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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Mohandas Gandhi]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:1438 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mohandas Gandhi
Born into a merchant family in 1869, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was
under the influence of powerful people. Members of his family had served as
prime ministers of an Indian state for several generations. His parents
were strong in their religion, being devout and earnest Hindus. They were a
part of a Hindu sect that worshipped Vishnu and promoted non-violence.
Apparently, he was most influenced by his mother, a gentle and
intelligent person. According to Hindu custom, he married at an early age
and grew to love his wife greatly. Together, they had four children and
adopted a fourth.
Later, in 1888, he travelled to England to become a barrister-at-law.
There were several important influences that he encountered here: the
Western material style of life, which he decided not to follow, and in the
simple Russian way of living he found: the New Testament, and the
Bhagavadgita, the bible of the Hare Krishna movement. It was here that he
developed a sense of the presence of God in his life and the lives of men.
Gandhi then returned to India and studied law in Bombay, but he
quickly denounced it, feeling that it was immoral and could not satisfy
one's conscience. Despite this, he used his schooling to help plead for
Indian settlers in South Africa that were being oppressed by the white
population. His personal experiences, including being ejected from a train
in Maritzburg, of not being allowed the same rights as others lead him to
begin a movement to help his people.
While in South Africa, Gandhi made himself poor so that he could
identify with his the peasants. He then proceeded to start a colony that
consisted of abused labourers. The colony became very large and many cities
were crippled by the lack of labourers. The government reacted to this by
jailing Gandhi several times along with many other of his followers. The
war he fought was one without weapons, already Gandhi was on his way to
starting his career of non-violent campaigns.
The main idea behind Gandhi's teachings was non-violence. The words of
the Sanskrit language: ahinsa and sayagraha clearly express Gandhi's
beliefs. The former means non-killing, non-destructive and the latter means
the force of universal truth. He believed that the killing of man or beast
is an unforgivable sin. Many who promoted these teachings of Gandhi simply
believed that it was their only option for resisting imperialism rather
than having a moral conviction towards his teachings. He taught that the
weapon that could be used was the conscience of the aggressor. This ahimsa
is, to some degree, in the tradition of Hinduism.
Hinduism teaches to stay away from temptation through various
exercises that test one's ability to perform a difficult task, this
devitalizes a person and causes him to act on a non-violent level.
In addition, he taught that one should act rather be held under
subservience. Gandhi himself once stated, "Mere knowledge of right and
wrong will not make one fit for salvation...the Gita says: 'No one has
attained his goal without action...' From this quotation, we learn that his
teachings are influenced by the Bhagavadgita and that he believes that one
must act to reach a goal. But, he believed that one should denounce the
rewards and simply devote one's life to acting on the behalf of others and
that life should be lived near the soil, away from the influence of
machines.
Also, Gandhi strongly believed in upholding the caste system,
believing that a person of one caste should stay a part of that caste. He
also upheld the old Hindu tradition of segregation of castes, indicating
that, "Interdining and intermarraige have never been a bar to disunion,
quarrels or worse." According to Hinduism, the caste system lies in respect
for one another's individuality.
Gandhi is well known for his efforts in fighting imperliasm in India
and South Africa. His methods were, unique in that they did not involve the
use of weapons.
During the South African War of 1899-1902 and during the Zulu
rebellion in 1906, Gandhi organised an ambulance corps consisting of
Indians to help the British fight. He believed that duty dictated that the
Indian population had a responsibity to help the British when they were in
a time of need. Perhaps he was trying to show them that the Indians put an
effort into helping the British forces just like everyone else and deserved
the same rights as everyone else.
It is interesting to note that Gandhi did not promote fighting, but he
helped those who were in need of assistance.
After the law was passed that all Indians were required to carry an
identity card with them at all times, Gandhi organised a group that
resisted the government. In 1914, Gandhi and his followers recieved their
first victory, the South African Government took away many of the laws that
had no real purpose except to humiliate the Indian people.
When Gandhi returned to India in 1914, the Indian population had heard
of his accomplishments and he was given the name Mahatma, which means 'a
man of great soul'. For the next little while, he examined the situation
here and, while doing so, attained a few victories in his fight against
oppression. Several times in 1917, he unhardened the spirits of peasants
and motivated them to rebel without the use of violence.
In 1919, Gandhi called upon all Indians to engage in non-violent
disobedience against the British Government by withdrawing from Government
jobs and from schools and colleges. The magnitude of this act showed when
many cities were held at a standstill as the governmental system was unable
to act. Such was the power of non-violent protest.
When, in 1920, Gandhi became the leader of the Congress, more Indians
gave up their governmental jobs to join the movement. After many of his
follower's were put into prison and cruelly dealt with, some people engaged
in violence. Gandhi's distaste for this reaction showed, yet he blamed
himself calling it a 'Himalayan miscalculation' to have failed to teach the
people how to react non-violently before asking them to protest. As a
result of his 'mistake', he called off the entire movement, thinking it had
been a failure. On the contrary, the movement had been a great success, no
longer did the Indians fear the British jails or the British guns. It was
evident now, that the British Government in India was inevitably going to
fall.
After many failures to reach an agreement with the British Government
and after a short 'Individual Civil Disobedience' movement where many were
imprisoned, the British finally gave the power to the Indians in 1946. But,
the question remained as to whether or not the area should be separated
into two on a communal basis. As a result, many riots broke out between the
different interests of the people.
Gandhi himself was opposed to separation and to the violence that had
broken out. He went from village to village trying to get the people to
understand the benefits of unity, but it wasn't working. He was forced to
agree with his comrades in the Congress who promoted partition into two
areas: India and Pakistan, which came about in 1947.
In 1948, Gandhi was fatally shot by a Hindu fanatic. All over the
globe, there was a certain sadness as many realized that the man whom they
had looked up to and followed was now dead. As Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the
Prime Minister of India, put it, "The light has gone out of our lives and
there is darkness everywhere and I do not quite know what to tell you and
how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu, as we call him the father of our
nation, is no more.
Gandhi's influence certainly spreads the globe. He has been the role
model for many famous, influential people. One of these persons is Martin
Luther King, Jr (1929-1968) who was famous for leading a non-violent
movement for racial equality in the U.S.A.. Another person is Joan Baez
(1941- ) who became famous as a folk-singer, a composer, and a guitarist.
She lead many antiwar and civil rights movements in the U.S.. A third
person could be Nehru, the first Indian Prime Minister of India. He was
deeply saddened by Gandhi's death and could not have become Prime Minister
without Gandhi's efforts.
Indeed, Gandhi was a influential man who helped father the nation of
India as we know it today. Without him, the Indians might still be held
under British rule. Without him, many might not have been inspired to fight
racism or imperialism non-violently.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essays on Gangs in ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Today's Cities ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:1533 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's
cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being
in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long
range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the
short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are
a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To
determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that
these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be
hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in
society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several
institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government,
theatre, drugs and our economic system.
On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many
teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making
it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10
year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to
$400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors
they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against
their morals.
One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes
more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average
child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since
nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something
while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children
are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of
time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often
shown this from a gang's perspective. A normal adult can see that this is
showing how foully that gangs are living. However, to a child this
portrays a violent gang existance as acceptable. 'The Ends Justifies the
Means' mentality is also taught through many shows where the "goody guy"
captures the "bad guy" through violence and is then being commended. A
young child sees this a perfectly acceptable because he knows that the "bad
guy" was wrong but has no idea of what acceptable apprehension techniques
are.
Gore in television also takes a big part in influencing young minds.
Children see gory scenes and are fascinated by these things that they have
not seen before. Older viewers see gore and are not concerned with the
blood but rather with the pain the victim must feel. A younger mind
doesn't make this connection. Thus a gore fascination is formed, and has
been seen in several of my peers. Unfortunately kids raised with this sort
of television end up growing up with a stronger propensity to becoming a
violent gang member or 'violent- acceptant' person.
"Gangs bring the delinquent norms of society into intimate contact
with the individual."1, (Marshall B Clinard, 1963). So, as you can see if
TV leads a child to believe that violence is the norm this will manifest
itself in the actions of the child quite, often in a gang situation. This
is especially the case when parents don't spend a lot of time with their
kids at the TV explaining what is right and what is wrong. Quite often
newer books and some types of music will enforce this type of thought and
ideas.
Once this mentality is installed in youngsters they become increasingly
prone to being easily pushed into a gang situation by any problem at home
or elsewhere. For instance, in poor families with many children or
upper-middle class families where parents are always working, the children
will often feel deprived of love. Parents can often feel that putting food
on the table is enough love. Children of these families may often go to
the gang firstly out of boredom and to belong somewhere. As time goes on,
a form of love or kinship develops between the gang members and the child.
It is then that the bond between the kid and the gang is completed because
the gang has effectively taken the place of the family.
The new anti social structure of cities also effects the ease in which
a boy/girl can join a gang. " The formation of gangs in cities, and most
recently in suburbs, is facilitated by the same lack of community among
parents. The parents do not know what their children are doing for two
reasons: First, much of the parents' lives is outside the local community,
while the children's lives are lived almost totally within it. Second, in
a fully developed community, the network of relations gives every parent,
in a sense, a community of sentries who can keep him informed of his
child's activities. In modern living-places (city or suburban), where such
a network is attenuated, he no longer has such sentries."2, (Merton Nisbet,
1971).
In male gangs problems occur as each is the members tries to be the
most manly. This often leads to all members participating in
"one-up-manship". Quite often this will then lead to each member trying to
commit a bigger and more violent crime or simply more crimes than the
others. With all members participating in this sort of activity it makes
for a never ending unorganized violence spree (A sort of Clockwork Orange
mentality). In gangs with more intellegent members these feelings end up
making each member want to be the star when the groups commit a crime.
This makes the gang much more organized and improves the morale of members
which in turn makes them more dangerous and very hard for the police to
deal with and catch (There is nothing harder to find and deal with than
organized teens that are dedicated to the group). This sort of gang is
usually common of middle or upper class people although it can happen in
gangs in the projects and other low rent districts too.
This "one-up-manship" is often the reason between rival gangs fighting.
All gangs feel powerful and they want to be feared. To do this they try to
establish themselves as the only gang in a certain neighborhood. After a
few gang fights hatred forms and gang murders and drive-by's begin to take
place. When two gangs are at war it makes life very dangerous for citizens
in the area. Less that 40% of drive-by's kill their intended victim yet
over 60% do kill someone. This gang application is one of the many reasons
that sexual sterotypes and pressure to conform to the same must be stopped.
Lastly one of the great factors in joining a gang is for protection.
Although from an objective point of view, we can see joining a gang brings
more danger than it saves you from, this is not always the way it is seen
by kids. In slums such as the Bronx or the very worst case, Compton,
children will no doubt be beaten and robbed if they do not join a gang. Of
course they can probably get the same treatment from rivals when in a gang.
The gang also provides some money for these children who quite often need
to feed their families. The reason kids think that the gang will keep them
safe is from propoganda from the gangs. Gang members will say that no one
will get hurt and make a public show of revenge if a member is hurt or
killed.
People in low rent areas are most often being repressed due to poverty
and most importantly, race. This often results in an attitude that
motivates the person to base his/her life on doing what the system that
oppresses them doesn't want. Although this accomplishes little it is a big
factor in gang enrollment.
So, as you have seen gangs are a product of the environment we have
created for ourselves. Some of these factors include: oppression, the
media, greed, violence and other gangs. There seems to be no way to end
the problem of gangs without totally restructuring the modern economy and
value system. Since the chance of this happening is minimal, we must learn
to cope with gangs and try to keep their following to a minimum.
Unfortunately there is no real organized force to help fight gangs. Of
course the police are supposed to do this but this situation quite often
deals with racial issues also and the police forces regularly display their
increasing inability to deal fairly with these issues. What we need are
more people to form organizations like the "Guardian Angels" a gang-like
group that makes life very tough for street gangs that are breaking laws.
Bibliography
Margot Webb, Coping with Street Gangs. Rosen Publishing Group,
New York, 1990.
William Foote Whyte, Street Corner Society. University of
Chicago, Chicago, 1955.
Peter Carroll, South-Central. Hoyte and Williams, L. A., 1987.
1 Marshall B. Clinard, Sociology of Deviant Behavior. University
of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, 1963, Page 179.
2 Merton Nisbet, Contempory Social Problems. Harcourt, Brace &
World, New York, 1971, Page 588.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Fitzgerald's ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [The Great Gatsby ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:565 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The Great Gatsby: A Full Spectrum of Character
Throughout Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, there seems to be a broad
spectrum of moral and social views demonstrated by various characters. At
one end, is Tom, a man who attacks Gatsby's sense of propriety and
legitimacy, while thinking nothing of running roughshod over the lives of
those around him. A direct opposite of Tom's nature is Gatsby, who displays
great generosity and caring, yet will stop at nothing to achieve his dream
of running off with Daisy. Also, in the middle of this, are various
characters who seem to sway back and forth in their stands as convenient.
This range of personalities lends itself well to a uniquely subtle
interplay between their characters
At first glance, The Great Gatsby is merely a classic American tragedy,
portraying the story of a man's obsession with a fantasy, and his resulting
downfall. However, Fitzgerald seems to weave much more than that into the
intricate web of emotional interactions he creates for the reader. One
interesting element is the concepts of greatness each has. For Daisy, it
lies in material wealth, and in the comfort and security associated with
it. Daisy seems to be easily impressed by material success, as when she is
touring Gatsby's mansion and seems deeply moved by his collection of fine,
tailored shirts. It would seem that Tom's relative wealth, also, had at one
time impressed her enough to win her in marriage. In contrast to that,
Gatsby seems to not care a bit about money itself, but rather only about
the possibility that it can win over Daisy. In fact, Gatsby's extreme
generosity gives the reader the impression that Gatsby would otherwise have
never even worked at attaining wealth had it not been for Daisy. For
Gatsby, the only thing of real importance was his pursuit of Daisy. It
would seem that these elements are combined, too in the character Myrtle.
Myrtle is, as Daisy, impressed with Tom's wealth and appearance, but, like
Jay Gatsby, is stuck in a fantastic, idealized perception of her object of
affection. Even when abused and trampled over by Tom, Myrtle continues to
adore him, just as Gatsby continues to dote upon Daisy after being
obviously rejected by her. As far as ethical considerations, Gatsby tends
to prove himself a sincere and caring person, while Daisy and Tom just
destroy the lives of two people and then leave town to escape the
consequences of their actions. Between the cold ruthlessness of Tom, and
the tenderness of Gatsby, there are also characters who appear to fit
somewhere in between on this scale. Jordan, while appearing to be a nice,
respectable lady, is seen in several instances as an accused in cheating
and is tends to bend the rules when it suits her, such as during a game, or
during her relationship with Nick. Jordan seems to be a standard of
semi-corruption, of naked self-interest, that the other characters on the
extremes of the scale of moral and social considerations can be measured.
Thus, The Great Gatsby presents an extremely interesting set of moral
imagery.
It can be said, then, that one of Fitzgerald's main talents, as shown in
the novel, is in showing various levels of moral and emotional development
in characters, and juxtaposing them. Perhaps it is this element that
distinguishes The Great Gatsby from many other novels with similar
elements.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on The Great ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Gatsby & The Central ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Figure ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:785 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The role of Nick Carraway as narrator
The novel "The Great Gatsby" can be best described as a narration of a
series of events as viewed through the eyes of an important central figure
(Nick Carraway) around which a story takes form. A general lack of
importance associated with the part a narrator is a generalized notion
deduced from the analysis of most novels. However, a reevaluation of the
narrative process played by Nick Carraway is in place when it comes to the
novel, "The Great Gatsby" as such a concept holds little truth within the
domains of such work of literature. The process of portraying virtually
all physical and emotional actions and the inferred establishment of a
moral norm are two of the main perspectives achieved through the author's
usage of narration through Nick. His vital role is the flow of the novel
is hence an indication as to his importance as a character in general.
This vital role can be first of all seen in the primary role of Nick
as a narrator. Physical and emotional actions/reactions of characters
within a story relates a great deal to individualistic personality which in
turn helps the author generate his/her idea of a certain person/group of
people within the mind of the reader. Such a function is undertaken by Nick
who is endowed with a keen sense of observation which he uses to reveal the
nature of each character. Through Nick, the reader is able to sense the
shallow emotional depth Tom Buchanan is capable of experiencing and his
apparent harshness of attitude towards others. The brutality of Tom
towards his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, as described by Nick (page 37, line 5
- below) is highly demonstrative of this fact. In comparison, we see
Gatsby, on the other hand as generally being a physically an emotionally
reserved person (but not when it comes to Daisy). His general hospitality
and mysteriousness as described by Nick creates an air of splendour and
establishes him as a source of profound curiosity in the minds of others.
In their own way, other characters are exposed to the reader as well when
Nick comes into contact with them. He is thus seen to play a vital role in
portraying the emotional disposition underlining each character through
their physical involvement in the novel. It should be noted that unlike
most other narrative description of events, Nick's role in "The Great
Gatsby" extends even further into the lives of each of the other
characters.
The moral standard by which all other persons are uniquely judged is
created through the establishment of a central view point of single
narrative character in the novel. The word "unique" is used to describe
the form of evaluation Nick partakes in due to his total absence of any
form of critical analysis. This lack of personal judgement is seen to
manifest itself in the mind of the narrator from the very beginning of
Nick's youth through the words of his father. Nick's realization of the
equality of man altered through his origin sets him up as a morally sound
standard by which all other characters can be measured. It is this
personality trait of his which leads him into relationships with people
with a great array of morally sound/deficient values. Jordan Baker is
described by the author as a woman with an "incurably dishonest"
personality. Yet Nick accepts her into the emotional side of his life;
proving his firm belief in the concept of being morally reserved in
judgement. As described by the author, Nick is not blind to the
heartlessness of the Buchanan family and it is only through a crisis that
Nick sees how far his limits have actually been surpassed. His acceptance
of such people through the course of the novel allows the reader to observe
a contrast between these characters of society. Their moral values are
exposed for the reader through this and we are hence allowed a greater
insight into what the true nature of the character really is. Nick thus
plays an important function in portraying the deviation of each person in
the novel as related the moral standard the Eastern society which the
author uses as the norm.
It is through such an analysis that the true importance of the
narrator in the novel is realized. Through physical and emotional
observations through Nick, we are allowed a general feel of each character.
A greater depth is added to each personality as the reader distinguishes
between the moral standard Nick holds and the morality of those around him.
The duality of Nick's role in the novel is thus a clear indication of the
importance he holds in the progress of the story.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [What skills Geneticists ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Require. ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 08/94 # of Words:308 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Geneticists need many skills. One of the most important is to be able
to ask questions. Another is to correctly organize data. In the way of
training, one should major in biology, genetics, and many other
biosciences. A bachelor degree can get a job, but I myself would advise
getting the highest amount of bioscience education possible.
Jobs can be acquired by asking your professors, but, they may not be
aware of any need for geneticists. Many times, reading advertisements may
of some good. You may even make an appointment with biology and genetic
firms yourself. Sometimes clinics or hospitals may even need a genetic
specialist. I, myself, could also see a geneticist opening up his own
clinic, such as radiologists do. In this way they could be able to make
more money considering the amount of highly specialized geneticists with a
Doctor of Medicine. The current payment outlook is not good for
geneticists. A starting geneticist working makes between $19,000 and
$27,000 a year. Salaries, depending on experience, training, and success
may be above $54,000 a year. Benefits usually include pension plans, health
insurance, and paid holidays and/or vacations.
The employment outlook is very good. Some, highly trained geneticists
can open their own firms. This is probably because of a recognition that
mutations may be able to strengthen our immune systems, raise our
endurance, or even other things not thought possible.
Most geneticists work in clean laboratories and work between thirty
five and forty hours a week. They usually have the necessary equipment
given to them by their firm or other supporter.
I feel this would be a good career for me because of my inquisitive
nature. I have always been intrigued by the altering of DNA to cause
mutation. I am also extremely interested in the evolution of different
species.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Canada's ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [GeoPolitical Role in the]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Future including NAFTA ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:839 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
WORLD ISSUES
"OUR GEOPOLITICAL ROLE IN THE FUTURE"
ESSAY #1
Canada is currently sitting in an economic catastrophe, our
unemployment is high, production low, and our deficit is increasing at a
rapid pace. We are one of the few first world countries, and we need to
strengthen our economy. Once we fortify our economy, our geopolitical role
will increase. Geopolitics is defined as the study of a two-way
relationship between political beliefs and actions on one side and any of
the usual concerns of geography on the other. As we move into the future,
our geopolitical role may be broken down into many groups. As we can
tackle the burden alone, we must join forces, and increase our geopolitical
role.
As we administer towards the future, the concept of acting locally has
slowly dissipated, and acting globally has emerged distinctly. "One word
constantly encountered in any decision about the 1990s is 'global'".
(Toronto Star, 09/11/89) We must all work together by shattering the trade
boundaries, and acting as one. Currently, we are seeing concrete steps
forward, as Mexico, United States and Canada are almost finished the
signing of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). With this trade
agreement, all three countries (Mexico, United States, and Canada) will
virtually become one of the best trading partners in the world. With the
vast differences that exist in the demographics, all three countries will
find that trading with each other will bring prominent economic reform.
Canadian and American capital, technology, and management expertise, will
create many jobs for everyone, hence raising the standard of living. The
Canadians speciality in financial services, software, and infrastructure
will have wondrous impact on Mexico. With the Americans and Canadians
help in vitalizing Mexico, l strongly believe we will all become one single
country in the future. Since the United States is the strongest of all
three, the new country will be named the United States of North America.
