B 100018-001 NATIONAL INS825ON-B
WESTERN DIGITAL WD8250P-20
WESTERN DIGITAL WD8250P-00
1488 100008-001 FAIRCHILD UA1488PC
MOTOROLA MC1488PC
NATIONAL DS1488N
SIGNETICS MC1488P
TEXAS INST. MC1488P
TEXAS INST. 75188
1489 100009-001 FAIRCHILD UA1489PC
MOTOROLA MC1489PC
NATIONAL DS1489N
SIGNETICS MC1489P
TEXAS INST. MC1489P
TEXAS INST. 75189
74LSO4 100003-003 HITACHI HD74LSO4P
MITSUBISHI M74LSO4P
MOTOROLA SN74LSO4N
NATIONAL DM74LSO4N
SGS P74LSO4B1
SIGNETICS N74LSO4N
TEXAS INST. SN74LSO4N
74LS90 100003-015 FAIRCHILD 74LS9OPC
HITACHI HD74LS9OP
MITSUBISHI M74LS9OP
MOTOROLA SN74LS9ON
NATIONAL DM74LS9ON
SIGNETICS N74LS9ON
TEXAS INST. SN74LS9ON


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0018 6-11-84
SIXPAKPLUS SWITCH SETTING & PLUG POSITION
To facilitate answering questions or configuring a SixPakPlus
product into an IBM PC the following information on switch
setting and shorting plug positions has been assembled (see
Exhibit A).
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0019A 7-16-84
IBM PC ERROR CODES
Below is a list of error codes that may occur during the POST
(Power On Self Test) or when running the IBM Diagnostics. If it
were to occur during the POST, it would appear as a three or four
digit number. If it were to occur during the IBM Diagnostics, it
would appear as "ERROR -- SYSTEM UNIT xxyy", where xx is the
device number and yy is the error code. The most common error
code is 01. For example, the error message "ERROR - SYSTEM UNIT
201" would appear in the IBM Diagnostics if it were to detect a
memory error.
DEVICE ERROR DEVICE NAME
021 POWER SUPPLY
101 SYSTEM UNIT
201 MEMORY
301 KEYBOARD
401 MONOCHROME DISPLAY
501 COLOR/GRAPHICS DISPLAY
601 DISKETTE DRIVE(S)/ADAPTER
701 MATH COPROCESSOR
901 PARALLEL PRINTER ADAPTER
1101 ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTER - COM1
1201 ALTERNATE ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS - COM2
1301 GAME CONTROL ADAPTER
1401 IBM MATRIX PRINTER
1501 SYNCHRONOUS DATA LINK CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS
- SDLC
1701 FIXED DISK DRIVE(S)/ADAPTER
1801 EXPANSION UNIT
2001 BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS - BSC
2101 ALTERNATE BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS
- ALT BSC
2201 IBM CLUSTER ADAPTER
* 2801 DISTRIBUTED FUNCTION COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTER
2801 IBM 3278/79 EMULATION ADAPTER
2901 IBM COLOR GRAPHICS PRINTER
* 3201 DISPLAY ADAPTER
3301 IBM COMPACT PRINTER
* - 3270 PC ONLY


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0020 6-18-84
COM 2 SELECTION IN IBM PC-2 EARLY MODELS
It has been reported that there are a number of IBM PC-2
motherboards, earlier models, that do not allow COM 2 selection.
There are two distinctly physical features:
1. The motherboard is brown in color.
2. In between banks 02 and 03, the silkscreen "YB" exists (see
figure 1).
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0021 6-22-84
USING A TALLGRASS HARDFILE AS THE PC-NET FILE SERVER
A Tallgrass HardFile running with Tallgrass software release 4.18
or later is fully compatible with AST-PCnet and AST-PCnet II.
However, for proper operation with the network, please note the
following.
1. The "Duplicate Directory", "Cache Memory", "Verify Read
After Write", and "Landing Zone" options must be turned
off (disabled).
2. Any time you change the "Duplicate Directory",
"Allocation Unit Size (AU)", or "Directory Size"
parameters in TGSYS, you must also initialize the
affected directory or directories on the HardFile. This
is done with the "D" or "F" commands in the Tallgrass
program called UTILITY. Since initializing the
directory will cause you to lose all the data on that
volume, these options should be used with great caution.
3. Whenever you change the "Duplicate Directory",
"Allocation Unit Size (AU)", or "Directory Size"
parameters in TGSYS, followed by the "D" or "F" options
in UTILITY, you must run SPCINST followed by UPCINST on
all affected networked PCs.
Failure to observe these instructions may cause the uPCs to
be unable to properly read the Tallgrass directory. For
example, a "DIR" command from the uPC to the sPC's Tallgrass
drive may show missing files, extra files, or no files at
all, while the same "DIR" command entered at the sPC returns
the proper directory listing. Another symptom of this
problem is when a "CHKDSK" command issued to a shared volume
returns different information on the uPC compared to the
same command issued at the sPC.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0022 6-18-84
GAME SIGNAL LINE CONFIGURATION
A frequently asked question is: what are the "terms" at the DB15
end of the game port cable, AST part number 106525-001. Listed
below are the "terms" and connector pin outputs.
