diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 10248768..b1ef3608 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     "require": {
         "php": "^8.1",
         "ext-mbstring": "*",
-        "intervention/gif": "^4.1"
+        "intervention/gif": "^4.2"
     },
     "require-dev": {
         "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.0",
diff --git a/src/Drivers/AbstractEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/AbstractEncoder.php
index 7b2a9f57..a5011584 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/AbstractEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/AbstractEncoder.php
@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers;
 
+use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
+use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncoderInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
+use Intervention\Image\Traits\CanBuildFilePointer;
 
 abstract class AbstractEncoder implements EncoderInterface
 {
+    use CanBuildFilePointer;
+
     public const DEFAULT_QUALITY = 75;
 
     /**
@@ -23,18 +28,17 @@ abstract class AbstractEncoder implements EncoderInterface
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get return value of callback through output buffer
+     * Build new file pointer, run callback with it and return result as encoded image
      *
      * @param callable $callback
-     * @return string
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     * @return EncodedImage
      */
-    protected function buffered(callable $callback): string
+    protected function createEncodedImage(callable $callback): EncodedImage
     {
-        ob_start();
-        $callback();
-        $buffer = ob_get_contents();
-        ob_end_clean();
+        $pointer = $this->buildFilePointer();
+        $callback($pointer);
 
-        return $buffer;
+        return new EncodedImage($pointer);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Decoders/NativeObjectDecoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Decoders/NativeObjectDecoder.php
index 740e58e7..78ea021e 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Decoders/NativeObjectDecoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Decoders/NativeObjectDecoder.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Gd\Decoders;
 
+use Exception;
 use GdImage;
 use Intervention\Gif\Decoder as GifDecoder;
 use Intervention\Gif\Splitter as GifSplitter;
@@ -76,23 +77,27 @@ class NativeObjectDecoder extends AbstractDecoder
             return $image;
         }
 
-        // create empty core
-        $core = new Core();
+        try {
+            // create empty core
+            $core = new Core();
 
-        $gif = GifDecoder::decode($input);
-        $splitter = GifSplitter::create($gif)->split();
-        $delays = $splitter->getDelays();
+            $gif = GifDecoder::decode($input);
+            $splitter = GifSplitter::create($gif)->split();
+            $delays = $splitter->getDelays();
 
-        // set loops on core
-        if ($loops = $gif->getMainApplicationExtension()?->getLoops()) {
-            $core->setLoops($loops);
-        }
+            // set loops on core
+            if ($loops = $gif->getMainApplicationExtension()?->getLoops()) {
+                $core->setLoops($loops);
+            }
 
-        // add GDImage instances to core
-        foreach ($splitter->coalesceToResources() as $key => $native) {
-            $core->push(
-                new Frame($native, $delays[$key] / 100)
-            );
+            // add GDImage instances to core
+            foreach ($splitter->coalesceToResources() as $key => $native) {
+                $core->push(
+                    new Frame($native, $delays[$key] / 100)
+                );
+            }
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            throw new DecoderException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
         }
 
         // create (possibly) animated image
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php
index 87e5d9e4..1a8b8943 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php
@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ class AvifEncoder extends GenericAvifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      */
     public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
-        $gd = $image->core()->native();
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($gd) {
-            imageavif($gd, null, $this->quality);
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($image) {
+            imageavif($image->core()->native(), $pointer, $this->quality);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data, 'image/avif');
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php
index 4cf0dbfa..561c6a28 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php
@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@ class BmpEncoder extends GenericBmpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      */
     public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($image) {
-            imagebmp($image->core()->native(), null, false);
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($image) {
+            imagebmp($image->core()->native(), $pointer, false);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data, 'image/bmp');
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoder.php
index 3c0c6e2c..610e17ef 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoder.php
@@ -28,12 +28,11 @@ class GifEncoder extends GenericGifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
         }
 
         $gd = Cloner::clone($image->core()->native());
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($gd) {
-            imageinterlace($gd, $this->interlaced);
-            imagegif($gd);
-        });
 
