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ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Indians. ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:580 School:Public State:NY
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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TOLTECS>
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The Toltecs were an Indian tribe who existed from 900 A.D. to 1200.
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They had a capital city of Tollan, and their influences reached south to
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the Yucatan and Guatemala. They were a composite tribe of Nahua, Otomi, and
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Nonoalca. The Tolt ecs made huge stone columns decorated like totem poles.
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AZTECS>
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Aztecs were an American Indian people who rule an empire in Mexico during
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the 1400's and early 1500's. They practiced a religion that affected every
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part of their lives. To worship the Aztecs built towering temples, created
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huge sculptures, and had human sacrifices. The center of Aztec
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civilization was a river valley in Mexico. The emperor of the Aztecs was
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called the "huey tlatoani" (great speaker). A council of high-ranking no
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bles chose him from the members of a royal family. The Aztec society
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had four main classes nobles, commoners, serfs, and slaves. The typical
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Aztec household consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children,
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and a number of the husbands relative s. Boys were educated by their
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father until aboutn 10 years of age. The Aztecs married at an early age,
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women at about 16, men at about 20. Warfare was considered a religious duty
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by the Aztecs. They fought not only to enlarge their empire but also to
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take prisoners to sacrifice to the gods. The market place was a major
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center of Aztec life, more than 60,000 people visited it daily. They had
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no system of money, they traded goods and services for other goods and
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services. They had no pack-animals, a nd as a result, they themselves had
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to carry all their goods over land. The end of the Aztec empire came when
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the Spaniards came. The first time the Spaniards were mistaken for
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returning gods. When they returned to Spain, they told of all the gold
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that the Aztecs had. The Spaniards returned one year later with canons and
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they had the help of the other indian tribes of the area, in destroying the
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Aztec empire.
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MAYANS>
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The Mayan civilization flourished from the 3rd to the 16th centuries in
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an a rea the included the peninsula of Yucatan and the eastern part of
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Chiapas in Mexico, most of Guatemala, the western region of the Republic of
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Honduras. In the Spanish conquest only a few Mayans resisted the
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conversion to Christianity. The Mayans believe d that 13 heavens were
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arranged in layers above the earth, and under the earth were nine
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underworlds also arranged in layers. The concepts are closely related to
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those of the Aztecs. The religion has partly survived to this day among
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the Christianized M ayans. Mayan mathematics included the discovery of
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zero, the duration of the solar year, and a method of predicting solar
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eclipses. Mayan cities were primarily ceremonial, government, and market
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centers. Sacrifices were numerous of animals, birds, inse cts, fish,
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plants, blood from tongues, ears, arms, and legs. For rain victims were
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hurled into deep wells. Drawing blood from bodies often preceded
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ceremonies and sacrifices. These practices had become so deeply rooted
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that, even after the Spanish conq uest, Christian--pagan ceremonies took
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place with sacrifices featuring heart removal or crucifixion. The custom
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of human sacrifice ended in 1868. Ritual activities were complex, and
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consisted of bloodletting from ears and tongues, sacrifices, and dances .
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Every social group celebrated its own religious feast. Sorcerers and
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medicine men were both prophets and inflicters or healers of disease.
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They used magic formulas, chants, and prayers for healing methods.
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