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85 lines
4.1 KiB
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<p align="center"><b>對張貼內容評比</b></p>
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<p>Individual posts can be rated using a scale based on the theory of <strong>separate
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and connected knowing</strong>. </p>
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<p>This theory may help you to look at human interactions in a new way.
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It describes two different ways that we can evaluate and learn about the
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things we see and hear. </p>
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<p>Although each of us may use these two methods in different amounts at
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different times, it may be useful to imagine two people as examples, one
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who is a mostly separate knower (Jim) and the other a mostly connected
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knower (Mary).</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Jim likes to remain as 'objective' as possible without including his
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feelings and emotions. When in a discussion with other people who may
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have different ideas, he likes to defend his own ideas, using logic
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to find holes in his opponent's ideas. He is critical of new ideas unless
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they are proven facts from reputable sources such as textbooks, respected
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teachers or his own direct experience. Jim is a very <strong>separate
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knower</strong>.<br>
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<br>
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</li>
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<li>Mary is more sensitive to other people. She is skilled at empathy
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and tends to listen and ask questions until she feels she can connect
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and "understand things from their point of view". She learns by trying
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to share the experiences that led to the knowledge she finds in other
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people. When talking to others, she avoids confrontation and will often
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try to help the other person if she can see a way to do so, using logical
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suggestions. Mary is a very <strong>connected knower</strong>.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Did you notice in these examples that the separate knower is male and
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the connected knower is female? Some studies have shown that statistically
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this tends to be the case, however individual people can be anywhere in
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the spectrum between these two extremes. </p>
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<p>For a collaborative and effective group of learners it may be best if
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everyone were able to use BOTH ways of knowing.</p>
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<p>In a particular situation like an online forum, a single post by a person
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may exhibit either of these characteristics, or even both. Someone who
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is generally very connected may post a very separate-sounding message,
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and vice versa. The purpose of rating each post using this scale is to:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>a) help you think about these issues when reading other posts<br>
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b) provide feedback to each author on how they are being seen by others</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>The results are not used towards student assessment in any way, they are
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just to help improve communication and learning.</p>
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<hr>
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<p><br>
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In case you're interested, here are some references to papers by the authors
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who originally developed these ideas:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Belenky, M.F., Clinchy, B.M., Goldberger, N.R., & Tarule, J.M.
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(1986). Women's ways of knowing: the development of self, voice, and
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mind. New York, NY: Basic Books.</li>
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<li>Clinchy, B.M. (1989a). The development of thoughtfulness in college
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women: Integrating reason and care. American Behavioural Scientist,
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32(6), 647-657.</li>
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<li>Clinchy, B.M. (1989b). On critical thinking & connected knowing.
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Liberal education, 75(5), 14-19.</li>
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<li>Clinchy, B.M. (1996). Connected and separate knowing; Toward a marriage
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of two minds. In N.R. Goldberger, Tarule, J.M., Clinchy, B.M. &</li>
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<li>Belenky, M.F. (Eds.), Knowledge, Difference, and Power; Essays inspired
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by “Women’s Ways of Knowing” (pp. 205-247). New York, NY: Basic
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Books.</li>
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<li>Galotti, K. M., Clinchy, B. M., Ainsworth, K., Lavin, B., & Mansfield,
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A. F. (1999). A New Way of Assessing Ways of Knowing: The Attitudes
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Towards Thinking and Learning Survey (ATTLS). Sex Roles, 40(9/10), 745-766.</li>
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<li>Galotti, K. M., Reimer, R. L., & Drebus, D. W. (2001). Ways of
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knowing as learning styles: Learning MAGIC with a partner. Sex Roles,
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44(7/8), 419-436. <br>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<br>
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</body>
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</html>
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