Becasue the United States is currently the biggest and only superpower of
the world, the addition of Canada (vast resources and open land), and
Mexico (substantial labour power), the United States of North America will
be one of the largest dominating forces in the world. However, this will
not be used against the other countries unjustly, but harmoniously.
Moreover, we will not be the only countries of present day to join
together, as many countries around the globe will do the same. This will
help us erupt out of our boundaries and help all nations of the world.
90% of the world's total aid is given by first world countries. "the
reasons range from a desire to win political friends, to increase domestic
business and to relieve guilt over the First World's inequitable use of the
world's resources and its colonial interventions of the past." (World
Prospects 1987) I believe that the first world countries have a
responsibility to aid the less fortunate, because we hold most of the
resources and wealth. In the future, former Canada, Mexico, and the United
States will introduce new technology, infrastructure, and medicine to these
countries, helping them achieve first or second world status.
Since USNA (United States of North America) will have erased the
borders, l believe that we will produce more advanced technological
products, and will allow more manufactured goods from other countries to
enter tariff free, allowing us for cheaper products without hurting our own
industries.
The USNA's will introduce policies on birth control around the world,
and educate the importance of limiting birth. This will be very important,
because our earth has finally reached its full capacity. Another way that
we can help, is allowing immigrants from other countries to migrate in our
open lands to the north (former Canada).
The Environment is becoming ever so important, as we are destroying
our ozone, creating massive heaps of garbage, demolishing our rainforests,
industrial pollution, and much more. A world wide attempt shall be made by
all countries which will be enforced by USNA. Strict laws will be passed,
and large industries will make a valiant effort to control their pollution,
as well as helping others realize their destruction to earth. Industries
must contribute, because they have tremendous powers in the economy, and
political decisions.
As we lead ourselves into the future, Canada's geopolitical role will
be shared with the United States, and Mexico, after the signing of USNA.
The geopolitical role of USNA will include free trade, migration,
population policies, environmental reform, foreign aid, as well as energy
development, resource use and territorial control. USNA will harmoniously
create a world in which united efforts will have linked all the countries
in the world to become one. This will be a difficult and lengthy task
which may take many years. Until that time, their geopolitical role in the
future will see that all the nations of the world, work to combat
pollution, introduce new trading zones, lessening the gap of the rich and
poor, so that poverty will not exist, and introducing methods of birth
control that will please everbody.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Iraqui ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [War with Saddam Hussein ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:2183 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
War was inevitable in the Gulf and it was a war in which Iraq was
inevitability to lose. There were several reasons why this was and became a
reality. How, when, where did this process of self destruction begin? It
was quite evident that Saddam Hussein. the president of Iraq, was becoming
a military giant in the Middle East and therefore a threat to the stability
of the entire region. His war with Iran was proof of this. The U.S. and
other industrialized Western nations could not risk the loss of oil from
the area. Kuwait is the second largest source of petroleum in the Middle
East and so Iraqi invasion of Kuwait sent the world oil market into a
frenzy. Iraqi forces then gathered their forces on the border with Saudi
Arabia, the second largest supplier of oil in the world. This in turn
brought the military might of the United States into the conflict.
There are several reasons why Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. "After
the 8 year war with Iran over territorial disputes and religious rivalries
between the Iranian Shiites and Iraqi Sunni factions, Iraq had a massive
debt to many Arab nations including Kuwait."2 The rulers of these nations
wanted some of their money back but Iraq thought they were ingrates and
were ungrateful for defending the Arab emirs from the Iranian Islamic
fundamentalism. The Arab emirs were afraid that the Islamic fundamentalists
would rise against the government and eventually take over the government
as they had Iran against the Shah. Kuwait was also afraid of this and so
they supported the Iraqi Arabs against the Iranian Persians.
2"Iraq",World Book (New York, World Book, 1990), Vol 10, p. 260
The funds that Gulf countries lent to Iraq were used to buy high tech
weapons, high tech weapons that made Iraq one of the largest armies in the
world and a force to contend with. "Ironically much of the money and
weapons came from the countries that united to fight against him."1 The
Gulf countries bankrolled him while the Western nations, who had many
defense contractors going out of business because of the end of the Cold
War, supplied him with the weapons to fight Iran and later Kuwait and the
Coalition. With a large army like his, it would be very easy to defeat the
far smaller Kuwaiti army compared to his.
1CNN The Gulf War (Video) (Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min., 1991)
Oil had made Kuwait one of the richest and most progressive countries
in the world. This desert land is one of the world's leading producers
having over one-tenth of the world's known petroleum reserves. "All of this
in 20150 square kilometres, a little smaller than the state of New
Jersey."3 Kuwait is one of the world's wealthiest nations in terms of
national income per person. It has free primary and secondary education,
free health and social services and no income tax. There was much to
protect. All of this was attractive and irritating to Saddam who would and
did use a fraction of his army to attack and invade Kuwait in which it only
took the Iraqi army 6 hours to reach the capital city. They had after their
invasion about 19% of the world's known oil reserves.
3"Kuwait",World Book (New York, World Book, 1990), Vol 11, p.354
Historically Iraq had claimed that it had a right to Kuwait. "They
were jealous that Kuwait was in control of the two islands needed for a
deep water shipping port:the Bubiyan and Warbah islands."4 These islands
along with some parts of Kuwait were a part of Mesopotamia which the
Ottoman Turks conquered. "The Ottoman Empire was defeated during World War
I and the British made their "own lines in the sand", dividing up the land
according to their own strategic needs and in the process recklessly
dividing up ancient communities and boundaries that had been recognized for
decades."1 Most of Mesopotamia became Iraq and some other parts to Kuwait.
In 1961, Kuwait became independent and the Iraqis threatened to invade
except that British troops kept the peace. This was to be the first of many
border skirmishes which include Iraqi missiles fired at Kuwaiti oil
installations and the reflagging of Kuwaiti oil tankers during the
Iran-Iraq War in which U.S. ships patrolled the Persian Gulf and Kuwaiti
tankers were reflagged with U.S. flags.
1CNN The Gulf War (Video) (Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min., 1991)
4AP Press Toronto Star (January 20, 1991) A18
The Iraqi government had also accused the Kuwaitis of stealing 2.5
billion barrels of oil from its Rumaila oil fields by sliding drills into
Iraqi oil pipelines. They had also accused Kuwait of exceeding OPEC oil
production which had dropped the price of oil from $20 a barrel to $13 a
barrel in the first six months of 1990. This meant 1 billion dollars less
for Iraq everytime that price of an oil barrel went down by a dollar.
Saddam said he would stop them from continuing aggressive action:"The oil
quota violators have stabbed Iraq with poison dagger. Iraqis will not
forget the saying that cutting necks is better than cutting means of
living. O'God almighty, be witness that we have warned them".1 His foreign
minister Tariq Aziz later said in a letter to the Arab league that Kuwait
is "systematically, deliberately and continuously" harming Iraq by
encroaching on its territory, stealing oil, and destroying its economy.1
"Such behaviour amounts to military aggression".1 These were just signs of
the Desert Storm to come.
1CNN The Gulf War (Video) (Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min., 1991)
Personally, Saddam Hussein had reasons to want to go to war against
the Western nations. He grew up as young boy hating the British for
imprisoning the uncle that had cared for him. Later, he joined the Baath
Party which was based on a platform of Arab unity and as a member was sent
to try to assassinate General Abdul Karim Qasim who they believed to be
very friendly with the Western nations. By going to war, he hoped to foster
Arab unity against the Western nations, like an Islamic holy war against
the "infidels". He also believed that it was his destiny to fulfil the
prophecy of ruling an Arab nation streching from Euphrates to the Suez.
The Western and Gulf nations united together to form a coalition to
fight against Iraq that followed the United Nations resolution that Iraq
must pull out of Iraq on January 15, 1991. They had several reasons for
wanting Iraq out of Kuwait. "The 2 main reasons are the vast amounts oil in
the region which account for 53% of the world's known petroleum reserves
and the stability of the nations that have the oil."4 The 2 biggest in the
region are Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Saudis were afraid that Iraq would
invade Saudi Arabia just like Kuwait.
4AP Press Toronto Star (February 20, 1991) A16
"The United States depends on Middle East petroleum for about 25% of
its energy needs and other Western nations even more on Middle East."4 Many
of these nations have very few oil resources and if they did it would cost
too much to develop them like the estimated 300 billion barrels of oil in
the Alberta and Saskatchewan tar sands. "Other nations like Japan have very
few alternative sources for petroleum so they depend greatly on the oil
from the Middle East."1 Other sources of power are generally too expensive
to be practical or still under development. So any disruption of oil from
this region would seriously negatively affect the economies of the Western
nations, just as they were slipping into a recession which would not be
very good for the leaders of these countries at the ballot box.
1CNN The Gulf War (Video) (Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min., 1991)
4AP Press Toronto Star (January 16, 1991) A15
However going to war or even the real possibility of it would give a
big short term boost to the economies of these nations by increasing the
price for a barrel of oil which would allow oil companies to make bigger
profits and there would be more exploration in North America to discover
new sources of oil. This would help boost the stock markets by increasing
positive activity in the trading of shares. Also by going to war, it would
create jobs in many sectors of the economy from the defense contractors to
the service industries down the line.
The main reason that Coalition was formed was to protect the "vital
interests" in the often unstable Middle East. "The Middle East had been the
source of many of the world's wars after World War II, sometimes almost to
point of going nuclear."4 The Arab partners in the Coalition joined the
union to prevent what had happened to Kuwait to occur to them. The United
States and the other Western partners wanted to ensure a steady supply of
cheap oil and the invasion of Kuwait had risen the price of oil along with
creating instability in the Middle East. The best way to restore order to
the region and create some stability was to force Iraq out of Kuwait and
severely weaken his government and military which the Allies were
successful in doing.
4AP Press Toronto Star (February 14, 1991) A13
Another reason that has been suggested is that Iraq was permitted to
invade Kuwait just to give the U.S. an excuse to attack the Iraqis so that
they would no longer be a threat to other countries in the region. This
would also make the Arab nations dependent on the Americans for their
defense so that they would not try to attempt hostile actions in terms of
increasing the cost of the oil to them or limiting the production of
petroleum as had been demonstrated by the OPEC nations in the 1970s.
George Herbert Walker Bush also had personal reasons as to why he
wanted Iraq to leave Kuwait. As the youngest fighter pilot in the Navy
during World War II, he flew in many missions before being shot down.
"These missions helped to shape his beliefs that the U.S. should be like a
global policeman and Saddam Hussein must be stopped just as Hitler should
have been stopped from breaking the conditions of the treaties the Germans
signed ending World War I."1 Another reason he felt he had to take military
action was that there were American hostages held by the Iraqis after the
invasion of Kuwait for a couple of months.
1CNN The Gulf War (Video) (Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min., 1991)
Iraq would lose in the war with the Coalition because "their forces
were not as well trained as the Coalition forces, their weapons were
technologically inferior, they had no air support and the Coalition forces
were well-prepared for moves against them."4 The Iraqi army is mainly
composed of draftees, who are not well- trained or equipped. Only the few
Republican Guard units that were the elite of the Iraqi army would be any
match for the Coalition because the Coalition forces were composed of
mainly professional, well-trained volunteers. Also the Iraqi weapons were
inferior compared to the Americans. The Iraqis had weapons mainly from the
late 1970s to the early 1980s while the Allies had the most- advanced
weaponry available including the AWACS system, the Stealth bomber and the
Patriot missile. With this, they quickly achieved air and naval superiority
over Iraq and Kuwait. The Iraqis had few planes that were of any threat to
the Coalition and most of these never faced combat for unknown reasons.
This made the Allies job much easier. The Coalition forces were also
well-prepared as to the enemies battle tactics as they were Soviet ones
which the Americans had studied for the possibility of an invasion of
Europe.
4AP Press Toronto Star (January 18, 1991) A14
A Gulf War involving Iraq was unavoidable and in this war Iraq was
defeated. The Iraqis were becoming a major military power in the Middle
East and therefore a danger to the stability of the whole region. The
United States and other industrialized Western nations could not afford the
loss of oil from the region and therefore they were very willing to ensure
that they continued to receive the oil. The U.N. and U.S. both wanted Iraq
to leave but realized that Iraq did not wish to leave and had no intention
of doing so unless they were forced out. Neither side wished to back down
diplomatically or militarily and with no other useful options available,
war was the only option left to the U.S. and her allies. In this war, Iraq
would lose because it has inferior weapons, a poorly trained army and the
Americans were well prepared for the Iraqi tactics.
Bibliography
CNN The Gulf War (Video), Atlanta, CNN News, 75 min., 1991
"Iraq",World Book New York, World Book, 1990, Vol 10, pp. 260-261
"Kuwait",World Book New York, World Book, 1990, Vol 11, pp. 354-355
Toronto Star:All A and special sections from January 14, 1991 to
March 8, 1991. (Many seection were used)

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Kuwait ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:990 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Kuwait is not self-sufficient in agriculture but the country
will be in the future. Its production of cereals, vegetables and
fruit grown in the oasis of Jahra and scattered smallholdings is
not sufficient for the population's needs, due to limitations of
water supply, fertile soil, climate and manpower. Much of its food
needs to be imported but government investment and the work of the
Kuwait Experimental farm have led to improvements whereby existing
resources are more efficiently utilized.
Kuwait is a small arid desert land of about 6200 square miles.
There is virtually no natural source of fresh water. Climatic
conditions entail occasional high winds and dust storms, little or
no rainfall, and summer temperatures as high as 120<32>F.
"Consequently, arable land amounts to less than 9% of total
acreage."1 Soil deficiencies and the intense heat and sunlight
allow continued cultivation only by expensive underground pipe-fed
irrigation or by hydroponics. Ordinary irrigation under these
conditions results in gradually increasing soil salinity. this
phenomenon has been the cause of the estimated 1% annual decrease
in arable land for the region as a whole. Hence, development of
traditional agriculture is severely restricted.
1El Mallakh, Ragaei (Kuwait, Trade and Investment. Boulder,
Westview Press Inc., 1989) pg 117
Kuwaitis are under no illusion that self-sufficiency will take
less than 20 to 30 years to attain and even then it cannot include
such items as beef and cereals. For Kuwait cereal production is
considered too expensive and unnecessary. Self-sufficiency in
poultry, vegetables and fruit is a visible goal: already Kuwait
produces 60% of the eggs it needs, 40% of the poultry meat and 100%
of the tomatoes. The next emphasis is likely to be on dairy farming
and animal husbandry to increase the 25% of the required milk
supplies that is produced in the country. The Kuwaitis are very
conscious of the fact that urban growth and the hunting of animals
which used to live in the desert has meant the virtual extinction
of wildlife. Kuwait is importing from many countries animals such
as cows, chickens and sheep.
In view of Kuwait's extremely unpromising natural environment
which was made even worse after the Persian Gulf War, the key to
all its hopes for self-sufficiency lies in research and
experiments. Their experimental farm research farm:Omariya, the
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Kuwait Fund for
the Advancement of Sciences are engaged in a variety of projects
concerned with the hybridization of plants, animal breeding, the
increase of yields in desert conditions, the treatment of brackish
water and effluent water, irrigation methods, etc. "For example,
the use of plastic mulching films as a cover for the soil is
already widely known as a method of preventing evaporation,
reducing soil erosion and retarding weed growth."2
Winstone, H.V.F.(Kuwait:Prospect and Reality. London, McGraw-
Hill Inc., 1990) pg. 198
Kuwait only has 100 acres or so under cultivation in the whole
country. This makes Kuwait one of the least agriculturalized
countries in the world. The dependence on imports of foodstuffs is
almost complete. This state of affairs has had economic as well as
sociological effects on the population since the oil exports pay
for the food imports. The urbanistic character of the indigenous
population has been reinforced by the lack of farming
opportunities. Kuwait is trying to change this in order to
diversify and balance its economy which at present is highly
dependent on finite amounts of petroleum. "Agriculture (including
fishing) accounts for but a small portion of Kuwait's gross
domestic product (0.24%). This economic sector utilized only 3% of
those privately employed."3
3El Mallakh, Ragaei (Economic Development and Regional
Cooperation. Chicago, University of Chicago, 1988) pg. 55
Government studies have shown the feasibility of commercial scale
production of fruits and vegetables using hydroponic methods. However,
little progress has actually been made in terms of expanding the income
base of the country. The reasons for lack of progress are
obvious:deficiencies of soil, lack of irrigation water, the harsh climate,
and the limited supply of agriculturally trained manpower. There is a heavy
dependence on expatriate labour since Kuwaitis possess an almost
"agriculture-less" mentality, aside from fishing.
If agriculture is an industry of the future, fishing, together
with pearling have been a major occupation in Kuwait since the
foundation of the state. Today with the increase in population and
rise in living standards "the local industry provides about 99% of
consumption, which is over 5000 tons a year."4 The harvesting and
eating of shrimp has progressed most rapidly-doubling in 2 years
during the early 1980s. The individual fishermen who still supply
two-thirds of the local market, use much of the traditional
equipment. Gradually they are acquiring more modern equipment which
will allow them to be more efficient. There is also a United
Fisheries Company which was setup by government to reduce
overfishing which a constant problem.
4The State of Kuwait:The Ministry of Information (Kuwait:Facts
and Figures 1988. Kuwait City, The State of Kuwait, 1988) pg.
22
Kuwait will be self-sufficient in agriculture in the future.
It will be able to grow more of its own food through new techniques
and it will continually be able to buy food should the country ever
find itself in that situation. Many of the new techniques proposed
are feasible and there is no lack of monetary resources to spend on
this problem. They already have succeeded in reducing their
dependence on imports of vegetables, fruits and poultry. The
government will spend the money also because it wants to diversify
its economy instead of being mainly based on the country's
petroleum resources.
Bibliography
El Mallakh, Ragaei Kuwait, Trade and Investment. Boulder, Westview
Press Inc., 1989
El Mallakh, Ragaei Economic Development and Regional Cooperation.
Chicago, University of Chicago, 1988
Mansfield, Peter Kuwait:Vanguard of the Gulf. London, Hutchinson
Publishing Co., 1990
The State of Kuwait:The Ministry of Information Kuwait:Facts and
Figures 1988. Kuwait City, The State of Kuwait, 1988
Winstone, H.V.F. Kuwait:Prospect and Reality. London, McGraw-Hill
Inc., 1990

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on History of ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Adolph Hitler ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:1966 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ADOLF HITLER
1. THE BEGINNING
At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 a child was born
in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf
Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife
Klara.
As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local
choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the
Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty
good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in
his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only
succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16,
spending a total of 10 years in school. From childhood one it was his
dream to become an artist or architect. He was not a bad artist, as his
surviving paintings and drawings show but he never showed any originality
or creative imagination. To fullfil his dream he had moved to Vienna the
capital of Austria where the Academy of arts was located. He failed the
first time he tried to get admission and in the next year, 1907 he tried
again and was very sure of success. To his surprise he failed again. In
fact the Dean of the academy was not very impressed with his performance,
and gave him a really hard time and said to him "You will never be
painter." The rejection really crushed him as he now reached a dead end.
He could not apply to the school of architecture as he had no high-school
diploma. During the next 35 years of his live the young man never forgot
the rejection he received in the dean's office that day. Many Historians
like to speculate what would have happened IF.... perhaps the small town
boy would have had a bit more talent....or IF the Dean had been a little
less critical, the world might have been spared the nightmare into which
this boy was eventually to plunge it.
2. WORLD WAR I
While living in Vienna Hitler he made his living by drawing small
pictures of famous landmarks which he sold as post cards. But he was
always poor. He was also a regular reader of a small paper which claimed
that the Araban race was superior to all and was destined to rule the
world. The paper blamed Communists and Jews for all their problems and
hitler agreed to those views. Hitler agree with most of the points made in
the publication. He continued to live a poor live in Vienna and in 1913
decided to move to Munich. Still living in Vienna and being Austrain by
birth, Hitler showed more loyalty to the Geramny. He thought that the
Aryan race was destined to rule the world. Many believe that he tried to
escape the draft but it was never proven. His live in Munich was not much
better then before and he continued to be poor. Then in 1914 World War I
broke out and Hitler saw this as a great opportunity to show his loyalty to
the "fatherland" by volunteering for the Imperial army. He did not want to
fight in the Austrian Army. Hitler was a good soldier. Many of political
opponents claimed that he was a coward but records clearly show that he was
not. He received to awards of bravery but never achieved a high Rank.
In 1918 Germany surrendered and Hitler was very upset about the loss.
He believed that it was the Jews and the Communists who betrayed the
"fatherland" and it was here that his disliking of the Jews most likely
began. Germany after the war was in chaos. With no real Government to
control the country, many groups tried to take control. One day a big
communist group staged a big riot but another group of ex-soldiers
including Hitler managed to hold them back.
3. THE NAZI PARTY
Since there were not many chances for employment Hitler stayed in the
army. Hitler was assigned the job of going go to various meetings of
groups which sprang up like mushrooms and to report on them. One day
September 12, 1919 - a fateful day in history, Hitler was sent to
investigate a small group which called itself the "German Workers Party".
Hitler was not to happy about his assignment. He thought it wouldn't be
worth it to even go. At the group mainly talked about the Countries
problem and how the Jews, communists and others where threatening the
master race and offered their own solutions. Hitler was bored by the
meeting but when a man stood up and claimed that Bavaria should separate
from Germany, Hitler got up and argued that point. He argued that Germany
and germans must unite into one to survive. His natural ability to speak
imprest the leader of the group and at the end of the meeting he gave
Hitler a pamphlet and an initiation the next meeting. He wasn't interested
in attending but after reading the hand out he accepted. He later joined
the German Workers Party and was in charge of Propaganda. The party was
small at first but Hitler's great skill at deliberating speeches attracted
more and more listeners and it soon became a major party with many
followers. Eventually Adolf Hitler became it's leader and the rest as they
say....is history.
