diff --git a/higan/GNUmakefile b/higan/GNUmakefile
index ee93ed13..acac7eb2 100644
--- a/higan/GNUmakefile
+++ b/higan/GNUmakefile
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 include ../nall/GNUmakefile
 
 target := tomoko
-# target := loki
 # console := true
 
 flags += -I. -I.. -O3
diff --git a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
index 4339d1cb..b2e7df1d 100644
--- a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
+++ b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ using namespace nall;
 
 namespace Emulator {
   static const string Name = "higan";
-  static const string Version = "099.07";
+  static const string Version = "099.08";
   static const string Author = "byuu";
   static const string License = "GPLv3";
   static const string Website = "http://byuu.org/";
diff --git a/higan/emulator/interface.hpp b/higan/emulator/interface.hpp
index 42ee1ec8..c375a167 100644
--- a/higan/emulator/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/emulator/interface.hpp
@@ -27,13 +27,11 @@ struct Interface {
 
   struct Device {
     uint id;
-    uint portmask;
     string name;
     struct Input {
-      uint id;
       uint type;  //0 = digital, 1 = analog (relative), 2 = rumble
       string name;
-      uintptr guid;  //user data field
+      uintptr userData;
     };
     vector<Input> inputs;
   };
@@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ struct Interface {
   struct Bind {
     virtual auto path(uint) -> string { return ""; }
     virtual auto open(uint, string, vfs::file::mode, bool) -> vfs::shared::file { return {}; }
-    virtual auto load(uint, string, string, bool) -> void {}
+    virtual auto load(uint, string, string, bool) -> maybe<uint> { return nothing; }
     virtual auto videoRefresh(const uint32*, uint, uint, uint) -> void {}
     virtual auto audioSample(const double*, uint) -> void {}
     virtual auto inputPoll(uint, uint, uint) -> int16 { return 0; }
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ struct Interface {
   //callback bindings (provided by user interface)
   auto path(uint id) -> string { return bind->path(id); }
   auto open(uint id, string name, vfs::file::mode mode, bool required = false) -> vfs::shared::file { return bind->open(id, name, mode, required); }
-  auto load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required = false) -> void { return bind->load(id, name, type, required); }
+  auto load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required = false) -> maybe<uint> { return bind->load(id, name, type, required); }
   auto videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void { return bind->videoRefresh(data, pitch, width, height); }
   auto audioSample(const double* samples, uint channels) -> void { return bind->audioSample(samples, channels); }
   auto inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 { return bind->inputPoll(port, device, input); }
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ struct Interface {
   //media interface
   virtual auto loaded() -> bool { return false; }
   virtual auto sha256() -> string { return ""; }
-  virtual auto load(uint id) -> void {}
+  virtual auto load(uint id) -> bool { return false; }
   virtual auto save() -> void {}
   virtual auto unload() -> void {}
 
@@ -114,4 +112,12 @@ struct Interface {
   auto videoColor(uint16 r, uint16 g, uint16 b) -> uint32;
 };
 
+//nall/vfs shorthand constants for open(), load()
+struct File {
+  static const auto Read = vfs::file::mode::read;
+  static const auto Write = vfs::file::mode::write;
+  static const auto Optional = false;
+  static const auto Required = true;
+};
+
 }
diff --git a/higan/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp b/higan/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp
index d986212e..4694ff19 100644
--- a/higan/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp
@@ -42,22 +42,22 @@ Board::Board(Markup::Node& document) {
   if(chrram.size) chrram.data = new uint8_t[chrram.size]();
 
   if(prgrom.name = prom["name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, prgrom.name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(cartridge.pathID(), prgrom.name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
       fp->read(prgrom.data, min(prgrom.size, fp->size()));
     }
   }
   if(prgram.name = pram["name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, prgram.name, File::Read)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(cartridge.pathID(), prgram.name, File::Read)) {
       fp->read(prgram.data, min(prgram.size, fp->size()));
     }
   }
   if(chrrom.name = crom["name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, chrrom.name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(cartridge.pathID(), chrrom.name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
       fp->read(chrrom.data, min(chrrom.size, fp->size()));
     }
   }
   if(chrram.name = cram["name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, chrram.name, File::Read)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(cartridge.pathID(), chrram.name, File::Read)) {
       fp->read(chrram.data, min(chrram.size, fp->size()));
     }
   }
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ auto Board::save() -> void {
   auto document = BML::unserialize(cartridge.manifest());
 
   if(auto name = document["board/prg/ram/name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, name, File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(cartridge.pathID(), name, File::Write)) {
       fp->write(prgram.data, prgram.size);
     }
   }
 
   if(auto name = document["board/chr/ram/name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, name, File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(cartridge.pathID(), name, File::Write)) {
       fp->write(chrram.data, chrram.size);
     }
   }
diff --git a/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index ebba7b24..e01ac91a 100644
--- a/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ auto Cartridge::main() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
-  if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::Famicom, "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
+  if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::Famicom, "Famicom", "fc", File::Required)) {
+    information.pathID = pathID();
+  }
+
+  if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest = fp->reads();
   } else {
     return false;
diff --git a/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp b/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
index aff2fae3..12d78f19 100644
--- a/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ struct Cartridge : Thread {
   static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
 
+  auto pathID() const -> uint { return information.pathID; }
   auto sha256() const -> string { return information.sha256; }
   auto manifest() const -> string { return information.manifest; }
   auto title() const -> string { return information.title; }
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ struct Cartridge : Thread {
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
 
   struct Information {
+    uint pathID = 0;
     string sha256;
     string manifest;
     string title;
diff --git a/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp b/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
index 9a858cbc..38a89476 100644
--- a/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Gamepad::Gamepad(bool port) : Controller(port) {
 
 auto Gamepad::data() -> uint3 {
   if(counter >= 8) return 1;
-  if(latched == 1) return interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Gamepad, A);
+  if(latched == 1) return interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Gamepad, A);
 
   switch(counter++) {
   case 0: return a;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ auto Gamepad::latch(bool data) -> void {
   counter = 0;
 
   if(latched == 0) {
-    auto id = Device::Gamepad;
+    auto id = ID::Device::Gamepad;
     a      = interface->inputPoll(port, id, A);
     b      = interface->inputPoll(port, id, B);
     select = interface->inputPoll(port, id, Select);
diff --git a/higan/fc/fc.hpp b/higan/fc/fc.hpp
index 804c2604..9b647383 100644
--- a/higan/fc/fc.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/fc.hpp
@@ -7,12 +7,7 @@
 #include <processor/r6502/r6502.hpp>
 
 namespace Famicom {
-  struct File {
-    static const auto Read = vfs::file::mode::read;
-    static const auto Write = vfs::file::mode::write;
-    static const auto Optional = false;
-    static const auto Required = true;
-  };
+  using File = Emulator::File;
 
   struct Thread {
     ~Thread() {
diff --git a/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp
index ad3a4f45..e869bde0 100644
--- a/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -21,32 +21,29 @@ Interface::Interface() {
 
   media.append({ID::Famicom, "Famicom", "fc", true});
 
-  { Device device{0, ID::ControllerPort1 | ID::ControllerPort2, "None"};
-    devices.append(device);
+  Port controllerPort1{ID::Port::Controller1, "Controller Port 1"};
+  Port controllerPort2{ID::Port::Controller2, "Controller Port 2"};
+
+  { Device device{ID::Device::None, "None"};
+    controllerPort1.devices.append(device);
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{1, ID::ControllerPort1 | ID::ControllerPort2, "Gamepad"};
-    device.inputs.append({0, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.inputs.append({1, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Right" });
-    device.inputs.append({4, 0, "B"     });
-    device.inputs.append({5, 0, "A"     });
-    device.inputs.append({6, 0, "Select"});
-    device.inputs.append({7, 0, "Start" });
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Gamepad, "Gamepad"};
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start" });
+    controllerPort1.devices.append(device);
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  ports.append({0, "Port 1"});
-  ports.append({1, "Port 2"});
-
-  for(auto& device : devices) {
-    for(auto& port : ports) {
-      if(device.portmask & (1 << port.id)) {
-        port.devices.append(device);
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  ports.append(move(controllerPort1));
+  ports.append(move(controllerPort2));
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -128,8 +125,8 @@ auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
   return cartridge.sha256();
 }
 
-auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  system.load();
+auto Interface::load(uint id) -> bool {
+  return system.load();
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/fc/interface/interface.hpp b/higan/fc/interface/interface.hpp
index 21b4aedf..bc6d7e05 100644
--- a/higan/fc/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -1,50 +1,54 @@
 namespace Famicom {
 
 struct ID {
-  enum : uint {  //paths
+  enum : uint {
     System,
     Famicom,
   };
 
-  enum : uint {  //bitmasks
-    ControllerPort1 = 1,
-    ControllerPort2 = 2,
-    ExpansionPort   = 4,
-  };
+  struct Port { enum : uint {
+    Controller1,
+    Controller2,
+    Expansion,
+  };};
+
+  struct Device { enum : uint {
+    None,
+    Gamepad,
+  };};
 };
 
 struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
+  using Emulator::Interface::load;
+
   Interface();
 
-  auto manifest() -> string;
-  auto title() -> string;
-  auto videoFrequency() -> double;
-  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
-  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
-  auto audioFrequency() -> double;
+  auto manifest() -> string override;
+  auto title() -> string override;
+  auto videoFrequency() -> double override;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32 override;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 override;
+  auto audioFrequency() -> double override;
 
-  auto loaded() -> bool;
-  auto sha256() -> string;
-  auto load(uint id) -> void;
-  auto save() -> void;
-  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto loaded() -> bool override;
+  auto sha256() -> string override;
+  auto load(uint id) -> bool override;
+  auto save() -> void override;
+  auto unload() -> void override;
 
-  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void;
-  auto power() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto run() -> void;
+  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void override;
+  auto power() -> void override;
+  auto reset() -> void override;
+  auto run() -> void override;
 
-  auto serialize() -> serializer;
-  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
+  auto serialize() -> serializer override;
+  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool override;
 
-  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void;
+  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void override;
 
   auto cap(const string& name) -> bool override;
   auto get(const string& name) -> any override;
   auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool override;
-
-private:
-  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp b/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp
index 8b0fea73..35aab590 100644
--- a/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp
@@ -8,34 +8,34 @@ auto Peripherals::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Peripherals::reset() -> void {
-  connect(Port::Controller1, settings.controllerPort1);
-  connect(Port::Controller2, settings.controllerPort2);
+  connect(ID::Port::Controller1, settings.controllerPort1);
+  connect(ID::Port::Controller2, settings.controllerPort2);
 }
 
 auto Peripherals::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  if(port == Port::Controller1) {
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller1) {
     settings.controllerPort1 = device;
     if(!system.loaded()) return;
 
     delete controllerPort1;
     switch(device) { default:
-    case Device::None: controllerPort1 = new Controller(0); break;
-    case Device::Gamepad: controllerPort1 = new Gamepad(0); break;
+    case ID::Device::None: controllerPort1 = new Controller(0); break;
+    case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort1 = new Gamepad(0); break;
     }
   }
 
-  if(port == Port::Controller2) {
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller2) {
     settings.controllerPort2 = device;
     if(!system.loaded()) return;
 
     delete controllerPort2;
     switch(device) { default:
-    case Device::None: controllerPort2 = new Controller(1); break;
-    case Device::Gamepad: controllerPort2 = new Gamepad(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::None: controllerPort2 = new Controller(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort2 = new Gamepad(1); break;
     }
   }
 
-  if(port == Port::Expansion) {
+  if(port == ID::Port::Expansion) {
     settings.expansionPort = device;
     if(!system.loaded()) return;
   }
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/peripherals.hpp b/higan/fc/system/peripherals.hpp
index e26789c6..7c7a5ab7 100644
--- a/higan/fc/system/peripherals.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/system/peripherals.hpp
@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-struct Port { enum : uint {
-  Controller1,
-  Controller2,
-  Expansion,
-};};
-
-struct Device { enum : uint {
-  None,
-
-  //controller port peripherals
-  Gamepad,
-
-  //expansion port peripherals
-};};
-
 struct Peripherals {
   auto unload() -> void;
   auto reset() -> void;
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/system.cpp b/higan/fc/system/system.cpp
index f7f1ee3b..7318c98b 100644
--- a/higan/fc/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/system/system.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ auto System::load() -> bool {
     return false;
   }
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
-  cartridge.load();
+  if(!cartridge.load()) return false;
   serializeInit();
   return _loaded = true;
 }
diff --git a/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 60693f78..0a1fc755 100644
--- a/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,26 @@ Cartridge cartridge;
 
 auto Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) -> bool {
   information = Information();
-  if(revision == System::Revision::GameBoy) information.mode = ID::GameBoy;
-  if(revision == System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) information.mode = ID::SuperGameBoy;
-  if(revision == System::Revision::GameBoyColor) information.mode = ID::GameBoyColor;
 