-        return new EncodedImage($data, 'image/gif');
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($gd) {
+            imageinterlace($gd, $this->interlaced);
+            imagegif($gd, $pointer);
+        });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -41,25 +40,25 @@ class GifEncoder extends GenericGifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      */
     protected function encodeAnimated(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
-        $builder = GifBuilder::canvas(
-            $image->width(),
-            $image->height()
-        );
-
-        foreach ($image as $frame) {
-            $builder->addFrame(
-                source: (string) $this->encode($frame->toImage($image->driver())),
-                delay: $frame->delay(),
-                interlaced: $this->interlaced
-            );
-        }
-
         try {
+            $builder = GifBuilder::canvas(
+                $image->width(),
+                $image->height()
+            );
+
+            foreach ($image as $frame) {
+                $builder->addFrame(
+                    source: $this->encode($frame->toImage($image->driver()))->toFilePointer(),
+                    delay: $frame->delay(),
+                    interlaced: $this->interlaced
+                );
+            }
+
             $builder->setLoops($image->loops());
+
+            return new EncodedImage($builder->encode());
         } catch (Exception $e) {
             throw new EncoderException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
         }
-
-        return new EncodedImage($builder->encode(), 'image/gif');
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php
index 268a6f4b..028d42c8 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php
@@ -28,11 +28,9 @@ class JpegEncoder extends GenericJpegEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
             background: $blendingColor
         );
 
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($output) {
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($output) {
             imageinterlace($output, $this->progressive);
-            imagejpeg($output, null, $this->quality);
+            imagejpeg($output, $pointer, $this->quality);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data, 'image/jpeg');
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoder.php
index ebd2d50d..2d88402d 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoder.php
@@ -25,13 +25,10 @@ class PngEncoder extends GenericPngEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
     {
         $output = $this->prepareOutput($image);
 
-        // encode
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($output) {
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($output) {
             imageinterlace($output, $this->interlaced);
-            imagepng($output, null, -1);
+            imagepng($output, $pointer, -1);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data, 'image/png');
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php
index 5e06ab48..b0550fe9 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php
@@ -19,10 +19,9 @@ class WebpEncoder extends GenericWebpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
     public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
         $quality = $this->quality === 100 ? IMG_WEBP_LOSSLESS : $this->quality;
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($image, $quality) {
-            imagewebp($image->core()->native(), null, $quality);
-        });
 
-        return new EncodedImage($data, 'image/webp');
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($image, $quality) {
+            imagewebp($image->core()->native(), $pointer, $quality);
+        });
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php
index b60c5e69..069bc9d6 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 use Imagick;
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\AvifEncoder as GenericAvifEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class AvifEncoder extends GenericAvifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'AVIF';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_ZIP;
@@ -25,6 +26,6 @@ class AvifEncoder extends GenericAvifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/avif');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php
index c5876228..87c1ee6e 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 use Imagick;
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\BmpEncoder as GenericBmpEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class BmpEncoder extends GenericBmpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'BMP';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_NO;
@@ -23,6 +24,6 @@ class BmpEncoder extends GenericBmpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
         $imagick->setCompression($compression);
         $imagick->setImageCompression($compression);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/bmp');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoder.php
index 3670fdc6..f1c50103 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoder.php
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 use Imagick;
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\GifEncoder as GenericGifEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class GifEncoder extends GenericGifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'GIF';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_LZW;
@@ -28,6 +29,6 @@ class GifEncoder extends GenericGifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
             $imagick->setInterlaceScheme(Imagick::INTERLACE_LINE);
         }
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/gif');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoder.php
index 64af42f1..5047b699 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoder.php
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\HeicEncoder as GenericHeicEncoder;
-use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class HeicEncoder extends GenericHeicEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@ class HeicEncoder extends GenericHeicEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
         $format = 'HEIC';
 