16 PIN
CONNECTOR AT AST CABLE
PCB DB15S (FEMALE)
TERM PIN # PIN #
JOYSTICK A +5 VOLTS 1 1
BUTTON 1 3 2
X AXIS 5 3
GND 7 4
GND 9 5
Y AXIS 11 6
BUTTON 2 13 7
+5 VOLTS 15 8
JOYSTICK B +5 VOLTS 2 9
BUTTON 3 4 10
X AXIS 6 11
GND 8 12
Y AXIS 10 13
BUTTON 4 12 14
+5 VOLTS 14 15


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0023A 4-1-85
IBM DISPLAYWRITE SERIES COMPATIBILITY WITH PCNET
DISPLAYWRITE II is compatible with PCnet and PCnet II if used
with AST PCnet software release Versions 3.01A (Maintenance
Release) and 3.10 (Production Released).
DISPLAYWRITE III is NOT currently compatible with PCnet or
PCnet II Software Releases.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0024 6-22-84
CONNECTING UDS MODEMS WITH CC432 BOARDS
When connecting a UDS 208A/B modem to an AST CC-432 board, the
following configuration is necessary. Failure to do so could
cause the modem to oscillate DSR.
1. Locate dipshunt U25 (see Fig. 1).
2. Open position 3 and 6.
3. Complete the regular installation procedure as per
instructions in the CC-432 manual.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0025 7-9-84
PCNET II TERMINATOR ALTERNATIVE
At times it may be desirable to move nodes (network workstations)
to different locations along the trunk cable. If a terminated
node (jumper block T in position 2) is exchanged for a non-
terminated node (jumper block T in position 1) both PCs would
have to be opened to change these jumpers. The alternative is
to terminate the ends of the trunk cable and leave all the PCNet
II boards non-terminating. The termination must be done at the
two very end tap boxes using a 120 ohm resistor wired as seen in
figure 1. Type and wattage of the resistor is not important
although larger wattage resistors may not fit inside the tap box.
The resistors are not supplied by AST, but are available from
most electronic part suppliers.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0026A 8-20-84
MONOGRAPH COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility testing has determined that the following items are
plug compatible with the MonoGraphPlus:
1. AMDEX 310A
2. Leading Edge computer, model MP 1673L, with monitor
model no. 41-220-T.
Note that Leading Edge has a resident clock that cannot
be disabled.
3. Princeton Graphics Systems (PGS) model MAX-12.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0027 7-9-84
ERRORS DURING IBM FORMAT
A format error can occur when using AST SuperSpool with IBM
FORMAT or DISKCOPY.
IBM FORMAT command must always reside in a 64K block of
contiguous memory, otherwise a format error can occur. The
SuperSpool's /U command could force the FORMAT command outside
the 64K boundary.
If the format error occurs, vary the /U command by +/- 3K.
This should clear the problem.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0028 7-13-84
BASIC'S AVAILABLE MEMORY DISCREPANCY
When using the IBM PC BASIC Interpreter, at initialization, it
displays the version, release, and copyright information. In
addition it displays the amount of memory available to the user
and their program. It is displayed as 'xxxxx Bytes free', where
xxxxx is a decimal value from 0 to 65536. BASIC is limited to
64kb regardless of total memory in system.
After installing an AST board with one or more serial
(asynchronous) port(s), one may notice that available memory has
changed. The reason being that when invoking Disk or Advanced
BASIC, BASIC determines if there are serial ports in the system;
and if so keeps an internal driver resident for each port found.
This means less available memory to the user. This driver is 436
bytes in length.
This data was gathered from tests using Disk and Advanced BASIC,
of releases 1.10, 2.00, 2.10. Be aware that the Disk BASIC is the
BASIC.COM and Advanced BASIC is the BASICA.COM on your DOS disk.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0029 7-16-84
AST-PCNET PRINT SPOOLER
When using the AST-PCnet Print Spooler on a local PC (shared
printer attached), under certain conditions the SuperSpool
secondary control commands (/P, /C /S, etc.) will not work. The
specific conditions which cause this problem are as follows:
1. The system board switches are set for less memory than
is actually installed in the computer.
2. SuperSpool version 1.31, is resident in the area of
memory located above the setting of the system board
switches.
3. A SPLLINK version 1.00 command for local PCs has been
executed.
Under these conditions, attempting to use a SuperSpool secondary
command such as "SUPERSPL /P" will result in the following error
mesage:
Printer Specification Required.
ABORTING...
This is caused by the fact that SPLLINK has "stolen" SuperSpool's
INT 17 interrupt vector, coupled with the fact that SuperSpool is
unable to locate its own "footprint" in low memory. It therefore
assumes that it is not resident and rejects the secondary
command.
If the user`s system is configured with more memory than the
system switches indicate and he needs to use the SuperSpool
secondary commands, the SuperSpool "/DH" and/or "/DNC" options
should be used when invoking SuperSpool the first time. This
will restrict SuperSpool to using only the memory located below
the system board switches, and the problem will not occur.