4. HITLER IN POWER
While spending time in prison for trying to overthrow the government
Adolf Hitler wrote his famous book "Mein Kampf", in which he describes many
problems and where he states that the Jews and communists were responsible
for those problems. He also decided on the "Final Solution" to the "Jewish
Question". It was his goal to eliminate the Jewish race from the European
continent. It is interesting to look and see how a small time boy from
Austria with no education, money or political background could become
within a few years the leader of big nation such as Germany. Historians
believe that Hitler saw a great opportunity to get his views across to the
German people who have lost all hope. Of course people did not start to
support him right away. After he came into power, the Nazi party took
control over every aspect of every day life. Hitler ordered the creation
of a special police force to make sure that all opponents would be
elimanted, the Gestapo. He also gave orders to set up a special force
which would be used to transport and take care of all political prisioners
and people thought to be inferior. The name of the force was the feared
SS. Mass propaganda was used to persuade the German people that the
"Fuhrer" would make the country strong and powerful again. They also used
propaganda against the Jews and other minority groups which were considered
enemies. Teachers had to belong to the Nazi party, and children were
taught that Jews very the source of all their problems. Since the country
was in chaos after the war, and was forced to pay billions in damages, The
Germans saw hope in Adolf Hitler. In the late 20's the depression hit which
made the situation even worse.
Hitler in his speeches blamed the Jews and Communists for their
misfortunes and many listed. Unemployment was very high at that time
standing at about 25%. Hitler also spoke out against the unfairness of the
Versailles treaty. Germany lost a lot of its territory. The Empire was no
more. He believed the pure Araban race is destined to rule the world and
wanted to build an Empire that would last a 1000 years. He preached that
all Germans must unite in order for this goal to succeed.
Hitler publicly stated his views on the Jews. But the Jews of Germany
didn't see Hitler as a great threat at first. However when Hitler became
chancellor and eventually took over totally they changed their mind. The
first thing he did was to take the Jews their right to vote. Soon they
were not allowed to marry with a pure german, they could not hold positions
such as teachers, doctors lawyers,..and so on. Many Jews only then
realized that he was serious and many fled Germany. Why did so many
Germans follow Hitler? When he took power the economy was basically non
existent. Many looked for answers and hope. Hitler was their answer. He
promised to rebuild the Glorious Germany of the past. First he started to
build up the Wehrmacht. Germany was not allowed to have more than 100,000
men, but Hitler broke the treaty and gave orders to increase that number.
Factories started putting out weapons and people now had jobs. To the
Germans this was a very good sign. Mass rallies were held, where Hitler
continued to use his powers of speech on the German people.
5. THE ROAD TO WAR
At first the allies did nothing about the fact that Hitler broke the
Treaty. He gave speeches in which he indicated that the German people
needed living space. Later he Marched into the Reihnland, and area which
Germany lost. Next He moved into Austria, his home country and annexed it
without a shoot being fired into the Reich. Following Austria, he wanted
control of the Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia which was mainly
German speaking. He also achieved that goal. The allies didn't want
another war so they led Hitler do what he wanted to, but when he Attacked
Poland on September 1st, 1939 the allies no longer stood by and watched.
Britain and France declared war on Germany a few days after later, World
War II began.
6. THE DARK SIDE
After the Wehrmacht conquered and occupied a territory the SS quickly
followed. They would round up Jews, Communists, Gypsies, Homosexuals and
others which were viewed as "Inferior" according to Nazi racial theory and
enemies of the German people and put on trains. They were all sent to
Concentration camps, which were set up to implement the 'final solution'.
Camps such as Auschwitz, Treblinka, Bergen Belsen were all equipped with
gas chambers to make the killing process quick and efectfull. In those
camps 6 million Jews and many others were killed by the Nazis. Hitler's
army seemed unstoppable but in the end, the allies managed to win many
decisive battles. Eventually on Aril 30th, 1945 Hitler committed suicide
in his bunker by shooting himself in the mouth. His body was burned, but
no ones knows what happened to the "Fuhrer's" ashes. On May 7th, 1945
Germany surrendered unconditionally.
7. THE MAN
Hitler was one of the most, if not the most cruel man to ever walk the
face of the earth. His believe of the superiorority of the "Aryan" race
made him hate all others. He believed that the slaws to the east should be
made work for the German people. He thought of blacks as being
"Sub-human". And Most of all he hated the Jews. So much that in early
1945, when equipment and manpower was badly needed on the front Hitler
insisited on man and equipment staying and continuing to tranport Jews to
the camps. In his Testament he left his money to his family. And message
to the Germany people "Above all I charge the leaders of the nation and
those under them to scrupulous observance of the laws of race and to
merciless opposition to the universal poisoner of all peoples,
international Jewry."
The only people which would be spared where the Scandinavians to the
north, since they were closely related to the German race. With Hitler's
death the Nazi party quickly fated. But there is still a lot of tension in
todays Germany.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the The Glass ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Menangerie. ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:660 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The Glass Menagerie
-------------------
The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Williams uses
many symbols which represent many different things. Many of the symbols
used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between
reality and illusion.
The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape.
This represents the "bridge" between the illusory world of the Wingfields
and the world of reality. This "bridge" seems to be a one way passage.
But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is
the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world
of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world. A way to
escape from reality. Both examples can readily be seen: Tom will stand
outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be
inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand,
thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be
seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store: Laura trips on the fire
escape. This also shows that Laura's fears and emotions greatly affect her
physical condition, more so than normal people.
Another symbol presented deals more with Tom than any of the other
characters: Tom's habit of going to the movies shows us his longing to
leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. A place where
one can find adventure. And Tom, being a poet, can understand the needs of
man to long for adventure and romance. But he is kept from entering
reality by Amanda, who criticizes him as being a "selfish dreamer." But,
Tom has made steps to escape into reality by transferring the payment of a
light bill to pay for his dues in the Merchant Seaman's Union.
Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura, is Jim
O'Connor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not
want to face, reality. Jim is a perfect example of "the common man." A
person with no real outstanding quality. In fact, Jim is rather awkward,
which can be seen when he dances with Laura. To Amanda, Jim represents the
days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and
supposedly having "seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon."
Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it
is hard to tell whether she wanted a gentleman caller to be invited for
Laura or for herself.
One symbol which is rather obvious is Laura's glass menagerie. Her
collection of glass represents her own private world. Set apart from
reality, a place where she can hide and be safe. The events that happen to
Laura's glass affects Laura's emotional state greatly. When Amanda tells
Laura to practice typing, Laura instead plays with her glass. When Amanda
is heard walking up the fire escape, she quickly hides her collection. She
does this to hide her secret world from the others. When Tom leaves to go
to the movies in an angered rush, he accidentally breaks some of Laura's
glass. The shattered glass represents Laura's understanding of Tom's
responsibilities to her. Also, the unicorn, which is important, represents
Laura directly. Laura points out to Jim that the unicorn is different,
just as she is different. She also points out that the unicorn does not
complain of being different, as she does not complain either. And when Jim
breaks the horn off the unicorn, Laura points out that now it is like the
other horses, just as Laura has shed some of her shyness and become more
normal. When she hands the broken unicorn to Jim, this might represent
Laura handing over her broken love to Jim, as Jim has revealed that he is
engaged to be married.
As can be seen, there are quite a few symbols in this play. And a
number of them have diverse meanings. Most of these symbols have a direct
meaning in the author's own life. This is understandable seeing that the
play is supposed to be "memory play." It is obvious that this memory play
is based on Williams' own memories.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [The Case for the ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Existence of God ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:6377 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
THE CASE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
by
Bert Thompson, Ph.D.
Introduction
Either God exists or He doesn't. There is no middle ground. Any
attempt to remain neutral in relation to God's existence is automatically
synonymous with unbelief. It is far from a "moot" question, for if God
does exist, then nothing else really matters; if He does not exist, then
nothing really matters at all. If He does exist, then there is an eternal
heaven to be gained (Hebrews 11:16) and an eternal Hell to be avoided
(Revelation 21:8). The question for God's existence is an extremely
important one.
One might wonder why it is necessary to present evidence for the
existence of God. As Edward Thomson so beautifully stated it:
"...the doctrine of the one living and true God, Creator, Preserver,
and Benefactor of the universe, as it solves so many problems, resolves
so many doubts, banishes so many fears, inspires so many hopes, gives
such sublimity to all things, and such spring to all noble powers, we
might presume would, as soon as it was announced, be received by every
healthy mind."
Some, however, contrary to their higher interests, have refused to have God
in their knowledge and thus have become vain in their reasonings and
foolish in their philosophy (Romans 1:21,22,28). They do not see the folly
(Psalm 14:1) of saying there is no God.
The Christian has not only the obligation to "give answer to every man
that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you..." (I Peter
3:15), but an obligation to carry the Gospel message to a lost and dying
world (Mark 16:15-16, et al.).
There will be times when carrying the Gospel message to the world will
entail setting forth the case for the existence of God. In addition, we
need to remember that Christians are not agnostics. The agnostic is the
person who says that God's existence is unknowable. As difficult as it is
to believe, some Christians take that same stance in regard to God's
existence. They assert that they "believe" there is a God, but that they
cannot know it. They state that God's existence cannot be proved. `This
is false!' God's existence is both `knowable' and `provable.' Acceptance
of God's existence is not some "blind leap into the dark" as so many have
erroneously asserted. The Christian's faith is not a purely emotional,
subjective "leap," but instead is a `firm conviction' regarding facts based
upon reasonable evidence. God's existence can be proved to any fair-minded
person. Granted, we do not mean by the word "proved" that God's existence
can be scientifically demonstrated to human senses as one might, for
example, prove that a sack of potatoes weighs ten pounds. But we need to
be reminded (especially in our day of scientific intimidation) that
empirical evidence (that based solely upon experiment and/or observation)
is not the only basis for establishing a provable case. Legal authorities
recognize the validity of a `prima facie' case. Such a case exists when
adequate evidence is available to establish the presumption of a fact
which, unless such can be refuted, `legally stands as a fact'. Inferential
proof (the culmination of many lines of evidence into only one possible
conclusion) is an invaluable part of a `prima facie' case which simply
cannot be refuted. But an important question which serves as a "preface"
to the case for God's existence is this: "From whence has come the idea of
God in man's mind?" The inclination to be religious is universally and
peculiarly a human trait. As one writer observed, even today the evidence
indicates that "no race or tribe of men, however degraded and apparently
atheistic, lacks that spark of religious capacity which may be fanned and
fed into a mighty flame." If, therefore, man is incurably religious--and
has the idea of God in his mind--and if we assume that the world is
rational, it is impossible that a phenomenon so universal as religion could
be founded upon illusion.
The question is highly appropriate therefore: what is the source of
this religious tendency within man? Alexander Campbell, in his celebrated
debate April 13-23, 1829 in Cincinnati, Ohio with Robert Owen, provided the
answer to this question in a very positive fashion. He asked Owen from
whence the idea of God had come in man's mind. Owen (and all skeptics) had
(have) stated that the idea of God has not come from reason (skeptics hold,
of course, that the concept is unreasonable), and that it has not come from
revelation. Campbell pressed Owen to tell him from whence the idea of God
`had' come. Owen retorted, "by imagination." Campbell then quoted both
John Locke and David Hume, two philosophers who are highly respected in the
secular community. Hume stated that the "creative power of the mind
amounts to nothing more than the faculty of combining, transposing,
augmenting and diminishing the materials afforded to us by sense and
experience." The imagination, it turns out, has `no creative power'.
Neither reason nor imagination create. Reason, like a carpenter's
yardstick, is a measure, not an originator. Imagination works only on
those items already in the mind; it does not "create" anything new.
[Sigmund Freud, German psychoanalyst of the first part of the 20th century,
attempted to explain God's existence by stating that man had indeed formed
the "heavenly father" from the idea in his mind of his "earthly father."
But this idea will not suffice either. Is the God of the Bible the God man
would "invent" if asked to do so? Hardly. Look around at the "god" man
invents when left to his own devices--the "god" of hedonism, epicurianism,
subjectivism, or the "god" of "if it feels good, do it." The God of the
Bible is not the God man would invent, if left to his own devices. Freud's
attempt to explain the idea of God in man's mind failed miserably.]
Campbell pointed out to Owen, in a very forceful way, that the idea of God
in man's mind could only have come through revelation. There is no other
choice. The concept of God, therefore, though greatly perverted in heathen
hands, is ultimately traceable to an original communication between the
Creator and the creature. There is no other alternative, all the
disclaimers of the atheist notwithstanding.
But suppose the unbeliever objects: "If the idea of God is basic to
human nature, we would not be able to deny it; we do deny it, however;
therefore it is not intuitive." It is sufficient to observe in rebuttal to
such a claim that man, under the enchantment of a deceptive philosophy, can
deny the most obvious of things. Those deluded, for example, by "Christian
Science" religion deny the existence of matter and death. Some today deny
that the earth is spherical or that man has ever been to the moon. But a
denial of facts does not automatically negate the facts. Man's attitude
toward Truth does not change Truth.
Can God's existence be proven? Can we `know' God exists? The answer is
a resounding "YES!" The psalmist said, "Be still and `know' that I am God"
(Psalm 46:10) as he echoed the Creator's sentiments to man. The allusions
to th e manifestations of Deity in the created world are profuse. David
exclaimed, "O Jehovah, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the
earth, Who has set thy glory upon the heavens?" (Psalm 8:1). In the same
psalm, the inspired writer was constrained to say that the heavens are "the
work of thy fingers" and the moon and stars "thou hast ordained" (Psalm
8:3). Later David was to utter the beautiful words of Psalm 19:1--"The
heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork."
Isaiah graphically portrayed the majesty and power of nature's God when he
wrote that God "hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and
meted out heaven with a span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a
measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance"
(40:12).
Dr. E.A. Maness once remarked, "If the word God were written upon every
blowing leaf, embossed on every passing cloud, engraved on every granite
rock, the inductive evidence of God in the world would be no stronger than
it is." John C. Monsma, in the text which he edited entitled, `The Evidence
of God in an Expanding Universe' (which is a compilation of testimony from
forty outstanding American scientists), affirmed "that science can
establish, by the observed facts of Nature and intellectual argumentation,
that a super-human power exists." . Dr. A. Cressy Morrison, former
President of the New York Academy of Sciences, affirmed that "so many
essential conditions are necessary for life to exist on our earth that it
is mathematically impossible that all of them could exist in proper
relationship by chance on any one earth at one time." Dr. Arthur H.
Compton, Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago and Nobel
laureate, wrote: "It is not difficult for me to have this faith, for it is
incontrovertible that where there is a plan there is intelligence--an
orderly, unfolding universe testifies to the truth of the most majestic
statement ever uttered--`In the beginning, God.'" .
Louis Agassiz, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard University (and a life-long
opponent of Darwinian evolution), made these remarks:..
"Though I know those who hold it to be very unscientific to believe
that thinking is not something inherent in matter, and that there is an
essential difference between inorganic and living and thinking beings,
I shall not be prevent ed by any such pretentions of a false philosophy
from expressing my conviction that as long as it cannot be shown that
matter or physical forces do actually reason, I shall consider any
manifestation of physical thought as an evidence of the existence of a
thinking being as the author of such thought, and shall look upon
intelligent and intelligible connection between the facts of nature as
direct proof of a thinking God....` All these facts in their natural
connection proclaim aloud the one God whom man may know, adore, and
love, and natural history must in good time become the analysis of the
thoughts of the Creator of the universe' as manifested in the animal
and vegetable kingdoms."
Lord Kelvin, the famed English thermodynamicist once said,
"I cannot admit that, with regard to the origin of life, science
neither affirms nor denies Creative Power. `Science positively affirms
Creative Power'. It is not in dead matter that we live and move and
have our being, but in the creating and directing Power which science
compels us to accept as an article of belief.... There is nothing
between absolute scientific belief in a Creative Power, and the
acceptance of the theory of a fortuitous concourse of atoms.... Forty
years ago I asked Liebig [famed chemist Justus von Liebig--BT], walking
some-where in the country, if he believed that the grass and flowers
that we saw around us grew by mere chemical forces. He answered, `No,
no more than I could believe that a book of botany describing them
could grow by mere chemical forces'.... Do not be afraid of being free
thinkers! `If you think strongly enough you will be forced by science
to the belief in God', which is the foundation all religion. `You will
find science not antagonistic but helpful to religion.'" .
One cannot help but wonder what has caused many of the most prominent
and brilliant minds of both days gone by and of our day to make such
statements. No doubt, at least a partial explanation lies in the fact that
they saw a few, or many, of the thousands of "signposts" or "ensigns"
scattered throughout the natural world which point clearly to the unseen
Designer of nature. These "signposts" are multitudinous in our world, and
plainly obvious to those whose minds have not been blinded by the "god of
this world" (II Corinthians 4:4), "refusing to have God in their knowledge"
(Romans 1:28). An examination of these "ensigns" makes for a profitable
and edifying study.
NATURE'S HOME: THE UNIVERSE
When the writer of Hebrews stated that, "...every house is builded by
someone..." (Hebrews 3:4), he suggested the well-known principle of cause
and effect. Today the Law of Causality is the fundamental law of science.
Every effect must have an adequate cause. Further indicated is the fact
that no effect can be qualitatively superior to or quantitatively greater
than the cause. The universe is here, and is a tremendous effect. Hence,
it must be explained in terms of an adequate cause.
There are four possible explanations for the universe. (1) It is but
an illusion, and does not really exist. This is hardly worthy of
consideration. (2) It spontaneously arose out of nothing. This view is
absurd, and cannot be entertained scientifically. Dr. George E. Davis,
prominent physicist, has declared:"No material thing can create itself." .
(3) It has always existed. This theory, though held by many atheistic
scientists of our day, is scientifically untenable. Many evidences (e.g.,
the Second Law of Thermodynamics) reveal that the stars are burning up, the
sun is cooling off, the earth is wearing out, etc. Such facts indicate
that the universe had a beginning; otherwise it would long ago have already
reached a state of deadness. Dr. Robert Jastrow, of NASA, states in his
book, `God and the Astronomers :
"I am fascinated by some strange developments going on in astronomy....
The essence of the strange developments is that the Universe had, in
some sense, a beginning--that it began at a certain moment in time....
And concurrently there was a great deal of discussion about the fact
that the second law of thermodynamics, applied to the Cosmos, indicates
that the Universe is running down like a clock. If it is running down,
there must have been a time when it was fully wound up....The
astronomer comes to a time when the Universe contained nothing but
hydrogen--no carbon, no oxygen, and none of the other elements out of
which planets and life are made. This point in time must have marked
the beginning of the Universe."
(4) It was created. This is the only remaining alternative and the only
reasonable view of the origin of the universe. Since our finite, dependent
(and contingent) universe (of matter/energy) did not cause itself, it was
obviously caused by an infinite, independent, eternal Mind.
God, speaking through Moses (Genesis 15:5) and Jeremiah (33:32),
mentioned that "the host of heaven cannot be numbered, neither the sand of
the sea measured ...." Little did we know how true those statements were.
Johann Bayer (1603) devised a system to indicate the brightness, or
magnitude, of the stars, using the Greek and Roman alphabets to denote
their brightness. [Remember Paul's statement to the Corinthians (I
Corinthians 15:41): "...for one star differeth from another star in
glory."] Men before and after Bayer tried to count the stars. Hipparchus
the astronomer, in 128 B.C. counted the stars and said there were 1,026.
In 150 A.D., the famous astronomer Ptolemy counted the stars and arrived at
the number of 1,056. Years later, in 1575 A.D., the renowned Danish
astronomer, Tyco Brah, counted the stars and said there were 777. In 1600
A.D. the German astronomer Johannes Kepler counted the stars and gave the
number 1,005. At last counting (and we are nowhere near finished yet) the
number of stars stood at `25 sextillion'. That's a 25 with twenty-one
zeroes after it! There are an estimated one billion galaxies,. and most
of them contain billions of stars (the Milky Way galaxy in which we live,
for example, contains over `100 billion stars'). It is so large that
travelling at the speed of light (186,317.6 miles per second) it would take
you 100,000 years to go across just the diameter of the galaxy. Light
travels in one year approximately 5.87 x 1O.MDSU/12' miles. In 100,000
years, that would be 5.87 x 1O.MDSU/17' miles, or 587+ quadrillion miles.
Our nearest neighboring galaxy is the Andromeda galaxy, which is an
estimated 2,000,000 light years away. That's so far that a radio wave
which goes around the earth approximately 8.2 times in one second would
require over 1 million years to get there, and a return message would take
another 1+ million years. The observable universe has an estimated
diameter of 20 billion light years.
But it isn't simply the size of the universe that is so marvelous. The
size is important, of course, but so is the `design'. The earth, for
example, in orbiting the sun, departs from a straight line by only
one-ninth of an inch every 18 miles--a very straight line in human terms.
If the orbit changed by one-tenth of an inch every 18 miles, our orbit
would be vastly larger and we would all freeze to death. If it changed by
one-eighth of an inch, we would come so close to the sun w e would all be
incinerated.. Are we to believe that such precision "just happened by
accident"? The sun is burning at approximately 20 million degrees Celsius
at its interior.. If we were to move the earth `away' 10%, we would soon
freeze to death. If we were to move the earth `closer' by 10%, we would
once again be incinerated. The sun is poised at 93 million miles from
earth, which happens to be just right--by accident?