         $imagick = $image->core()->native();
-
         $imagick->setFormat($format);
         $imagick->setImageFormat($format);
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/heic');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000Encoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000Encoder.php
index 5c4bd59e..a0d2d43b 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000Encoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000Encoder.php
@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ class Jpeg2000Encoder extends GenericJpeg2000Encoder implements SpecializedInter
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/jp2');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php
index 7772d88e..03528289 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 use Imagick;
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\JpegEncoder as GenericJpegEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class JpegEncoder extends GenericJpegEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'JPEG';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_JPEG;
@@ -44,6 +45,6 @@ class JpegEncoder extends GenericJpegEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
             $imagick->setInterlaceScheme(Imagick::INTERLACE_PLANE);
         }
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/jpeg');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoder.php
index 91185af0..896a6c98 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoder.php
@@ -5,12 +5,9 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
 use Imagick;
-use ImagickException;
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\PngEncoder as GenericPngEncoder;
-use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\AnimationException;
-use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
-use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\ColorException;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
@@ -21,9 +18,21 @@ class PngEncoder extends GenericPngEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      *
      * @see EncoderInterface::encode()
      */
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
-        $output = $this->prepareOutput($image);
+        if ($this->indexed) {
+            // reduce colors
+            $output = clone $image;
+            $output->reduceColors(256);
+
+            $output = $output->core()->native();
+            $output->setFormat('PNG');
+            $output->setImageFormat('PNG');
+        } else {
+            $output = clone $image->core()->native();
+            $output->setFormat('PNG32');
+            $output->setImageFormat('PNG32');
+        }
 
         $output->setCompression(Imagick::COMPRESSION_ZIP);
         $output->setImageCompression(Imagick::COMPRESSION_ZIP);
@@ -32,40 +41,6 @@ class PngEncoder extends GenericPngEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
             $output->setInterlaceScheme(Imagick::INTERLACE_LINE);
         }
 
-        return new EncodedImage($output->getImagesBlob(), 'image/png');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Prepare given image instance for PNG format output according to encoder settings
-     *
-     * @param ImageInterface $image
-     * @throws AnimationException
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     * @throws ColorException
-     * @throws ImagickException
-     * @return Imagick
-     */
-    private function prepareOutput(ImageInterface $image): Imagick
-    {
-        $output = clone $image;
-
-        if ($this->indexed) {
-            // reduce colors
-            $output->reduceColors(256);
-
-            $output = $output->core()->native();
-
-            $output->setFormat('PNG');
-            $output->setImageFormat('PNG');
-
-            return $output;
-        }
-
-        // ensure to encode PNG image type 6 (true color alpha)
-        $output = clone $image->core()->native();
-        $output->setFormat('PNG32');
-        $output->setImageFormat('PNG32');
-
-        return $output;
+        return new EncodedImage($output->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoder.php
index a03e0ae3..6b660420 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoder.php
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ class TiffEncoder extends GenericTiffEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/tiff');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php
index 8b19f2ac..caec9b2c 100644
--- a/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php
+++ b/src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php
@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ use Imagick;
 use ImagickPixel;
 use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\WebpEncoder as GenericWebpEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class WebpEncoder extends GenericWebpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'WEBP';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_ZIP;
@@ -31,6 +32,6 @@ class WebpEncoder extends GenericWebpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
         $imagick->setImageCompression($compression);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob(), 'image/webp');
+        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/EncodedImage.php b/src/EncodedImage.php
index 2caadcc9..8c4a4d31 100644
--- a/src/EncodedImage.php
+++ b/src/EncodedImage.php
@@ -11,13 +11,18 @@ class EncodedImage extends File implements EncodedImageInterface
     /**
      * Create new instance
      *
-     * @param string $data
-     * @param string $mediaType
+     * @param string|resource $data
+     * @param string $mediaType Deprecated parameter, will be removed
      */
     public function __construct(
-        protected string $data,
-        protected string $mediaType = 'application/octet-stream'
+        mixed $data,
+        protected string $mediaType = 'application/octet-stream' // deprecated
     ) {
+        if ($mediaType !== 'application/octet-stream') {
+            trigger_error('Parameter $mediaType for class' . self::class . ' is deprecated.', E_USER_DEPRECATED);
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($data);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ class EncodedImage extends File implements EncodedImageInterface
      */
     public function mediaType(): string
     {
-        return $this->mediaType;
+        return mime_content_type($this->pointer);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -47,6 +52,6 @@ class EncodedImage extends File implements EncodedImageInterface
      */
     public function toDataUri(): string
     {
-        return sprintf('data:%s;base64,%s', $this->mediaType, base64_encode($this->data));
+        return sprintf('data:%s;base64,%s', $this->mediaType(), base64_encode((string) $this));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/File.php b/src/File.php
index fe5eda8c..a3ee914a 100644
--- a/src/File.php
+++ b/src/File.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace Intervention\Image;
 
