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---
title : "Page Bundles"
description : "Content organization using Page Bundles"
date : 2018-01-24T13:09:00-05:00
lastmod : 2018-01-28T22:26:40-05:00
linktitle : "Page Bundles"
keywords : ["page", "bundle", "leaf", "branch"]
categories : ["content management"]
toc : true
menu :
docs:
identifier : "page-bundles"
parent : "content-management"
weight : 11
---
Page Bundles are a way to group [Page Resources](/content-management/page-resources/).
A Page Bundle can be one of:
- Leaf Bundle (leaf means it has no children)
- Branch Bundle (home page, section, taxonomy terms, taxonomy list)
| | Leaf Bundle | Branch Bundle |
|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Usage | Collection of content and attachments for single pages | Collection of attachments for section pages (home page, section, taxonomy terms, taxonomy list) |
| Index file name | `index.md` [^fn:1] | `_index.md` [^fn:1] |
| Allowed Resources | Page and non-page (like images, pdf, etc.) types | Only non-page (like images, pdf, etc.) types |
| Where can the Resources live? | At any directory level within the leaf bundle directory. | Only in the directory level **of** the branch bundle directory i.e. the directory containing the `_index.md` ([ref](https://discourse.gohugo.io/t/question-about-content-folder-structure/11822/4?u=kaushalmodi)). |
| Layout type | `single` | `list` |
| Nesting | Does not allow nesting of more bundles under it | Allows nesting of leaf or branch bundles under it |
| Example | `content/posts/my-post/index.md` | `content/posts/_index.md` |
| Content from non-index page files... | Accessed only as page resources | Accessed only as regular pages |
## Leaf Bundles {#leaf-bundles}
A _Leaf Bundle_ is a directory at any hierarchy within the `content/`
directory, that contains an **`index.md`** file.
### Examples of Leaf Bundle organization {#examples-of-leaf-bundle-organization}
```text
content/
├── about
│ ├── index.md
├── posts
│ ├── my-post
│ │ ├── content1.md
│ │ ├── content2.md
│ │ ├── image1.jpg
│ │ ├── image2.png
│ │ └── index.md
│ └── my-other-post
│    └── index.md
│
└── another-section
├── ..
   └── not-a-leaf-bundle
├── ..
   └── another-leaf-bundle
   └── index.md
```
In the above example `content/` directory, there are four leaf
bundles:
about
: This leaf bundle is at the root level (directly under
`content` directory) and has only the `index.md`.
my-post
: This leaf bundle has the `index.md`, two other content
Markdown files and two image files.
my-other-post
: This leaf bundle has only the `index.md`.
another-leaf-bundle
: This leaf bundle is nested under couple of
directories. This bundle also has only the `index.md`.
{{% note %}}
The hierarchy depth at which a leaf bundle is created does not matter,
as long as it is not inside another **leaf** bundle.
{{% /note %}}
### Headless Bundle {#headless-bundle}
A headless bundle is a bundle that is configured to not get published
anywhere:
- It will have no `Permalink` and no rendered HTML in `public/`.
- It will not be part of `.Site.RegularPages`, etc.
But you can get it by `.Site.GetPage`. Here is an example:
```go-html-template
{{ $headless := .Site.GetPage "/some-headless-bundle" }}
{{ $reusablePages := $headless.Resources.Match "author*" }}
<h2>Authors</h2>
{{ range $reusablePages }}
<h3>{{ .Title }}</h3>
{{ .Content }}
{{ end }}
```
_In this example, we are assuming the `some-headless-bundle` to be a headless
bundle containing one or more **page** resources whose `.Name` matches
`"author*"`._
Explanation of the above example:
1. Get the `some-headless-bundle` Page "object".
2. Collect a *slice* of resources in this *Page Bundle* that matches
`"author*"` using `.Resources.Match`.
3. Loop through that *slice* of nested pages, and output their `.Title` and
`.Content`.
---
A leaf bundle can be made headless by adding below in the Front Matter
(in the `index.md`):
```toml
headless = true
```
{{% note %}}
Only leaf bundles can be made headless.
{{% /note %}}
There are many use cases of such headless page bundles:
- Shared media galleries
- Reusable page content "snippets"
## Branch Bundles {#branch-bundles}
A _Branch Bundle_ is any directory at any hierarchy within the
`content/` directory, that contains at least an **`_index.md`** file.
This `_index.md` can also be directly under the `content/` directory.
{{% note %}}
Here `md` (markdown) is used just as an example. You can use any file
type as a content resource as long as it is a content type recognized by Hugo.
{{% /note %}}
### Examples of Branch Bundle organization {#examples-of-branch-bundle-organization}
```text
content/
├── branch-bundle-1
│   ├── branch-content1.md
│   ├── branch-content2.md
│   ├── image1.jpg
│   ├── image2.png
│   └── _index.md
└── branch-bundle-2
├── _index.md
└── a-leaf-bundle
└── index.md
```
In the above example `content/` directory, there are two branch
bundles (and a leaf bundle):
`branch-bundle-1`
: This branch bundle has the `_index.md`, two
other content Markdown files and two image files.
`branch-bundle-2`
: This branch bundle has the `_index.md` and a
nested leaf bundle.
{{% note %}}
The hierarchy depth at which a branch bundle is created does not
matter.
{{% /note %}}
[^fn:1]: The `.md` extension is just an example. The extension can be `.html`, `.json` or any of any valid MIME type.