Note that the problem described above does not occur if you are
not using SPLLINK.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0030 7-17-84
DMA CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT IN THE IBM PC AND XT
When interfacing products to the IBM PC or XT, which use Direct
Memory Access (DMA), it is necessary to insure that there is not
a conflict with a device using the same channel.
The following table shows the channels and their assignments.
ADD-ON
CHANNEL IBM ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT
DMA 0 IBM MEMORY REFRESH NONE
DMA 1 IBM - SDLC AST-PCOX - STD
AST-PCNET
DMA 2 IBM - FLOPPY DISK NONE
DMA 3 IBM - HARD DISK AST-PCOX (Alt.)
OTHER HARD DISK


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0031 7-17-84
AST MONOGRAPHPLUS TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL
In Table 4-1 that is located on page 4-2 of Technical Reference Manual
(part no. 000127-002A) there are some corrections necessary under the
column "Graphics Mode". A "change page" has recently been distributed
to make corrections, but it also contains one error in the table.
Listed below is the corrected table.
Table 4-1 CRTC Internal Registers
Register Text Mode Graphics Mode
Number Parameter (decimal/hex) (decimal hex) Units
:00 Horizontal total 97/:61 56/:38 Characters
:01 Horizontal display 80/:50 42/:2D Characters
:02 HSync position 82/:52 48/:30 Characters
:03 HSync width 15/:0F 08/:08 Characters
:04 Vertical total 25/:19 90/:5A Rows
:05 Vertical adjust 06/:06 00/:00 Lines
:06 Vertical displayed 25/:19 87/:57 Rows
:07 VSync position 25/:19 87/:57 Rows
:08 Interlace mode 02/:02 02/:02 -----
:09 Maximum scan
line 13/:0D 03/:03 Lines
address
:0A Cursor start line 11/:0B 00/:00 Lines
:0B Cursor end line 12/:0C 00/:00 Lines
:0C Screen start 00/:00 00/:00 -----
address (high)
:0D Screen start 00/:00 00/:00 -----
address (low)
:0E Cursor address 00/:00 00/:00 -----
(high)
:0F Cursor address 00/:00 32/:20 -----
(low)
:10 Reserved ------ ------ -----
:11 Reserved ------ ------ -----


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0032A 4-15-85
5251 VERSION 2.1 INTERRUPT REQUEST SELECTION
AST 5251 is configured to use IRQ 2. If another system device is
utilizing this interrupt, a different interrupt request line may
be selected.
Here is a list of valid choices and their standard uses.
IRQ 2 = Reserved
IRQ 3 = Asynchronous Communications (secondary)
SDLC Communications
BSC (secondary)
IRQ 4 = Asynchronous Communications (primary)
BSC (primary)
IRQ 5 = Fixed Disk (if you have the PC-XT)
IRQ 6 = Diskette
IRQ 7 = Printer
To select a different interrupt, the CC432 card and the software
must be reconfigured.
Locate the switch bank on the CC432 board. Switches 3 through 8
select the interrupt.
SW 3 = IRQ 7
SW 4 = IRQ 6
SW 5 = IRQ 5
SW 6 = IRQ 4
SW 7 = IRQ 3
An ON condition selects the interrupt, and only one IRQ position
may be ON at any time.
To patch AST5251.EXE, it is first necessary to rename it in order
for DEBUG.COM to edit it. Type in the commands in boldface on a
disk that has DOS, DEBUG and AST5251.EXE on it.
A>REN AST5251.EXE AST5251.tst <ENTER>
A>
A>DEBUG AST5251.tst <ENTER>
- e300 <ENTER>
- 08ff:0300 0A.XX space bar 04.ZZ <ENTER>
-W
WRITING A000 BYTES
-Q
A>
A>REN AST5251.tst AST5251.EXE
A>
Where XX and ZZ are equal to the value of the interrupt you have
selected. Use the following table for correct value:
XX ZZ
0A. 04 = IRQ 2
0B. 08 = IRQ 3
0C. 10 = IRQ 4
0D. 20 = IRQ 5
0E. 40 = IRQ 6
0F. 80 = IRQ 7


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0033A 9-4-84
AST-5251 VER. 2.1 ADDRESSING
The AST-5251 package utilizes I/O address 300 to 30F. If another
peripheral board is using the same or part of this address range
it will be necessary to readdress the AST-5251.
To readdress AST-5251, the CC-432 board and AST5251.EXE must be
reconfigured.
Locate the switch bank (S1) on the CC-432 board. Switches one
and two select the I/O address range for the CC-432.
S1 Position Hexidecimal Application
1 2 I/O Addresses
ON ON 300-30F Prototype Card
OFF ON 320-32F Fixed Disk
ON OFF 340-34F Not Used
OFF OFF 360-36F Not Used
To patch AST5251.EXE it is first necessary to rename it in order
for DEBUG.COM to edit it. Type in the commands in boldface on a
disk that has DOS, DEBUG.COM, and AST5251.EXE on it.