 use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\NotWritableException;
+use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\FileInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Traits\CanBuildFilePointer;
 
@@ -12,13 +13,20 @@ class File implements FileInterface
 {
     use CanBuildFilePointer;
 
+    /**
+     * @var resource
+     */
+    protected $pointer;
+
     /**
      * Create new instance
      *
-     * @param string $data
+     * @param string|resource|null $data
+     * @throws RuntimeException
      */
-    public function __construct(protected string $data)
+    public function __construct(mixed $data = null)
     {
+        $this->pointer = $this->buildFilePointer($data);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -42,8 +50,14 @@ class File implements FileInterface
             );
         }
 
+        if (is_file($filepath) && !is_writable($filepath)) {
+            throw new NotWritableException(
+                "Can't write image. Path ({$filepath}) is not writable."
+            );
+        }
+
         // write data
-        $saved = @file_put_contents($filepath, (string) $this);
+        $saved = @file_put_contents($filepath, $this->pointer);
         if ($saved === false) {
             throw new NotWritableException(
                 "Can't write image data to path ({$filepath})."
@@ -58,7 +72,7 @@ class File implements FileInterface
      */
     public function toString(): string
     {
-        return $this->data;
+        return stream_get_contents($this->pointer, offset: 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -68,7 +82,9 @@ class File implements FileInterface
      */
     public function toFilePointer()
     {
-        return $this->buildFilePointer($this->toString());
+        rewind($this->pointer);
+
+        return $this->pointer;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -78,7 +94,9 @@ class File implements FileInterface
      */
     public function size(): int
     {
-        return mb_strlen($this->data);
+        $info = fstat($this->pointer);
+
+        return intval($info['size']);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Traits/CanBuildFilePointer.php b/src/Traits/CanBuildFilePointer.php
index 8d9d3dd0..29d613d1 100644
--- a/src/Traits/CanBuildFilePointer.php
+++ b/src/Traits/CanBuildFilePointer.php
@@ -4,18 +4,37 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Traits;
 
+use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
+
 trait CanBuildFilePointer
 {
     /**
      * Transform the provided data into a pointer with the data as its content
      *
-     * @param string $data
+     * @param resource|string|null $data
+     * @throws RuntimeException
      * @return resource|false
      */
-    public function buildFilePointer(string $data)
+    public function buildFilePointer(mixed $data = null)
     {
-        $pointer = fopen('php://temp', 'rw');
-        fputs($pointer, $data);
+        switch (true) {
+            case is_string($data):
+                $pointer = fopen('php://temp', 'r+');
+                fwrite($pointer, $data);
+                break;
+
+            case is_resource($data) && get_resource_type($data) === 'stream':
+                $pointer = $data;
+                break;
+
+            case is_null($data):
+                $pointer = fopen('php://temp', 'r+');
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw new RuntimeException('Unable to build file pointer.');
+        }
+
         rewind($pointer);
 
         return $pointer;
diff --git a/tests/BaseTestCase.php b/tests/BaseTestCase.php
index 9aa89c0c..b9b21b26 100644
--- a/tests/BaseTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/BaseTestCase.php
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use Intervention\Image\Colors\Rgb\Channels\Blue;
 use Intervention\Image\Colors\Rgb\Channels\Green;
 use Intervention\Image\Colors\Rgb\Channels\Red;
 use Intervention\Image\Colors\Rgb\Color as RgbColor;
+use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ColorInterface;
 use Mockery\Adapter\Phpunit\MockeryTestCase;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\ExpectationFailedException;
@@ -102,19 +103,18 @@ abstract class BaseTestCase extends MockeryTestCase
         $this->assertEquals(0, $channel->value());
     }
 
