diff --git a/lib/models/state.js b/lib/models/state.js
index a7df45256..fbfcb18aa 100644
--- a/lib/models/state.js
+++ b/lib/models/state.js
@@ -374,13 +374,13 @@ class State extends new Record(DEFAULTS) {
     document.filterDescendantsDeep((node) => {
       if (failure = node.validate(schema)) {
         const { value, rule } = failure
-        transform = rule.normalize(transform, node, value)
+        rule.normalize(transform, node, value)
       }
     })
 
     if (failure = document.validate(schema)) {
       const { value, rule } = failure
-      transform = rule.normalize(transform, document, value)
+      rule.normalize(transform, document, value)
     }
 
     return transform.apply({ snapshot: false })
diff --git a/lib/models/transform.js b/lib/models/transform.js
index 589a11c13..7d5d823de 100644
--- a/lib/models/transform.js
+++ b/lib/models/transform.js
@@ -14,24 +14,6 @@ const Snapshot = new Record({
   operations: new List()
 })
 
-/**
- * Operation.
- */
-
-const Operation = new Record({
-  type: null,
-  args: null
-})
-
-/**
- * Defaults.
- */
-
-const DEFAULT_PROPERTIES = {
-  state: null,
-  operations: new List()
-}
-
 /**
  * Selection transforms.
  */
@@ -66,9 +48,23 @@ const SELECTION_TRANSFORMS = [
 
 /**
  * Transform.
+ *
+ * @type {Transform}
  */
 
-class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
+class Transform {
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor.
+   *
+   * @param {Object} properties
+   */
+
+  constructor(properties) {
+    const { state } = properties
+    this.state = state
+    this.operations = []
+  }
 
   /**
    * Get the kind.
@@ -90,8 +86,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
    */
 
   apply(options = {}) {
-    const transform = this
-    let { state, operations } = transform
+    let { state, operations } = this
     let { cursorMarks, history, selection } = state
     let { undos, redos } = history
 
@@ -102,7 +97,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
 
     // If we should, save a snapshot into the history before transforming.
     if (shouldSnapshot) {
-      const snapshot = transform.snapshot()
+      const snapshot = this.snapshot()
       undos = undos.push(snapshot)
       if (undos.size > 100) undos = undos.take(100)
       redos = redos.clear()
@@ -133,8 +128,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
    */
 
   shouldSnapshot() {
-    const transform = this
-    const { state, operations } = transform
+    const { state, operations } = this
     const { cursorMarks, history, selection } = state
     const { undos, redos } = history
     const previous = undos.peek()
@@ -184,8 +178,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
    */
 
   undo() {
-    const transform = this
-    let { state } = transform
+    let { state } = this
     let { history } = state
     let { undos, redos } = history
 
@@ -197,7 +190,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
     undos = undos.pop()
 
     // Snapshot the current state, and move it into the redos stack.
-    let snapshot = transform.snapshot()
+    let snapshot = this.snapshot()
     redos = redos.push(snapshot)
 
     // Return the previous state, with the updated history.
@@ -220,8 +213,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
    */
 
   redo() {
-    const transform = this
-    let { state } = transform
+    let { state } = this
     let { history } = state
     let { undos, redos } = history
 
@@ -233,7 +225,7 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
     redos = redos.pop()
 
     // Snapshot the current state, and move it into the undos stack.
-    let snapshot = transform.snapshot()
+    let snapshot = this.snapshot()
     undos = undos.push(snapshot)
 
     // Return the next state, with the updated history.
@@ -257,12 +249,9 @@ class Transform extends new Record(DEFAULT_PROPERTIES) {
 
 Object.keys(Transforms).forEach((type) => {
   Transform.prototype[type] = function (...args) {
-    let transform = this
-    let { operations, state } = transform
-    operations = operations.push(new Operation({ type, args }))
-    state = Transforms[type](state, ...args)
-    transform = transform.merge({ operations, state })
-    return transform
+    this.operations.push({ type, args })
+    this.state = Transforms[type](this.state, ...args)
+    return this
   }
 })