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<h1>Question Types</h1>
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<p>The types of Questions currently supported by the Lesson module are:
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<ol>
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<li><p><b>Multichoice</b> This is the default question type. Multichoice questions
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are popular questions where the student is asked to choose one answer from a
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set of alternatives. The correct answer takes the student further into the
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lesson, the wrong answers do not. The wrong answers are sometimes called the
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"distractors" and the utility of these questions often rely more
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on the quality of the distractors than either the questions themselves or their
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correct answers.</p>
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<p> Each answer can optionally have a response. If no response is
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entered for an answer then the default response "That's the Correct
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Answer" or "That's the Wrong Answer" is shown to the student. </p>
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<p>It is possible to have more than one correct answer to a multichoice question.
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The different correct answers may give the student different responses and
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jump to different (forward) pages in the lesson but
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do not vary in their grades, (that is, some answers are <b>not</b> more correct
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than others, at least in terms of grade.) It is possible for all the answers
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to be correct and they might take the student to different (forward) parts of
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the lesson depending on which one is chosen.</p>
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<p>There is variant of Multichoice questions called <b>"Multichoice
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Multianswer"</b> questions. These require the student to select all the
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correct answers from the set of answers. The question may or may not tell
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the student how many correct answers there are. For example "Which of the
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following were US Presidents?" does not, while "Select the two US
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presidents from the following list." does. The actual number of correct
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answers can be from <b>one</b> up to the number of choices. (A Multichoice
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Multianswer question with one correct answer <b>is</b> different from a
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Multichoice question as the former allows the student the possibility of
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choosing more than one answer while the latter does not.)</p>
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<p>Again the correct answers are flagged using forward jumps, the wrong answers
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by same page or backward jumps. When there is more than one correct answer
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the jumps should all go to the same page, similarly with the wrong answers.
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If that is <b>not</b> the case a warning is given on the teacher's view of
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the lesson. The correct response, if required, should be given on the first
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correct answer and the wrong response, if required, should be on the first
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wrong answer. Responses on the other answers are ignored (without warning). </p></li>
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<li><p><b>Short Answer</b> </p>
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<p>The student is prompted for a short piece of text.
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This is checked against one or more answers. Answers can be either correct
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or wrong. Each answer can optionally have a response. If no response is
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entered for an answer then the default response "That's the Correct
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Answer" or "That's the Wrong Answer" is shown to the student.
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If the text entered does not match any of the answers the question is wrong
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and the student is shown the default wrong response.</p>
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<p><strong>There are two different comparison systems</strong> available for the
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Short Answer type of question: the simple system is used by default; the
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"Regular Expressions" system is used if the "Use Regular
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Expressions" option box is checked. </p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Simple analysis</strong>
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<p>In this (default) system of analysis, the comparisons ignore the case of the text. The
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asterisk (*) character can be used in answers as a "wild card"
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character. It stands for any number of characters (including no characters
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at all). For example, the answer "Long*" will match
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"longer", "longest" and "long". If one of
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the answers is just "*" (a single *) this answer will match
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anything, it is normally used as the last "catch-all" answer. The
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matching process goes through the answers in the order they appear on the
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screen. Once a match is found the process stops and the corresponding
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result (and response, if present) is returned. So, if for example the
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answers are Longest, Long* and * (in that order), the input
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"longer" will match the second answer and, in this case, the
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third answer, although a match, is ignored.</p>
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<p> If an asterisk (*) is actually needed in an answer, it should be entered as
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\*, backslash asterisk.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Regular Expressions analysis</strong>
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<p>This system gives you access to a more powerful but more complicated system for
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analysing the student's answers. For a complete introduction to Regular Expressions,
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see these sites <a href="http://www.zend.com/zend/tut/tutorial-delin2.php" target="_blank">regular-expressions
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tutorial</a> or <a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/joseph.rezeau/eao/developpement/expandRegexpToString.htm#"
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target="_blank">rezeau.org</a>. </p>
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<h3>Correct answer matching a regular expression pattern </h3>
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<p>It is not possible to give complete examples of the vast possibilities offered
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by this system, and the following are just some possibilities. </p>
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<p><strong>Example 1.</strong> Suppose your question is "What are the colors
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of the French flag?". In the Answer 1 frame you type this regular
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expression: "<span class="c_computeroutput">it’s blue, white(,| and)
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red</span>/i". This will match any of those four student answers:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>it’s blue, white, red</li>
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<li>it’s blue, white and red</li>
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<li>It’s blue, white, red</li>
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<li>It’s blue, white and red </li>
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</ul>
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<p>Please note that by default a regular expression match is case sensitive; to
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make the match case insensitive you must add the <strong>/i</strong> parameter
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right at the end of your expression.</p>
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<p><strong>Example 2</strong>. Question: "What is blue, or red, or yellow?".
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Answer: "(|it's )a colou?r". This will match:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>a colour</li>
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<li> a color</li>
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<li>it's a colour</li>
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<li>it's a color</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Notes.- The beginning of this regular expression "(|it's )" will
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match either nothing or "it's " (i.e. "it's" followed by
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a space). The ? (question-mark) means: preceding character zero or one time;
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it is used here to match British English as well as US spelling.</p>
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<p><strong>Example 3.</strong> Question: "Name an animal whose name is made
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of 3 letters and the middle letter is the vowel <em>a</em>". Answer:
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"[bcr]at". This will match: bat, cat and rat. </p>
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<h3>Detecting missing required words or character strings</h3>
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<p>Regular expressions alone cannot detect absent character strings, so you have to
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add a little code in your Answer to take care of this. Any Teacher Answer which
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begins with a double hyphen will analyze the student’s answer to find out
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whether the following string is present or absent. If present, the analysis
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continues to the next question; if absent, the analysis stops and the relevant
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Response message is displayed.</p>
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<p><strong>Example 4. </strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Answer 2: <span class="c_computeroutput">--.*blue.*</span>/i</li>
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<li>student answer: "it's red and white" </li>
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<li>Response 2: <span class="c_computeroutput">The color of the sky is missing!</span></li>
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<li>Jump 2: <span class="c_computeroutput">this page</span></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Here, the . (dot) stands for “any character” and the * (asterisk)
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means “preceding special character repeated any number of times”.