-    protected function assertMediaType(string|array $allowed, string $input): void
+    protected function assertMediaType(string|array $allowed, string|EncodedImage $input): void
     {
-        $pointer = fopen('php://temp', 'rw');
-        fputs($pointer, $input);
-        rewind($pointer);
-        $detected = mime_content_type($pointer);
-        fclose($pointer);
+        $detected = match (true) {
+            is_string($input) => (new EncodedImage($input))->mimetype(),
+            default => $input->mimetype(),
+        };
 
         $allowed = is_string($allowed) ? [$allowed] : $allowed;
         $this->assertTrue(in_array($detected, $allowed));
     }
 
-    protected function assertMediaTypeBitmap(string $input): void
+    protected function assertMediaTypeBitmap(string|EncodedImage $input): void
     {
         $this->assertMediaType([
             'image/x-ms-bmp',
diff --git a/tests/Traits/CanDetectProgressiveJpeg.php b/tests/Traits/CanDetectProgressiveJpeg.php
index 5bc8bd45..b945d2b2 100644
--- a/tests/Traits/CanDetectProgressiveJpeg.php
+++ b/tests/Traits/CanDetectProgressiveJpeg.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Tests\Traits;
 
+use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Traits\CanBuildFilePointer;
 
 trait CanDetectProgressiveJpeg
@@ -13,12 +14,12 @@ trait CanDetectProgressiveJpeg
     /**
      * Checks if the given image data is progressive encoded Jpeg format
      *
-     * @param string $imagedata
+     * @param EncodedImage $imagedata
      * @return bool
      */
-    private function isProgressiveJpeg(string $imagedata): bool
+    private function isProgressiveJpeg(EncodedImage $image): bool
     {
-        $f = $this->buildFilePointer($imagedata);
+        $f = $image->toFilePointer();
 
         while (!feof($f)) {
             if (unpack('C', fread($f, 1))[1] !== 0xff) {
diff --git a/tests/Traits/CanInspectPngFormat.php b/tests/Traits/CanInspectPngFormat.php
index c09a4f7f..bb290d8e 100644
--- a/tests/Traits/CanInspectPngFormat.php
+++ b/tests/Traits/CanInspectPngFormat.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Tests\Traits;
 
+use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Traits\CanBuildFilePointer;
 
 trait CanInspectPngFormat
@@ -13,12 +14,12 @@ trait CanInspectPngFormat
     /**
      * Checks if the given image data is interlaced encoded PNG format
      *
-     * @param string $imagedata
+     * @param EncodedImage $image
      * @return bool
      */
-    private function isInterlacedPng(string $imagedata): bool
+    private function isInterlacedPng(EncodedImage $image): bool
     {
-        $f = $this->buildFilePointer($imagedata);
+        $f = $image->toFilePointer();
         $contents = fread($f, 32);
         fclose($f);
 