-  if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
+  switch(revision) {
+  case System::Revision::GameBoy:
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::GameBoy, "Game Boy", "gb", true)) {
+      information.pathID = pathID();
+    } else return false;
+    break;
+  case System::Revision::SuperGameBoy:
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::SuperGameBoy, "Game Boy", "gb", true)) {
+      information.pathID = pathID();
+    } else return false;
+    break;
+  case System::Revision::GameBoyColor:
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::GameBoyColor, "Game Boy Color", "gbc", true)) {
+      information.pathID = pathID();
+    } else return false;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest = fp->reads();
   } else return false;
 
@@ -51,12 +66,12 @@ auto Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) -> bool {
   ramdata = allocate<uint8>(ramsize, 0xff);
 
   if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
       fp->read(romdata, min(romsize, fp->size()));
     }
   }
   if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), name, File::Read, File::Optional)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), name, File::Read, File::Optional)) {
       fp->read(ramdata, min(ramsize, fp->size()));
     }
   }
@@ -85,7 +100,7 @@ auto Cartridge::save() -> void {
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
 
   if(auto name = document["board/ram/name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), name, File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), name, File::Write)) {
       fp->write(ramdata, ramsize);
     }
   }
diff --git a/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.hpp b/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
index 19498624..f7dea3b3 100644
--- a/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
+++ b/higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
+  auto pathID() const -> uint { return information.pathID; }
   auto manifest() const -> string { return information.manifest; }
   auto title() const -> string { return information.title; }
-  auto mode() const -> uint { return information.mode; }
 
   auto load(System::Revision revision) -> bool;
   auto save() -> void;
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
   };
 
   struct Information {
+    uint pathID = 0;
     string manifest;
     string title;
-    uint mode = 0;
 
     Mapper mapper = Mapper::Unknown;
     boolean ram;
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
     uint ramsize = 0;
   } information;
 
+  uint _pathID = 0;
   readonly<string> sha256;
 
   uint8* romdata = nullptr;
diff --git a/higan/gb/gb.hpp b/higan/gb/gb.hpp
index e9edf363..cdfd5883 100644
--- a/higan/gb/gb.hpp
+++ b/higan/gb/gb.hpp
@@ -7,12 +7,7 @@
 #include <processor/lr35902/lr35902.hpp>
 
 namespace GameBoy {
-  struct File {
-    static const auto Read = vfs::file::mode::read;
-    static const auto Write = vfs::file::mode::write;
-    static const auto Optional = false;
-    static const auto Required = true;
-  };
+  using File = Emulator::File;
 
   struct Thread {
     ~Thread() {
diff --git a/higan/gb/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/gb/interface/interface.cpp
index e2d98b09..27a73e6c 100644
--- a/higan/gb/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/gb/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -23,20 +23,21 @@ Interface::Interface() {
   media.append({ID::GameBoy,      "Game Boy",       "gb" , true});
   media.append({ID::GameBoyColor, "Game Boy Color", "gbc", true});
 
-  {
-    Device device{0, ID::Device, "Controller"};
-    device.inputs.append({0, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.inputs.append({1, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Right" });
-    device.inputs.append({4, 0, "B"     });
-    device.inputs.append({5, 0, "A"     });
-    device.inputs.append({6, 0, "Select"});
-    device.inputs.append({7, 0, "Start" });
-    devices.append(device);
+  Port hardwarePort{ID::Port::Hardware, "Hardware"};
+
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Controls, "Controls"};
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start" });
+    hardwarePort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  ports.append({0, "Device", {devices[0]}});
+  ports.append(move(hardwarePort));
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -124,10 +125,11 @@ auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
   return cartridge.sha256();
 }
 
-auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  if(id == ID::GameBoy) system.load(System::Revision::GameBoy);
-  if(id == ID::SuperGameBoy) system.load(System::Revision::SuperGameBoy);
-  if(id == ID::GameBoyColor) system.load(System::Revision::GameBoyColor);
+auto Interface::load(uint id) -> bool {
+  if(id == ID::GameBoy) return system.load(System::Revision::GameBoy);
+  if(id == ID::SuperGameBoy) return system.load(System::Revision::SuperGameBoy);
+  if(id == ID::GameBoyColor) return system.load(System::Revision::GameBoyColor);
+  return false;
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/gb/interface/interface.hpp b/higan/gb/interface/interface.hpp
index 5adeb35c..bda1b882 100644
--- a/higan/gb/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/gb/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -8,46 +8,41 @@ struct ID {
     GameBoyColor,
   };
 
-  enum : uint {
-    SystemManifest,
-    GameBoyBootROM,
-    SuperGameBoyBootROM,
-    GameBoyColorBootROM,
+  struct Port { enum : uint {
+    Hardware,
+  };};
 
-    Manifest,
-    ROM,
-    RAM,
-  };
-
-  enum : uint {
-    Device = 1,
-  };
+  struct Device { enum : uint {
+    Controls,
+  };};
 };
 
 struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
+  using Emulator::Interface::load;
+
   Interface();
 
-  auto manifest() -> string;
-  auto title() -> string;
-  auto videoFrequency() -> double;
-  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
-  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
-  auto audioFrequency() -> double;
+  auto manifest() -> string override;
+  auto title() -> string override;
+  auto videoFrequency() -> double override;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32 override;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 override;
+  auto audioFrequency() -> double override;
 
-  auto loaded() -> bool;
-  auto sha256() -> string;
-  auto load(uint id) -> void;
-  auto save() -> void;
-  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto loaded() -> bool override;
+  auto sha256() -> string override;
+  auto load(uint id) -> bool override;
+  auto save() -> void override;
+  auto unload() -> void override;
 
-  auto power() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto run() -> void;
+  auto power() -> void override;
+  auto reset() -> void override;
+  auto run() -> void override;
 
-  auto serialize() -> serializer;
-  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
+  auto serialize() -> serializer override;
+  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool override;
 
-  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void;
+  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void override;
 
   auto cap(const string& name) -> bool override;
   auto get(const string& name) -> any override;
@@ -64,9 +59,6 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto lcdScanline() -> void;
   auto lcdOutput(uint2 color) -> void;
   auto joypWrite(bool p15, bool p14) -> void;
-
-private:
-  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {
diff --git a/higan/gb/system/system.cpp b/higan/gb/system/system.cpp
index 2c9dc6dd..9eddbd96 100644
--- a/higan/gb/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/gb/system/system.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ auto System::load(Revision revision) -> bool {
     }
   }
 
-  cartridge.load(revision);
+  if(!cartridge.load(revision)) return false;
   serializeInit();
   return _loaded = true;
 }
diff --git a/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 75a9daf2..fa7124ec 100644
--- a/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ Cartridge::~Cartridge() {
 auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
   information = Information();
 
-  if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::GameBoyAdvance, "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
+  if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::GameBoyAdvance, "Game Boy Advance", "gba", File::Required)) {
+    information.pathID = pathID();
+  } else return false;
+
+  if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest = fp->reads();
   } else return false;
 
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
 
   if(auto node = document["board/rom"]) {
     mrom.size = min(32 * 1024 * 1024, node["size"].natural());
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::GameBoyAdvance, node["name"].text(), File::Read, File::Required)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), node["name"].text(), File::Read, File::Required)) {
       fp->read(mrom.data, mrom.size);
     }
   }
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
       sram.mask = sram.size - 1;
       for(auto n : range(sram.size)) sram.data[n] = 0xff;
 
-      if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::GameBoyAdvance, node["name"].text(), File::Read)) {
+      if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), node["name"].text(), File::Read)) {
         fp->read(sram.data, sram.size);
       }
     }
@@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
       eeprom.test = mrom.size > 16 * 1024 * 1024 ? 0x0dffff00 : 0x0d000000;
       for(auto n : range(eeprom.size)) eeprom.data[n] = 0xff;
 
-      if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::GameBoyAdvance, node["name"].text(), File::Read)) {
+      if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), node["name"].text(), File::Read)) {
         fp->read(eeprom.data, eeprom.size);
       }
     }
@@ -81,7 +85,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
       if(!flash.id && flash.size ==  64 * 1024) flash.id = 0x1cc2;
       if(!flash.id && flash.size == 128 * 1024) flash.id = 0x09c2;
 
-      if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::GameBoyAdvance, node["name"].text(), File::Read)) {
+      if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), node["name"].text(), File::Read)) {
         fp->read(flash.data, flash.size);
       }
     }
@@ -94,7 +98,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
 auto Cartridge::save() -> void {
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
   if(auto node = document["board/ram"]) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::GameBoyAdvance, node["name"].text(), File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), node["name"].text(), File::Write)) {
       if(node["type"].text() == "sram") fp->write(sram.data, sram.size);
       if(node["type"].text() == "eeprom") fp->write(eeprom.data, eeprom.size);
       if(node["type"].text() == "flash") fp->write(flash.data, flash.size);
diff --git a/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.hpp b/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
index 3d0cbf22..cdbd9675 100644
--- a/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
+++ b/higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 struct Cartridge {
   #include "memory.hpp"
 
+  auto pathID() const -> uint { return information.pathID; }
   auto sha256() const -> string { return information.sha256; }
   auto manifest() const -> string { return information.manifest; }
   auto title() const -> string { return information.title; }
 
   struct Information {
+    uint pathID = 0;
     string sha256;
     string manifest;
     string title;
diff --git a/higan/gba/gba.hpp b/higan/gba/gba.hpp
index f34b5bef..72844083 100644
--- a/higan/gba/gba.hpp
+++ b/higan/gba/gba.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 #include <processor/arm/arm.hpp>
 
 namespace GameBoyAdvance {
+  using File = Emulator::File;
+
   enum : uint {           //mode flags for bus read, write:
     Nonsequential =   1,  //N cycle
     Sequential    =   2,  //S cycle
@@ -19,13 +21,6 @@ namespace GameBoyAdvance {
     Signed        = 256,  //sign extended
   };
 
-  struct File {
-    static const auto Read = vfs::file::mode::read;
-    static const auto Write = vfs::file::mode::write;
-    static const auto Optional = false;
-    static const auto Required = true;
-  };
-
   struct Thread {
     ~Thread() {
       if(thread) co_delete(thread);
diff --git a/higan/gba/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/gba/interface/interface.cpp
index 2fa94ffc..1c4cc5a9 100644
--- a/higan/gba/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/gba/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -21,22 +21,24 @@ Interface::Interface() {
 
   media.append({ID::GameBoyAdvance, "Game Boy Advance", "gba", true});
 
-  { Device device{0, ID::Device, "Controller"};
-    device.inputs.append({ 0, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.inputs.append({ 1, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.inputs.append({ 2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.inputs.append({ 3, 0, "Right" });
-    device.inputs.append({ 4, 0, "B"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 5, 0, "A"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 6, 0, "L"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 7, 0, "R"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 8, 0, "Select"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 9, 0, "Start" });
-    device.inputs.append({10, 2, "Rumble"});
-    devices.append(device);
+  Port hardwarePort{ID::Port::Hardware, "Hardware"};
+
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Controls, "Controls"};
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "L"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "R"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start" });
+    device.inputs.append({2, "Rumble"});
+    hardwarePort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  ports.append({0, "Device", {devices[0]}});
+  ports.append(move(hardwarePort));
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -85,8 +87,8 @@ auto Interface::loaded() -> bool {
   return system.loaded();
 }
 
-auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  system.load();
+auto Interface::load(uint id) -> bool {
+  return system.load();
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/gba/interface/interface.hpp b/higan/gba/interface/interface.hpp
index ded44020..fc2a983f 100644
--- a/higan/gba/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/gba/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -6,39 +6,42 @@ struct ID {
     GameBoyAdvance,
   };
 
-  enum : uint {
-    Device = 1,
-  };
+  struct Port { enum : uint {
+    Hardware,
+  };};
+
+  struct Device { enum : uint {
+    Controls,
+  };};
 };
 
 struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
+  using Emulator::Interface::load;
+
   Interface();
 
-  auto manifest() -> string;
-  auto title() -> string;
-  auto videoFrequency() -> double;
-  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
-  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
-  auto audioFrequency() -> double;
+  auto manifest() -> string override;
+  auto title() -> string override;
+  auto videoFrequency() -> double override;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32 override;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 override;
+  auto audioFrequency() -> double override;
 
-  auto loaded() -> bool;
-  auto load(uint id) -> void;
-  auto save() -> void;
-  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto loaded() -> bool override;
+  auto load(uint id) -> bool override;
+  auto save() -> void override;
+  auto unload() -> void override;
 