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The Answer2 regular expression above means: check whether the character string
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"blue", preceded with anything and followed by anything is absent
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from the student's answer. Please note that the use of the asterisk is different
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in the Simple analysis system and in the Regular Expressions system.</p>
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<p><strong>Example 5.</strong> Question: "Name an animal whose name is made of
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3 letters and the middle letter is the vowel <em>a</em>". Teacher Answer: "--[b|c|r]". Response: "Your answer should start with one of these letters: b, c or r" </p>
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<h3>Detecting unwanted (incorrect) words or character strings</h3>
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<p>You may want to detect, in the student's answer, the presence of one or several
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words which should be <strong>not</strong> be there (because they are wrong) and
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to single them out with a specific response. Just start your teacher Answer by a
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double plus sign (++). </p>
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<p><strong>Example 6. </strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Answer 3: ++(yellow|black|orange|green|black|pink)/i</li>
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<li>student answer: "it's blue, orange and white" </li>
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<li>Response 3: One or more colors are wrong!</li>
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<li>Jump 3: this page</li></ul>
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<p>If any of these (wrong) colors is detected in the student’s answer,
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then the negative feedback message (Response 3) will be displayed and the
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wrong strings will be colored red (or the color of the .incorrect class if
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it exists in a CSS stylesheet of your active theme).</p>
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<p><strong>Example 7</strong>. Question: "Name an animal whose name is made
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of 3 letters and the middle letter is the vowel <em>a</em>". Teacher
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Answer: "++hat". Response: "You might wear one made of an
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animal's skin, but a hat can't be considered as an animal." </p>
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<h3>Escaping special characters </h3>
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<p>If you need to use characters which are part of the regular expressions set
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of <em>special characters</em>, you need to "escape" them (i.e. precede
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them with a backslash). E.g. if you want to accept the answer "My computer
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cost 1000$", you must write the regular expression as "My computer cost
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1000\$". The special characters which must be escaped are .^$*()[]+?|</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><p><b>True/False</b> The answer to this type of question only has two options,
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true or false. The student is prompted to choose which is the correct
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option. This type of question is basically a Multichoice question with just
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two choices.</p></li>
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<li><p><b>Matching</b> These are quite powerful and flexible questions. They
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consist of a list of names or statements which must be correctly matched
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against other list of names or statements. For example "Match the
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Capital with the Country" with the two lists Japan, Canada, Italy and
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Tokyo, Ottawa, Rome. It is possible to have repeated entries in one of the
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lists but care should be taken to make the repeats identical. For example
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"Identify the type of these creatures" with the lists Sparrow,
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Cow, Ant, Dog and Bird, Animal, Insect, Animal. </p>
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<p>When creating this type of question the items for the first list go into the
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Answer boxes and items for the second list go into the Response boxes. Once
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created a more sensible labeling scheme is shown. When the student
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successfully matches the items the jump on the first answer is used. An
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unsuccessful answer jumps to the page on the second answer. The question does
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<b>not</b> support custom responses, the student is told how many matches
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are correct or if all the matches are correct.</p>
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<p>Unlike the Multichoice question where the choices are shown in a random
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order, the first list of items is <b>not</b> shuffled but shown in the same
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order as entered. This allows for <b>"Ordered"</b> questions to be
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constructed. Consider the question " Put the following into the order
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they were born, the earliest first" with the lists 1., 2., 3., 4. and
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Longfellow, Lawrence, Lowell, Larkin. The second list is shuffled before
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being used in the question, of course.</p></li>
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<li><p><b>Numerical</b> This type of question requires a number as the answer.
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In it's simplest form it requires just one answer to be specified. For
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example "What is 2 plus 2?" with the answer 4 given a forward
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jump. However, it is better to specify a range because the internal rounding
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of numerical values can make single numeric comparisons rather hit or miss.
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Thus, if the question were "What is 10 divided by 3" it would be
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necessary to give the answer as <b>"Minimum:Maximum"</b>, that
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is <b>two</b> values separated by a colon (:). Thus if 3.33:3.34 is given as the
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acceptable range for the answer, then the answers 3.33, 3.333, 3.3333...
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would all be taken as correct answers. "Wrong" answers would
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include 3.3 (less than the minimum) and 3.4 (greater than the maximum).</p>
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<p>More than one correct answer is allowed and the answers can be either single
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or pair of values. Note that the order in which the answers are tested is
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Answer 1, Answer 2... so some care needs to taken if the desired response
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is to appear. For example the question "When was Larkin born?"
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could have the single value of 1922, the exact answer, and the pair of
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values 1920:1929, the 20's, as the less exact answer.The order in which
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these values should be tested is, obviously, 1922 then 1920:1929. The
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first answer might have the response "That's exactly right"
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while the other answer's response might be "That's close, you've got
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the right decade"</p>
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<p>Wrong answers can be given but depending on their actual range, care should
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be taken to place them after the correct answers. For example in adding the
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wrong answer 3:4 to the "10 divided by 3" question it needs to come
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after the correct answer. That is the answers are ordered 3.33:3.34 (the
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"correct" answer) then 3:4 (the "wrong" answer, but
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not wildly wrong answer!).</p></li>
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</ol>
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Helen Foster