@@ -28,11 +29,13 @@ trait CanInspectPngFormat
     /**
      * Try to detect PNG color type from given binary data
      *
-     * @param string $data
+     * @param EncodedImage $image
      * @return string
      */
-    private function pngColorType(string $data): string
+    private function pngColorType(EncodedImage $image): string
     {
+        $data = $image->toString();
+
         if (substr($data, 1, 3) !== 'PNG') {
             return 'unkown';
         }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/AbstractEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/AbstractEncoderTest.php
index 10f46040..26797b78 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/AbstractEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/AbstractEncoderTest.php
@@ -23,21 +23,4 @@ final class AbstractEncoderTest extends BaseTestCase
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
     }
-
-    public function testGetBuffered(): void
-    {
-        $encoder = new class () extends AbstractEncoder
-        {
-            public function test(callable $callback)
-            {
-                return $this->buffered($callback);
-            }
-        };
-
-        $result = $encoder->test(function () {
-            echo 'result';
-        });
-
-        $this->assertEquals('result', $result);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php
index 87318c4a..b2e5d828 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class AvifEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new AvifEncoder(10);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php
index 6ed3557c..27fb805e 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class BmpEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new BmpEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType(['image/bmp', 'image/x-ms-bmp'], (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType(['image/bmp', 'image/x-ms-bmp'], $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php
index a4479c32..d3ddc342 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ final class GifEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestAnimation();
         $encoder = new GifEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
         $this->assertFalse(
             Decoder::decode((string) $result)->getFirstFrame()->getImageDescriptor()->isInterlaced()
         );
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ final class GifEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new GifEncoder(interlaced: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
         $this->assertTrue(
             Decoder::decode((string) $result)->getFirstFrame()->getImageDescriptor()->isInterlaced()
         );
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ final class GifEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestAnimation(3, 2);
         $encoder = new GifEncoder(interlaced: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
         $this->assertTrue(
             Decoder::decode((string) $result)->getFirstFrame()->getImageDescriptor()->isInterlaced()
         );
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php
index c72667fe..bb428c06 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ final class JpegEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new JpegEncoder(75);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeProgressive(): void
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ final class JpegEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new JpegEncoder(progressive: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $result);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->isProgressiveJpeg((string) $result));
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $result);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->isProgressiveJpeg($result));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php
index d9bf1da4..5f55f7df 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ final class PngEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new PngEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->isInterlacedPng((string) $result));
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
+        $this->assertFalse($this->isInterlacedPng($result));
     }
 
     public function testEncodeInterlaced(): void
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ final class PngEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new PngEncoder(interlaced: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->isInterlacedPng((string) $result));
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->isInterlacedPng($result));
     }
 
     #[DataProvider('indexedDataProvider')]
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ final class PngEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
     {
         $this->assertEquals(
             $result,
-            $this->pngColorType((string) $encoder->encode($image)),
+            $this->pngColorType($encoder->encode($image)),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php
index e834bbb4..c6874678 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class WebpEncoderTest extends GdTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new WebpEncoder(75);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/ImageTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/ImageTest.php
index 89c0f550..83c76283 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/ImageTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Gd/ImageTest.php
@@ -142,48 +142,48 @@ final class ImageTest extends GdTestCase
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encode();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeByMediaType(): void
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByMediaType();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByMediaType('image/png');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByMediaType(MediaType::IMAGE_PNG);
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeByExtension(): void
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByExtension();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByExtension('png');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByExtension(FileExtension::PNG);
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeByPath(): void
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByPath();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByPath('foo/bar.png');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
     }
 
     public function testSaveAsFormat(): void
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ final class ImageTest extends GdTestCase
 
     public function testToJpeg(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $this->image->toJpeg());
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $this->image->toJpg());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $this->image->toJpeg());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $this->image->toJpg());
     }
 
     public function testToJpeg2000(): void
@@ -311,28 +311,28 @@ final class ImageTest extends GdTestCase
 
     public function testToPng(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $this->image->toPng());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $this->image->toPng());
     }
 
     public function testToGif(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $this->image->toGif());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $this->image->toGif());
     }
 
     public function testToWebp(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', (string) $this->image->toWebp());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', $this->image->toWebp());
     }
 
     public function testToBitmap(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap((string) $this->image->toBitmap());
-        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap((string) $this->image->toBmp());
+        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap($this->image->toBitmap());
+        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap($this->image->toBmp());
     }
 
     public function testToAvif(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', (string) $this->image->toAvif());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', $this->image->toAvif());
     }
 