A>REN AST5251.EXE AST5251.TST
A>
A>DEBUG AST5251.TST
-e300 (sp = spacebar)
sp sp sp sp sp sp sp
08FF:0300 0A. 04. 02.XX 03. 00.YY 03. 00.ZZ 03.
sp
08FF:0308 04. DD
-w
Writing A000 bytes
-q
A>
A>REN AST5251.TST AST5251.EXE
A>
(*) Where XX, YY, ZZ, and DD equal the values in table 2-1,
corresponding to the selected address (see below).
TABLE 2-1
I/O ADDRESS XX YY ZZ DD
300-30F 02 00 03 04
320-32F 22 20 23 24
340-34F 42 40 43 44
360-36F 62 60 63 64


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0034 7-18-84
HARDWARE INTERRUPT ASSIGNMENT IN THE IBM PC AND XT
When interfacing products to the IBM PC or XT, which use hardware
interrupts, it is necessary to insure their is not conflict with
other devices in the system utilizing the same interrupt.
The following table shows the hardware interrupts and their
assignments.
INTERRUPT IBM ASSIGNMENT ADD-ON ASSIGNMENT
IRQ NMI PARITY NONE
IRQ 0 TIMER NONE
IRQ 1 KEYBOARD NONE
IRQ 2 RESERVED AST-SNA, AST-BSC,
AST-3780, AST-5251
AST-PCNET
IRQ 3 COM 2 AST COM 2, AST-SNA
IBM-SDLC AST-BSC, AST-3780,
IBM-BSC (Secondary) AST-5251, AST-PCNET
IRQ 4 COM 1 AST COM 1, AST-SNA
IBM-SDLC AST-BSC, AST-3780
IBM-BSC (Primary) AST-5251, AST-PCNET
IRQ 5 IBM-HARD DISK SAME AS IRQ 2
IRQ 6 IBM-FLOPPY DISK AST-SNA, AST-BSC
AST-3780, AST-5251
IRQ 7 PRINTER SAME AS IRQ 6


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0035 7-25-84
SWITCH SETTINGS FOR THE COMPAQ PORTABLE
Before one can reconfigure a COMPAQ (without hard disk), one must
first determine the revision of the ROM BIOS.
There are a few ways to do this. One way is to look on the
motherboard at the ROM chip, the revision should be indicated
there. The revision is also within the ROM chip, located at
F000:FFE6, in the format 'X COMPAQ', where X is the revision.*
Another way to determine the revision of the BIOS is from the
serial number. If the serial number is above 36792, then it is a
Rev. C, and if it is below, then it is a Rev. B. The COMPAQ Plus
(with hard disk) is a Rev. C.
To date, there are two revisions of BIOS in the COMPAQ portables;
Rev. B, and Rev. C. Revision A was preliminary and never shipped
installed.
Configuring a Revision B;
Consult your AST manual and use the switch settings for a PC-1.
All portables without hard disks and are a Rev. B, will have
two switch blocks.
Switch block 1 is indicated on the motherboard as 'SW1'. It
is located in the left rear corner on the motherboard,
partially hidden beneath the cooling fan.
Switch block 2 is indicated on the motherboard as 'SW2'. It
is located to the right and forward of switch block one.
When configuring, be sure to record the original switch
settings on both blocks, in case there is a problem you
won't have any trouble reconfiguring the way it was.
Configuring a Revision C;
Consult your AST mnnual and use the switch setting for an XT/
A revsion C may or may not have two switch blocks. If you
have a hard disk, you probably have only one switch block.
If in the event you have two, or you have a COMPAQ (without
the hard disk), you still use the setting for an XT. Switch
block 1, SW1, is disabled internally and not used. So the
switch block 2 is to be considered as the only switch block
on the motherboard.
Switch block 2, the only switch block you will use, is
located in the left rear corner of the motherboard.
* This test can be accessed through BASIC or DEBUG. Consult your
DOS or BASIC manual on how to do this.
This information was acquired from a conversation with the
Technical Support Department of COMPAQ Computer Corporation.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0036 7-25-84
TESTING OF THE GAME PORT
Depending on the version and type of IBM Diagnostics used to test
AST multifunction boards, the game port is not always recognized.
If the game port option is not recognized, or you're not able to
add it to the IBM Diagnostics Table, an alternative method of
testing is listed below.
This program requires the use of BASICA.COM
10 DEFINT A-Z : KEY OFF : CLS : STRIG ON : SCREEN 2
20 PRINT "X1","Y1","S1";"S3"
30 X1 = STICK(0) : Y1 = STICK(1)
40 A = STRIG(0) : C = STRIG(5)
50 LOCATE 3 : PRINT X1,Y1,A;C
60 GOTO 30
When running the above program, moving the joystick in the X-
plane (left-right) causes a change in the "X1" readout displayed
on monitor, while moving the joystick in the Y-plane (updown)
causes a change in the "Y1" readout. Pressing the switch (either
one or two, depending on your joystick) causes a change in the
"S1" or "S3" readouts from 0 to -1. Note that, depending on the
quality of your joystick, you may not be able to get a zero
reading in the X and Y planes when running the program.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0039 7-31-84
MONOGRAPHPLUS WITH AMDEK MD#310A
BLANK SCREEN ON POWER UP
When using AMDEK monitor 310A and AST MonoGraphPlus card or IBM
monochrome adaptor card, an intermittent blank screen upon power
up may occur.