The moon is poised some 240,000 miles from the earth. Move it in just
onefifth, and twice every day there would be 35-50 feet high tidal waves
over most of the earth's surface. The distance of 240,000 miles happens to
he just right--by accident? And consider these facts: the earth is
rotating at 1,000 miles per hour on its axis at the equator, and moving
around the sun at 70,000 miles per hour (approximately 19 miles per
second), while the sun with its solar system is moving through space at
600,000 miles per hour in an orbit so large it would take over 220 million
years to complete just one orbit. [Remember the psalmist's statement
(Psalm 19:61) about the sun--"his circuit is from the ends of the
heavens."] What would happen if the rotation rate of the earth around the
sun were halved, or doubled? If it were halved, the seasons would be
doubled in length, which over most of the earth would cause such harsh
summer heat and winter cold that not enough food could be grown to feed the
world's population. If it were doubled, no single season would be long
enough to grow the amount of food necessary to feed the world's population.
[Remember God's words to Moses: (a) "Let there be lights in the firmament
of heaven to divide the day from the night: and let them be for `signs and
for seasons', for days and for years" (Genesis 1:14, emp. added), and; (b)
"While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and
summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease" (Genesis 8:22).]
Then there is this matter: from where does our day come? It comes from
the earth's rotation once approximately every 24 hours on its axis. From
where do we get our month? It comes from the moon circling the earth once
approximately every 28 days. From where does our year come? It takes the
earth approximately 365.26 days to go around the sun. `But where do we get
our week?' There is no purely natural explanation for the week. The
explanation, instead, is found in Exodus 20:11 (cf., Exodus 31:17): "for in
six days Jehovah made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is,
and rested on the seventh day...." The week is an entirely universal
phenomenon. Yet there is no purely natural explanation for it. Little
wonder Isaiah wrote (40:26): "Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who
hath created these things, that bringeth out their host by number; he
calleth them all by names by the greatness of his might, for that he is
strong in power; not one faileth."
The fundamental law of science, we repeat, is the Law of Causality
which states that every effect must have an adequate cause. There is no
known exception. The universe is admittedly a known effect. [Note Dr.
Robert Jastrow's statement in his book, `Until The Sun Dies': "The Universe
and everything that has happened in it since the beginning of time, are a
grand effect `without a known cause'." . The question is: `What is the
adequate cause?' The atheist/agnostic has no answer, as Dr. Jastrow has so
well explained. The Christian, of course, does. `God is the First Cause',
and has left the evidences of His existence so evident that they are
incontrovertible.
NATURE'S HUMAN INHABITANT: MAN
"Men go abroad to wonder at the height of mountains, at the huge waves
of the sea, at the long courses of the rivers, at the vast compass of the
ocean, at the circular motion of the stars; and they pass by themselves
without wondering." So stated Augustine many years ago. So many people
fail to see one of the most powerful arguments possible for God's
existence--their own selves! Consider, for example, the "earthly
tabernacle" (II Corinthians 5:1) that we call the human body. It is comp
osed of 30+ different kinds of cells, totalling over `100 trillion' cells
when all added together to make up the human adult.. These cells come in
all different sizes and shapes, with different functions and life
expectancies. For example, some cells (e.g., male spermatozoa) are so small
that 20,000 would fit inside a capital "O" from a standard typewriter, each
being only 1/20th mm long. Some cells, put end-to-end, would make only one
inch if 6,000 were assembled together. Yet all the cells of the human
body, if set end- to-end, would encircle the earth over 200 times. Even
the largest cell of the human body, the female ovum, is unbelievably small,
being only 1/1OOth of an inch in diameter. Yet each cell is composed of a
lipo- protein membrane lining (lipids/proteins/lipids) which is
approximately 6/100-8/100 fm (4 atoms) thick. Yet it allows selective
transport outside the cell of those things that ought to go out, and
selective transport into the cell of those things that ought to go in.
Inside the cell's three-dimensional cytoplasm there are over 20 different
chemical reactions going on at any one time, with each cell containing five
major systems: (1) communication; (2) waste disposal; (3) nutrition; (4)
repair, and; (5) reproduction. The endoplasmic reticulum of the cell
serves as a transport system. The ribosomes produce protein, which is then
distributed around the body as needed by the Golgi bodies. The mitochondria
(over 1,000 per cell) are the "powerhouses" of the cell, producing the
energy needed by the body. The nucleus, of course, carries the genetic code
in its DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Red blood cells (there are
approximately 30 trillion of them) live about 120 days; white blood cells
(the blood's defense system) live about 13 days; platelets (which help
blood to clot) live about 4 days; nerve cells may live over 100 years. In
any given 60-second period, approximately 3 billion cells die and are
replaced in the human body through the process we call `mitosis', whereby
the standard chromosome number (in the human, 46) is faithfully reproduced.
A single cell contains a strip of DNA (placed in the nuc leus in a
spiral-staircase configuration) which is about one yard long, and which
contains `over 6 billion biochemical steps'. Every cell of the body
contains such DNA--over a billion miles total in one human. How powerful is
the DNA? It provides, in coded form, `every physical characteristic of
every living person'. How many people are there on the face of the earth?
There are a few more than 5 billion. It took two cells (a male
spermatozoan and a female ovum) to make each one of these people. If there
are roughly 5 billion people on the earth, and it took two cells to make
each of them, that's approximately 10 billion cells (remember: this is the
DNA it took to give every living person every physical characteristic he or
she has), and that DNA would fit into no more than `1/8th of a cubic inch'!
Does that tell you how powerful the DNA is? Are we to then understand that
this kind of design came "by accident"? Hardly! The Hebrew writer was
correct when he said, "For every house is builded by someone; but he that
built all things is God"(3:4).
Consider the skin of the human. It is a nearly waterproof layer,
enclosing the body's contents, almost 60% of which is water. It prevents
the exit or entrance of too much moisture, and acts as a protector for the
rest of the body. At the same time it is both a radiator and retainer of
heat, helping to regulate the body's temperature in conjunction with the
two hypothalamus glands in the brain. Skin may be as thick as 5/16th of an
inch (e.g., the eyelid). The skin contains over 2,000 sweat glands which
form one of the most ingenious air-conditioning systems ever known to man.
Skin acts as a barrier to protect the sensitive internal organs, and even
has the power to regenerate itself.
Consider the skeletal system of the body. It is composed of 206 bones,
more durable and longer lasting than man's best steel. Each joint produces
its own lubrication and the system as a whole is able to provide not only
structure, but great protection (e.g., the 24 ribs guarding the internal
viscera). There are 29 skull bones, 26 spinal vertebrae, 24 ribs, 2 girdle
bones, and 120 other bones scattered over the body. The bones range in
size, from the tiny pisiform bone in the hand, to the great femur (over 20
inches long in the thigh of an average man). Yet in a man weighing 160
pounds, the bones weigh only 29 pounds. [Remember Paul's comment about
"all the body fitly framed and knit together through that which every joint
supplieth, according to the working in due measure of each several part,
making the increase of the body into the building up of itself..."
(Ephesians 4:16).] And consider, of course, the muscles. There are over
600 of them in the human, with the function of contraction and release.
From the smile on the face of the newborn baby to the legs of the marathon
runner, the muscles are in charge. They are placed, however, into two
systems--the `voluntary system' over which you have control (reach out and
grab a ball), and the `involuntary system' over which you have little or no
control (try stopping a kidney). Are we to believe that the skeletal and
muscle systems, in all their complexity, "just happened"? No one could
ever convince you that, for example, a Cadillac limousine "just happened."
Yet something infinitely greater in design and structure-- the human
body--we are asked to believe "just happened." What kind of incongruous
logic is that, to reach such a conclusion? As G.K. Chesterton once said:
"When men stop believing in God, they don't believe in nothing. They
believe in `anything!'" How true. One does not get a poem without a poet,
or a law without a lawgiver. One does not get a painting without a
painter, or a musical score without a composer. And just as surely, `one
does not get purposeful design without a designer!'
Consider, for example, the human ear and the human eye. The average
piano can distinguish the sounds of 88 keys; the human ear can distinguish
over 2,500 different key tones. In fact, the human ear can detect sound
frequencies that flutter the ear drums as faintly as one- billionth of a
centimeter (a distance one-tenth the diameter of a hydrogen atom).. The
ear is so sensitive that it could even hear, were the body placed in a
completely soundproof room, the blood coursing through the veins. Over
100,000 hearing receptors in the ears are sending impulses to the brain to
be decoded and answered. The human eye is the most perfect camera ever
known to man. So perfect is it that its very presence caused Charles
Darwin to say, "That the eye with all its inimitable contrivances...could
have been formed by natural selection seems, I freely confess, absurd in
the highest degree." Darwin also commented: "If it could be demonstrated
that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed
by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely
break down." The eye, as it turns out, is such an organ, and Darwin's
theory, as such, has broken down. Each human eye is composed of over 107
million cells with 7 million cones (allowing the eye to see in full, living
color) and 100 million rods (allowing the eye to see in blacks, whites, and
greys). The eyes are connected to the brain by over 300,000 nerves, and
can detect light as feeble as 1/100 trillionth of a watt. How is the eye
supposed to have "evolved"? What "intermediate state" between no eye and a
perfect eye could nature have "selected" to be passed on to successive
generations? As Mark Twain once c ommented, "It's amazing what men will
believe, so long as it's not in the Bible!"
There are so many systems in the human body that could be discussed,
but since space precludes discussing them all, it is now to the brain that
we turn our attention. The brain, of course, regulates the rest of the
body. It contains over 10 billion nerve cells, and 100 billion glia cells
(which provide the biological "batteries" for brain activity). These cells
float in a jellied mass, sifting through information, storing memories,
creating what we call consciousness, etc.. Over 120 trillion connections
tie these cells together. The brain sends out electrical impulses at a
speed of 393 feet per second (270 mph), and receives nerve impulses being
produced at a rate of over 2,000/second. The brain receives signals
continuously from 130,000 light receptors in the eyes, 100,000 hearing
receptors in the ears, 3,000 tastebuds, 30,000 heat spots on the skin,
250,000 cold spots, and 500,000 touch spots. The brain does not move, yet
consumes 25% of the blood's oxygen supply. It is constantly bathed in
blood, its vessels receiving 20% of all the blood pumped from the heart.
If the blood flow is interrupted for 15-30 seconds, unconsciousness
results. If blood is cut off to the brain for longer than 4 minutes, brain
damage results. Four major arteries carry blood to the brain as a sort of
"fail-safe" system. And, the brain is protected from damage by not one,
but three major systems: (1) the outer skull bone; (2) the `dura mater'
(Latin for "hard mother"--the protective lining around the brain), and; (3)
the absorbing fluid, which keeps the brain from hitting the inner skull.
With the brain properly functioning, all the other body systems (hormones,
circulatory, digestive, reproductive, etc.) can be overseen and controlled.
Are we, as Dr. George Gaylord Simpson of Harvard stated some years ago, "an
accident in a universe that did not have us in mind in the first place"?
Or, are we created "in the image of God" (Genesis 1:26,27)?
Sir Isaac Newton once said, "In the absence of any other proof, the
thumb alone would convince me of God's existence." How much more, then,
should the cells, the brain, the lungs, the heart, the reproductive system,
etc., be shouting to us that `there is a God, and He is not silent.' As
the psalmist so well said, "I praise you because I am fearfully and
wonderfully made" (Psalm 139:14). Or, as Imogene Fey has observed: "The
birth of every new baby is God's vote of confidence in the future of man."
Dr. Lewis Thomas, the renowned medical doctor and author of `The Medusa and
the Snail', commented in that work about the "miracle" of how one sperm
cell forms with one egg cell to produce a single cell that will, nine
months later, become a new human being. His conclusion:
"The mere existence of that cell should be one of the greatest
astonishments of the earth. People ought to be walking around all day,
all through their waking hours, calling to each other in endless
wonderment, talking of nothing except that cell.... If anyone does
succeed in explaining it, within my lifetime, I will charter a
skywriting airplane, maybe a whole fleet of them, and send them aloft
to write one great exclamation point after another around the whole
sky, until a ll my money runs out."
Yet we are told that such a "miracle" has "just happened." Carl W. Miller
once stated: "To the reverent scientist...the simplest features of the
world about us are in themselves so awe-inspiring that there seems no need
to seek new and greater miracles of God's care."
In order to get a poem, one must have a poet. In order to have a law,
one must have a lawgiver. In order to have a mathematical diagram, one
must have a mathematician. A deduction commonly made is that order,
arrangement, or design in a system suggest intelligence and purpose on the
part of the originating cause. In the universe, from the vastness of
multiplied solar systems to the tiny world of molecules, marvelous design
and purposeful arrangement are evidenced. In the case of man, from the
imposing skeletal system to the impressive genetic code in all of its
intricacy, that same design and purposeful arrangement are evidenced. The
only conclusion that a reasonable, rational, unbiased mind can reach is
that the existing systems of our world, including all life, have been
purposefully designed by an Intelligent Cause. We call that Cause "God."
Conclusion
Alan Devoe significantly writes, "Some naturalists have become
convinced that there is an `unknown force' at work--a force that guides
creatures by influences outside the entire sphere with which science
ordinarily works." We would prayerfully urge those who speak of this
`unknown force' to turn to the "God that made the world and all things
therein" (Acts 17:24), and ascribe honor and glory to Him. The revelation
He has left of Himself in nature simply could speak no louder of His
existence than it already does. Furthermore, this examination of arguments
for God's existence has not even touched upon the "historical" arguments
which come to bear on the case. For example, the historical Christ, the
resurrection, the Bible, the system of Christianity, and other such
arguments are equally as important. The arguments from historical fact are
additional proof that there is a God, and He is not silent. That Christ
existed cannot he doubted by any rational person. His miracles and other
works are documented, not only in biblical literature, but in profane,
secular history as well. The empty tomb stands as a silent but powerful
witness that God does exist (Acts 2:24; Romans 10:9) and that Christ is His
Son. The Bible exists; therefore, it must be explained. The men who wrote
it were either deceivers, deluded, or telling the truth. What do the
evidences say? The internal and external evidences are enough to tell the
story of God's existence, and the fact that He has spoken to us from His
inspired word. Additional evidences are available at every turn. Little
wonder Paul stated that "in him we live, and move, and have our being..."
(Acts 17:28). Moses' statement still stands as inspired testimony to the
fact of the existence of God: "In the beginning, God created the heavens
and the earth" (Genesis 1:1).
ENDNOTES
1. Thomson, Edward. `Evidences of a Revealed Religion'. Hitchcock and
Walden. Cincinnati. 1872. p 1.
2. Dummelow, J.R. (Editor). `The One-Volume Bible Commentary'.
MacMillan. New York. 1944. p vi.
3. Hume, David. Quoted in: `The Campbell-Owen Debate'. Gospel Advocate
Co. Nashville Tennessee. 1957. p 124.
4. Monsma, John C. (Editor). `The Evidence of God in an Expanding
Universe'. G.P.Putnam's Sons. New York. 1958. p 12.
5. Morrison, A. Cressy. `Man Does Not Stand Alone'. Revell. Westwood,
New Jersey. 1944. p 13.
6. Compton, Arthur H. `Chicago Daily News'. April 12, 1936.
7. Agassiz, Louis. `Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States'. Boston, Massachusetts. 1857. Vol. 1. p 298. Emp. added.
8. Kelvin, Lord. `Nineteenth Century and After'. June, 1903. LIII. pp
1068,1069.
9. Davis, George E. `IN: The Evidence of God in an Expanding
Universe'. John C. Monsma, Editor. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York.
1958. p 71.
10. Jastrow, Robert. `God and the Astronomers'. W.W. Norton & Co. New
York. 1978. pp 11,48,110.
11. `Science Digest'. Jan/Feb. 1981. p 98.
12. `Ibid'. p 105.
13. `Ibid'. p 124.
14. `Ibid'. p 102.
15. Jastrow, Robert. `Until The Sun Dies'. W.W. Norton Co. New York.
1977. p 21.
16. `Science Digest'. Sept/Oct. 1980. p 49.
17. `Ibid'. p 52.
18. `Ibid'. p 118.
19. Brand, Paul and Philip Yancey. `Fearfully and Wonderfully Made'.
Zondervan. Grand Rapids, Michigan. 1980. pp 24,25.
20. Darwin, Charles. `The Origin of Species'. J.M. Dent & Sons.
London. 1956 edition. p 167.
21. `Ibid'. p 170.
22. `Fearfully and Wonderfully Made'. pp 188,189.
23. Newton, Isaac. Quoted in: `Fearfully and Wonderfully Made'. p 161
24. Thomas, Lewis. `The Medusa and the Snail'. Viking Press. New York.
1979. pp 155-157.
25. Miller, Carl Wallace. Quoted in: `The Encyclopedia of Religious
Quotations'. Frank S. Mead, Editor. Revell. Westwood, New Jersey.
1965. p 179.
26. Devoe, Alan. `IN: The Marvels and Mysteries of Our Animal World'.
Readers Digest Association. Pleasantville, New York. 1964. p 232.
Emp. added.
NOTE: The author gratefully acknowledges permission to use in this
manuscript materials by Wayne Jackson which were previously published
in his monthly journal, `The Christian Courier'.
This file may be copied, but is distributed on the understanding that
it will not be modified or edited, and will not be used for commercial
purposes. Further, it may not be copied without due reference to the
original publication source, author, year, and name and address of the
publisher.
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Samuel Becket's Book ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [In Waiting for Godot ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Report. ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:575 School: ? State: ?
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English 11H
Reading a work of literature often makes a reader experience certain
feelings. These feeling differ with the content of the work, and are
usually needed to perceive the author's ideas in the work. For example,
Samuel Beckett augments a reader's understanding of Waiting For Godot by
conveying a mood, (one which the characters in the play experience), to the
reader. Similarly, a dominant mood is thrust upon a reader in Beowulf.
These moods which are conveyed aid the author in conveying ideas to a
reader.
In Waiting for Godot, Beckett uses many pauses, silences, and ellipses
(three dots (...) used to create a break in speech) to express a feeling of
waiting and unsureness. There is a twofold purpose behind this technique.
For one, it shows that Vladimir and Estragon, the two main characters who
are waiting for Godot, are unsure of why they are waiting for him. This
also foreshadows that they will be waiting a very long time.
In some cases in literature, an idea can only be conveyed properly if
those on the receiving end of the idea are able to experience the feelings
that a character is experiencing in the work. For example, in order for a
reader to feel how and understand why Vladimir and Estragon feel as though
they do while they wait, it is essential for that reader to either
understand or experience the same feelings that Vladimir and Estragon are
experiencing. Vladimir and Estragon are waiting; waiting for Godot, to be
exact; and Beckett wants the reader to feel as if he or she were waiting
also. Along with the feeling of waiting that a reader may experience, he
or she might also understand how Vladimir and Estragon feel at times:
Unsure, not very anxious to move on, and constantly having to wait. A
feeling of timelessness is even evoked, allowing almost anyone from nearly
any time to understand Vladimir and Estragon's predicament.
Many times people may feel overwhelmed by a higher force unalterable to
them. This force may control something such as their fate. In the
Anglo-Saxon culture, a popular belief was that of fate. The writers of
Beowulf may have known that not all people believe in the power of fate.
Therefore, to properly convey such an idea as the inevitability of fate in
the epic, the writers included events which, when read, are also
"experienced" by the reader. For example, the narrator of Beowulf states
how fate is not on Beowulf's side. After many years of winning countless
battles, Beowulf was killed by a dragon in a fierce fight. While he was
fighting, and because the narrator had stated that fate was not on his
side, the reader could identify with Beowulf and feel how he may have at
the time: Overwhelmed, overpowered, and as if a force greater than he was
controlling him (his fate).
Moods that are created, such as that of longing or waiting, and fear
or inevitability, in Waiting for Godot and Beowulf, respectively, hold a
distinct purpose. The moods presented usually serve the purpose of helping
the author express more fully an the idea or ideas that he or she wishes to
convey. Also, by conveying a universal mood, or one that nearly everyone
is able to comprehend and interpret, the work of literature's longevity is
augmented. This will further help the reader to interpret the work and
understand more fully the moods presented.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the The Grapes ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [of Wrath. ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:450 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
AN UNDAUNTED JOURNEY
Through out history man has made many journeys, far and wide. Moses's
great march through the Red Sea and Columbus's transversing the Atlantic
are only, but a few of mans great voyages. Even today, great journeys are
being made. Terry Fox's run across Canada while having cancer is one of
these such journeys. In every one of these instances people have had to
rise above themselves and over come emence odds, similar to a salmon
swimming up stream to fullfill it's life line. Intense drive and extreme
fortitude are qualities they had to possess during their travels. In The
Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck shows the Joads endurance by his use of extended
metaphors in intercalary chapters.
Steinbeck uses intercalary chapters to provide background for the
various themes in the novel. This effectively forshadows upcoming events by
telling of the general state of the local population in the intercalary
chapters and then narrowing it down to how it effects the main characters
of the novel, the Joads. Setting the tone of the novel in the readers mind
is another function of Steinbeck's intercalary chapters.
In chapter three, Steinbeck emaculatly describes the long tedious
journey of a land turtle across a desolate highway. From the onset of his
journey, the turtle encounters many set backs. All along the way he is
hindered by ants, hills, and oak seeds under his shell. The turtles
determination to reach his destination is most apparent when a truck driven
by a young man swerves to hit the turtle. The turtle's shell was clipped
and he went flying off the highway, but stop the turtle did not. He
struggled back to his belly and kept driving toward his goal, just as the
Joads kept driving toward their goal.