-  auto power() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto run() -> void;
+  auto power() -> void override;
+  auto reset() -> void override;
+  auto run() -> void override;
 
-  auto serialize() -> serializer;
-  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
+  auto serialize() -> serializer override;
+  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool override;
 
   auto cap(const string& name) -> bool override;
   auto get(const string& name) -> any override;
   auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool override;
-
-private:
-  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {
diff --git a/higan/gba/system/system.cpp b/higan/gba/system/system.cpp
index 532b98ba..8fd109a1 100644
--- a/higan/gba/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/gba/system/system.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ auto System::load() -> bool {
     }
   }
 
-  cartridge.load();
+  if(!cartridge.load()) return false;
   serializeInit();
   return _loaded = true;
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 8fd22ced..669d79de 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@ auto Cartridge::title() const -> string {
 auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
   information = Information();
   has = Has();
-  _sha256 = "";
-  _region = Region::NTSC;
+
+  if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::SuperFamicom, "Super Famicom", "sfc", File::Required)) {
+    information.pathID = pathID();
+  } else return false;
 
   if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::SuperFamicom, "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest.cartridge = fp->reads();
@@ -39,12 +41,12 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
 
   //Game Boy
   if(cartridge.has.ICD2) {
-    _sha256 = "";  //Game Boy cartridge not loaded yet: set later via loadGameBoy()
+    information.sha256 = "";  //Game Boy cartridge not loaded yet: set later via loadGameBoy()
   }
 
   //BS Memory
   else if(cartridge.has.MCC && cartridge.has.BSMemorySlot) {
-    _sha256 = Hash::SHA256(bsmemory.memory.data(), bsmemory.memory.size()).digest();
+    information.sha256 = Hash::SHA256(bsmemory.memory.data(), bsmemory.memory.size()).digest();
   }
 
   //Sufami Turbo
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
     Hash::SHA256 sha;
     sha.data(sufamiturboA.rom.data(), sufamiturboA.rom.size());
     sha.data(sufamiturboB.rom.data(), sufamiturboB.rom.size());
-    _sha256 = sha.digest();
+    information.sha256 = sha.digest();
   }
 
   //Super Famicom
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
     buffer = necdsp.firmware();
     sha.data(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
     //finalize hash
-    _sha256 = sha.digest();
+    information.sha256 = sha.digest();
   }
 
   rom.writeProtect(true);
@@ -84,35 +86,40 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
   return true;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::loadGameBoy() -> void {
+auto Cartridge::loadGameBoy() -> bool {
   #if defined(SFC_SUPERGAMEBOY)
   //invoked from ICD2::load()
-  _sha256 = GameBoy::interface->sha256();
+  information.sha256 = GameBoy::interface->sha256();
   information.manifest.gameBoy = GameBoy::interface->manifest();
   information.title.gameBoy = GameBoy::interface->title();
-  #endif
   loadGameBoy(BML::unserialize(information.manifest.gameBoy));
+  return true;
+  #endif
+  return false;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::loadBSMemory() -> void {
+auto Cartridge::loadBSMemory() -> bool {
   if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::BSMemory, "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest.bsMemory = fp->reads();
-  } else return;
+  } else return false;
   loadBSMemory(BML::unserialize(information.manifest.bsMemory));
+  return true;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboA() -> void {
+auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboA() -> bool {
   if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::SufamiTurboA, "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest.sufamiTurboA = fp->reads();
-  } else return;
+  } else return false;
   loadSufamiTurboA(BML::unserialize(information.manifest.sufamiTurboA));
+  return true;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboB() -> void {
+auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboB() -> bool {
   if(auto fp = interface->open(ID::SufamiTurboB, "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest.sufamiTurboB = fp->reads();
-  } else return;
+  } else return false;
   loadSufamiTurboB(BML::unserialize(information.manifest.sufamiTurboB));
+  return true;
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::save() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp b/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
index 49c43aca..22eda2fe 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 struct Cartridge {
   enum class Region : uint { NTSC, PAL };
 
-  auto sha256() const -> string { return _sha256; }
-  auto region() const -> Region { return _region; }
+  auto pathID() const -> uint { return information.pathID; }
+  auto sha256() const -> string { return information.sha256; }
+  auto region() const -> Region { return information.region; }
   auto manifest() const -> string;
   auto title() const -> string;
 
@@ -16,6 +17,10 @@ struct Cartridge {
   MappedRAM ram;
 
   struct Information {
+    uint pathID = 0;
+    string sha256;
+    Region region = Region::NTSC;
+
     struct Manifest {
       string cartridge;
       string gameBoy;
@@ -57,10 +62,10 @@ struct Cartridge {
 
 private:
   //cartridge.cpp
-  auto loadGameBoy() -> void;
-  auto loadBSMemory() -> void;
-  auto loadSufamiTurboA() -> void;
-  auto loadSufamiTurboB() -> void;
+  auto loadGameBoy() -> bool;
+  auto loadBSMemory() -> bool;
+  auto loadSufamiTurboA() -> bool;
+  auto loadSufamiTurboB() -> bool;
 
   //load.cpp
   auto loadCartridge(Markup::Node) -> void;
@@ -89,7 +94,7 @@ private:
   auto loadOBC1(Markup::Node) -> void;
   auto loadMSU1(Markup::Node) -> void;
 
-  auto loadMemory(MappedRAM&, Markup::Node, bool required, uint id = 1) -> void;
+  auto loadMemory(MappedRAM&, Markup::Node, bool required, maybe<uint> id = nothing) -> void;
   auto loadMap(Markup::Node, SuperFamicom::Memory&) -> void;
   auto loadMap(Markup::Node, const function<uint8 (uint24, uint8)>&, const function<void (uint24, uint8)>&) -> void;
 
@@ -114,10 +119,7 @@ private:
   auto saveSDD1(Markup::Node) -> void;
   auto saveOBC1(Markup::Node) -> void;
 
-  auto saveMemory(MappedRAM&, Markup::Node, uint = 1) -> void;
-
-  string _sha256;
-  Region _region = Region::NTSC;
+  auto saveMemory(MappedRAM&, Markup::Node, maybe<uint> = nothing) -> void;
 
   friend class Interface;
   friend class ICD2;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp b/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp
index cc62c6e9..4efd3c74 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 auto Cartridge::loadCartridge(Markup::Node node) -> void {
   information.title.cartridge = node["information/title"].text();
   auto board = node["board"];
-  _region = board["region"].text() == "pal" ? Region::PAL : Region::NTSC;
+  information.region = board["region"].text() == "pal" ? Region::PAL : Region::NTSC;
 
-  if(board["mcc"] || board["bsmemory"]) interface->load(ID::BSMemory, "BS Memory", "bs");
-  if(board["sufamiturbo"]) interface->load(ID::SufamiTurboA, "Sufami Turbo", "st");
+  if(board["mcc"] || board["bsmemory"]) {
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::BSMemory, "BS Memory", "bs")) {
+      bsmemory.pathID = pathID();
+    }
+  }
+  if(board["sufamiturbo"]) {
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::SufamiTurboA, "Sufami Turbo", "st")) {
+      sufamiturboA.pathID = pathID();
+    }
+  }
 
   if(auto node = board["rom"]) loadROM(node);
   if(auto node = board["ram"]) loadRAM(node);
@@ -35,23 +43,27 @@ auto Cartridge::loadBSMemory(Markup::Node node) -> void {
   information.title.bsMemory = node["information/title"].text();
   bsmemory.readonly = (node["board/rom/type"].text() == "mrom");
 
-  loadMemory(bsmemory.memory, node["board/rom"], File::Required, ID::BSMemory);
+  loadMemory(bsmemory.memory, node["board/rom"], File::Required, bsmemory.pathID);
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboA(Markup::Node node) -> void {
   information.title.sufamiTurboA = node["information/title"].text();
 
-  loadMemory(sufamiturboA.rom, node["board/rom"], File::Required, ID::SufamiTurboA);
-  loadMemory(sufamiturboA.ram, node["board/ram"], File::Optional, ID::SufamiTurboA);
+  loadMemory(sufamiturboA.rom, node["board/rom"], File::Required, sufamiturboA.pathID);
+  loadMemory(sufamiturboA.ram, node["board/ram"], File::Optional, sufamiturboA.pathID);
 
-  if(node["board/linkable"]) interface->load(ID::SufamiTurboB, "Sufami Turbo", "st");
+  if(node["board/linkable"]) {
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::SufamiTurboB, "Sufami Turbo", "st")) {
+      sufamiturboB.pathID = pathID();
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboB(Markup::Node node) -> void {
   information.title.sufamiTurboB = node["information/title"].text();
 
-  loadMemory(sufamiturboB.rom, node["board/rom"], File::Required, ID::SufamiTurboB);
-  loadMemory(sufamiturboB.ram, node["board/ram"], File::Optional, ID::SufamiTurboB);
+  loadMemory(sufamiturboB.rom, node["board/rom"], File::Required, sufamiturboB.pathID);
+  loadMemory(sufamiturboB.ram, node["board/ram"], File::Optional, sufamiturboB.pathID);
 }
 
 //
@@ -302,11 +314,12 @@ auto Cartridge::loadMSU1(Markup::Node node) -> void {
 
 //
 
-auto Cartridge::loadMemory(MappedRAM& ram, Markup::Node node, bool required, uint id) -> void {
+auto Cartridge::loadMemory(MappedRAM& ram, Markup::Node node, bool required, maybe<uint> id) -> void {
+  if(!id) id = pathID();
   auto name = node["name"].text();
   auto size = node["size"].natural();
   ram.allocate(size);
-  if(auto fp = interface->open(id, name, File::Read, required)) {
+  if(auto fp = interface->open(id(), name, File::Read, required)) {
     fp->read(ram.data(), ram.size());
   }
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cartridge/save.cpp b/higan/sfc/cartridge/save.cpp
index a61d7ff6..2c18272a 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cartridge/save.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cartridge/save.cpp
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ auto Cartridge::saveBSMemory(Markup::Node node) -> void {
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::saveSufamiTurboA(Markup::Node node) -> void {
-  saveMemory(sufamiturboA.ram, node["board/ram"], ID::SufamiTurboA);
+  saveMemory(sufamiturboA.ram, node["board/ram"], sufamiturboA.pathID);
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::saveSufamiTurboB(Markup::Node node) -> void {
-  saveMemory(sufamiturboB.ram, node["board/ram"], ID::SufamiTurboB);
+  saveMemory(sufamiturboB.ram, node["board/ram"], sufamiturboB.pathID);
 }
 
 //
@@ -113,11 +113,12 @@ auto Cartridge::saveOBC1(Markup::Node node) -> void {
 
 //
 
-auto Cartridge::saveMemory(MappedRAM& memory, Markup::Node node, uint id) -> void {
+auto Cartridge::saveMemory(MappedRAM& memory, Markup::Node node, maybe<uint> id) -> void {
+  if(!id) id = pathID();
   if(!node || node["volatile"]) return;
   auto name = node["name"].text();
   auto size = node["size"].natural();
-  if(auto fp = interface->open(id, name, File::Write)) {
+  if(auto fp = interface->open(id(), name, File::Write)) {
     fp->write(memory.data(), memory.size());
   }
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
index 7d34331d..c5dd8743 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Gamepad::Gamepad(bool port) : Controller(port) {
 
 auto Gamepad::data() -> uint2 {
   if(counter >= 16) return 1;
-  if(latched == 1) return interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Gamepad, B);
+  if(latched == 1) return interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Gamepad, B);
 
   //note: D-pad physically prevents up+down and left+right from being pressed at the same time
   switch(counter++) {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ auto Gamepad::latch(bool data) -> void {
   counter = 0;
 
   if(latched == 0) {
-    auto id = Device::Gamepad;
+    auto id = ID::Device::Gamepad;
     b      = interface->inputPoll(port, id, B);
     y      = interface->inputPoll(port, id, Y);
     select = interface->inputPoll(port, id, Select);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp
index fac50497..bfc9b4e8 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Justifier::Justifier(bool port, bool chained):
 Controller(port),
 chained(chained),
-device(chained == false ? Device::Justifier : Device::Justifiers)
+device(!chained ? ID::Device::Justifier : ID::Device::Justifiers)
 {
   create(Controller::Enter, 21'477'272);
   latched = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp
index 30660068..f9a3f59f 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ auto Mouse::latch(bool data) -> void {
   latched = data;
   counter = 0;
 
