This was a Google Summer of Code 2007 Project.
This introduces two new files, admin/cliupgrader.php and lib/installlib.php.
It also introduces a new PEAR library, Console_GetOpt. I have recieved permission from the upstream author to include this in GPL Moodle (essentially dual license it) - notes in lib/pear.
Most stuff that outputs html during install gets suppressed by the use of a constant.
Run the script like php admin/cliupgrade.php --help for info.
Note that this all uses strings from install/ rather than lang, so I have updated stringnames.txt accordingly and they'll all be broken until the cronjob that generates them runs.