We have information from AMDEK Technical Group that a change
notice has been published to resolve this problem. A copy of
this notice is attached for reference.
It is suggested that AMDEK Technical Support be contacted prior
to modification of their product.
The following phone number is to be used at AMDEK Inc. for
support of this problem (312) 595-6890.
AMDEK CORP.
2201 Lively Blvd. Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007 TLX: 25-4786
N O T I C E
When the 310A monitor is connected to the IBM-PC (or compatible)
and the character display is generated, a sympton can occur in
which the character display cannot be seen on the monitor. This
symptom can also occur when switching modes as with a Hercules
Graphics Card. Should this problem occur with your monitor we
recommend one of the following solutions:
SHORT TERM SOLUTION: Be sure to always turn on the computer
first, then the monitor.
LONG TERM SOLUTION: Locate resistor R-203 on the
motherboard inside the monitor. Disconnect or cut one leg
of the resistor from the motherboard. (When viewed from the
rear R-203 is at the top right hand corner of the
motherboard.)
This modification of the 310A will not void the two year
warranty. If you have questions or need additional assistance in
making this modification please call our technical support
department at (312) 595-6890.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0040 8-9-84
SIXPAK GAME PORT SCHEMATIC ERROR
The following changes should be made to your SixPakPlus manual,
part number 001177-01A0.
NOTE: As a portion of the data is in pictorial form, it is not
included here. To obtain a complete copy of this technical
bulletin, contact:
AST RESEARCH, INC.
2121 Alton Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
ATTENTION: Product Support
(Technical Bulletin)


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0043 8-20-84
PATCHING PC DOS 2.1 FOR ADDITIONAL DRIVES
When using SuperDrive, it may be necessary to set the motherboard
switch settings to indicate more floppy disk drives than one
really has. This may not be convenient for some, so a patch has
been developed for DOS. There is a different patch for each
version of PC-DOS. Since the patches for versions 1.10 and 2.00
of PC-DOS are documented in previous manuals dating from July
1983, only the patch for 2.10 of PC-DOS is included in this
bulletin.
Boot the computer with a DOS 2.10 diskette containing DEBUG.COM
A>DEBUG <Enter>
-L 100 0 D 1 For single-sided, 9-sector DOS diskette
or
-L100 0 B 1 For single-sided, 8-sector DOS diskette
or
-L100 0 10 1 For double-sided, 9-sector DOS diskette
or
-L100 0 E 1 For double-sided, 8 sector DOS diskette
-A 18A <Enter>
XOR SI, SI <Enter>
PUSH SI <Enter>
POP DS <Enter>
XOR BYTE PTR [410], XX <Enter>
PUSH CS <Enter>
PUSH CS <Enter>
POP DS <Enter>
POP ES <Enter>
MOV WORD PTR [SI], 798 <Enter>
POP AX <Enter>
MOV AL, YY <Enter>
NOP <Enter>
"NO RESPONSE" <Enter>
-W100 0 D 1 <Enter> For single-sided, 9-sector DOS diskette
or
-W100 0 B 1 <Enter> For single-sided, 8-sector DOS diskette
or
-W100 0 10 1 <Enter> For double-sided, 9-sector DOS diskette
-W100 0 E 1 <Enter> For double-sided, 8-sector DOS diskette
-Q
A><Ctrl-Alt-Del>
SWITCHES SET FOR SWITCHES SET FOR
ONE DRIVE TWO DRIVES
xx=40 2 drives xx=C0 3 drives
xx=80 3 drives xx=80 4 drives
xx=C0 4 drives
yy=02 2 drives yy=03 3 drives
yy=03 3 drives yy=04 4 drives
yy=04 4 drives


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0045 8-21-84
PATCHING WORDSTAR FOR PRINTING TO ALTERNATE PORTS
WORDSTAR can be configured for either serial or parallel
printing, yet it makes no provision for specifying which serial
or parallel port to be used. It defaults to COM1:, and LPT1:.
The patches provided below are for WORDSTAR Version 3.3, and allow
one to use COM2:, or LPT2: or LPT3: for printer output.
Patching for COM2: use;
Install WS.COM as you would for COM1:, with the necessary
parameters for your printer. Then at the DOS prompt, enter
DEBUG as shown and enter the the following commands.
DEBUG WS.COM <Return>
E 081E 01 <Return>
E 0833 01 <Return>
W <Return>
Q <Return>
WORDSTAR is then patched for COM2: use.
Patching for LPT2:, or LPT3: use;
Install WS.COM as you would for parallel printing. At the
DOS prompt, enter DEBUG as shown and enter the commands as
shown.
For LPT2:, type;
DEBUG WS.COM <Return>
E 07D0 01 <Return>
E 07E6 01 <Return>
W <Return>
Q <Return>
WORDSTAR is then patched for LPT2: use.