-  x = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Mouse, X);  //-n = left, 0 = center, +n = right
-  y = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Mouse, Y);  //-n = up,   0 = center, +n = down
-  l = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Mouse, Left);
-  r = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Mouse, Right);
+  x = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Mouse, X);  //-n = left, 0 = center, +n = right
+  y = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Mouse, Y);  //-n = up,   0 = center, +n = down
+  l = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Mouse, Left);
+  r = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Mouse, Right);
 
   dx = x < 0;  //0 = right, 1 = left
   dy = y < 0;  //0 = down,  1 = up
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/multitap/multitap.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/multitap/multitap.cpp
index 33125b2a..96859269 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/multitap/multitap.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/multitap/multitap.cpp
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ auto Multitap::data() -> uint2 {
     port2 = 3;  //controller 4
   }
 
-  bool data1 = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Multitap, port1 * 12 + index);
-  bool data2 = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::Multitap, port2 * 12 + index);
-  return (data2 << 1) | (data1 << 0);
+  bool data1 = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Multitap, port1 * 12 + index);
+  bool data2 = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::Multitap, port2 * 12 + index);
+  return data2 << 1 | data1 << 0;
 }
 
 auto Multitap::latch(bool data) -> void {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/superscope/superscope.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/superscope/superscope.cpp
index 6320061c..079fad1d 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/superscope/superscope.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/superscope/superscope.cpp
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ auto SuperScope::main() -> void {
 
   if(next < prev) {
     //Vcounter wrapped back to zero; update cursor coordinates for start of new frame
-    int nx = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::SuperScope, X);
-    int ny = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::SuperScope, Y);
+    int nx = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::SuperScope, X);
+    int ny = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::SuperScope, Y);
     nx += x;
     ny += y;
     x = max(-16, min(256 + 16, nx));
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ auto SuperScope::data() -> uint2 {
 
   if(counter == 0) {
     //turbo is a switch; toggle is edge sensitive
-    bool newturbo = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::SuperScope, Turbo);
+    bool newturbo = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::SuperScope, Turbo);
     if(newturbo && !oldturbo) {
       turbo = !turbo;  //toggle state
       sprite->setPixels(turbo ? Resource::Sprite::CrosshairRed : Resource::Sprite::CrosshairGreen);
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ auto SuperScope::data() -> uint2 {
     //trigger is a button
     //if turbo is active, trigger is level sensitive; otherwise, it is edge sensitive
     trigger = false;
-    bool newtrigger = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::SuperScope, Trigger);
+    bool newtrigger = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::SuperScope, Trigger);
     if(newtrigger && (turbo || !triggerlock)) {
       trigger = true;
       triggerlock = true;
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ auto SuperScope::data() -> uint2 {
     }
 
     //cursor is a button; it is always level sensitive
-    cursor = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::SuperScope, Cursor);
+    cursor = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::SuperScope, Cursor);
 
     //pause is a button; it is always edge sensitive
     pause = false;
-    bool newpause = interface->inputPoll(port, Device::SuperScope, Pause);
+    bool newpause = interface->inputPoll(port, ID::Device::SuperScope, Pause);
     if(newpause && !pauselock) {
       pause = true;
       pauselock = true;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.cpp
index 5a2a210f..021b50e7 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.cpp
@@ -33,14 +33,13 @@ auto ICD2::main() -> void {
 auto ICD2::init() -> void {
 }
 
-auto ICD2::load() -> void {
+auto ICD2::load() -> bool {
   bind = GameBoy::interface->bind;
   hook = GameBoy::interface->hook;
   GameBoy::interface->bind = this;
   GameBoy::interface->hook = this;
-  interface->load(ID::GameBoy, "Game Boy", "gb");
   GameBoy::interface->load(GameBoy::ID::SuperGameBoy);
-  cartridge.loadGameBoy();
+  return cartridge.loadGameBoy();
 }
 
 auto ICD2::unload() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.hpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.hpp
index 5f68d5bd..8ac34a53 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/icd2.hpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ struct ICD2 : Emulator::Interface::Bind, GameBoy::Interface::Hook, Cothread {
   auto main() -> void;
 
   auto init() -> void;
-  auto load() -> void;
+  auto load() -> bool;
   auto unload() -> void;
   auto power() -> void;
   auto reset(bool soft = false) -> void;
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ struct ICD2 : Emulator::Interface::Bind, GameBoy::Interface::Hook, Cothread {
   auto lcdOutput(uint2 color) -> void override;
   auto joypWrite(bool p15, bool p14) -> void override;
 
-  auto load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void override;
+  auto open(uint id, string name, vfs::file::mode mode, bool required) -> vfs::shared::file override;
+  auto load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> maybe<uint> override;
 
   auto videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void override;
   auto audioSample(const double* samples, uint channels) -> void override;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/interface.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/interface.cpp
index d4a1c67e..485fefe6 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/icd2/interface.cpp
@@ -85,39 +85,17 @@ auto ICD2::joypWrite(bool p15, bool p14) -> void {
   packetLock = true;
 }
 
-auto ICD2::load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void {
+auto ICD2::open(uint id, string name, vfs::file::mode mode, bool required) -> vfs::shared::file {
+  //redirect system folder to cartridge folder:
+  //expects "GameBoy.sys"; but this would be "Super Famicom.sys"; redirect to "Super Game Boy.sfc/"
+  if(id == ID::System) id = cartridge.pathID();
+  return interface->open(id, name, mode, required);
 }
 
-/*
-auto ICD2::loadRequest(uint id, string name, bool required) -> void {
-  if(id == GameBoy::ID::SystemManifest) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyManifest, name, required);
-  }
-
-  if(id == GameBoy::ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM, name, required);
-  }
-
-  if(id == GameBoy::ID::Manifest) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::GameBoyManifest, name, required);
-  }
-
-  if(id == GameBoy::ID::ROM) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::GameBoyROM, name, required);
-  }
-
-  if(id == GameBoy::ID::RAM) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::GameBoyRAM, name, required);
-  }
+auto ICD2::load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> maybe<uint> {
+  return interface->load(id, name, type, required);
 }
 
-auto ICD2::saveRequest(uint id, string name) -> void {
-  if(id == GameBoy::ID::RAM) {
-    interface->saveRequest(ID::GameBoyRAM, name);
-  }
-}
-*/
-
 auto ICD2::videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void {
 }
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/sfc/interface/interface.cpp
index 5f828a77..c880fd2b 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -25,105 +25,106 @@ Interface::Interface() {
   media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "BS Memory",     "bs",  false});
   media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Sufami Turbo",  "st",  false});
 
-  { Device device{0, ID::ControllerPort1 | ID::ControllerPort2 | ID::ExpansionPort, "None"};
-    devices.append(device);
+  Port controllerPort1{ID::Port::Controller1, "Controller Port 1"};
+  Port controllerPort2{ID::Port::Controller2, "Controller Port 2"};
+  Port expansionPort{ID::Port::Expansion, "Expansion Port"};
+
+  { Device device{ID::Device::None, "None"};
+    controllerPort1.devices.append(device);
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
+    expansionPort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{1, ID::ControllerPort1 | ID::ControllerPort2, "Gamepad"};
-    device.inputs.append({ 0, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.inputs.append({ 1, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.inputs.append({ 2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.inputs.append({ 3, 0, "Right" });
-    device.inputs.append({ 4, 0, "B"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 5, 0, "A"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 6, 0, "Y"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 7, 0, "X"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 8, 0, "L"     });
-    device.inputs.append({ 9, 0, "R"     });
-    device.inputs.append({10, 0, "Select"});
-    device.inputs.append({11, 0, "Start" });
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Gamepad, "Gamepad"};
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "L"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "R"     });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start" });
+    controllerPort1.devices.append(device);
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{2, ID::ControllerPort1 | ID::ControllerPort2, "Multitap"};
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Multitap, "Multitap"};
     for(uint p = 1, n = 0; p <= 4; p++, n += 12) {
-      device.inputs.append({n +  0, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Up"    }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  1, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Down"  }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  2, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Left"  }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  3, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Right" }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  4, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "B"     }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  5, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "A"     }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  6, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Y"     }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  7, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "X"     }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  8, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "L"     }});
-      device.inputs.append({n +  9, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "R"     }});
-      device.inputs.append({n + 10, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Select"}});
-      device.inputs.append({n + 11, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Start" }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Up"    }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Down"  }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Left"  }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Right" }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "B"     }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "A"     }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Y"     }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "X"     }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "L"     }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "R"     }});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Select"}});
+      device.inputs.append({0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Start" }});
     }
-    devices.append(device);
+  //controllerPort1.devices.append(device);  //not used by any commercial software (only homebrew)
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{3, ID::ControllerPort1 | ID::ControllerPort2, "Mouse"};
-    device.inputs.append({0, 1, "X-axis"});
-    device.inputs.append({1, 1, "Y-axis"});
-    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Right" });
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Mouse, "Mouse"};
+    device.inputs.append({1, "X-axis"});
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Y-axis"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Right" });
+    controllerPort1.devices.append(device);
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{4, ID::ControllerPort2, "Super Scope"};
-    device.inputs.append({0, 1, "X-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({1, 1, "Y-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Trigger"});
-    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Cursor" });
-    device.inputs.append({4, 0, "Turbo"  });
-    device.inputs.append({5, 0, "Pause"  });
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::SuperScope, "Super Scope"};
+    device.inputs.append({1, "X-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Y-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Trigger"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Cursor" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Turbo"  });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Pause"  });
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{5, ID::ControllerPort2, "Justifier"};
-    device.inputs.append({0, 1, "X-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({1, 1, "Y-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Trigger"});
-    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Start"  });
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Justifier, "Justifier"};
+    device.inputs.append({1, "X-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Y-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Trigger"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start"  });
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{6, ID::ControllerPort2, "Justifiers"};
-    device.inputs.append({0, 1, "Port 1 - X-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({1, 1, "Port 1 - Y-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Port 1 - Trigger"});
-    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Port 1 - Start"  });
-    device.inputs.append({4, 1, "Port 2 - X-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({5, 1, "Port 2 - Y-axis" });
-    device.inputs.append({6, 0, "Port 2 - Trigger"});
-    device.inputs.append({7, 0, "Port 2 - Start"  });
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Justifiers, "Justifiers"};
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Port 1 - X-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Port 1 - Y-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Port 1 - Trigger"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Port 1 - Start"  });
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Port 2 - X-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({1, "Port 2 - Y-axis" });
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Port 2 - Trigger"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Port 2 - Start"  });
+    controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{7, ID::ExpansionPort, "Satellaview"};
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::Satellaview, "Satellaview"};
+    expansionPort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{8, ID::ExpansionPort, "Super Disc"};
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::SuperDisc, "Super Disc"};
+    expansionPort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{9, ID::ExpansionPort, "21fx"};
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::S21FX, "21fx"};
+    expansionPort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  ports.append({0, "Controller Port 1"});
-  ports.append({1, "Controller Port 2"});
-  ports.append({2, "Expansion Port"});
-
-  for(auto& device : devices) {
-    for(auto& port : ports) {
-      if(device.portmask & (1 << port.id)) {
-        port.devices.append(device);
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  ports.append(move(controllerPort1));
+  ports.append(move(controllerPort2));
+  ports.append(move(expansionPort));
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -183,11 +184,12 @@ auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
   return cartridge.sha256();
 }
 
-auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  if(id == ID::SuperFamicom) system.load();
-  if(id == ID::BSMemory) cartridge.loadBSMemory();
-  if(id == ID::SufamiTurboA) cartridge.loadSufamiTurboA();
-  if(id == ID::SufamiTurboB) cartridge.loadSufamiTurboB();
+auto Interface::load(uint id) -> bool {
+  if(id == ID::SuperFamicom) return system.load();
+  if(id == ID::BSMemory) return cartridge.loadBSMemory();
+  if(id == ID::SufamiTurboA) return cartridge.loadSufamiTurboA();
+  if(id == ID::SufamiTurboB) return cartridge.loadSufamiTurboB();
+  return false;
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/interface/interface.hpp b/higan/sfc/interface/interface.hpp
index 6c899a4c..ec93d159 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -8,22 +8,27 @@ struct ID {
     BSMemory,
     SufamiTurboA,
     SufamiTurboB,
-
-    //deprecated
-    SuperGameBoyManifest,
-    SuperGameBoyBootROM,
-
-    GameBoyManifest,
-    GameBoyROM,
-    GameBoyRAM,
   };
 
-  enum : uint {
-    //device ports (bitmask)
-    ControllerPort1 = 1,
-    ControllerPort2 = 2,
-    ExpansionPort   = 4,
-  };
+  struct Device { enum : uint {
+    None,
+    Gamepad,
+    Multitap,
+    Mouse,
+    SuperScope,
+    Justifier,
+    Justifiers,
+
+    Satellaview,
+    SuperDisc,
+    S21FX,
+  };};
+
+  struct Port { enum : uint {
+    Controller1,
+    Controller2,
+    Expansion,
+  };};
 };
 
 struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
@@ -31,37 +36,35 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
 