Much like the turtle from chapter three, the Joads had to face many
great hardships in their travels. The planes of Oklahoma, with their harsh
summer weather, was the Joads desolate highway. The truck driver
represented the Californians, whom Buried food and killed live stock to
keep the Joads and others like them away from their dream. And sickness was
their ants and hills. But even through all of this the Joads persevered.
They were driven by great motivating powers - poverty and hunger. Just as
the turtle searched for food, the Joads were searching for paradise, "the
garden of Eden."
The Joad's journey is second to none in terms of adversity and length.
The Joads incredible ability to over come all odds and keep going is
epitomized in intercalary chapter three. Steinbeck uses his rendition of
facts, the "turtle" chapter, to parallel the Joads struggle to reach the
promise land. Just as the turtle endured, so did the Joads. Never
digressing from their strait and narrow path to California.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Great ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Expectations ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:524 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Great Expectations Essay
Miss Havisham is an extremely eccentric character. She is a rich and
grim lady who lived in a large and dismal house. One way she was eccentric
was the Satis House. Another is the weird birthday party Miss Havisham had
with her relatives. She also acts in a weird way that tells her apart from
the rest.
Miss Havisham's house is a dark and spooky house. Inside the house
all the furniture were antiques as well as the clocks. One of the strange
things were that all the clocks in the room had stopped at twenty minutes
to nine. Outside there was a pigeon-house in the brewery yard, which had
been blown crooked on its pole by a high wind. There were no pigeons in
the house, no horses in the stable, no pigs in the sty, no malt in the
store house, no smell of grain and beer in the copper or the vat. A
strange thing happened to Pip when he was in the brewery yard. He looked
over to were the building was on his right and saw a figure hanging there
by the neck. He saw a faded trimming dress and afterwards saw the face of
Miss Havisham. With terror Pip ran away from it, then ran towards it. He
went only to find no figure there.
Miss Havisham treated her relatives like in weird ways. When Miss
Sarah Pocket asked her how well she look she said "I do not, I am yellow
shin and bone."1 She started arguing with Camilla and both would make
insults to each other. Miss Havisham asked Camila what was the matter and
Camilla said "Nothing worth mentioning, I don't wish to make a display of
my feelings, but I have habitually thought of you more in the night than
I am quite equal to."2 All Miss Havisham would say is "Then don't think of
me."3 Miss Havisham also told them quote "This, is where I will be laid
when I am dead. They shall come and look at me here."4 She said this
because she treated her relatives like vultures.
She also acts in weird ways than the other's. For example, she always
treated Pip like dirt. She uses Estella to get to Pip and make Pip feel
bad about himself because he gets beat by a girl. She always wants Estella
to play cards with Pip. Estella would always beat him which made Miss
Havisham happy. It's like she wants to get revenge on something and takes
it out on Pip. She would turn her head at people, make weird jesters and
role her eyes at people.
In conclusion, I believe Miss Havisham is an extremely eccentric
character. One reason is the Statis House and all the weird things
occurring in and out of the house. The other is the way she treats her
relatives. She makes sure she let them know they are dirt. And maybe the
main reason is her attitude towards everybody. Furthermore, Miss Havisham
may be nice sometimes, but she is still weird for me.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Europe's ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes ["Great War for Empire" ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:602 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY: ESSAY #4
The Great War for Empire was one of the most important factors in
shaping the economic and political futures for all of Europe in the
eighteenth century and for all time to come. In this essay I will discuss
the causes, the events, and finally the results of this important war,
which consisted of the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
The War of the Austrian Succession began as King Frederick II gained
the throne to Prussia, and in less than a year ordered his troops to take
and occupy the large Austrian province of Silesia. The leader of Austria
was Maria Theresa; Although she was an inexperienced leader, she was
capable of arousing other groups (like the Magyars of Hungary) to help her
not re-take Silesia, but to maintain the Hapsburg dynasty as a major
political power. France was also one of these powers to fight, they did not
want a powerful army to emerge in Prussia and to ever become an strong
enemy (ironically, that's just what happens). The wealthy British
merchants pushed England to financially assist the Prussian aggressors, in
the hope of weakening France and winning other fights off-continent.
The causes which led up to the Seven Years' War, were very similar to
those just eight years previously. King Frederick invaded another
province, Saxony, and this triggered another alliance between Austria and
France with the goal to totally destroy Prussia. There was also a growing
conflict facing France and Great Britain that would continue to increase
in momentum. This war was the prelude to what American would call "The
French and Indian War" in which these two European countries would fight
for land in the Americas.
The events of the War of Austrian Succession, fortuitously for France,
worked out exactly as Great Britain planned it. The French resources of
war were divided between the Americas and the fight against Prussia. The
eight year war was a fight between the superior army and resources of Great
Britain and the strategic mastery of French generals, like Marshal Maurice
de Saxe, who led many successful battles. The war eventually ended in a
stalemate, with Austria not regaining Silesia, but it definitely proven
itself able to fend off any other battles from Prussia--thanks to Great
Britain's help. The war brought to a peace by the Treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle.
In the Seven Years' War, the issues was simply the survival of
Prussia, surrounded by three powerful enemies, Austria, France, and Russia.
Prussia began winning the war for many battles, but eventually it began to
suffer great defeats from being overwhelmed by enemies. Prussia survived,
however, because of Great Britain's financial help, and the
enemy-turned-friend empire of Russia, thanks to a new leader. Prussia
managed to stay strong again and the war ended with the Treaty of Paris.
These two wars resulted in changing or putting many major countries
involved in a different level of power. Austria was without major land it
once had, but had not developed more independence. Prussia had gained land
and turned the Holy Roman Empire into an empty shell. France was put in a
minor disorder, and was much worse off then previously. England benefitted
the most by "distracting" French forces in the Americas and gaining a great
amount of land; England became known as a true world power.
The results of the Great War for Empire changed the economic and
political destinies of many countries of Europe. I believe that this
entire war completely changed the destiny of the United States in the long
term, and thankfully it did.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [A report on Greek ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Architecture ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1036 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the
sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern
Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek
architecture began in the archaic period, flourished through the classical
and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals during the
Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local
Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic
forms of Greek architecture.
One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred
Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as
anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the natural
world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with sacrifices made at an
outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar was much older than the
temple, and some sanctuaries had only an altar. The temple designed simply
as a shelter or home for the cult statue and as a storehouse for offerings.
This shelter consisted of a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch),
an opisthodomus (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches),
and a colonnade that provided shelter for visitors.
The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the
temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained, they had
to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders, Doric on the
mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were developed in the archaic
temples, and their lasting example tended to make Greek architecture
conservative toward changes in design or in building technology.
The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace collapsed in 1200
BCE during the dark ages when people began rebuilding. This era brought
about the introduction of both the Doric and Ionic Orders.
The Doric Order, which originated around 400 BCE brought rise to a
whole new type of building technique and style. In the archaic temples,
stone gradually started to replace wood, and some of the structural details
of the early buildings appear to have been copied in stone. At Thermon, in
northwestern Greece, a succession of buildings from the Last Bronze Age
throughout the sixth century BCE show the evolution of the Doric temple
from a hall shaped like a hairpin to a long rectangular building with a
porch at either end and surrounded by columns. The temple of Hera at
Olympia, built about 600 BCE, had wooden columns that were gradually
replaced by stone ones, probably as votive gifts. The variety of column and
capital shapes illustrates the evolution of the Doric order. The earliest
columns had a heavy, bulging profile, and their capitals were broad and
low. During the archaic period, limestone became the standard building
material for foundations, steps, walls, columns, and Doric entablature.
Building such as the famous Temple of Aphaia on Aegina illustrate the
dramatic influence of the Doric order.
White the Doric order became the standard for mainland Greece, the
Ionian colonies in the eastern Aegean were developing a very different
system of columns and entablature based on Egyptian and Near Eastern
architecture. The tall slender columns, low entablature, and lack of
sculptured frieze course were typical of Ionic buildings. The sixth century
BCE Ionic temples were unprecedented in size, as large as 55 by 112 m.
Wealthy cities each has six major temples, sometimes arranged in a regular
sequence, in addition to the standard civic buildings. An outstanding
number of Ionic buildings can be found throughout the eastern Aegean.
During the classical period, Athenian Dominance greatly affected
architecture. The war between the Greek city-states and Persia (499-480
BCE) interrupted almost all temple building for a generation while the
Greeks concentrated on restoring their defensive walls, civic buildings,
and the fleet. Athens emerged as the leader, controlling the war chest of
the Delian League, Panhellenic league; the city initiated extravagant
program to rebuild the sanctuary of Athena on the Acropolis. The Parthenon,
Propylaea, Temple of Athena Nike, and the Erechtheum were built entirely of
marble and elaborately decorated with carved moldings and sculpture.The
architects were Callicrates and Iotinus, and the chief sculptor was
Phidias. A large school of builders and sculptors developed in Athens
during the second half of the fifth century BCE. Most of these craft
workers were freed slaves from the eastern Mediterranean. Perhaps as a
consequence there developed in Attica a unique blend of the Doric and Ionic
orders seen in the fortified sanctuaries as well as in Athens.
The Corinthian order resulted from long civil wars during the fifth
century BCE (Classical period). The Ionian cities recovered more quickly
from the civil war under Persian sovereignty. The colossal sixth century
BCE temples and altars were replaced on a grander scale. Several Ionian
cities were rebuilt on a grid plan that has been credited to Hippodamus of
Miletus.
The rise of Macedonia and the conquests of Alexander the Great heralded
the Hellenistic period. Old building types became more complex: altars,
gate buildings, council houses, stoas with two or three levels, and
theaters with large attached stage buildings. Many new building types were
introduced, including the nymphaeum, monumental tomb, columned hall,
choragic monument, clock tower and light house. Many of these structures
were decorated with dramatic marble sculpture.
Hellenistic architects made imaginative variations on the standard
temple forms, introducing Apses, high podia (stepped or square platforms),
and subtle combinations of Doric and Ionic features. Several temples had
exterior Corinthinan columns, such as the colossal temple of Zeus Olympius
in Athens, begun in 174 BCE. In the Ionic order, Hermogenes of Priene
evolved new canons of proportion concerning the temple plan and the height
and spacing of columns. His writings were also passed down to Roman
architects who emulated his designs. Long after the Roman army captured
Athens, the principles of Greek architecture continued to govern building
designs in mainland Greece and in Anatolia and strongly influenced Roman
architecture throughout the empire.
Greek architecture changed and evolved over a number of years. The
creative architecture of the Greeks led to the construction of some of the
best known buildings in history. Therefore, the Greek's advancements in the
field of architecture were not only beneficial to their civilizations, but
ours as well.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Grenades ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:578 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
There are many possibilities in the field of grenade manufacture, but
for the most part, when you're dealing with grenades that must be
constructed of easily available materials, the quality and the safety of
the grenade is reduced dramatically. Here I will deal with this problem,
trying to produce a reasonable type of grenade that is relatively safe, can
be stored and transported easily, but produces dramatic effects. I
strongly suggest that if you find it possible, you are far better off
getting a REAL grenade than trying to produce one yourself, but you can be
the judge. As always, I want to note that this is all for educational
purposes only, and I do not recommend anyone trying any of the following
for real.
The first thing you need is explosives. If you can't get black
powder, or gun powder, or make your own plastic explosives (we know there
sure are enough text files floating around to explain how to make all of
the above!) than you're really in a for making a grenade of this type.
You'll also need a coffee can, a smaller sized can (probably like an orange
juice can, or V8), a coat hanger, and a fuse or fuze. As for explosives,
mercury fulminate is extremely good for this sort of thing. Maybe I'll
write a text file on its prepar- ation sometime. But for now, you could
probably get together a ton of firecrackers and take out the black powder
(if you'r desperate) or get a couple quarter sticks from someone (or take a
vacation in North Carolina). The explosive goes in the juice can. Don't
pack it together too tight. Loose black powder is better than compressed.
This is the main explosive. Cut up the coat hanger into little pieces
approximately 1/2" long and fill up the coffee can until you can put the
juice can in and the top of the juice can is level with the top of the
coffee can. If you don't have the time, and need to fill up the space
faster, chuck in a couple small rocks or pieces of glass, and stuff like
that until you have the bottom of the can filled. Now place the juice can
in the coffee can, and center it. Then fill the space around the coffee
can with coat hanger stuff until the juice can is relatively stable. Put a
model rocket fuse in the explosive in the juice can. Leave (at least) 3
1/2" to light from. If necessary, secure the juice can or the explosive
with some masking tape, ect... as long as it doesn't interfere with the
action of the grenade. Take the lid of the coffee can and cut a hole so
that the fuse is exposed. You now have a fragmentation grenade. It might
be a good idea to practice with a football for a while before trying to
destroy the neighbor's garage with it.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Baby Growth ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [& Development ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1469 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Growth and Development
Babies grow and develop at a very rapid rate during the first year of
life. They grow physically, mentally, emotionally and socially. However,
through this portfolio, I intend to discuss the physical growth and
development patterns of the infant through their first year.
To begin with, development refers to the baby's increased skill in
using various body parts. When dealing with the development of a child
there are three basic developmental rules.
First Developmental Rule:
This rule states that babies develop in the head region first, then
the trunk, and lastly in the legs and feet. Therefore, it is said that
babies develop in a head-to-toe direction or cephalocaudally. For example,
a baby can hold up their head before they can grasp an object with their
hand. Also, they can feed themself before they can walk. Second
Developmental Rule:
The second rule explains that children develop from the midline, or
centre of the body, outward toward the fingers and toes. This stage or
rule is the one which affects the development of motor skills. Motor
skills are the child's ability to control movement. There are two basic
classifications of motor skills, gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
Gross motor skills are those which involve the large muscles. Whereas,
fine motor skills are those involving the smaller muscle groups. For
example, a child can grasp a big ball in their arms before they can catch a
baseball in their hands. The fine skills of hands and feet are the last to
develop. Third Developmental Rule:
Finally, this rule reveals that, as the brain develops, a child
responds to more and more sights and sounds in their environment.
Furthermore, they learn to respond to much finer details.
The Baby's Body
In this section, you will find specific break-downs of the baby's body
parts. I decided to do this to show how the baby grows and develops in
each area of their body. Also, you will see how these developing body
parts affect the developing motor skills of the child. The following areas
will be discussed, their size and weight, the head, brain, eyes, ears, arms
and hands and finally, the legs and feet and the trunk.
Size and Weight
The average baby is 20 inches long at birth, or 50.8cm. However, not
all babies are born the same length, generally, lengths vary from 18-21.5
inches or 45.7-54.6 centimetres.
The average baby weighs 7.5 pounds at birth, or 3.4 kilograms.
Typically, the range is from 5.75-10 pounds or from 2.6-4.5 kilograms.
A general rule is that a baby increases in height by 50% and triples
its birth weight in the first year. Clearly, this is a very rapid growth
rate, however, the rate of growth slows down considerably after infancy.
The Head
The head of a newborn baby is very large compared to the rest of their
body. For example, compared to the baby's total length of about 20 inches,
the length of the head measures approximately 5 inches...which equals
one-fourth of the total length.
There are four pieces of bone that make up the skull. These pieces
are flexible. This is so that they can move slightly while the baby is
being forced down the birth canal. The four skull bones will no join until
the baby is about 18 months old. The area between the "pieces", at the top
of the baby's head is called the fontanel, or the "soft spot". The
flexibility of the skull gives the baby protection form concussion caused
by bumps or falls. I remember being warned when my little sister was born,
not to touch her head because of this "soft spot". However, through my
research, I found out that you cannot hurt a baby by touching the head
gently. The Brain
Even though the brain is large at birth, it's development is
incomplete. The part of the brain controlling posture and balance develops
rapidly during the baby's first year of life. Eyes
Babies are able to see at birth. Primarily, they notice movement.
Also, research shows that newborn babies are best able to see an object
that is between 5 and 18 inches away. Also, newborns are extremely
sensitive to bright lights. Therefore, a baby may open his or her eyes in
a dimly lighted room more comfortably then in a brightly light room. Ears
Babies have very good hearing. They often startle easily and will cry
when they hear loud noises. I remember when my little sister was born, she
liked to have songs sung to her and she would quite down when music
started. It has been proven that babies must be able to hear in order to
develop language normally. Arms and Hands
At birth, a baby has virtually no control of their arms and hands.
The baby automatically grips objects tightly, for example, a pencil or a
finger. Most babies are not able to open their hands freely until they
reach 3 months old.
Babies first grasp objects in the palm of the hand with a whole-hand
movement. It takes many months before they can pick up an object with the
thumb and forefinger. This example proves the third developmental
rule...gross and fine motor skills. Legs and Feet
Legs and feet are the most helpless of the baby's body parts. To begin
with, the legs are drawn up in the prenatal position. Legs also make
automatic creeping or swimming motions. The legs and feet are the last
body parts to be controlled by the infant. For example, a baby sits alone
and grasps objects with his or her hands long before learning to walk.
Again this is a demonstration of the first rule of development...the baby
develops in a head-to- toe direction. Trunk
The main part of the body is called the trunk. The trunk will double
and redouble in size several times before a baby reaches adulthood. In
newborns, the control of the trunk must wait until the brain matures.
After about 3 months, control of the head and spine begins. By 5 months,
the baby can usually sit up with some help and by 14 months, most babies
are walking.
Conclusion
The entire process of growth and development is called maturation.
Most of the development and growth described throughout this project
happens as the baby increases in age. Physical maturation cannot be taught
to a child. A baby cannot be taught to sit or to stand before muscles
develop. These skills are relevant only after the baby's muscles have
matured. Nature has set a general time for each child's muscles to mature,
making it possible for children to accomplish skills. In a chart, on page
6, I have summarized skills that are generally accomplished at certain ages
through a baby's developing months. Also on a chart on page 9, the
physical components of growth, involving large muscle control, small muscle
control, seeing, eating, sleeping, and hearing are summarized.
The First Year
Growth
What can a 3-month-old baby do?
At 3 months, a baby is alert and responding to the world.
* When put on her tummy, she can hold her chest and head up
for 10 seconds.
* She tries to swipe at toys hung over the crib.
* She turns her head toward an interesting sound or listens to
voices.
* Loves to stare at people's faces.
* She coos and gurgles
* Height-23.5 inches *Weight-12.5 pounds
What can a 6-month-old baby do?
At 6 months, she is developing control over her body.
* She can sit with support and may sit alone for short periods
of time.
* She can roll over
* She will hold out her arms to be lifted up or reach and grab
an object.
* She can hold her own bottle and toys.
* She laughs out loud, babbles, "calls" for help and screams
when annoyed.
* Height-26 inches *Weight-16 pounds
What can a 9-month-old baby do?
At 9 months, she is exploring her environment.
* She can sit unassisted, crawl, pull to a stand and side-step
along furniture.
* She can use her fingers to point, poke, and grasp small
objects.
* She feeds herself finger foods
* She knows her name and responds to simple commands
* She uses "jargon"-babbling a pattern as if she were speaking
a foreign language.
* Height-27.5 inches *Weight-19 pounds
What can a 12-month-old baby do?
At 1 year, she is striving for independence.
* She stands and may walk by herself.
* She climbs up and down stairs and out of the crib or play-
pen.
* She prefers using one hand over the other and can drop and
throw toys.
* She fears strange people and places.
* She remembers events, expresses affection, shows emotions,
uses trial and error to solve a problem.
* Height-29.5 inches *Weight-22 pounds

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Gun control. ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:500 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Gun Control
Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms
have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of
hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns
has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime
and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of
legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United
States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years.
Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the
people, given in the second amendment "the right to bear arms", controlling
distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is
necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by
criminals using guns.
Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people
given in the second amendment the right "to bear arms". Opponents of gun
control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA,
argue that the "right To bear arms" is guaranteed in the second amendment
of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing
restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing
criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult
for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a
threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere.
However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is
necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were
9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some
suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by
handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all
Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400
homicides including guns.
In addition gun control has been seen as necessary because of the
violence by criminals using guns. Gun control is wrapped in a series of
social issues such as crime and drugs. Guns have become closely linked to
drugs and murder in the public mind. Drug dealing and high tech weaponry
have escalated the warfare in cities between long established loosely knit
gangs. Predominantly guns of crime are used by gang members. Many police
officers are killed every year due to drug and gang related incidents
involving guns. For example in 1988 on February 26 rookie New York City
police officer Edward Byre was sitting alone in his police car guarding the
house of a drug trial witness in South Jamaica, Queens where he was shot
four times in the head and killed.
In conclusion there are valid reasons for why certain people feel
that gun control is unfair. People against gun control feel that it is a
violation of the Constitution to control the sale and distribution and the
registration of guns and gun owners. But it is necessary for there to be
certain limits on the way that firearms are handled in this country because
of the homicide rate involving guns and because of the violence created by
criminals using guns. If gun control legislation were to go through there
would be a significant decline in gun related crimes and fatalities.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Gun Control ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:450 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Gun control has been a controversial issue for years. A vast majority
of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced it would
quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel they have
the right to bear arms for protection, or even for the pleasure of hunting.
These people are penalized for protecting their lives, or even for enjoying
a common, innocent sport. To enforce gun control throughout the nation,
means violating a persons Constitutional rights. Although some people feel
that the issue of gun control will limit crime, the issue should not exist
due to the fact that guns are necessary for self defense against crime, and
by enforcing gun control is violating a citizens second amendment right to
bear arms.