     public function testToTiff(): void
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php
index a0f50132..64650c18 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class AvifEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new AvifEncoder(10);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php
index 141c70cc..8e465b66 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class BmpEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new BmpEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType(['image/bmp', 'image/x-ms-bmp'], (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType(['image/bmp', 'image/x-ms-bmp'], $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php
index 1d3702c5..f56b0153 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoderTest.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ final class GifEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new GifEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
         $this->assertFalse(
             Decoder::decode((string) $result)->getFirstFrame()->getImageDescriptor()->isInterlaced()
         );
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ final class GifEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new GifEncoder(interlaced: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
         $this->assertTrue(
             Decoder::decode((string) $result)->getFirstFrame()->getImageDescriptor()->isInterlaced()
         );
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ final class GifEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestAnimation();
         $encoder = new GifEncoder(interlaced: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
         $this->assertTrue(
             Decoder::decode((string) $result)->getFirstFrame()->getImageDescriptor()->isInterlaced()
         );
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoderTest.php
index 49c11723..759c8fe1 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class HeicEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new HeicEncoder(75);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/heic', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/heic', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000EncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000EncoderTest.php
index 98d9e392..398b5bbc 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000EncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000EncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class Jpeg2000EncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new Jpeg2000Encoder(75);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jp2', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jp2', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php
index b2244d06..4bf7bedd 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoderTest.php
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ final class JpegEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new JpegEncoder(75);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeProgressive(): void
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ final class JpegEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new JpegEncoder(progressive: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $result);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->isProgressiveJpeg((string) $result));
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $result);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->isProgressiveJpeg($result));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php
index d4908fac..c5cb4c22 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoderTest.php
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ final class PngEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new PngEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->isInterlacedPng((string) $result));
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
+        $this->assertFalse($this->isInterlacedPng($result));
     }
 
     public function testEncodeInterlaced(): void
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ final class PngEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new PngEncoder(interlaced: true);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->isInterlacedPng((string) $result));
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->isInterlacedPng($result));
     }
 
     #[DataProvider('indexedDataProvider')]
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ final class PngEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
     {
         $this->assertEquals(
             $result,
-            $this->pngColorType((string) $encoder->encode($image)),
+            $this->pngColorType($encoder->encode($image)),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoderTest.php
index 6b56e542..7f2e4c3c 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class TiffEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new TiffEncoder();
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/tiff', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/tiff', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php
index c7a90463..48c3e312 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoderTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ final class WebpEncoderTest extends ImagickTestCase
         $image = $this->createTestImage(3, 2);
         $encoder = new WebpEncoder(75);
         $result = $encoder->encode($image);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/ImageTest.php b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/ImageTest.php
index cc92b349..2a83c560 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/ImageTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Drivers/Imagick/ImageTest.php
@@ -151,40 +151,40 @@ final class ImageTest extends ImagickTestCase
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encode();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeByMediaType(): void
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByMediaType();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByMediaType('image/png');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeByExtension(): void
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByExtension();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByExtension('png');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
     }
 
     public function testEncodeByPath(): void
     {
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByPath();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $result);
 
         $result = $this->readTestImage('blue.gif')->encodeByPath('foo/bar.png');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $result);
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $result);
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $result);
     }
 
     public function testSaveAsFormat(): void
@@ -293,51 +293,51 @@ final class ImageTest extends ImagickTestCase
 
     public function testToJpeg(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $this->image->toJpeg());
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', (string) $this->image->toJpg());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $this->image->toJpeg());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jpeg', $this->image->toJpg());
     }
 
     public function testToJpeg2000(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jp2', (string) $this->image->toJpeg2000());
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/jp2', (string) $this->image->toJp2());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jp2', $this->image->toJpeg2000());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/jp2', $this->image->toJp2());
     }
 
     public function testToPng(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', (string) $this->image->toPng());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/png', $this->image->toPng());
     }
 
     public function testToGif(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', (string) $this->image->toGif());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/gif', $this->image->toGif());
     }
 