   Interface();
 
-  auto manifest() -> string;
-  auto title() -> string;
-  auto videoFrequency() -> double;
-  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
-  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
-  auto audioFrequency() -> double;
+  auto manifest() -> string override;
+  auto title() -> string override;
+  auto videoFrequency() -> double override;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32 override;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 override;
+  auto audioFrequency() -> double override;
 
-  auto loaded() -> bool;
-  auto sha256() -> string;
-  auto load(uint id) -> void;
-  auto save() -> void;
-  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto loaded() -> bool override;
+  auto sha256() -> string override;
+  auto load(uint id) -> bool override;
+  auto save() -> void override;
+  auto unload() -> void override;
 
-  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void;
-  auto power() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto run() -> void;
+  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void override;
+  auto power() -> void override;
+  auto reset() -> void override;
+  auto run() -> void override;
 
-  auto rtc() -> bool;
-  auto rtcsync() -> void;
+  auto rtc() -> bool override;
+  auto rtcsync() -> void override;
 
-  auto serialize() -> serializer;
-  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
+  auto serialize() -> serializer override;
+  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool override;
 
-  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void;
+  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void override;
 
   auto cap(const string& name) -> bool override;
   auto get(const string& name) -> any override;
   auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool override;
-
-  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp b/higan/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp
index 6003ca36..2ed66795 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp
@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ auto PPU::Background::getTile() -> void {
   uint tx = hoffset >> tileWidth;
   uint ty = voffset >> tileHeight;
 
-  uint15 offset = ((ty & 0x1f) << 5) + (tx & 0x1f);
+  uint16 offset = ((ty & 0x1f) << 5) + (tx & 0x1f);
   if(tx & 0x20) offset += screenX;
   if(ty & 0x20) offset += screenY;
 
-  uint15 address = r.screenAddress + offset;
+  uint16 address = r.screenAddress + offset;
   tile = ppu.vram[address];
   bool mirrorY = tile & 0x8000;
   bool mirrorX = tile & 0x4000;
@@ -270,6 +270,6 @@ auto PPU::Background::getTile(uint x, uint y) -> uint {
   if(x & 0x20) offset += screenX;
   if(y & 0x20) offset += screenY;
 
-  uint15 address = r.screenAddress + offset;
+  uint16 address = r.screenAddress + offset;
   return ppu.vram[address];
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/ppu/memory.cpp b/higan/sfc/ppu/memory.cpp
index 651f3250..d47dbff9 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/ppu/memory.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/ppu/memory.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ auto PPU::getVramAddress() -> uint16 {
   unreachable;
 }
 
-auto PPU::vramRead(bool chip, uint15 addr) -> uint8 {
+auto PPU::vramRead(bool chip, uint addr) -> uint8 {
   uint8 data = 0x00;
   if(r.displayDisable || vcounter() >= vdisp()) {
     data = vram[addr].byte(chip);
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ auto PPU::vramRead(bool chip, uint15 addr) -> uint8 {
   return data;
 }
 
-auto PPU::vramWrite(bool chip, uint15 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
+auto PPU::vramWrite(bool chip, uint addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   if(r.displayDisable || vcounter() >= vdisp()) {
     vram[addr].byte(chip) = data;
     debugger.vramWrite(addr << 1 | chip, data);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/ppu/mmio.cpp b/higan/sfc/ppu/mmio.cpp
index 81197088..35dff131 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/ppu/mmio.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/ppu/mmio.cpp
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ auto PPU::write(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
   //OBSEL
   case 0x2101: {
-    obj.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(0,1) << 13;
+    obj.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(0,2) << 13;
     obj.r.nameSelect      = data.bits(3,4);
     obj.r.baseSize        = data.bits(5,7);
     return;
@@ -226,42 +226,42 @@ auto PPU::write(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   //BG1SC
   case 0x2107: {
     bg1.r.screenSize    = data.bits(0,1);
-    bg1.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,6) << 10;
+    bg1.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,7) << 10;
     return;
   }
 
   //BG2SC
   case 0x2108: {
     bg2.r.screenSize    = data.bits(0,1);
-    bg2.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,6) << 10;
+    bg2.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,7) << 10;
     return;
   }
 
   //BG3SC
   case 0x2109: {
     bg3.r.screenSize    = data.bits(0,1);
-    bg3.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,6) << 10;
+    bg3.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,7) << 10;
     return;
   }
 
   //BG4SC
   case 0x210a: {
     bg4.r.screenSize    = data.bits(0,1);
-    bg4.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,6) << 10;
+    bg4.r.screenAddress = data.bits(2,7) << 10;
     return;
   }
 
   //BG12NBA
   case 0x210b: {
-    bg1.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(0,2) << 12;
-    bg2.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(4,6) << 12;
+    bg1.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(0,3) << 12;
+    bg2.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(4,7) << 12;
     return;
   }
 
   //BG34NBA
   case 0x210c: {
-    bg3.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(0,2) << 12;
-    bg4.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(4,6) << 12;
+    bg3.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(0,3) << 12;
+    bg4.r.tiledataAddress = data.bits(4,7) << 12;
     return;
   }
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.cpp b/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.cpp
index cc9b424f..c898883c 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.cpp
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ auto PPU::addClocks(uint clocks) -> void {
 }
 
 auto PPU::power() -> void {
-  for(auto& n : vram) n = random(0x0000);
+  for(auto& n : vram.data) n = random(0x0000);
   for(auto& n : oam) n = random(0x00);
   for(auto& n : cgram) n = random(0x00);
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.hpp b/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.hpp
index 861e5f69..0d2a0c73 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/ppu/ppu.hpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ struct PPU : Thread, PPUcounter {
 
   //memory.cpp
   alwaysinline auto getVramAddress() -> uint16;
-  alwaysinline auto vramRead(bool chip, uint15 addr) -> uint8;
-  alwaysinline auto vramWrite(bool chip, uint15 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
+  alwaysinline auto vramRead(bool chip, uint addr) -> uint8;
+  alwaysinline auto vramWrite(bool chip, uint addr, uint8 data) -> void;
   alwaysinline auto oamRead(uint addr) -> uint8;
   alwaysinline auto oamWrite(uint addr, uint8 data) -> void;
   alwaysinline auto cgramRead(uint addr) -> uint8;
@@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ struct PPU : Thread, PPUcounter {
   auto updateVideoMode() -> void;
 
 privileged:
-  uint16 vram[32 * 1024];
+  struct VRAM {
+    auto& operator[](uint offset) { return data[offset & size - 1]; }
+    uint16 data[64 * 1024];
+    uint size = 0x8000;
+  } vram;
   uint8 oam[544];
   uint8 cgram[512];
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/ppu/serialization.cpp b/higan/sfc/ppu/serialization.cpp
index 2e43ee14..88efeab4 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/ppu/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/ppu/serialization.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ auto PPU::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   Thread::serialize(s);
   PPUcounter::serialize(s);
 
-  s.array(vram);
+  s.integer(vram.size);
+  s.array(vram.data, vram.size);
   s.array(oam);
   s.array(cgram);
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/sfc.hpp b/higan/sfc/sfc.hpp
index fba573fc..247d9d17 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/sfc.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/sfc.hpp
@@ -16,12 +16,7 @@
 #endif
 
 namespace SuperFamicom {
-  struct File {
-    static const auto Read = vfs::file::mode::read;
-    static const auto Write = vfs::file::mode::write;
-    static const auto Optional = false;
-    static const auto Required = true;
-  };
+  using File = Emulator::File;
 
   struct Thread {
     virtual ~Thread() {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/slot/bsmemory/bsmemory.hpp b/higan/sfc/slot/bsmemory/bsmemory.hpp
index d079dce2..6c3abd2a 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/slot/bsmemory/bsmemory.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/slot/bsmemory/bsmemory.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ struct BSMemory : Memory {
   auto read(uint24 addr, uint8) -> uint8;
   auto write(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
 
+  uint pathID = 0;
   MappedRAM memory;
   bool readonly;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp b/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
index cb9f4450..11fbfc22 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ struct SufamiTurboCartridge {
   auto unload() -> void;
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
 
+  uint pathID = 0;
   MappedRAM rom;
   MappedRAM ram;
 };
diff --git a/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.cpp b/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.cpp
index c20f4b69..2280edcb 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.cpp
@@ -10,51 +10,51 @@ auto Peripherals::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Peripherals::reset() -> void {
-  connect(0, settings.controllerPort1);
-  connect(1, settings.controllerPort2);
-  connect(2, settings.expansionPort);
+  connect(ID::Port::Controller1, settings.controllerPort1);
+  connect(ID::Port::Controller2, settings.controllerPort2);
+  connect(ID::Port::Expansion, settings.expansionPort);
 }
 
-auto Peripherals::connect(uint port, uint id) -> void {
-  if(port == Port::Controller1) {
-    settings.controllerPort1 = id;
+auto Peripherals::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller1) {
+    settings.controllerPort1 = device;
     if(!system.loaded()) return;
 
     delete controllerPort1;
-    switch(id) { default:
-    case Device::None:     controllerPort1 = new Controller(0); break;
-    case Device::Gamepad:  controllerPort1 = new Gamepad(0); break;
-    case Device::Multitap: controllerPort1 = new Multitap(0); break;
-    case Device::Mouse:    controllerPort1 = new Mouse(0); break;
+    switch(device) { default:
+    case ID::Device::None:     controllerPort1 = new Controller(0); break;
+    case ID::Device::Gamepad:  controllerPort1 = new Gamepad(0); break;
+    case ID::Device::Multitap: controllerPort1 = new Multitap(0); break;
+    case ID::Device::Mouse:    controllerPort1 = new Mouse(0); break;
     }
   }
 
-  if(port == Port::Controller2) {
-    settings.controllerPort2 = id;
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller2) {
+    settings.controllerPort2 = device;
     if(!system.loaded()) return;
 
     delete controllerPort2;
-    switch(id) { default:
-    case Device::None:       controllerPort2 = new Controller(1); break;
-    case Device::Gamepad:    controllerPort2 = new Gamepad(1); break;
-    case Device::Multitap:   controllerPort2 = new Multitap(1); break;
-    case Device::Mouse:      controllerPort2 = new Mouse(1); break;
-    case Device::SuperScope: controllerPort2 = new SuperScope(1); break;
-    case Device::Justifier:  controllerPort2 = new Justifier(1, false); break;
-    case Device::Justifiers: controllerPort2 = new Justifier(1, true); break;
+    switch(device) { default:
+    case ID::Device::None:       controllerPort2 = new Controller(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::Gamepad:    controllerPort2 = new Gamepad(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::Multitap:   controllerPort2 = new Multitap(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::Mouse:      controllerPort2 = new Mouse(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::SuperScope: controllerPort2 = new SuperScope(1); break;
+    case ID::Device::Justifier:  controllerPort2 = new Justifier(1, false); break;
+    case ID::Device::Justifiers: controllerPort2 = new Justifier(1, true); break;
     }
   }
 
-  if(port == Port::Expansion) {
-    settings.expansionPort = id;
+  if(port == ID::Port::Expansion) {
+    settings.expansionPort = device;
     if(!system.loaded()) return;
 
     delete expansionPort;
-    switch(id) { default:
-    case Device::None:        expansionPort = new Expansion; break;
-    case Device::Satellaview: expansionPort = new Satellaview; break;
-    case Device::SuperDisc:   expansionPort = new SuperDisc; break;
-    case Device::S21FX:       expansionPort = new S21FX; break;
+    switch(device) { default:
+    case ID::Device::None:        expansionPort = new Expansion; break;
+    case ID::Device::Satellaview: expansionPort = new Satellaview; break;
+    case ID::Device::SuperDisc:   expansionPort = new SuperDisc; break;
+    case ID::Device::S21FX:       expansionPort = new S21FX; break;
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.hpp b/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.hpp
index bf08cc85..358b71b0 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/system/peripherals.hpp
@@ -1,30 +1,7 @@
-struct Port { enum : uint {
-  Controller1,
-  Controller2,
-  Expansion,
-};};
-
-struct Device { enum : uint {
-  None,
-
-  //controller port peripherals
-  Gamepad,
-  Multitap,
-  Mouse,
-  SuperScope,
-  Justifier,
-  Justifiers,
-
-  //expansion port peripherals
-  Satellaview,
-  SuperDisc,
-  S21FX,
-};};
-
 struct Peripherals {
   auto unload() -> void;
   auto reset() -> void;
-  auto connect(uint port, uint id) -> void;
+  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void;
 
   Controller* controllerPort1 = nullptr;
   Controller* controllerPort2 = nullptr;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp b/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp
index 476ff7c1..06cf2542 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ auto System::load() -> bool {
     } else return false;
   }
 