Guns are evil to some, because of the violence that they create.
People express guns as weapons of homicide. They insist that, the more guns
with which our society equips itself, the greater the likelihood for
accidents or violent acts involving fire arms to occur. It is a proven
fact that handguns have been the murder weapon of choice. Guns are involved
in half of all homicide cases. People believe that society has relied on
weapons that create harm and criminals. Therefore, these weapons should be
outlawed.
However, law abiding citizens have the right to protect themselves
against danger. Due to the ownership of guns, burglaries have reduced
considerably. A gun is a tool, guns don't kill people. People kill
people. The matter depends on who is using the gun, and what situation it
is involved in. Purchasing a handgun legally is a complex procedure. The
consumer must go through a two month waiting period. These procedure
guarantee the innocence and reliability of a gun owner.
The second amendment states the citizens right to own and bear
firearms. Freedom to poses arms is a guaranteed citizen right. If the
constitutional rights of a citizen are violated, it can be a complex issue.
In the case of US vs Miller during the year of 1939, The supreme court
voted against individual rights to bear arms. Nothing can destroy a
government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws. This is
why all citizens should be aware of all of their constitutional rights.
Enforcing gun control is not going to have an effect on the crime
rate, because it will not keep criminals from purchasing weapons. If guns
are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns. If a person is willing to pay a
price they will get what they want. Gun owners have to protect themselves
from these criminals, and all gun owners must be informed of their second
Amendment right to keep and bear arms.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Poem ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Gunpowder Plot by ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Vernon Scannell ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:597 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
"Gunpowder Plot" By Vernon Scannell
Write an account of a poem which deals with an unusual or unpleasant
aspect of life. Show clearly how the poet uses such elements as effective
words and vivid images to create something memorable.
The poem "Gunpowder Plot" was interesting as its title holds three
meanings. The author could have meant an allotment where gunpowder or
fireworks are stored or a plan involving gunpowder or just a story
about the usage of gunpowder.
The poem itself holds a double meaning, the first meaning and most
immediately noticeable is of the fun and excitement on Guy Falkes
night with children and woman running around shouting and screaming,
with fireworks exploding and filling the night sky with bright coloured
sparks. The second and more sinister meaning is that if war, when
explosions devastate and the children running around screaming are running
for their lives. That in war time these beautiful fireworks kill and injure
people.
The man in the poem was in a war and being around the antics on a Guy
Falkes night bring back evil, unpleasant memories of war with people
dying. Later in the poem we learn that the man's brother had dies in the
war as the line reads : "I hear a corpse's sons -- 'Who's scared of
bangers!' 'Uncle, John's afraid!'
In the story the author uses a lot of comparisons, the first one we
come across is between fireworks and "Curious cardboard buds" where he
describes them as flowers that have yet to blossom and show their beauty.
Again later in the same verse he describes the fireworks as orchids, a
very beautiful flower that is very expensive, has a short life and it
used on special occasions, the same description can be used effectively on
fireworks.
The story contains great usage of onomatopoeia and alliteration, using
such words as frenzied whizz, fiery, blast which really bring the poem to
life. "Glittering golden grain", "Gulped by greedy flames" are two of
the main uses of alliteration in the poem, the first describing when
the firework explodes in the sky,the second describes the Guy that the
children have made to burn in the fire.
The sound used in the poem is mainly that of the fireworks as they
set off into the night sky making whizzing sounds and then the pop when
they explode. The other use of sound is of the woman running around
squealing.
The use of colour is reserved for the fireworks, describing them as
magic orchids, with their "fiery petals" exploding and filling the
air with "glittering golden grain."
The smell of fireworks smell much like that of bombs as the base
chemicals are the same, when the fireworks are set off they fill the air
around their launch area with a bitter smell , a bit like rotten eggs,
this one of the main elements that help to flood the man with his memories.
The message the author is trying to get through to us is that even
if you try and lock away evil memories deep in your mind the right
combination of events sounds , smells, visions will bring them
flooding back into your thoughts. In the poem the night filled with
noise of explosions, lights shooting through the air,people running around
screaming unlocks the door to the evil memories of war which so over-power
him that he is brought back to a re-run of the war where he hears bombs,
mortars and the voices of people who died.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Issue of Gun ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Control & Violence ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [in Canada & the US ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:2502 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Part I:Introduction
The issue of gun control and violence, both in Canada and the United
States, is one that simply will not go away. If history is to be any guide,
no matter what the resolution to the gun control debate is, it is probable
that the arguments pro and con will be much the same as they always have
been. In 1977, legislation was passed by the Canadian Parliament regulating
long guns for the first time, restructuring the availability of firearms,
and increasing a variety of penalties . Canadian firearms law is primarily
federal, and "therfore national in scope, while the bulk of the firearms
regulation in the United States is at the state level; attempts to
introduce stricter leglislation at the federal level are often defeated".
The importance of this issue is that not all North Americans are
necessarily supportive of strict gun control as being a feasible
alternative to controlling urban violence. There are concerns with the
opponents of gun control, that the professional criminal who wants a gun
can obtain one, and leaves the average law-abiding citizen helpless in
defending themselves against the perils of urban life . Is it our right to
bear arms as North Americans ? Or is it privilege? And what are the
benefits of having strict gun control laws? Through the analysis of the
writings and reports of academics and experts of gun control and urban
violence, it will be possible to examine the issues and theories of the
social impact of this issue. Part II: Review of the Literature A) Summary
In a paper which looked at gun control and firearms violence in North
America, Robert J. Mundt, of the University of North Carolina, points out
that "Crime in America is popularly perceived [in Canada] as something to
be expected in a society which has less respect for the rule of law than
does Canadian society..." . In 1977, the Canadian government took the
initiative to legislate stricter gun control. Among the provisions
legislated by the Canadian government was a "Firearms Acquisition
Certificate" for the purchase of any firearm, and strengthened the
"registration requirements for handguns and other restricted weapons..." .
The purpose of the 1977 leglislation was to reduce the availability of
firearms, on the assumption that there is a "positive relationship between
availability and use". In Robert J. Mundt's study, when compared with the
United States, trends in Canada over the past ten years in various types of
violent crime, suicide, and accidental death show no dramatic results, "and
few suggestions of perceptible effects of the 1977 Canadian gun control
legislation". The only positive effect , Mundt, found in the study was the
decrease in the use of firearms in robbery with comparion to trends in the
United States . Informed law enforcement officers in Canada, as in the
United States, view the "impact of restricting the availability of firearms
is more likely to impact on those violent incidents that would not have
happened had a weapon been at hand"(152).
In an article by Gary A. Mauser of the Simon Fraser University in
British Columbia, he places special emphasis on the attitudes towards
firearms displayed by both Canadians and Americans. According to Mauser,
large majorities of the general public in both countries "support gun
control legislation while simultaneously believing that they have the right
to own firearms" (Mauser 1990:573). Despite the similarities, there are
apparent differences between the general publics in the two countries. As
Mauser states that "Canadians are more deferent to authority and do not
support the use of handguns in self defence to the same extent as
Americans".
As Mauser points out that "it has been argued that cultural differences
account for why Canada has stricter gun control legislation than the United
States"(575). Surprisingly enough, nationwide surveys in both Canada and
the United States "show remarkable similarity in the public attitude
towards firearms and gun control"(586). Both Canada and the United States
were originally English colonies, and both have historically had similar
patterns of immigration. Moreover, Canadians are exposed to American
television (both entertainment and news programming) and, Canadians and
Americans read many of the same books and magazines. As a result of this,
the Canadian public has adopted "much of the American culture" .
In an article by Catherine F. Sproule and Deborah J. Kennett of Trent
University, they looked at the use of firearms in Canadian homicides
between the years of 1972-1982. There findings firmly support the
conclusion that gun control is beneficial. According to Sproule and
Kennett, gun control "may be influencing some suspects to kill by other
methods, but it is less likely for these suspects to kill multiple
victims". From the study conducted by Sproule and Kennett the rate of
violent crimes was five times greater in the U.S than Canada, and "almost
double the rate of firearm use in American than Canadian homicides"
(32-33). In short, the use of firearms "in Canadian homicides has declined
since the legislative changes in gun control in 1977".
As mentioned in lectures, Canadian cities have been traditionally safer,
and less vulnerable to 'Crime Waves' than our American neighbours due to
our extensive police force and gun control laws . A factor to be
considered, though, is our national heritage or culture which holds
traditions of passiveness and peace unlike the American Frontier heritage.
From our textbook, Why Nothing Works , Marvin Harris points out that the
"American Constitution guarantees citizens the right to bear arms, and this
has made it possible for U.S. criminals to obtain firearms more readily
than their counterparts in countries like Japan...". Marvin Harris
indicates that "the high rate of homicide in the United States undoubtedly
reflects, to some extent, the estimated 50 million handguns and rifles
legally and illegally owned by the American people" (122). As demonstrated
in the film: Cops, Guns, and Drugs, the problem with controlling urban
violence in the United States is that it is out of proportion in contrast
to the available police force.
In his book, The Saturday Night Special , Robert Sherrill explains the
cheap, usually illegal, easily concealed handgun that plays a part in so
many crimes in the United States. He reviews the role of guns in American
life -from the shoot-outs of the Old West to the street violence of today.
According to Sherrill, "most murders occur in shabby neighbourhoods; of the
690 murders in Detroit in 1971, for example, 575 occurred in the black
slums mostly by handguns". As a Detroit sociologist added to this alarming
figure:"Living in a frustrating stress-inducing environment like the United
States every day of your life makes many people walking powder kegs" (38).
In agreement with this statement, Sherrill suggests that the hardest hit of
all American urban centres is the inter-cities of Los Angeles, New York,
Detroit, and Washington. These cities largely consist of visible minorities
who are frustrated with the hand dealt to them, and simply resort to
"drugs, guns, and violence" as a way of life . As discussed in lecture, and
viewed in the film: Cops, Guns, and Drugs, many of the youth in the
underclass who become involved in this way of life ,"are considered to be
old if they live past the age of 20" .
In another paper by Catherine F. Sproule and Deborah J. Kennett, they
compared the incidence of killings by handguns, firearms other than
handguns, and nonshooting methods between the United States and Canada for
the years 1977 to 1983. In their study they found that "in Canada there
were 443 handgun killings per 100,000 people compared to 4108 in the U.S.
over the period of 1977-1983" . They also noted that the "American murder
rates for handguns are higher than the total Canadian homicide rate"(249).
According to Sproule and Kennett, "Canada's favourable situation regarding
murder relative to the United States is to a large measure the result of
Canadian gun control, and Canadians must be vigilant against any erosion of
our gun control provisions" (250). B:Comparison:
The works cited above are based on research done by experts and scholars
in the field of gun control and violence. Examining the above materials can
identify similarities and differences found in the various cited sources,
such arguments for and against gun control policy in North America. It is
clearly evident to see that opponents of strict gun control will have
similar arguments. Firstly, they are usually defending each other against
their opponents of the issue, and they see the benefits as far more greater
than the setbacks. The introduction of the 1977 legislation by the Canadian
government strongly suggests that the country will benefit by having a
safer society, and reduction in crime. According to Robert J. Mundt, a
benefit reaped by this legislation has been a "trend away from the use of
firearms in robberies has been noticeable ever since the passage of the gun
control provisions of the 1977 Bill C-51 (Criminal Law Amendment Act)".
Mauser mentions that Canadians are "more supportive of stricter controls on
handguns than are Americans...Moreover, Canadians appear to be less
supportive of home owners using firearms to defend themselves than are
Americans" (Mauser:587). This evaluation by Mauser suggests that Canadians
do have confidence in gun control, and law enforcement in controlling the
safety of their well-being.
Similarities can also be cited in the works of Harris and Sherrill which
discuss the effects of having 'the right to bear arms' in the United
States. According to Marvin Harris, Why Nothing Works , there "has been a
steady increase in the availability of firearms since 1945, this may
account for much of the increase in the homicide rate" in the United
States. Harris also suggests that America has "developed a unique permanent
racial underclass" which provide conditions for both the motive and
opportunity for violent criminal behaviour (123). In Sherrill's book, The
Saturday Night Special , a major topic of concern is the status structure
of the street gang in which "success in defense of the turf brings
deference and reputation...Here the successful exercise of violence is a
road to achievement". As Sherrill mentions, this violence is exercised by
the means of a gun that can be easily obtained in the United States due to
the easy accessibility of guns.
There are also some worthwhile differences found in the literature
cited above. For one, Sproule and Kennett , indicate that gun ownership in
the United States is "inversely related to individuals lack of confidence
in collective institutions to protect their security of person and
property...". Robert Sherrill believes that the vast majority of people who
own guns , "simply own them because it is a part of their American
heritage, and the constitution gives them 'the right to bear
arms'"(1973:225). He suggests that Americans choose to practice their civil
liberties to its entirety.
Other notable differences in the literature is Mauser's view for the
differences in the gun-control legislation between the two countries.
Mauser states that the cause for this is "the differences in political
elites and institutions rather than in public opinion" (1990:587). Due to
Canada's political structure, it is a lot easier to make and approve laws
in comparison with the United States Congress structure. Part III: Thesis
Statement
After researching all the data collected from the library and the use of
course-related materials, I have formulated my own theory on the social
impact of gun control and violence in North America. Going back to the
introduction, I have asked the reader two questions :(1) Is it our right to
bear arms as North Americans? Or is it a privilege?, and (2) What are the
benefits of having strict gun control laws? It appears to me that much of
the literature cited above looks at gun control as being a feasible
alternative in reducing homicides and armed robbery. From the authors cited
above, there findings undermine the apparent claim of gun control opponents
in their slogan `people kill, guns don't '. The introduction of gun control
in Canada significantly shows that Canadian gun control, especially the
provisions pertaining to handguns, does have the beneficial effect of
reducing violent crime, and saving lives. Part IV: Analysis And Conclusions
When looking at the 1977 Canadian Legislation of gun control, it is easy
to see that there is some bias and assumptions present. For one, it assumes
that left to its own devices the legislation will make it virtually
impossible for a criminal to obtain a handgun. Secondly, there is an
assumption that if a person doesn't have a criminal record (it doesn't
neccessarily mean that they are law- abiding) then they are eligible to
obtain a firearm with an FAC (firearms Acquisition Certificate). With the
implementation of Bill C-51, a `Black Market' for illegal handguns has
emerged from the United States into Canada, making it extremely easy for
the professional criminal to obtain a firearm.
It can be agreed that since the implementation of Bill C-51 in 1977,
Canada has remained relatively safe in incidents involving firearms in
comparison to the United States. The assumption of many Americans, is that
having the right to bear arms increases their security is open to dispute.
It is just as reasonable to assume that restricting the `right to bear
arms' will increase the safety and security of a society. In accordance
with many sociologists beliefs, is that Canada historically hasn't
experienced the problems of crime, that the United States has, because of
it's central police force.
In addition, Sproule and Kennett view the significant effect of gun
control is the method of killing. Although "gun control may be influencing
some suspects to kill by other methods, it is less likely for these
suspects to kill multiple victims". As witnessed by the American media,
mass murder in public is much more a common occurrence in the U.S. than
Canada. It is safe to say that gun control has saved the lives of potential
innocent victims of crime.
Furthermore, as was mentioned in class discussion and lectures, the
strength or influences of the mass media to glorify violence has had
detrimental effects on North American society. In some ways, the act of
violence has been desensitised and glorified rather than being displayed as
an unacceptable form of behaviour. This portrayal by the media, has made
handguns and other firearms seem fashionable in the eyes of our youth and
general population in North America. This unquestionably places our law
enforcement agencies at a considerable disadvantage, simply because it
erodes the confidence and trust displayed in them by the general public.
Presently, Canada does have the advantage of gun control unlike the U.S.
situation. We are now living in an environment that has seen dramatic
increase in violent crime, over a short period of time. Whether the United
States adopts a gun control policy similar to Canada's, remains to be seen.
As for Canadians, we must maintain confidence in the police and justice
system to protect our collective security as an important means by which to
deter gun acquisition.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Hamlet's ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Character ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:433 School: ? State: ?
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In Hamlet's speech in act three, scene three Hamlet discloses many
facets of his character to us, aspects that we have thus far only been able
to see as fragments in other speeches. He reveals himself to be an
over-analytical man who often procrastinates. He also shows that he does
not really want to kill Claudius but feels compelled to out of a sense of
duty to his dead father. Hamlet demonstrates his over-analytical nature in
line seventy-three of the speech when he says "That would be scann'd:",
meaning that he should examine his situation more closely. Instead of
simply killing Claudius while he had the chance he over-analyses and
eventually decides to postpone Claudius' murder, missing the best chance he
will obtain in the play. Hamlet is also a procrastinator and this is
demonstrated many times in the play. In line eighty he says "Why, this is
hire and salary, not revenge". He knows that he must kill Claudius but he
postpones it. This almost suggests that Hamlet does not really want to
kill Claudius, but feels obligated to do so. Through his over-analysis he
seems to be almost talking himself out of doing his job.
One of Hamlet's most renown traits is his over-analysis of
conversational topics and situations in which action must be taken. An
example of his over-analytical nature is apparent in his speech in act one,
scene four, line 13. He begins his speech quite normally, replying with a
simple answer to Horatio's inquiry but then his thoughts begin to wander
and he starts to analyze and philosophize about topics unrelated to
Horatio's question. Another trait of Hamlet is the way he procrastinates.
For example, in act two, scene two, line 603 he convinces himself that his
plan to add sixteen lines to the play and watch Claudius' reaction, rather
than completing his task, is the best plan of action. Although in the end
he postpones the murder of Claudius, beginning on line 570 he acknowledges
his lack of action. This also shows that Hamlet does not really want to
kill the king and that he will go to great lengths to postpone his duty.
In fact, Hamlet reveals to us about his unwillingness to kill Claudius
early in the play. In act one, scene five, line 189 he says "O cursed
spite,/That ever I was born to set it right!", meaning that he is angry
that he is now put in the position of having to kill the king and he is
sorry that he was born with this destiny.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Tragedy of ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Hamlet ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:916 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Essay About
The Tragedy Of
Hamlet
In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death of a character becomes a
frequent event. Although many people lose their lives as a result of their
own self-centered wrong-doing, there are others whose deaths are a result
of manipulation from the royalty. This is the case of Polonius' family.
The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of
Polonius' family because their deaths were not the consequence of sinful
actions of their own but rather by their innocent involvement in the
schemes of Claudius and Hamlet.
The first character to die in Hamlet is Polonius. Although Polonius
often acts in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only
because he is carrying out plans devised by the king or queen to discover
the nature of Hamlet's madness. Being the king's Lord Chamberlain, it is
his duty to obey the king and queen's wishes and it is this loyalty that
eventually proves to be fatal for him. An example of how Polonius'
innocent involvement with the royalty results in his death can be found at
the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is
hiding behind the arras in Gertrude's room. This shows how Polonius, a man
unaware of the true nature of the situation he is in, is killed by a member
of the royalty during the execution of one of their schemes. This makes
Polonius' death a tragedy.
The next member of Polonius' family to die is his daughter Ophelia.
Ophelia's death is tragic because of her complete innocence in the
situation. Some may argue that Polonius deserves his fate because of his
deceitfulness in dealing with Hamlet while he is mad, but Ophelia is
entirely manipulated and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish
reasons. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet takes place in Act
II, scene i, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family he is mad. Ophelia
explains to Polonius how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw
the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition". Although this is
subject to interpretation and many believe that this is simply Hamlet
taking one last look at Ophelia before he becomes engaged in his plan to
kill Claudius, the fact that he scares her and does not try to alleviate
these fears points to the conclusion that he is simply using her to help
word of his madness spread throughout the kingdom via Polonius. In Act
III, scene iv, Hamlet kills Polonius while he is hiding behind the arras in
the Queen's room. This event causes Ophelia to become insane and leads to
her eventual death in a river near the castle in Act IV, scene vii. It can
be seen how the combined scheming of Hamlet and Claudius concludes in her
death. Claudius' scheme brings about Hamlet's scheme which brings about
the death of Polonius which leads to Ophelia's death. The passing of
Ophelia is a tragedy because she does nothing deserving of death, she is
merely used for other people's personal gain.
The last member of Polonius' family to die is Laertes, Ophelia's
brother and Polonius' son. Laertes' death is tragic because, although he
kills Hamlet, he is avenging his father's death, an act, with reference to
the moral climate of the 1600s, that would have been condoned by the people
who saw the play. The difference between Hamlet and Laertes is that Laertes
does not use others to attain his goals and his revenge is in part due to
the pressure put on him by Claudius. This makes Laertes' murder of Hamlet
excusable and his death a tragedy. An example of how Claudius uses Laertes
to try and murder Hamlet is seen in Act IV, scene vii, lines 108 to 110.
Claudius and Laertes are discussing Hamlet when Claudius says:
Laertes, was your father dear to you? Or are you like the painting of
a sorrow, A face without a heart?
He is asking Laertes whether he is really sorry about his father's death or
if he is just acting mournful without feeling mournful. Claudius uses
these lines to lead Laertes into a plan to kill Hamlet, asking him what he
will do to prove his love for his father in Act IV, scene vii, lines 124 to
126.
Hamlet comes back; what would you undertake To show yourself in deed
your father's son More than in words?
It can be easily seen how Laertes, influenced by Claudius in the heat of
his anger, could conspire to murder Hamlet and it is in this attempt that
Laertes loses his own life to the very poison he kills Hamlet with. Once
again, a member of Polonius' family loses their life as a result of a
conflict that they are oblivious to, making Laertes' death a tragedy as
well.