     public function testToWebp(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', (string) $this->image->toWebp());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/webp', $this->image->toWebp());
     }
 
     public function testToBitmap(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap((string) $this->image->toBitmap());
-        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap((string) $this->image->toBmp());
+        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap($this->image->toBitmap());
+        $this->assertMediaTypeBitmap($this->image->toBmp());
     }
 
     public function testToAvif(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', (string) $this->image->toAvif());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/avif', $this->image->toAvif());
     }
 
     public function testToTiff(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/tiff', (string) $this->image->toTiff());
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/tiff', (string) $this->image->toTif());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/tiff', $this->image->toTiff());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/tiff', $this->image->toTif());
     }
 
     public function testToHeic(): void
     {
-        $this->assertMediaType('image/heic', (string) $this->image->toHeic());
+        $this->assertMediaType('image/heic', $this->image->toHeic());
     }
 
     public function testInvert(): void
diff --git a/tests/Unit/EncodedImageTest.php b/tests/Unit/EncodedImageTest.php
index 15bab41b..2441edf6 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/EncodedImageTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/EncodedImageTest.php
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ final class EncodedImageTest extends BaseTestCase
 {
     public function testConstructor(): void
     {
-        $image = new EncodedImage('foo', 'bar');
+        $image = new EncodedImage('foo');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EncodedImage::class, $image);
     }
 
     public function testSave(): void
     {
-        $image = new EncodedImage('foo', 'bar');
+        $image = new EncodedImage('foo');
         $path = __DIR__ . '/foo.tmp';
         $this->assertFalse(file_exists($path));
         $image->save($path);
@@ -30,31 +30,31 @@ final class EncodedImageTest extends BaseTestCase
 
     public function testToDataUri(): void
     {
-        $image = new EncodedImage('foo', 'bar');
-        $this->assertEquals('data:bar;base64,Zm9v', $image->toDataUri());
+        $image = new EncodedImage('foo');
+        $this->assertEquals('data:text/plain;base64,Zm9v', $image->toDataUri());
     }
 
     public function testToString(): void
     {
-        $image = new EncodedImage('foo', 'bar');
+        $image = new EncodedImage('foo');
         $this->assertEquals('foo', (string) $image);
     }
 
     public function testMediaType(): void
     {
         $image = new EncodedImage('foo');
-        $this->assertEquals('application/octet-stream', $image->mediaType());
+        $this->assertEquals('text/plain', $image->mediaType());
 
-        $image = new EncodedImage('foo', 'image/jpeg');
+        $image = new EncodedImage($this->getTestResourceData());
         $this->assertEquals('image/jpeg', $image->mediaType());
     }
 
     public function testMimetype(): void
     {
         $image = new EncodedImage('foo');
-        $this->assertEquals('application/octet-stream', $image->mimetype());
+        $this->assertEquals('text/plain', $image->mimetype());
 
-        $image = new EncodedImage('foo', 'image/jpeg');
+        $image = new EncodedImage($this->getTestResourceData());
         $this->assertEquals('image/jpeg', $image->mimetype());
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/FileTest.php b/tests/Unit/FileTest.php
index 7d407907..79263c1d 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/FileTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/FileTest.php
@@ -13,10 +13,25 @@ final class FileTest extends BaseTestCase
 {
     public function testConstructor(): void
     {
+        $file = new File();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(File::class, $file);
+
         $file = new File('foo');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(File::class, $file);
     }
 
+    public function testConstructorFromString(): void
+    {
+        $file = new File('foo');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(File::class, $file);
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorFromResource(): void
+    {
+        $file = new File(fopen('php://temp', 'r'));
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(File::class, $file);
+    }
+
     public function testSave(): void
     {
         $filename = __DIR__ . '/file_' . strval(hrtime(true)) . '.test';
@@ -43,6 +58,9 @@ final class FileTest extends BaseTestCase
 
     public function testSize(): void
     {
+        $file = new File();
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $file->size());
+
         $file = new File('foo');
         $this->assertEquals(3, $file->size());
     }