-  cartridge.load();
+  if(!cartridge.load()) return false;
   _region = cartridge.region() == Cartridge::Region::NTSC ? Region::NTSC : Region::PAL;
   _cpuFrequency = region() == Region::NTSC ? 21'477'272 : 21'281'370;
   _apuFrequency = 24'606'720;
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/GNUmakefile b/higan/target-loki/GNUmakefile
deleted file mode 100644
index 97b06bfb..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/GNUmakefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-name := loki
-flags += -DDEBUGGER
-
-include sfc/GNUmakefile
-include processor/GNUmakefile
-
-ui_objects := ui-loki ui-program
-ui_objects += ui-terminal ui-presentation
-ui_objects += ruby hiro
-ui_objects += $(if $(call streq,$(platform),windows),ui-resource)
-
-# platform
-ifeq ($(platform),windows)
-  ruby += video.gdi audio.directsound input.windows
-else ifeq ($(platform),macosx)
-  ruby += video.cgl audio.openal input.quartz
-else ifeq ($(platform),linux)
-  ruby += video.xshm audio.openal input.sdl
-else ifeq ($(platform),bsd)
-  ruby += video.xshm audio.oss input.sdl
-endif
-
-# ruby
-include ../ruby/GNUmakefile
-link += $(rubylink)
-
-# hiro
-include ../hiro/GNUmakefile
-link += $(hirolink)
-
-# rules
-objects := $(ui_objects) $(objects)
-objects := $(patsubst %,obj/%.o,$(objects))
-
-obj/ruby.o: ../ruby/ruby.cpp $(call rwildcard,../ruby/)
-	$(compiler) $(rubyflags) -c $< -o $@
-
-obj/hiro.o: ../hiro/hiro.cpp $(call rwildcard,../hiro/)
-	$(compiler) $(hiroflags) -c $< -o $@
-
-obj/ui-loki.o: $(ui)/loki.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(ui)/)
-obj/ui-program.o: $(ui)/program/program.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(ui)/)
-obj/ui-terminal.o: $(ui)/terminal/terminal.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(ui)/)
-obj/ui-presentation.o: $(ui)/presentation/presentation.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(ui)/)
-
-obj/ui-resource.o:
-	windres data/resource.rc obj/ui-resource.o
-
-# targets
-build: $(objects)
-	$(call unique,$(compiler) -o out/$(name) $(objects) $(link))
-
-install:
-ifeq ($(shell id -un),root)
-	$(error "make install should not be run as root")
-else ifneq ($(filter $(platform),linux bsd),)
-	mkdir -p $(prefix)/bin/
-	mkdir -p $(prefix)/share/icons/
-	mkdir -p $(prefix)/share/$(name)/
-	cp out/$(name) $(prefix)/bin/$(name)
-	cp data/higan.png $(prefix)/share/icons/$(name).png
-	cp -R profile/* $(prefix)/share/$(name)/
-endif
-
-uninstall:
-ifeq ($(shell id -un),root)
-	$(error "make uninstall should not be run as root")
-else ifneq ($(filter $(platform),linux bsd),)
-	if [ -f $(prefix)/bin/$(name) ]; then rm $(prefix)/bin/$(name); fi
-	if [ -f $(prefix)/share/icons/$(name).png ]; then rm $(prefix)/share/icons/$(name).png; fi
-endif
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/loki.cpp b/higan/target-loki/loki.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f2762555..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/loki.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#include "loki.hpp"
-unique_pointer<Video> video;
-unique_pointer<Audio> audio;
-unique_pointer<Input> input;
-Emulator::Interface* emulator = nullptr;
-
-auto locate(string name) -> string {
-  string location = {Path::program(), name};
-  if(inode::exists(location)) return location;
-
-  location = {Path::config(), "loki/", name};
-  if(inode::exists(location)) return location;
-
-  directory::create({Path::local(), "loki/"});
-  return {Path::local(), "loki/", name};
-}
-
-#include <nall/main.hpp>
-auto nall::main(lstring args) -> void {
-  Application::setName("loki");
-  new Program(args);
-  Application::run();
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/loki.hpp b/higan/target-loki/loki.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index cdce80ba..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/loki.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#include <nall/nall.hpp>
-#include <ruby/ruby.hpp>
-#include <hiro/hiro.hpp>
-using namespace nall;
-using namespace ruby;
-using namespace hiro;
-extern unique_pointer<Video> video;
-extern unique_pointer<Audio> audio;
-extern unique_pointer<Input> input;
-
-#include <emulator/emulator.hpp>
-extern Emulator::Interface* emulator;
-
-#include <sfc/sfc.hpp>
-namespace SFC = SuperFamicom;
-
-auto locate(string name) -> string;
-
-#include "program/program.hpp"
-#include "terminal/terminal.hpp"
-#include "presentation/presentation.hpp"
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/presentation/presentation.cpp b/higan/target-loki/presentation/presentation.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 901da6d6..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/presentation/presentation.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#include "../loki.hpp"
-unique_pointer<Presentation> presentation;
-
-Presentation::Presentation() {
-  presentation = this;
-
-  onClose([&] { program->quit(); });
-
-  setTitle({"loki v", Emulator::Version});
-  setResizable(false);
-  setBackgroundColor({0, 0, 0});
-  setSize({512, 480});
-  setCentered();
-  setVisible();
-}
-
-auto Presentation::drawSplashScreen() -> void {
-  uint32_t* output;
-  uint length;
-  if(video->lock(output, length, 512, 480)) {
-    for(auto y : range(480)) {
-      auto dp = output + y * (length >> 2);
-      for(auto x : range(512)) *dp++ = 0xff'00'00'00;
-    }
-    video->unlock();
-    video->refresh();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/presentation/presentation.hpp b/higan/target-loki/presentation/presentation.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d2d96723..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/presentation/presentation.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-struct Presentation : Window {
-  Presentation();
-  auto drawSplashScreen() -> void;
-
-  VerticalLayout layout{this};
-    Viewport viewport{&layout, Size{~0, ~0}};
-};
-
-extern unique_pointer<Presentation> presentation;
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/program/interface.cpp b/higan/target-loki/program/interface.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index df4e291b..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/program/interface.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-auto Program::loadRequest(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void {
-  string location = BrowserDialog()
-  .setTitle({"Load ", name})
-  .setPath({Path::user(), "Emulation/", name})
-  .setFilters({string{name, "|*.", type}})
-  .openFolder();
-  if(!directory::exists(location)) return;
-
-  mediumPaths(id) = location;
-  folderPaths.append(location);
-  emulator->load(id);
-}
-
-auto Program::loadRequest(uint id, string filename, bool required) -> void {
-  string pathname = mediumPaths(emulator->group(id));
-  string location = {pathname, filename};
-
-  if(filename == "manifest.bml" && pathname && !pathname.endsWith("sys/")) {
-    if(!file::exists(location)) {
-      if(auto manifest = execute("icarus", "--manifest", pathname)) {
-        memorystream stream{manifest.output.data<uint8_t>(), manifest.output.size()};
-        return emulator->load(id, stream);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(file::exists(location)) {
-    mmapstream stream{location};
-    return emulator->load(id, stream);
-  }
-
-  if(required) MessageDialog().setTitle("loki").setText({
-    "Missing required file: ", nall::filename(location), "\n\n",
-    "From location:\n", nall::pathname(location)
-  }).error();
-}
-
-auto Program::saveRequest(uint id, string filename) -> void {
-  string pathname = mediumPaths(emulator->group(id));
-  string location = {pathname, filename};
-
-//filestream stream{location, file::mode::write};
-//return emulator->save(id, stream);
-}
-
-auto Program::videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void {
-  uint32_t* output;
-  uint length;
-
-  if(video->lock(output, length, width, height)) {
-    pitch >>= 2, length >>= 2;
-
-    for(auto y : range(height)) {
-      memory::copy(output + y * length, data + y * pitch, width * sizeof(uint32));
-    }
-
-    video->unlock();
-    video->refresh();
-  }
-}
-
-auto Program::audioSample(int16 left, int16 right) -> void {
-  audio->sample(left, right);
-}
-
-auto Program::inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 {
-  if(!presentation->focused()) return 0;
-
-  shared_pointer<HID::Keyboard> keyboard;
-  for(auto& device : devices) {
-    if(device->isKeyboard()) {
-      keyboard = device;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(port == (uint)SFC::Port::Controller1) {
-    if(device == (uint)SFC::Device::Gamepad) {
-      #define map(id, name) \
-        case id: \
-          if(auto code = keyboard->buttons().find(name)) { \
-            return keyboard->buttons().input(*code).value(); \
-          } \
-          break; \
-
-      switch(input) {
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Up, "Up");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Down, "Down");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Left, "Left");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Right, "Right");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::B, "Z");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::A, "X");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Y, "A");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::X, "S");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::L, "D");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::R, "C");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Select, "Apostrophe");
-        map(SFC::Gamepad::Start, "Return");
-      }
-
-      #undef map
-    }
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-auto Program::inputRumble(uint port, uint device, uint input, bool enable) -> void {
-}
-
-auto Program::dipSettings(const Markup::Node& node) -> uint {
-  return 0;
-}
-
-auto Program::path(uint group) -> string {
-  return mediumPaths(group);
-}
-
-auto Program::notify(string text) -> void {
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/program/medium.cpp b/higan/target-loki/program/medium.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a3daeb0..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/program/medium.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-auto Program::loadMedium(string location) -> void {
-  location.transform("\\", "/");
-  if(!location.endsWith("/")) location.append("/");
-  if(!directory::exists(location)) return;
-
-  string type = suffixname(location).trimLeft(".", 1L);
-  for(auto& medium : emulator->media) {
-    if(!medium.bootable) continue;
-    if(medium.type != type) continue;
-    return loadMedium(medium, location);
-  }
-}
-
-auto Program::loadMedium(Emulator::Interface::Medium& medium, string location) -> void {
-  unloadMedium();
-
-  mediumPaths(0) = locate({medium.name, ".sys/"});
-  mediumPaths(medium.id) = location;
-  folderPaths.append(location);
-
-  emulator->set("Blur Emulation", false);
-  emulator->set("Color Emulation", false);
-  emulator->set("Scanline Emulation", false);
-
-  Emulator::audio.reset();
-  Emulator::audio.setFrequency(audio->get(Audio::Frequency).get<uint>());
-  emulator->connect((uint)SFC::Port::Controller1, (uint)SFC::Device::Gamepad);
-  emulator->connect((uint)SFC::Port::Controller2, (uint)SFC::Device::None);
-  emulator->connect((uint)SFC::Port::Expansion,   (uint)SFC::Device::None);
-
-  emulator->load(medium.id);
-  emulator->power();
-
-  presentation->setTitle(emulator->title());
-}
-
-auto Program::unloadMedium() -> void {
-  if(!emulator->loaded()) return;
-
-  emulator->unload();
-  mediumPaths.reset();
-  folderPaths.reset();
-
-  presentation->setTitle("");
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/program/program.cpp b/higan/target-loki/program/program.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index c9c5dd55..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/program/program.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-#include "../loki.hpp"
-#include "interface.cpp"
-#include "medium.cpp"
-unique_pointer<Program> program;
-
-Program::Program(lstring args) {
-  program = this;
-  Application::onMain({&Program::main, this});
-
-  emulator = new SuperFamicom::Interface;
-  emulator->bind = this;
-
-  new Terminal;
-  new Presentation;
-  terminal->setFocused();
-
-  video = Video::create();
-  video->set(Video::Handle, presentation->viewport.handle());
-  video->set(Video::Synchronize, false);
-  if(!video->init()) video = Video::create("None");
-
-  audio = Audio::create();
-  audio->set(Audio::Handle, presentation->viewport.handle());
-  audio->set(Audio::Synchronize, true);
-  audio->set(Audio::Frequency, 96000u);
-  audio->set(Audio::Latency, 80u);
-  if(!audio->init()) audio = Audio::create("None");
-
-  input = Input::create();
-  input->set(Input::Handle, presentation->viewport.handle());
-  if(!input->init()) input = Input::create("None");
-
-  presentation->drawSplashScreen();
-
-  string location = args(1, "");
-  if(!directory::exists(location)) location = {  //quick testing hack
-    Path::user(), "Emulation/Super Famicom/",
-    "Legend of Zelda - A Link to the Past, The (USA) (1.0).sfc/"
-  };
-
-  if(directory::exists(location)) loadMedium(location);
-}
-
-auto Program::main() -> void {
-  if(!emulator->loaded()) {
-    usleep(20 * 1000);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  devices = input->poll();
-  emulator->run();
-}
-
-auto Program::quit() -> void {
-  unloadMedium();
-  video.reset();
-  audio.reset();
-  input.reset();
-  Application::quit();
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/program/program.hpp b/higan/target-loki/program/program.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index fa3e53c1..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/program/program.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-struct Program : Emulator::Interface::Bind {
-  //program.cpp
-  Program(lstring args);
-  auto main() -> void;
-  auto quit() -> void;
-
-  //media.cpp
-  auto loadMedium(string location) -> void;
-  auto loadMedium(Emulator::Interface::Medium& medium, string location) -> void;
-  auto unloadMedium() -> void;
-
-  //interface.cpp
-  auto loadRequest(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void override;
-  auto loadRequest(uint id, string path, bool required) -> void override;
-  auto saveRequest(uint id, string path) -> void override;
-  auto videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void override;
-  auto audioSample(int16 left, int16 right) -> void override;
-  auto inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 override;
-  auto inputRumble(uint port, uint device, uint input, bool enable) -> void override;
-  auto dipSettings(const Markup::Node& node) -> uint override;
-  auto path(uint group) -> string override;
-  auto notify(string text) -> void override;
-
-  vector<shared_pointer<HID::Device>> devices;
-  vector<string> mediumPaths;
-  vector<string> folderPaths;
-};
-
-extern unique_pointer<Program> program;
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/terminal/about-window.cpp b/higan/target-loki/terminal/about-window.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d1c9430f..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/terminal/about-window.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-unique_pointer<AboutWindow> aboutWindow;
-
-AboutWindow::AboutWindow() {
-  aboutWindow = this;
-
-  layout.setMargin(5);
-  canvas.setIcon({locate("loki.png")});
-  information.setFont(Font().setFamily(Font::Sans).setBold()).setAlignment(0.5).setText({
-    Emulator::Name, "/loki v", Emulator::Version, "\n\n"
-    "Author: ", Emulator::Author, "\n",
-    "License: ", Emulator::License, "\n",
-    "Website: ", Emulator::Website
-  });
-
-  setTitle("About loki ...");
-  setSize(layout.minimumSize());
-  setCentered();
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/terminal/terminal.cpp b/higan/target-loki/terminal/terminal.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index eac60035..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/terminal/terminal.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#include "../loki.hpp"
-#include "about-window.cpp"
-unique_pointer<Terminal> terminal;
-
-Terminal::Terminal() {
-  terminal = this;
-  new AboutWindow;
-
-  onClose([&] { program->quit(); });
-
-  helpMenu.setText("Help");
-  aboutAction.setText("About ...").onActivate([&] { aboutWindow->setFocused(); });
-
-  console.setBackgroundColor({ 56,  56,  56});
-  console.setForegroundColor({255, 255, 255});
-  console.setFont(Font().setFamily(Font::Mono).setSize(8));
-  console.setPrompt("$ ");
-
-  setTitle({"loki v", Emulator::Version});
-  setSize({800, 480});
-  setAlignment({0.0, 1.0});
-  setVisible();
-}
-
-auto Terminal::showAboutWindow() -> void {
-}
diff --git a/higan/target-loki/terminal/terminal.hpp b/higan/target-loki/terminal/terminal.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0179703d..00000000
--- a/higan/target-loki/terminal/terminal.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-struct Terminal : Window {
-  Terminal();
-  auto showAboutWindow() -> void;
-
-  MenuBar menuBar{this};
-    Menu helpMenu{&menuBar};
-      MenuItem aboutAction{&helpMenu};
-
-  VerticalLayout layout{this};
-    Console console{&layout, Size{~0, ~0}};
-};
-
-struct AboutWindow : Window {
-  AboutWindow();
-
-  VerticalLayout layout{this};
-    Canvas canvas{&layout, Size{288, 360}, 15};
-    Label information{&layout, Size{~0, 0}};
-};
-
-extern unique_pointer<Terminal> terminal;
-extern unique_pointer<AboutWindow> aboutWindow;
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/input/input.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/input/input.cpp
index 9a6d9329..beb8d6b5 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/input/input.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/input/input.cpp
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ InputManager::InputManager() {
           auto& inputMapping = inputDevice.mappings.right();
           inputMapping->name = input.name;
           inputMapping->link = &input;
-          input.guid = (uintptr)inputMapping;
+          input.userData = (uintptr)inputMapping;
 