Patching for LPT2:, or LPT3: use;
For LPT3:, type;
DEBUG WS.COM <Return>
E 07D0 02 <Return>
E 07E6 02 <Return>
W <Return>
Q <Return>
WORDSTAR is now patched for LPT3: use.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0046 8-21-84
REBOOTING AN IBM PC FROM A BATCH FILE
When using SUPERSPL or SUPERDRV, a specified amount of memory is
extracted from system use. The only way to return the memory for
system use is to reboot DOS, because of the lack of support from
DOS.
This may be undesirable for those who wish to operate under batch
files or menus.
Below is a procedure to create REBOOT.COM, a program when
executed will reboot the machine.
To create REBOOT.COM, enter the following at the DOS prompt:
DEBUG <Return>
N REBOOT.COM <Return>
A 100 <Return>
MOV AX, 0040 <Return>
MOV DS, AX <Return>
DS: <Return>
MOV WORD PTR [0072], 1234 <Return>
JMP FFFF: 0000 <Return>
<Return>
R CX <Return>
11 <Return>
W <Return>
Q <Return>
You now have a file called REBOOT.COM on the default disk.
To reboot, just enter the name REBOOT at the DOS prompt, or in a
batch file.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0047 8-21-84
AST-PCOX VERSION 1.2 SOFTWARE WITH 4331 MODEL HOSTS
AST-PCOX Version 1.1, the current released version, will not work
with some of the 4331 model hosts of which there are
approximately 5300 installed (7th overall in the number of
installed hosts). To remedy this condition, AST has a new
version of the software, manual, and two new proms to be shipped
to customers having either of the following hosts with integrated
channel adapter or devices: a 4331 host, a 4321 host, a 4361
host or a 3299 MUX. This package will be available through
shipping and will be approved by the Technical Support Department
prior to shipping.
Summary: Use AST-PCOX Version 1.2 software with 1.3 proms and
new manuals for:
4331 host
4321 host
4361 host
or a 3299 MUX.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0049A 4-1-85
SLOW PRINTING WITH SUPERSPOOL
AND CERTAIN SOFTWARE APPLICATION
Certain software application, like Lotus 1-2-3, sends control
characters to LPT1 upon initialization. These control characters
interfere with the automatic timing calibration of SuperSpool.
This could result in slow character printing and or a delay at
the end of each printed line.
This condition can be remedied by sending a burst of twenty-five
characters (blank spaces, in this instance, may be the best
characters to use) to LPT1 after invoking SuperSpool but prior to
initializing the software application.
The following procedure outlines the steps in creating a data
file named DUMMY.DAT and installing it in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
This should eliminate the slow character printing and/or
hesitation after each printed line.
Step #1: First we need to create a data file named DUMMY.DAT
consisting of 25 blank spaces.
COPY CON:DUMMY.DAT <CR>
Press space bar 25 times <CR>
Press F6
(Response) ^ Z
(Response) 1 File(s) copied
1 File(s) copied means you have successfully created
DUMMY.DAT.
Step #2: Now that DUMMY.DAT has been created, the next step
is to assign it to LPT1. This sends a burst of 25
characters to LPT1.
COPY DUMMY.DAT LPT1: <CR>
Step #3: Once Step #2 has been executed, the command "COPY
DUMMY.DAT LPT1:" can be installed in the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file. This command should be installed
after SuperSpool but prior to initializing the
software application.
The example below is the simplest form of the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file:
BEFORE AFTER
1st Line --> ASTCLOCK 1st Line ASTCLOCK
2nd Line --> SUPERSPOOL LPT1: 2nd Line SUPERSPOOL LPT1:
3rd Line --> Software Application 3rd Line COPY DUMMY.DAT LPT1:
4th Line Software Application
Step #4: Now all that is required is to reboot the system and
you are ready to go.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0050 10-24-84
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF THE PARALLEL PORT
In order to perform a thorough test of AST's parallel port (when
running IBM diagnostics) you need to provide the incoming signals
to the port. This may be accomplished by constructing a wrap
plug and installing it on the parallel port connector. To
construct a wrap plug use a DB25 male connector. Utilizing a
minimum of 30AWG wire make connections as listed below:
1 > 13
2 > 15
10 > 16
11 > 17
12 > 14


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0051 10-5-84
FRAMEWORK AND AST NEWLINE FOR THE MONOGRAPHPLUS
MonoGraphPlus NEWLINE software and FRAMEWORK software are not
compatible.
When NEWLINE software is used with FRAMEWORK, the following
attributes occur on the screen. (See diagram below).
- - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -
- + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -
This problem occurs with version 1.01 and below of AST NEWLINE
software, and 1.0 version of FRAMEWORK.
A fix is not scheduled at this time. It is rcommended that
NEWLINE not be used with FRAMEWORK software.
TM - FRAMEWORK is a product of Ashton Tate Inc.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0052A 11-8-84
CLOCK/CALENDAR
I/O ADDRESSING
This Technical Bulletin contains information about the AST clock
addressing.
The information supplied is to aid one in avoiding and
recognizing address conflicts within a PC. The products listed
below contain an AST clock. Note the two different address
ranges. The address range 2C0 thru 2C7 will operate in the IBM
3270 as well as in the IBM PC1, PC2, and XT. The address range
2C0 thru 2DF will not operate in an IBM 3270.