           inputMapping->path = string{inputEmulator.name, "/", inputPort.name, "/", inputDevice.name, "/", inputMapping->name}.replace(" ", "");
           inputMapping->assignment = settings(inputMapping->path).text();
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp
index 783b2ecd..4c5465c7 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp
@@ -6,19 +6,11 @@ Presentation::Presentation() {
 
   libraryMenu.setText("Library");
   for(auto& emulator : program->emulators) {
-    for(auto& media : emulator->media) {
-      if(!media.bootable) continue;
+    for(auto& medium : emulator->media) {
+      if(!medium.bootable) continue;
       auto item = new MenuItem{&libraryMenu};
-      item->setText({media.name, " ..."}).onActivate([=] {
-        directory::create({settings["Library/Location"].text(), media.name});
-        auto location = BrowserDialog()
-        .setTitle({"Load ", media.name})
-        .setPath({settings["Library/Location"].text(), media.name})
-        .setFilters(string{media.name, "|*.", media.type})
-        .openFolder();
-        if(directory::exists(location)) {
-          program->loadMedium(location);
-        }
+      item->setText({medium.name, " ..."}).onActivate([=] {
+        program->loadMedium(*emulator, medium);
       });
       loadBootableMedia.append(item);
     }
@@ -26,10 +18,9 @@ Presentation::Presentation() {
   //add icarus menu options -- but only if icarus binary is present
   if(execute("icarus", "--name").output.strip() == "icarus") {
     libraryMenu.append(MenuSeparator());
-    libraryMenu.append(MenuItem().setText("Load ROM File ...").onActivate([&] {
+    libraryMenu.append(MenuItem().setText("Import ROM File ...").onActivate([&] {
       audio->clear();
       if(auto location = execute("icarus", "--import")) {
-        program->loadMedium(location.output.strip());
       }
     }));
     libraryMenu.append(MenuItem().setText("Import ROM Files ...").onActivate([&] {
@@ -40,7 +31,7 @@ Presentation::Presentation() {
   systemMenu.setText("System").setVisible(false);
   powerSystem.setText("Power").onActivate([&] { program->powerCycle(); });
   resetSystem.setText("Reset").onActivate([&] { program->softReset(); });
-  unloadSystem.setText("Unload").onActivate([&] { program->unloadMedium(); drawSplashScreen(); });
+  unloadSystem.setText("Unload").onActivate([&] { program->unloadMedium(); });
 
   settingsMenu.setText("Settings");
   videoScaleMenu.setText("Video Scale");
@@ -141,8 +132,6 @@ Presentation::Presentation() {
   statusBar.setFont(Font().setBold());
   statusBar.setVisible(settings["UserInterface/ShowStatusBar"].boolean());
 
-  viewport.setDroppable().onDrop([&](auto locations) { program->load(locations(0)); });
-
   onClose([&] { program->quit(); });
 
   setTitle({"higan v", Emulator::Version});
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp
index a04a1f91..af66fdde 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ auto Program::open(uint id, string name, vfs::file::mode mode, bool required) ->
   return {};
 }
 
-auto Program::load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void {
+auto Program::load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> maybe<uint> {
   string location = BrowserDialog()
   .setTitle({"Load ", name})
   .setPath({settings["Library/Location"].text(), name})
   .setFilters({string{name, "|*.", type}, "All|*.*"})
   .openFolder();
-  if(!directory::exists(location)) return;
+  if(!directory::exists(location)) return nothing;
 
-  mediumPaths(id) = location;
-  folderPaths.append(location);
-  emulator->load(id);
+  uint pathID = mediumPaths.size();
+  mediumPaths.append(location);
+  return pathID;
 }
 
 auto Program::videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void {
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ auto Program::audioSample(const double* samples, uint channels) -> void {
 
 auto Program::inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 {
   if(presentation->focused() || settings["Input/FocusLoss/AllowInput"].boolean()) {
-    auto guid = emulator->ports[port].devices[device].inputs[input].guid;
-    auto mapping = (InputMapping*)guid;
+    auto userData = emulator->ports[port].devices[device].inputs[input].userData;
+    auto mapping = (InputMapping*)userData;
     if(mapping) return mapping->poll();
   }
   return 0;
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ auto Program::inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 {
 
 auto Program::inputRumble(uint port, uint device, uint input, bool enable) -> void {
   if(presentation->focused() || settings["Input/FocusLoss/AllowInput"].boolean() || !enable) {
-    auto guid = emulator->ports[port].devices[device].inputs[input].guid;
-    auto mapping = (InputMapping*)guid;
+    auto userData = emulator->ports[port].devices[device].inputs[input].userData;
+    auto mapping = (InputMapping*)userData;
     if(mapping) return mapping->rumble(enable);
   }
 }
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/program/medium.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/program/medium.cpp
index 511bb2de..61ba41b4 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/program/medium.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/program/medium.cpp
@@ -1,30 +1,16 @@
-auto Program::loadMedium(string location) -> void {
-  location.transform("\\", "/");
-  if(!location.endsWith("/")) location.append("/");
-  if(!directory::exists(location)) return;
-
-  string type = suffixname(location).trimLeft(".", 1L);
-  for(auto& emulator : emulators) {
-    for(auto& medium : emulator->media) {
-      if(!medium.bootable) continue;
-      if(medium.type != type) continue;
-      return loadMedium(*emulator, medium, location);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-auto Program::loadMedium(Emulator::Interface& interface, Emulator::Interface::Medium& medium, string location) -> void {
+auto Program::loadMedium(Emulator::Interface& interface, const Emulator::Interface::Medium& medium) -> void {
   unloadMedium();
 
-  mediumPaths(0) = locate({medium.name, ".sys/"});
-  mediumPaths(medium.id) = location;
-  folderPaths.append(location);
+  mediumPaths.append(locate({medium.name, ".sys/"}));
 
-  //note: the order of operations in this block of code is critical
   Emulator::audio.reset(2, audio->get(Audio::Frequency).get<uint>(44100));
   emulator = &interface;
   connectDevices();
-  emulator->load(medium.id);
+  if(!emulator->load(medium.id)) {
+    emulator = nullptr;
+    mediumPaths.reset();
+    return;
+  }
   updateAudioDriver();
   updateAudioEffects();
   emulator->power();
@@ -45,10 +31,9 @@ auto Program::unloadMedium() -> void {
   toolsManager->cheatEditor.saveCheats();
   emulator->unload();
   emulator = nullptr;
-
   mediumPaths.reset();
-  folderPaths.reset();
 
+  presentation->drawSplashScreen();
   presentation->setTitle({"higan v", Emulator::Version});
   presentation->systemMenu.setVisible(false);
   presentation->toolsMenu.setVisible(false);
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.cpp
index fa35ec64..98e579bc 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.cpp
@@ -56,28 +56,6 @@ Program::Program(lstring args) {
   for(auto& argument : args) {
     if(argument == "--fullscreen") {
       presentation->toggleFullScreen();
-    } else {
-      load(argument);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-auto Program::load(string location) -> void {
-  if(directory::exists(location)) {
-    loadMedium(location);
-  } else if(file::exists(location)) {
-    //special handling to allow importing the Game Boy Advance BIOS
-    if(file::size(location) == 16384 && file::sha256(location).beginsWith("fd2547724b505f48")) {
-      auto target = locate("Game Boy Advance.sys/");
-      if(file::copy(location, {target, "bios.rom"})) {
-        MessageDialog().setTitle(Emulator::Name).setText("Game Boy Advance BIOS imported successfully!").information();
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-
-    //ask icarus to import the game; and play it upon success
-    if(auto result = execute("icarus", "--import", location)) {
-      loadMedium(result.output.strip());
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp b/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp
index 33b56328..ecee3bcf 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 struct Program : Emulator::Interface::Bind {
   //program.cpp
   Program(lstring args);
-  auto load(string) -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto quit() -> void;
 
   //interface.cpp
   auto path(uint id) -> string override;
   auto open(uint id, string name, vfs::file::mode mode, bool required) -> vfs::shared::file override;
-  auto load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void override;
+  auto load(uint id, string name, string type, bool required) -> maybe<uint> override;
   auto videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void override;
   auto audioSample(const double* samples, uint channels) -> void override;
   auto inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 override;
@@ -17,8 +16,7 @@ struct Program : Emulator::Interface::Bind {
   auto notify(string text) -> void override;
 
   //medium.cpp
-  auto loadMedium(string location) -> void;
-  auto loadMedium(Emulator::Interface& interface, Emulator::Interface::Medium& medium, string location) -> void;
+  auto loadMedium(Emulator::Interface& interface, const Emulator::Interface::Medium& medium) -> void;
   auto unloadMedium() -> void;
 
   //state.cpp
@@ -42,7 +40,6 @@ struct Program : Emulator::Interface::Bind {
   vector<Emulator::Interface*> emulators;
 
   vector<string> mediumPaths;
-  vector<string> folderPaths;
 
   string statusText;
   string statusMessage;
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/program/state.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/program/state.cpp
index 9876de46..73556d4b 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/program/state.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/program/state.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 auto Program::stateName(uint slot, bool manager) -> string {
   return {
-    folderPaths[0], "higan/states/",
+    mediumPaths(1), "higan/states/",
     manager ? "managed/" : "quick/",
     "slot-", natural(slot, 2L), ".bst"
   };
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/tools/cheat-editor.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/tools/cheat-editor.cpp
index 49732716..41fa3077 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/tools/cheat-editor.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/tools/cheat-editor.cpp
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ auto CheatEditor::addCode(const string& code, const string& description, bool en
 
 auto CheatEditor::loadCheats() -> void {
   doReset(true);
-  auto contents = string::read({program->folderPaths[0], "cheats.bml"});
+  auto contents = string::read({program->mediumPaths(1), "cheats.bml"});
   auto document = BML::unserialize(contents);
   for(auto cheat : document["cartridge"].find("cheat")) {
     if(!addCode(cheat["code"].text(), cheat["description"].text(), (bool)cheat["enabled"])) break;
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ auto CheatEditor::saveCheats() -> void {
     count++;
   }
   if(count) {
-    file::write({program->folderPaths[0], "cheats.bml"}, document);
+    file::write({program->mediumPaths(0), "cheats.bml"}, document);
   } else {
-    file::remove({program->folderPaths[0], "cheats.bml"});
+    file::remove({program->mediumPaths(0), "cheats.bml"});
   }
   doReset(true);
 }
diff --git a/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index d219dbd0..9d4fc8ed 100644
--- a/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -41,14 +41,24 @@ auto Cartridge::power() -> void {
   r.sramBank = 0xff;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::mode() const -> uint {
-  return system.model() == Model::WonderSwan ? ID::WonderSwan : ID::WonderSwanColor;
-}
-
 auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
   information = Information();
 
-  if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
+  switch(system.model()) {
+  case Model::WonderSwan:
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::WonderSwan, "WonderSwan", "ws", File::Required)) {
+      information.pathID = pathID();
+    } else return false;
+    break;
+  case Model::WonderSwanColor:
+  case Model::SwanCrystal:
+    if(auto pathID = interface->load(ID::WonderSwanColor, "WonderSwan Color", "wsc", File::Required)) {
+      information.pathID = pathID();
+    } else return false;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), "manifest.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     information.manifest = fp->reads();
   } else return false;
 
@@ -61,7 +71,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
     if(rom.size) {
       rom.data = new uint8[rom.mask + 1];
       memory::fill(rom.data, rom.mask + 1, 0xff);
-      if(rom.name) if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), rom.name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
+      if(rom.name) if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), rom.name, File::Read, File::Required)) {
         fp->read(rom.data, rom.size);
       }
     }
@@ -75,7 +85,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
       if(ram.size) {
         ram.data = new uint8[ram.mask + 1];
         memory::fill(ram.data, ram.mask + 1, 0xff);
-        if(ram.name) if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), ram.name, File::Read)) {
+        if(ram.name) if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), ram.name, File::Read)) {
           fp->read(ram.data, ram.size);
         }
       }
@@ -86,7 +96,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
       eeprom.setSize(node["size"].natural() / sizeof(uint16));
       if(eeprom.size()) {
         eeprom.erase();
-        if(eeprom.name()) if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), eeprom.name(), File::Read)) {
+        if(eeprom.name()) if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), eeprom.name(), File::Read)) {
           fp->read(eeprom.data(), eeprom.size());
         }
       }
@@ -100,7 +110,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> bool {
     if(rtc.size) {
       rtc.data = new uint8[rtc.mask + 1];
       memory::fill(rtc.data, rtc.mask + 1, 0x00);
-      if(rtc.name) if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), rtc.name, File::Read)) {
+      if(rtc.name) if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), rtc.name, File::Read)) {
         fp->read(rtc.data, rtc.size);
       }
     }
@@ -116,19 +126,19 @@ auto Cartridge::save() -> void {
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
 
   if(auto name = document["board/ram/name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), name, File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), name, File::Write)) {
       fp->write(ram.data, ram.size);
     }
   }
 
   if(auto name = document["board/eeprom/name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), name, File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), name, File::Write)) {
       fp->write(eeprom.data(), eeprom.size());
     }
   }
 
   if(auto name = document["board/rtc/name"].text()) {
-    if(auto fp = interface->open(mode(), name, File::Write)) {
+    if(auto fp = interface->open(pathID(), name, File::Write)) {
       fp->write(rtc.data, rtc.size);
     }
   }
diff --git a/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.hpp b/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
index a17d581d..d4e9b60f 100644
--- a/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
+++ b/higan/ws/cartridge/cartridge.hpp
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 struct Cartridge : Thread, IO {
+  auto pathID() const -> uint { return information.pathID; }
+
   static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto step(uint clocks) -> void;
   auto power() -> void;
 
-  auto mode() const -> uint;
   auto load() -> bool;
   auto save() -> void;
   auto unload() -> void;
@@ -34,10 +35,11 @@ struct Cartridge : Thread, IO {
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
 
   struct Information {
+    uint pathID = 0;
     string sha256;
     string manifest;
     string title;
-    bool orientation;  //0 = horizontal; 1 = vertical
+    boolean orientation;  //0 = horizontal; 1 = vertical
   } information;
 
   struct Registers {
diff --git a/higan/ws/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/ws/interface/interface.cpp
index a01e0406..e4e462d4 100644
--- a/higan/ws/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/ws/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -19,43 +19,44 @@ Interface::Interface() {
   information.capability.states = true;
   information.capability.cheats = true;
 
-  media.append({ID::WonderSwan, "WonderSwan", "ws", true});
+  media.append({ID::WonderSwan,      "WonderSwan",       "ws",  true});
   media.append({ID::WonderSwanColor, "WonderSwan Color", "wsc", true});
 
-  { Device device{0, ID::DeviceHorizontal, "Controller"};
-    device.inputs.append({ 0, 0, "Y1"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 1, 0, "Y2"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 2, 0, "Y3"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 3, 0, "Y4"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 4, 0, "X1"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 5, 0, "X2"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 6, 0, "X3"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 7, 0, "X4"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 8, 0, "B"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 9, 0, "A"});
-    device.inputs.append({10, 0, "Start"});
-    device.inputs.append({11, 0, "Rotate"});
-    devices.append(device);
+  Port hardwarePort{ID::Port::Hardware, "Hardware"};
+
+  { Device device{ID::Device::HorizontalControls, "Horizontal Controls"};
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y1"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y2"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y3"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y4"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X1"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X2"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X3"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X4"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "B"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "A"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Rotate"});
+    hardwarePort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  { Device device{1, ID::DeviceVertical, "Controller"};
-    device.inputs.append({ 0, 0, "Y1"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 1, 0, "Y2"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 2, 0, "Y3"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 3, 0, "Y4"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 4, 0, "X1"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 5, 0, "X2"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 6, 0, "X3"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 7, 0, "X4"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 8, 0, "B"});
-    device.inputs.append({ 9, 0, "A"});
-    device.inputs.append({10, 0, "Start"});
-    device.inputs.append({11, 0, "Rotate"});
-    devices.append(device);
+  { Device device{ID::Device::VerticalControls, "Vertical Controls"};
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y1"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y2"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y3"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Y4"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X1"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X2"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X3"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "X4"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "B"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "A"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Start"});
+    device.inputs.append({0, "Rotate"});
+    hardwarePort.devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  ports.append({0, "Horizontal Orientation", {devices[0]}});
-  ports.append({1, "Vertical Orientation", {devices[1]}});
+  ports.append(move(hardwarePort));
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -107,9 +108,10 @@ auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
   return cartridge.information.sha256;
 }
 
-auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  if(id == ID::WonderSwan) system.load(Model::WonderSwan);
-  if(id == ID::WonderSwanColor) system.load(Model::WonderSwanColor);
+auto Interface::load(uint id) -> bool {
+  if(id == ID::WonderSwan) return system.load(Model::WonderSwan);
+  if(id == ID::WonderSwanColor) return system.load(Model::WonderSwanColor);
+  return false;
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
@@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ auto Interface::save() -> void {
 
 auto Interface::unload() -> void {
   save();
+  system.unload();
 }
 
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/ws/interface/interface.hpp b/higan/ws/interface/interface.hpp
index 7978b87f..8fc91181 100644
--- a/higan/ws/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/ws/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -7,25 +7,19 @@ struct ID {
     WonderSwanColor,
   };
 
-  enum : uint {
-    SystemManifest,
-    SystemIPLROM,
-    SystemEEPROM,
+  struct Device { enum : uint {
+    HorizontalControls,
+    VerticalControls,
+  };};
 
-    Manifest,
-    ROM,
-    RAM,
-    EEPROM,
-    RTC,
-  };
-
-  enum : uint {
-    DeviceHorizontal = 1,
-    DeviceVertical   = 2,
-  };
+  struct Port { enum : uint {
+    Hardware,
+  };};
 };
 
 struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
+  using Emulator::Interface::load;
+
   Interface();
 
   auto manifest() -> string override;
@@ -37,7 +31,7 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
 
   auto loaded() -> bool override;
   auto sha256() -> string override;
-  auto load(uint id) -> void override;
+  auto load(uint id) -> bool override;
   auto save() -> void override;
   auto unload() -> void override;
 
@@ -47,14 +41,11 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto serialize() -> serializer override;
   auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool override;
 
-  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void;
+  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void override;
 
   auto cap(const string& name) -> bool override;
   auto get(const string& name) -> any override;
   auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool override;
-
-private:
-  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {
diff --git a/higan/ws/system/system.cpp b/higan/ws/system/system.cpp
index 4c85583e..b2c2a9db 100644
--- a/higan/ws/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/ws/system/system.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ auto System::load(Model model) -> bool {
     }
   }
 
-  cartridge.load();
+  if(!cartridge.load()) return false;
   serializeInit();
   _orientation = cartridge.information.orientation;
   return _loaded = true;
@@ -98,19 +98,22 @@ auto System::runToSave() -> void {
 }
 
 auto System::pollKeypad() -> void {
+  uint port = ID::Port::Hardware;
+  uint device = !_orientation ? ID::Device::HorizontalControls : ID::Device::VerticalControls;
   bool rotate = keypad.rotate;
-  keypad.y1 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 0);
-  keypad.y2 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 1);
-  keypad.y3 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 2);
-  keypad.y4 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 3);
-  keypad.x1 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 4);
-  keypad.x2 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 5);
-  keypad.x3 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 6);
-  keypad.x4 = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 7);
-  keypad.b = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 8);
-  keypad.a = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 9);
-  keypad.start = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 10);
-  keypad.rotate = interface->inputPoll(_orientation, 0, 11);
+
+  keypad.y1 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 0);
+  keypad.y2 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 1);
+  keypad.y3 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 2);
+  keypad.y4 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 3);
+  keypad.x1 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 4);
+  keypad.x2 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 5);
+  keypad.x3 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 6);
+  keypad.x4 = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 7);
+  keypad.b = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 8);
+  keypad.a = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 9);
+  keypad.start = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 10);
+  keypad.rotate = interface->inputPoll(port, device, 11);
 
   if(keypad.y1 || keypad.y2 || keypad.y3 || keypad.y4
   || keypad.x1 || keypad.x2 || keypad.x3 || keypad.x4
diff --git a/higan/ws/ws.hpp b/higan/ws/ws.hpp
index 618356e7..4768d75c 100644
--- a/higan/ws/ws.hpp
+++ b/higan/ws/ws.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 #include <processor/v30mz/v30mz.hpp>
 
 namespace WonderSwan {
+  using File = Emulator::File;
+
   enum class Model : uint {
     WonderSwan,       //SW-001  (ASWAN)
     WonderSwanColor,  //WSC-001 (SPHINX)
@@ -15,13 +17,6 @@ namespace WonderSwan {
 
   enum : uint { Byte = 1, Word = 2, Long = 4 };
 
-  struct File {
-    static const auto Read = vfs::file::mode::read;
-    static const auto Write = vfs::file::mode::write;
-    static const auto Optional = false;
-    static const auto Required = true;
-  };
-
   struct Thread {
     ~Thread() {
       if(thread) co_delete(thread);