PRODUCT I/O ADDRESS RANGE
** SIXPAKPLUS - P/N 03-01177-01 2C0-2DF
DISKPLUS 2C0-2DF
COMBOPLUS 2C0-2DF
MEGAPLUS 2C0-2DF
I/O PLUS 2C0-2DF
MONOGRAPHPLUS * 2C0-2C7
MP II * 2C0-2C7
** SIXPAKPLUS - P/N 201177 * 2C0-2C7
* Compatible with the 3270 PC.
** Part number is marked on the component side of the board on
the opposite edge from the mounting bracket.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0053A 11-8-84
CORRECTING THE TIME/DATE OF THE AST CLOCK*
SYMPTON: It appears the clock is set correctly because the
time and date remain correct while the machine is
on. However, after rebooting or turning power
back on to your PC, the time and/or date are
incorrect. This symptom may be an indication that
the ASTCLOCK has not been set.
EXPLANATION: The ASTCLOCK is accessed only at power up or upon
rebooting. The time and date remain correct while
there is power to the machine because you are
utilizing the system clock.
PROBLEM: If the ASTCLOCK utility is executed prior to
running the SETCLOCK utility, it may be preventing
the correction of the time/date in the AST clock.
SOLUTION 1: Temporarily remove the ASTCLOCK utility from your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Reboot the machine. Follow
the procedure in your manual for setting the AST
clock. Restore your AUTOEXEC.BAT file to its
original configuration by inserting ASTCLOCK.
SOLUTION 2: Interrupt your AUTOEXEC.BAT file prior to
execution of ASTCLOCK using the CONTROL-C
function. Follow the procedure in your manual for
setting the AST clock.
* Applies only to those products which use the SETCLOCK.COM
utility. Those which use the ASTCLOCK.COM utility are reset
with the /R parameter as described in the User Manual.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0055 9-21-84
FAULT ISOLATION OF THE IBM PC-1
USING THE POWER ON SELF TEST (POST) DIAGNOSTICS
Each time the IBM PC-1 (64K motherboard) is powered on, the ROM
BIOS initiates a built-in set of diagnostic tests to determine
the functionality of the hardware.
These tests are also performed (with the exception of the RAM
test) each time a "warm boot" is initiated (Ctrl-Alt-Del).
Failures to the diagnostic tests can be caused by component
failures on the system motherboard, errors in switch settings, or
a defective expansion board. These failures are indicated by a
sequence of beeps, error codes on the CRT display or both.
The attached tables present the tests in the order in which they
are performed. Thus, if an error is detected, fault isolation
can be accomplished as the tests above the failure have been
completed successfully.
Table 1 is applicable to an IBM PC-1, which is NOT fitted with
either a "bootable" harddisk or an IBM Expansion Chassis.
Table 2 is applicable to an IBM PC-1, which is fitted with either
a "bootable" harddisk or an IBM Expansion Chassis.
TABLE 1
POST ERRORS FOR IBM PC-1 WITHOUT EITHER AN
IBM EXPANSION CHASSIS OR A BOOTABLE HARDDISK
SYMPTOM CAUSE
1. System does not respond The power supply has shut
at all when turned on. down,
OR:
The 8088 has HALTed due to:
- Internal 8088 problem.
- BIOS ROM checksum error.
- 8253 timer problem.
- 8237 DMA controller error.
- Error in last 16K of RAM.
Note: Try turning off power
supply, waiting 5 seconds,
then turning it on.
2. System beeps: The 8088 has HALTed due to:
1 long beep (3 seconds), - 8259 interrupt controller
1 short beep (1 second), error.
then stops. - 8253 timer counting too
fast or slow.
3. System beeps: Checksum error in a BASIC ROM.
1 long beep (3 seconds),
1 short beep (1 second),
but continues the power-
up sequence.
4. System beeps: Error in video RAM or error in
1 long beep (3 seconds), 6845 video circuitry.
2 short beeps (1 second
each), continues power-
up sequence.
5. System beeps: The display card is probably not
1 long beep (3 seconds), installed.
2 short beeps (1 second),
1 long beep (3 seconds),
2 short beeps (1 second
each).
6. 'XXYY 201' appears at the RAM error. XX = the high order
top of the display, where byte of the failing segment,
XXYY = four hexadecimal e.g.; XX = 20 would indicate
digits. that the error occurred between
segment 2000 and segment 2400.
(Memory is tested in 16K
blocks, each 64K increments the
segment by 1000. YY = the
failing bit pattern, which can
isolate the specific RAM.)
7. 'XX 301' appears at the Keyboard error. Usually a stuck
top of the display, where key, where XX = scan code of
XX = two hexadecimal digits. the stuck key.
8. '131' appears on display. Cassette port error.
9. '601' appears on display. Disk drive A, or disk adapter
error.
10. 'PARITY CHECK 1' appears. A RAM parity error has occurred
on the system motherboard. The
INT 2 routine in the BIOS gains
control and HALTs the 8088 when
a memory parity error occurs.
Parity checking had been
DISABLED prior to this point in
the test sequence, and is en-
abled here just before reading
the boot record from the disk.
11. 'PARITY CHECK 2' appears A RAM parity error has occurred
on the display. on an add-on memory board. This
message comes from the BIOS
ROM's INT 2 routine, which then
HALTs the 8088.
12. System beeps: This is normal system reponse
1 short beep (1 second). just before the system boots
from the disk. The system has
successfully passed the diag-
nostics.
TABLE 2
POST ERRORS FOR IBM PC-1 WITH AN IBM
EXPANSION CHASSIS OR A BOOTABLE HARDDISK
SYMPTOM CAUSE
1. System does not respond The power supply has shut down,
at all when turned on. OR:
The 8088 has HALTed due to:
- Internal 8088 problem.
- BIOS ROM checksum error.
- 8253 timer problem.
- 8237 DMA controller error.
- Error in last 16K of RAM.
Note: Try turning off power
supply, waiting 5 sec-
onds then turning it on.
2. System beeps: The 8088 has HALTed due to:
1 long beep (3 seconds), - 8259 interrupt controller
1 short beep (1 second), error.
then stops. - 8253 timer counting too
fast or slow.
3. System beeps: Error in video RAM or error in
1 long beep (3 seconds), 6845 video circuitry.
2 short beeps (1 second
each), continues power-
up sequence.
4. '1801' appears at the top Error in expansion unit inter-
of display. (If IBM Expan- face.
sion Unit is installed).
5. 'XXYY 201' appears at the RAM error. XX = the high
top of the display, where order byte of the failing seg-
XXYY = four hexadecimal ment, e.g.; XX = 20 would in-
digits. dicate that the error occurred
between segment 2000 and seg-
ment 2400. (Memory is tested
in 16K blocks; each 64K incre-
ments the segment by 1000.
YY = the failing bit pattern,
which can isolate the specific
RAM).
6. 'XX 301' appears at the Keyboard error; usually a
top of the display, where stuck key, where XX = the scan
XXYY = four hexidecimal code of the stuck key.
digits.
7. '131' appears on the display. Cassette port error.
8. '1701' appears on the IBM Fixed Disk error.
display.
9. System beeps; Checksum error in BASIC ROM.
1 long beep (3 seconds),
2 short beeps (1 second
each), and 'ROM' appears
on the display.
10. '601' appears on display. Disk drive A, or disk adapter.
11. 'PARITY CHECK 1' appears. A RAM parity error has occur-
red on the system motherboard.
The INT 2 routine in the BIOS
gains control and HALTs the
8088 when a memory parity
error occurs. Parity checking
had been DISABLED prior to this
point in the test sequence, and
is enabled here just before
reading the boot record from
the disk.
12. 'PARITY CHECK 2' appears A RAM parity error has occurred
on the display. on an add-on memory board. This
message comes from the BIOS
ROM's INT routine, which then
HALTS the 8088.
13. System beeps: This is normal system response
1 short beep (1 second). just before the system boots
from the disk. The system has
successfully passed the diag-
nostics.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0059 9-26-84
MONOGRAPH COMPATIBILITY WITH MS WORD
Located in position U38 of the MonoGraph card is a programmable
CRT controller device. The CRT controller generates the signals
necessary to interface a digital system to a raster scan CRT
display.
MICROSOFT Corporation currently has a word processor called
"WORD". Due to the parameters utilized to program the registers
of the CRT controller, this particular program (WORD) requires
that an enhanced version of the CRT controller be present. The
symptom of not having an enhanced version of this chip is that
the display goes into a vertical roll.
Listed below are CRT controller devices that will allow the
"WORD" to operate properly.
VENDOR NUMBER
FAIRCHILD F68B45AP
HITACHI HD68B45SP
SYNERTEK SYP6845A


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0061 10-5-84
ASTCLOCK AND COMPAQ VERSION 2.11 CONTENTION
When using ASTCLOCK with COMPAQ's MS-DOS Version 2.11, the year
will be incremented by one if the month is set with a value
greater than nine.
There are two solutions to this problem. A) Use PC-DOS or B)
Don't use ASTCLOCK. This should not be a problem because
COMPAQ's MS-DOS Version 2.11 will access our clock directly.


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AST RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN TB-0062 10-9-84
SUPERSPOOL AND LPT2
To use SUPERSPOOL in conjunction with a second parallel device
(LPT2) follow this procedure:
1) Initially set SUPERSPOOL up at LPT1 at which time all
parameters should be installed.
2) Next, move SUPERSPOOL to LPT2 by typing in SUPERSPL
LPT2:.
3) Now redirect printer output to LPT2. This may be
accomplished by running LPTSWAP.BAT (refer to User's
Manual appendix "Switching Between LPT1 and LPT2").
4) Finally, move SUPERSPOOL back to LPT1 by typing in
SUPERSPL LPT1:. Printer output will now spool out LPT2.
Note: Install parameters only in the initial set up.
Make sure SUPERSPOOL is initially set up at LPT1.
When you are ready to use LPT1 again repeat the
above process.


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