Contrary to popular belief, the tragedy associated with Hamlet is not
about Hamlet or his family. It is, however, about the tragic fate of
Polonius' family, whose deaths are not the result of any sins they commit
but by their being manipulated by Hamlet and Claudius for reasons they are
unaware of. Although the death of Polonius' family stands out as being the
most tragic, many other characters in the story are killed as well. In
fact, the death of a character in Hamlet almost becomes commonplace near
the end of the play.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Hamlet and ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [It's Theme of Tragedy ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1962 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The tradition of literature includes many genres. One of the oldest
and most important of these genres is tragedy; one of the foremost
Elizabethan tragedies in the canon of English literature is Hamlet by
William Shakespeare and one of the earliest critics of tragedy is
Aristotle. One way to measure Shakespeare's work is to appraise it using
the methods of classical critics and thereby to see how if it would have
retained its meaning. Hamlet is one of the most recognizable and most often
quoted tragedies in the all of English literature. Aristotle, is concerned
with the proper presentation of tragic plays and poetry. Aristotle defines
tragedy as:
"...a representation of an action that is worth serious attention,
complete in itself, and of some amplitude; in language enriched by a
variety of artistic devices appropriate to the several parts of the
play; presented in the form of action, not narration; by means of pity
and fear bringing about the purgation of such emotion. (Aristotle 38 -
9)
Shakespeare uses character, plot and setting to create a mood of disgust
and a theme of proper revenge, as opposed to fear and pity, hence Aristotle
would have disapproved of Hamlet. It is the above mentioned elements;
character, plot and setting, used in a non-Aristotelian way, that makes
Hamlet work as a one of the English language's most renown tragedies.
By proper revenge we refer to the Elizabethan view that revenge must
be sought in certain cases, for the world to continue properly. This is the
main plot of Hamlet. In Poetics, Aristotle defines for us, the element of
plot and shows us how he believes it must be put together. He also believes
in various unities which he states are necessary for a proper tragedy.
Aristotle believes in what he calls "Unity of plot" (Aristotle 42 - 3).
This "Unity" leaves no room for subplots, which are crucial to the theme of
Hamlet. Without the subplot of Laertes' revenge and the subplot of
Fortinbras' revenge, we are left with a lugubrious play where the ending,
although necessary, is pointless. The three sub-plots together as a unit,
allow us to understand what Shakespeare thought of revenge. Another of the
ways Aristotle defines plot in tragedy as "The noble actions and the doings
of noble persons"(Aristotle 35). By this definition, Hamlet should be a
noble person, who does only noble things. Aristotle would have objected to
Hamlet's refusal to kill Claudius during prayer which forms the turning
point of Hamlet. This is significant because if he were to have achieved
his revenge at that point Claudius' soul may have been clean. Hamlet wishes
to get revenge when Claudius' "Soul may be damned and black / As hell,
whereto it goes (Shakespeare 3, 3, 94 - 5). By waiting for the right time,
Hamlet loses his chance to achieve revenge. This ignoble act does add to
the theme of proper revenge, not in the primary plot, but when all three
revenge sub-plots are considered together. Aristotle also believed in heros
that are "First and foremost good (Aristotle 51)." Although Hamlet spends
much time deliberating good and evil, and what the greatest good is, when
it comes time, he cannot act. Laertes does act, but he acts rashly, and
cannot perform good either. Fortinbras is the type of hero that Aristotle
would have preferred, although from Fortinbras' point of view the play is
not tragic; instead it is a comedy where all of the other characters run
about and in the end through no fault of his own, Fortinbras receives the
kingship of Denmark. The plot events with which Aristotle disagrees give
meaning to Hamlet's theme.
Shakespeare uses the plot to help create the mood of Hamlet by
incorporating subplots and by having his tragic hero do things which are
particularly unheroic. Hamlet's treatment of Ophelia is particularly
barbaric. By the same token Ophelia's unstinting devotion to her father,
and by that ,her poor treatment of Hamlet causes us to question which of
the two is not the worthier, but the least evil. Both of their actions
invoke disgust. Aristotle would have objected to Hamlet's treatment of
Ophelia because of his aforementioned belief in the character attributes of
the hero. The only characters who act particularly heroic are Horatio, who
is devoted to Hamlet, and Fortinbras. These two characters are the only
ones who survive. The rest of the characters are left dead and bleeding. As
another classical critic, Horace, wrote in Ars Poetica "I shall turn in
disgust from anything of this kind that you show me (Horace 85)." When we
see the bodies lying on the ground at the end of the play we realize the
futility of Hamlet's actions and that evokes disgust. It is the evocation
of this emotion that Aristotle would have disagreed with.
Shakespeare's character's in Hamlet illustrate the theme of the drama,
however Aristotle would have disagreed with Shakespeare's choices. To
understand character in terms of theme one must compare the characters.
Samuel Johnson calls Hamlet "through the whole piece rather an instrument
rather than an agent". This is giving too much credence to the soliloquies,
when Hamlet ponders, and gives too little credence to the fact that he sent
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths without hesitating, and the
fact that he was the first on the pirate ship when attacked on the high
seas. It is the type of revenge that Hamlet insists on that shapes his
character and forces the bloodshed at the end of the play. This contrasts
with a play of which Aristotle did approve. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles
has created a character who tries to do the greater good, and in doing so
find his fate has been damned from the start. Hamlet has the chance to do
good, in this case revenge on a murderer and lets passion sway his reason.
This "madness" is what leads Hamlet astray, is what leads him to kill
Polonius, is what leads Ophelia to commit suicide and is what leads to the
carnage of the final scene. Rather than learn from experience, Hamlet
follows his own will for Claudius' fate and we learn there is a right way
and a wrong way to do things. Aristotle would have disagreed with the
amplitude of the actions in this play. These characters have no amplitude,
instead they are noble, but they are also pathetic. Aristotle had no room
for noble characters with no amplitude and therefore he would have disliked
most of the characters in Hamlet, except for Horatio and Fortinbras. In
contrasting Fortinbras , Hamlet and Laertes we have three men of noble
birth, all of whom have a legitimate reason to seek revenge. The main
difference is the way that each seeks his revenge. Laertes seeks revenge in
a rash and illicit ways and he dies. Hamlet seeks revenge in an ignoble way
and he dies. Fortinbras seeks a Christian revenge and is successful. In
this way Shakespeare's characters further the theme of Hamlet in a
non-aristotelian way.
The characters that Shakespeare has chosen for Hamlet are not the type
one would find in a typical Greek tragedy, the kind of tragedy that
Aristotle was used to criticizing. Oedipus the King, includes a number of
elements that Shakespeare does not use in Hamlet. The chorus is used as a
character in Oedipus the King to allow us a sympathetic view of Oedipus, in
his time of travail. Oedipus has accepted responsibility for his fate and
blinded himself. The audience feels sympathy and therefore feels and pity.
No such sympathy is given to Hamlet. It is not the fact that he does not
have some sympathetic qualities; rather he has too few sympathetic
characteristics for us to wish to empathize. Hamlet wishes to do the right
thing, it is the way he does the right thing in a wrong way that makes us
dislike him. Hamlet also spends much of his time deliberating rather than
doing. Hamlet is dour. Almost every character in the play is dour. The only
two characters with any sort of joie de vivre are the clowns who are also
grave diggers. The irony is that the characters who most enjoy life are
those who face death on a regular basis. This juxtaposition not only
foreshadows the conclusion of the play but also adds to the mood of
disgust. One of the elements contributing to mood is character, however it
is used in a non-aristotelian way.
Aristotle ignored the concept that a play could take place in many
different settings and still retain meaning. In his elements of tragedy
Aristotle mentions "Plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle and
song.(Aristotle 39)." He does not include setting as a separate entity. It
is implicit, however, in his conception of "Unities" that more than one
setting was not acceptable. One example may be found in Oedipus the King,
where all of the action takes place in one setting, and where the
geographical setting of the play, in terms of a historical context, does
not in itself add any meaning. Aristotle did, however, believe in "Unity of
Time", where each action follows the previous action, and builds to form a
single "thread" of action. We would include the time in play as part of the
setting. Another axiom of Unity of time is that one stage minute equals on
real minute. It is only by ignoring Aristotelian convention in setting,
specifically unity of time, that Shakespeare can properly tell his story.
Hamlet takes place entirely in Castle Elsinore and on its grounds. The
first scene takes place at approximately midnight as does Act 1, Scene 4.
Shakespeare completely ignores the Aristotelian convention of "Unity of
Time". It is only by ignoring this convention that Shakespeare can allow
Hamlet to have the scene with the ghost, a twenty minute scene, that
Shakespeare elongates from midnight to dawn. By the same token it is this
elongation that allows Hamlet to talk with the ghost and gives the ghost a
dramatic reason, the dawn, to leave the stage. This allows Shakespeare to
develop his plot and therefore to develop his theme. These temporal
manipulations do not end here. Hamlet leaves for England by boat, is
waylaid by pirates and returns to Elsinore between Act 4 Scene 3 and Act 5
Scene 1. This allows Laertes to return and demand revenge, Ophelia to go
mad and kill herself and Hamlet to return just in time for the funeral.
Without this compression of time, Shakespeare could not have fitted in the
plot points he needs to build the theme of revenge. Laertes leaves Denmark
in the second scene of the first act, and returns in the fourth act and
demands revenge for the death of his father, Polonius. Shakespeare has,
again ignored the time frame of the play in order to facilitate the plot.
It by ignoring the temporal aspect of setting that Shakespeare has the room
he needs to develop the plot , and therefore the theme of Hamlet.
Shakespeare uses Castle Elsinore and environs to depict a sordid and
depressing place where incest and murder are a part of normal life, where
revenge is commonplace motivation, and where the feigning of madness is a
normal strategy to dissemble ones feelings. This is the setting for Hamlet.
Shakespeare created this setting to tell us a story of revenge gone wrong.
He also created a mood of disgust. When at the end of the play, things are
brought to their right order and Fortinbras becomes king, we look back and
see the depraved way of life that existed at Castle Elsinore and its
logical conclusion, a room littered with bodies and Fortinbras taking his
lawful place as king, we feel disgust and its purgation.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Hamlet Scene Summaries ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1129 School: ? State: ?
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ACT I
Scene I
At the beginning of this scene, two guards come out and attempt to get
the audience's attention. They basically inform us that it is night time,
and then they exit. Heratio and Marcellus then enter. They see a ghost
which looks like the late King who had just died. To get the audience's
attention once again, the two men repeat "Doesn't that look like the King!"
five times. Morning comes, and Heratio and Marcellus decide to tell Hamlet
of the incident.
Scene ][
This scene informs us that the present king (Claudius) had killed the
late King Hamlet. Claudius is now married to Queen Gertrude who was
formerly King Hamlet's wife. King Claudius informs us Norway is preparing
to war against Denmark (they even work on Sundays) for land that the late
King Hamlet had obtained. Heratio and Marcellus then come to inform Hamlet
of the "ghost" experience they had the previous night. Hamlet is shocked
and suspects something peculiar is amongst the king- dom.
Scene ]I[
Laertes tells her sister, Ophelia, to be cautious of marrying Hamlet.
Polonious then enters and demands Ophelia to stop the relationship with
Hamlet.
Scene ]V
Hamlet, Heratio, and Marcellus are talking when the ghost of King
Hamlet appears. Hamlet follows, but his friends warn him that he may be in
danger. Regardless, Hamlet follows the ghost.
Scene V
In this scene, King Hamlet's ghost appears once again, but this time in
front of Hamlet. Hamlet questions the ghost and finds that King Hamlet was
killed by Claudius. The ghost then asks Hamlet to seek revenge.
ACT ][
Scene I
In this scene, Ophelia and Hamlet and alone together in a room.
Ophelia tells Hamlet that she can no longer see him, but Hamlet is raged.
Ophelia tells her father, Polonious. Polonious thinks that Hamlet may be
mad with love sickness since he cannot take the rejection. Therefore,
Polonious tells King Claudius of the situation.
Scene ][
Claudius sends Rosancrantz and Guildenstern (who were Hamlet's friends
from childhood) to see what is the matter with Hamlet. Hamlet explains to
his friends that he is very sad and has no interest of world. In a
soliloquy, Hamlet then analyzes his situation.
ACT ]I[
Scene I
Hamlet's friend return to tell the Claudius of their findings.
Claudius is pleased with the results (that Hamlet wants to perform for the
majesties). Then, Claudius and Polonious plan to hide behind a curtain
while Ophelia and Hamlet are talking. Hamlet in his famous To be, or not
be speech questions his motives for living. He attempts to analyze his
position and see whether he should live or commit suicide. Later, Claudius
decides to send Hamlet to England to have him killed.
Scene ][
At first, Hamlet walks around making ludicrous remarks and acting mad.
Then Hamlet shows the play he has created to the court. Surprisingly, the
play is an exact replica of what happened to the late King Hamlet. It
shows a man putting poison in a King's ear while he is sleeping. Hamlet
then explains that the man will soon become the new King. Both Claudius
and Gertrude and a strange reaction. Gertrude requests to speak with
Hamlet privately. Hamlet attempts to retain his anger so he does not harm
the Queen (as the ghost of King Hamlet had asked).
Scene ]I[
Claudius is frightened about the murder he has done. He prays and asks
forgiveness. At that moment, Hamlet comes and sees Claudius. Hamlet
thought about killing Claudius at that point, but did not. Hamlet thought
that if he killed Claudius while he was in prayer, Claudius would go to
heaven; thus his killing would be useless.
Scene ]V
Hamlet and Gertrude start conversation. Hamlet becomes very angry and
starts making nasty remarks about Gertrude's marriage. Gertrude screams
for help and Polonious (behind the tapestry) echoes the calls. Assuming
that Claudius is behind the tapestry, Hamlet shoves a dagger in it.
Polonious, unfortunately, dies. Hamlet apologizes for the murder. Then
Hamlet tells Gertrude that he is being sent to England and bids her good-
night.
ACT ]V
Scene I
Claudius questions what he should do to explain Polonious' death to the
courts. He tells Gertrude that they must reveal the murder to their
closest friends and avoid being blamed themselves.
Scene ][
Hamlet does not tell his friends where Polonious' body is. Hamlet then
goes off to see the King.
Scene ]I[
Hamlet finally notifies Claudius of Polonious' whereabouts is.
Claudius then tells Hamlet's friends to take him to England. Claudius
feels that when Hamlet is dead, he won't have any more worries or fears on
his mind.
Scene ]V
Hamlet overhears Fortinbras asking he may cross Denmark on his way to
Poland. In a soliloquy, Hamlet analyzes the situation. Hamlet learns that
Fortinbras is sending his men to fight for a worthless piece of land, and
that all the men can die in the process. He sees how Fortinbras and his
man are risking their lives for honour. Hamlet realizes that he has not
been honourable, but rather a coward. He vows that his thoughts will be
bloody, or nothing worth . This is where Hamlet makes a conscience
decision to kill Claudius.
Scene V
Both Ophelia and Laertes act mad due to their father's sudden death.
They both blame Claudius, but Claudius insists otherwise. Claudius tells
Laertes that if he can prove Claudius was the murderer, then Claudius would
hand over the kingdom to him. Claudius, nevertheless, vows to find out who
the real killer is.
Scene V[
On his way to England, Hamlet got captured by pirated. They promised
to return him to Denmark for the exchange of a favour.
Scene VI[
Claudius uses Laertes as a tool to kill Hamlet. Claudius lies and
tricks Laertes so that Laertes would establish great anger and frustration
towards Hamlet. Then they both plan to kill Hamlet my means of a sword
fight (poison at the end of Laertes' sword) and a poisoned drink. Laertes
is then informed that Ophelia died and is enraged once again.
ACT V
Scene I
In Ophelia's funeral, Laertes and Hamlet again break into rage. Both
men jump into the grave and start fighting. Hamlet explains that he loves
Ophelia more than forty thousand brothers can and vows to fight Laertes
despite their previous friendship.
Scene ][
After all preparation is done, Hamlet and Laertes begin their battle.
Unfortunately, Gertrude (unaware of the poison) takes a drink from Hamlet's
cup and soon after dies. Then, both Laertes and Hamlet get hit with the
poisoned sword. Hamlet becomes aware of the evil plans and forces Claudius
to drink from his cup. Claudius, Laertes, and Hamlet shortly die. And so
ends this play a tragedy!

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Contrast Between ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Laertes & Hamlet ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:800 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Laertes and Hamlet both display impulsive reactions when angered.
Once Laertes discovers his father has been murdered Laertes immediately
assumes the slayer is Claudius. As a result of Laertes's speculation he
instinctively moves to avenge Polonius's death. "To hell, allegiance!
vows, to the blackest devil! Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit!
I dare damnation: to this point I stand, that both worlds I give to
negligence, let come what comes; only I'll be revenged most thoroughly for
my father." Act 4 Scene 5 lines 128-134 provide insight into Laertes's mind
displaying his desire for revenge at any cost. In contrast to Laertes
speculation of his father's killer, Hamlet presumes the individual spying
on his conversation with Gertrude is Claudius("Nay, I know not: is it the
King?" Act 3, Scene 4 line 28). Consequently, Hamlet consumed with rage
automatically thrusts out attempting to kill Claudius, but instead strikes
Polonius. Hamlet's and Laertes's imprudent actions are incited by fury and
frustration. Sudden anger prompts both Hamlet and Laertes to act
spontaneously, giving little thought to the consequences of their actions.
Hamlet and Laertes share a different but deep love and concern for
Ophelia. Before his departure for France Laertes provides lengthy advice
to Ophelia pertaining to her relationship with Hamlet. Laertes voices his
concern of Hamlet's true intentions towards Ophelia and advices her to be
wary of Hamlet's love. Laertes impresses upon Ophelia, Hamlet is a prince
who most likely will have an arranged marriage. Hamlet's strong love for
Ophelia withers after she rejects his affinity. Hamlet's extensive love
for Ophelia resulted in grave suffering for Hamlet once his affection was
rejected. Hamlet's appearance decays due to the rejection of his love for
Ophelia("Pale as his shirt, his knees knocking each other" Act 2, Scene 1,
line 82). The loss of Ophelia's love for Hamlet instigates Polonius into
believing it has caused Hamlet to revert to antic disposition. Once
Laertes learns of the death of his sister he is afflicted with sadness. In
the same way, Hamlet is shocked and enraged over Ophelia's demise. Both
Hamlet and Laertes are so profoundly distressed at the death of Ophelia
they jump into her grave and fight each other. Although Hamlet and Laertes
despised one another, they both loved Ophelia. Hamlet was infatuated with
Ophelia which was obvious during his constant anguish over her(in her
rejection of Hamlet, and in her death Hamlet suffered greatly). Laertes
shared a strong brotherly love for Ophelia which was evident in his advice
to her. Laertes further displayed his love for Ophelia during her funeral
were he fought with Hamlet.
Hamlet and Laertes are similar in the way they associate with their
families. Laertes highly respects and loves his father Polonius.
Similarly, Hamlet holds a great respect for his dead father(Hamlet compares
his father to a sun god "Hyperion"). After the death of their fathers,
Hamlet and Laertes strive to seek revenge on the assassins. Hamlet and
Laertes exhibit domineering attitudes towards females. Laertes gives his
sister Ophelia guidance on her relationship with Hamlet. In the same way,
Hamlet is able to persuade Gertrude he is not mad and manipulate her to
follow his instructions. Hamlet directs his mother to convince Claudius of
Hamlet's madness. Hamlet is able to make his mother reflect upon her part
in the death of his father and feel guilt("Thou turn'st mine eyes into my
very soul, and there I see such black and grained spots as will not leave
their tinct." Act 3, Scene 4 lines 90-93). Furthermore, Hamlet instructs
his mother not to sleep with Claudius. The fathers of Laertes and Hamlet
both attempted to use spies to gain information on their sons(although not
his real father Claudius was his uncle as well as step-father). Claudius
employed Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to gather information on Hamlet. In
comparison, Polonius dispatches Reynaldo to check up on Laertes. Hamlet and
Laertes share similar aspects within their families.
Hamlet and Laertes demonstrate rash behaviour when infuriated. Hamlet
becomes outraged at the notion of Claudius spying on him which results in
Hamlet mistakenly killing Polonius. Laertes becomes drastically angered at
the death of his father and boldly seeks vengeance against Claudius.
Momentary rage overcomes Laertes and Hamlet which prompts them to act
spontaneously. Hamlet and Laertes both have a strong love for Ophelia.
Hamlet's deep love for Ophelia is evident in his reaction to her rejection
of him. In the same way, Laertes care and affection are revealed by his
advice to his sister. The families of Laertes and Hamlet contain similar
attributes. Hamlet and Laertes hold a high admiration for their fathers and
are willing to even kill the king to enact revenge. Both characters
exercise a dominating attitude towards females. In conclusion, although
adversaries, Hamlet and Laertes share several characteristics which make
them similar.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Hamlet displays]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Anti-Heroism ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:829 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Antiheroism has always been an interesting aspect of a character that
authors have chosen to illustrate. In literature, there has been countless
antiheroic characters, from Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's
Nest and Allie Fox in The Mosquito Coast, to others as famous as Robin Hood
and ... By literary definition, an antihero is the "hero" of the play or
novel, but has negative attributes which separate him or her from the
classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent
nature, use of coarse language, or self serving interests which may
inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving
those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In
William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an
antihero. One main factor which gives Hamlet such a label is that he draws
sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the
pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging
his murder.
Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene
two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
with such phrases as,
That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be
demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a
king? (IV, ii, 12-14)
The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their
own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are
servants of the Claudius, Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with
Hamlet.
Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet
tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern,
I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear. (IV, ii,
24-25)
This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused.
Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to
toy with them.Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because
of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand
and may label him as crazy.
Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards
Claudius, when he says,
I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell,
dear mother. (IV, iii, 49-50)
The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over
Claudius. Having an angel at one's side would be a definite sign of power,
which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their
constant power struggle. Just when Claudius thinks he controls Hamlet, it
is really Hamlet who has the upper hand over Claudius.
There are very strong philosophical references made by Hamlet in this
act regarding life and death. Hamlet tells Claudius,
Your worm is your
only emperor for diet: we fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fat
ourselves for maggots: your fat king and your lean beggar is but
variable service, two dishes, but to one table: that's the end. (IV,
iii, 21-26)
This statement id a reference to the food chain, and in turn, a reflection
on the meaning of life. It illustrates the equality of men in that whether
one is born to be a king or a beggar, when one dies, we are all equal.
Worms and maggots do not treat anybody differently once one is dead and
buried.
The final scene draws the greatest sympathy towards Hamlet even though
he is not even in the scene. The forces of Claudius and Laertes have
combined against Hamlet. Claudius states,
To an exploit now ripe in my device, Under the which he shall not
choose but fall, And for his death no wind of blame shall breathe; But
even his mother shall unchange the practice, And call it accident.
(IV, vii, 65-69)
Claudius is willing to undertake any measures necessary to eliminate
Hamlet, to the point that it does not matter whether or not it hurts
Gertrude in any way. This scene depicts Hamlet as the victim, much like two
bullies picking on a smaller child in school, since the king, with the aid
of Laertes, is out to kill Hamlet, this time with a passion. Much like a
political revolutionary, Hamlet has the system against him and is facing
death because of his loyalty and honour towards his father.
The fact that Hamlet's life is not indeed in jeopardy attributes to
his "hero" status. In addition, his only fault is the desire to avenge his
father's murder, an act considered completely honourable by the reader.
However, Hamlet's negative attributes include his rudeness towards others,
including the fair Ophelia, and a violent nature as shown when he kills
Polonius, albeit accidently, and shows no remorse, causing a
reclassification from the classic hero, to the more appropriate label of
antihero.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on George ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Friderick Handel ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:824 School: Co-Ed Priv State: NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Table of Contents - Handel
Chapter Name/Title Page
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1. Handel 1
2. Life 1
3. Later Years 1-2
4. Works 2
5. My Comments 2-3
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 4
Handel
George Frideric Handel was born in Halle, Germany, on February
23, 1685. He died in London on April 14,1759 and was buried in
Westminister Abbey. Handel was one of the famous composers of the
Baroque Period. This great composer was mostly known very well for his
English Oratorio, particularly the Messiah. His trouble in his operas
that he made lied within his uncertain temper and uncertain lack of
tact.
Handel first learned how to play from an instrument called a
clavichord. This was like a forerunner of the piano. With the help of one
of Handel's friend, they smuggled the instrument up to his attic in his
house. Every night he would sneak up to the attic after everyone was asleep
and he'd play it until he finally mastered it. The instrument could not be
heard through the closed doors. When he was about twelve, he went to Berlin
to study and while there he became well-known for playing the Harpsichord.
Handel's parents wanted Handel to grow up in the profession of law, but
music was in Handel's blood. When Handel's father soon realized this, he
sent Handel away to study in Berlin. In Berlin, Handel was taught under the
great composer Frideric Wilhelm Zachau.
One of the great influences on Handle was while he was writing the
Messiah in three weeks. Handle, before writing the Messiah, had rented a
theatre for his own use, and though he had some successes, he had more
failures. He was bankrupt twice through his opera business. If Handel had
been more successful with his with his operas, we would never have had the
grand oratorios for which his name is most famous for now. This is because
when he had exhausted himself with the operas, he started to make the
oratorios. He was the director of music in Italy for several years and he
was a composer of the Italian style music in England and even absorbed the
characteristics of English music especially English Choral Music.
Like was said before, Handel wrote many oratorios and operas. He didn't
have many famous operas, but he had some. Some of his operas are: Giulio
Casare, Tamerlano, Orlando, Alcina, and Serse. He had many different
oratorios though. Of the many, his one that he is most famous for is the
Messiah for it is not so much dramatic as Meditative. I have included a few
pages from his play Israel in Egypt. The most famous instrument of his time
was a mixture of things, but he preferred the Violin while making the
operas and oratorios.
My impression on Handel is that he was a very creative person always
thinking up new and recent ideas for his time. I would have liked to live
his life because he was able to sneak up to his attic late at night and
because he made some very famous plays which are being revived and the
oratorios like Messiah which are being said every Christmas by some family.
Handel was probably inspired to write that wonderful music was heroic
historical figures for the plays and the Bible for the oratorios. I admired
Handel for his will to keep on making music after so many people made fun
of him with this song:
" Some say, compared to Buononcini "
" That Mynheer Handel's but a ninny; "
" Others aver that he to Handel "
" Is scarcely fit to hold a candle. "
" Strange all this difference should be "
" 'Twixt tweedle-dum and tweedle-dee. "
Bibliography
1) The Book Of Knowledge - The Grolier Society
Published by: The Amalgamated Press Copyright: 1926-35
2) The Prodigy Service - Interactive Peronal Service
Made By: Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. Copyright: 1990

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Harry Shippe ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Truman ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:1699 School: Co-Ed Priv State: NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Harry Shippe Truman
When Harry Truman was about five years old, his family noticed he was
having eye troubles. With these eye problems, Harry wasn't able to see
stars or the falling dust from fireworks. Harry never noticed this. When
his mother got his first pair of glasses, they were thick glass in which
the doctor said that he shouldn't run hard or play in many sports with them
on. Harry saw a whole new world when he first got the glasses. He would
stare for hours just looking at the bright stars. But, Harry's fun with
the glasses soon ended when he went to school. The other kids would tease
him about the glasses because he was the only one in the class with
glasses. The teasing didn't bother him much because the other kids grew up
learning not to hit kids with glasses.
Harry liked reading books in his spare time. He especially liked Mark
Twain's books 'Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckleberry Finn'. He had to read mostly
adult books. Another one of his favorite books were biographies of the
U.S. presidents. Harry read most of the three- thousand books that were in
a nearby library. Harry was very good in school because of reading all the
books. His mom wanted Harry, his brother Vivian, and Their little sister
Mary Jane to enrich their lives so she bought them a piano. She gave the
children lessons and noticed that Harry was especially gifted with the
piano. So, she sent him to get professional lessons with a woman named
Mrs. Edwin C. White. Everyone in his family thought that Harry would
become a concert Pianist. Harry thought so too. Harry had experiences
that the other kids did not have while playing the piano. Harry's teacher
once was a student of one of the greatest pianists ever to live named
Ignacy Jan Paderewski. When he was having a concert in their town, Harry's
teacher brought him to the concert and introduced Harry to Ignacy. Ignacy
showed Harry how to play his own famous composition Minuet in G. It was a
moment Harry never forgot. The kids at his school really started to make
fun of him when they saw him going to school with music roles because they
thought piano playing was for sissies. But he kept on going and still
ignored them. Harry' father got harry a pony so he wouldn't be all books
and piano playing.
Harry graduated as the class of '01 out of High School and planned to
go to College but Harry's father lost money on their farm so Harry had to
stay home and help out. Harry did finally go to school in the fall of 1901.
Harry got into the Spaulding Commercial College in Kansas City. He studied
business skills. But his father's money problems got worse and Harry had
to quit music lessons even though his mother and his teacher plead him to
let Harry go. Harry even had to quit college. Harry had to get a job to
help his family. He got a job as a timekeeper for a railroad. He had to
check all the railroad stops and see if people were working. While
working, Harry became of Baptist religion. After, He found a job in a
mailroom of the Kansas City Star newspaper to help his family. After that
job, Harry and his family had to sell their house to pay debts. They moved
in the same city but to a smaller house. Harry and his brother applied for
jobs at the National Bank of Commerce. They started at the bottom,
literally. They started in the basement. Harry had to work on the farm
next. When he was 26, he met a girl named Bess Walace. They started
dating for about a year then Harry proposed to her. She said 'NO'. Over
the next two years, Harry's unlagging devotion and attention slowly won her
heart and she accepted. They kept their engagement a secret because Harry
couldn't afford to buy her a ring. The same year after Harry proposed, farm
prices went down and worst of all, Harry's father died. Harry had to try
to run the farm by himself. He had thee debts and the prospect of his
marriage to Bess made him try to find ways to make money. Harry tried a
lead and zinc mining business. He and two friends formed the TCH Mining
Company. None of them knew much about mining. The prices also went down,
their equipment broke, and they didn't have enough funds to keep it going
so they lost eleven thousand dollars. World War I broke out in 1917 and
their company couldn't get enough men and their company went bankrupt.
Harry wanted to live out his dream of fighting in the Army. So, he
was now thirty-three years old, and he enlisted in the Missouri Army to
fight in World War I. Even with his bad eyesight, they needed men badly so
they let him in. His job was to recruit men. He told the people that if
they joined then they would never have to walk. He signed up a lot of men
and got promoted to Lieutenant of Battery F. His old rank was General. He
and his men were sent to Oklahoma where he trained the men. He trained the
men well under thee conditions that they had to live under, and got
promoted to Battery D, also called 'Dizzy D.' This was one of the worst
Batteries. Harry was sent with his men to Northeastern France where the
fighting was light so they could train. The first fight with the Germans,
Got everyone scared and they all ran everywhere. When Harry got the
Battery under control, He led them to safety and screamed at them for
acting the way they did. The next fight, they were the only Battery that
was still there fighting and beet the Germans. They turned into one of the
best batteries in the war.
Harry married Bess after he came back to his hometown in 1919 and,
with a friend, opened up a men's clothing store which they owned from 1919
to 1922. In 1922, Farm income dropped and men no longer had the money to
buy the type of clothes that Harry and his partner were selling so they
went out of business. When he knew the store was going to go out of
business, A friend from France said that he would help Harry win the
election for Judge of Jackson County. He had the help from his friend and
won. While Harry was in office, the county owed 2,000,000. dollars and
Harry helped reduce it to 1,400,000 in two years. When he ran for a second
term, he got double-teamed and lost. Again, Harry was out of work. Harry
had a daughter named Margaret after Harry's sister and Bess's mother.
Harry joined a cub as sales director of the Kansas City Automobile Club.
Many people were buying cars but there were few paved roads, gas tanks, and
barely any road signs. The club helped people would wanted to travel by
car. He was also named president of the National Old Trails Association
(N.O.T.A.), an educational group devoted to preserving the old trails and
educating people on their history. Truman also thought that he should get
a law degree so he started taking courses at the Kansas City Law School
where he only studied for two years because he still liked politics better.
In 1926, he ran for county judge again and easily won. When he returned,
he visited every place that needed help personally, fired not needed
workers to save money, and fixed the town roads by building 376 miles of
paved road for the town to drive their buggies on. He was elected for a
third term so the town could show their gratitude. When it was over the
'Roaring Twenties' came and prices went up. Right after that the stock
market collapsed and the Great Depression started.
Harry was talked into running for Senator in 1934. The papers all
made fun of Harry but he campaigned all over the world to the small towns,
but then he collided with another car and was thrown threw the windshield.
He broke several ribs, badly bruised his forehead, and sprained his wrist.
But he kept on campaigning. He talked wherever people would listen. He
won the election and became Senator Truman. He learned many things like
the railroad's decline was because rich people wanted more money. Harry
started investigations and uncovered more and more scandals. It was very
successful. Harry now was living in Washington D.C., so his family
couldn't live in D.C. all year round. So, Half the year, Harry's wife and
daughter would live with him, the other half they would live at the farm.
His daughter was also going to two schools. Harry started having problems
again. The Person who was supporting all of Harry's elections got
prosecuted for evading 1,000,000. in income taxes, so that meant that
Harry's future election was about shot. He had to put a campaign together
himself. He went around to all the small towns again and talked to all the
people personally. He won the election and was Vice President.
As Vice President, he didn't do much of anything and wasn't made known
to everything that was going on. So, when the president died, it was a
shock to Harry. Harry got sworn in and was made known to everything that
was of importance to him, now. He was told about the Atomic bomb and was
pressured to use it against Japan. After that, he sent an investigation to
find spies. Two people were hung telling Atomic secrets. When the Korean
war got started, Truman got an attempt on his life by two Puerto Ricans.
Truman had a busy time as President. He also formed the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (N.A.T.O.) while in office.
When his real term was over he went back to his farm and made a museum
with all the papers he had so people would know what he did. Harry Truman
died on December 26, 1972.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on novel Hawaii ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:4352 School: ? State: ?
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Summation
Hawaii, by James A. Michener, is a novel which covers, on both a
fictional and a non-fictional level, the total history of Hawaii from its
beginning until approximately 1954. The work traces Hawaiian history from
the geological creation of the islands ("From the Boundless Deeps) to the
arrival of its first inhabitants, ("From the Sun-Swept Lagoon"), then to
the settlement of the islands by the American missionaries, ("From the Farm
of Bitterness"). In the novel, as the island's agricultural treasures in
pineapple and sugar cane were discovered, the Chinese were brought as
plantation workers to Hawaii ("From The Starving Village"). Years later,
when it was realized by the island plantation owners that the Japanese were
more dedicated workers, and did not feel the need to own their own lands as
the Chinese did, they too were shipped in vast amounts to Hawaii, ("From
The Inland Sea"). The final chapter deals with what Michener refers to as
"The Golden Men": Those who lived in Haw (not necessarily Hawaiians) who
contributed a great deal to the islands and their people.
Since Hawaii covers such a huge time span, there are a great many plots
and sub-plots, all of which show the different situations that each of the
many "types" of Hawaiians are confronted with. Michener uses mostly
specific, fictional details to support the general ideas of the islands and
their various people, that he conveys through Hawaii. I will go into more
detail about the plot in the "Documentation" section.
Michener's Hawaii is a superb example of a great work of literature.
He paints vivid literal pictures of various scenes throughout the novel.
For example, in the first chapter, the Pacific Ocean is described:
"Scores of millions of years before man had risen from the shores of
the ocean to perceive its grandeur and to venture forth upon its turbulent
waves, this eternal sea existed, larger than any other of the earth's
features, vaster than the sister oceans combined, wild, terrifying in its
immensity and imperative in its universal role."
Many other stylistic devices are employed; most of them fall into the
category of figurative language, (i.e. metaphors, similes, etc.). As Abner
Hale, a missionary , was teaching Malama Kanakoa, a Hawaiian ruler, to
rebuild a fish pond for the survival of the village, Malama "ordered her
handmaidens to help, and the three huge women plunged into the fish pond,
pulling the back hems of their new dresses forward and up between their
legs like giant diapers." Although it is not the most pleasant example of
a simile in Hawaii, it is used.
James Michener tells the story of Hawaii in the language of Hawaii; he
mixes, at times, English with Hawaiian, Japanese, and Chinese. As readers
may encounter these foreign words, the meanings of the words usually become
evident to them as they read. Not only does Michener explain Hawaii to a
reader in highly descriptive detail, he also makes the reader part of
Hawaii, aware that the story lines are just small examples of how life in
Hawaii really was for so many people of diverse ethnic backgrounds.
Documentation
The major events that take place in Michener's Hawaii follow history
closely, however, the characters, except for one, are fictional. Likewise,
most of the historical events which Michener writes about did take place
under the circumstances that he included; however, the people involved and
some of the events that take place may only resemble what actually
happened. For example, a comparison of Hawaii to actual history can be
made through selected events in each chapter of the novel. In order to
compare the events in Michener's Hawaii, it is necessary to recap the
events of the novel. The following selected events from each chapter will
serve this purpose.
The first chapter of Hawaii, "From the Boundless Deep", describes the
formation of the islands, very descriptively. It states that the creation
of Hawaii took place "millions upon millions of years ago, when the
continents were already formed, and the principal features of the Earth had
been decided." Although the creation is a purely fictional account, it is
known that the Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands, and it is possible
that they were created in the way that Michener describes.
Next, in the second chapter entitled "From the Sun-Swept Lagoon",
Michener describes, once again in great detail, who the first settlers of
Hawaii were, and how and why they went there. According to Michener, they
were from the island of Bora, which is near the island of Hawaii, and
northwest of Tahiti. It is known for a fact that the first people to
arrive in Hawaii were from the South Pacific. The Bora-Borans, according
to the novel, on their trip to Hawaii, sailed in a long double canoe, with
a platform between and a small hut in the center. According to historians,
"on voyages of exploration, the courageous sea men used double canoes -
from 60 to 80 feet long and three to five feet wide, joined with several
pieces of bamboo. They built a platform, 16 to 18 feet wide, straddling
the large canoes and, on top of it, constructed a crude shelter."
Although the second chapter is mainly about a pre-historical time
period, historians have made some inferences and come to some conclusions
about how life may have been before and after the settlement of Hawaii by
the various people that planted their roots there. In the novel, there was
only one race that arrived; however, historians feel that, because of
linguistic reasons, the first people to arrive were Negroids. Next were
Polynesians, and finally, Caucasians.
In the third chapter, "From the Farm of Bitterness", the reader is
introduced to the New England Missionaries before they depart for Hawaii. A
Hawaiian named Keoki Kanakoa gave a sermon at Yale University, which had
great impact upon many people who attended. He stated that in his
"father's islands immortal souls go every night to everlasting hell
because... there has not been any missionaries to Hawaii to bring the word
of Jesus Christ." Abner Hale, who attended the sermon, was deeply moved;
so moved that he went to apply to the mission, along with his friend and
classmate, John Whipple.
Similarly, in 1809, in truth, history records that a certain Henry
Obookiah stirred the emotions of religious New Englanders. He was sent to
school, for he was a promising candidate to return to Hawaii and preach
Christianity. Unfortunately, in 1818, he died of typus or pneumonia. His
death caused much grief, and among those who felt the impact were Reverend
Hiram Bingham, and Reverend Asa Thurston.
It is possible that Abner Hale and John Whipple represent Bingham and
Thurston in Hawaii. In the novel, eleven missionary couples and Keoki
Kanakoa went to Hawaii on the brig the Thetis. They left on September 1,
1821, after prayers . In fact, there were seven missionary couples, and
three Hawaiians, who were trained as teachers, that went to Hawaii on the
Thaddeus, also after prayers. All of the missionaries, in fact and in the
novel, were selected by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions.
After the missionaries arrived in both cases, they targeted their
efforts on introducing Christianity to the King, Queen , and the High
Priests. After a while, both Kaahumanu, the real Queen, and Malama, the
Queen in the novel, became interested in learning to read. Next, the
missionaries built churches built churches; but membership was difficult to
attain. In both cases, one had to have been truly converted in order to
become s member through a long and grueling process. After establishing
themselves in Hawaii, the missionaries tried to keep control of the
islanders and help them break from old customs, such as the system of tabus
and the worshipping of idols and the ancient system of gods.
In chapter IV, "From the Starving Village", Michener gives a quick
history of a Chinese village. The farmers, in the early 800's A.D., due to
a famine, had to travel and find food. Eventually, they decided to sell a
daughter for food and double-cross the buyer. They killed the rich man,
took all of his food, and fled to the mountains. A village was established
there and then the time shifts back to the late 1800s.
Next the Kee family is introduced. They were from a Chinese clan, in
the Punti village. Three hundred Chinese were selected to go to Hawaii to
work on plantations. They were put in the hold of a ship, and were treated
like livestock, not human beings. The captain of the ship feared a mutiny
by the "Chinese pirates" he was transporting. "Compared to the brightness
of the day on the deck, all was gloom and shadowy darkness in the hold."
After they arrived, most of the Chinese were sent to work on plantations;
however, Kee Mun Ki and his wife, Char Nyuk Tsin, were offered jobs as
cooks by Dr. Whipple, a former missionary. Dr. Whipple was the man who
arranged the experiment of bringing the Chinese to work on the plantations.
The pay was lower, but Kee Mun Ki would learn English and become skilled.
History notes that in 1852, the labor problems in the fields in Hawaii
had become serious. "In desperation, the owners turned to oriental labor
and, as an experiment, in 1852, brought a total of 280 coolies from China,
to work under contract for five years."
With the Chinese came the mai Pake - the Chinese sickness - otherwise
known as leprosy. Kee Mun Ki began to get sores, and eventually, was
shipped off to the leper island. Char Nyuk Tsin accompanied him as a
kokua, or helper, and after he died she later returned to Hawaii.
The description of the island was a fairly accurate one, comparing it
to the historical leper colony of Molokai. Conditions were terrible. When
a leper died, his or her body would either remain where it was or be thrown
into a lake by other lepers. Those who had a kokua were sometimes buried.
When leprosy actually came to Hawaii is not known; some say about
1840. However, 1863 was the first public concern over the disease. The
Board of Health set up the colony at Molokai. Those sent were confirmed
lepers. Since conditions were so bad, "attempts were made to improve the
situation, but most of them proved ineffectual." This was partly because
not many people realized the mental as well as physical anguish that the
lepers suffered from.
The next problem that confronted the characters in Hawaii dealt with
the sugar and agricultural industries. Whipple Hoxworth, the grandson of
Dr. John Whipple, decided to utilize a large area of the Hawaiian islands.
But they were barren, with no water to support the produce he wished to
grow. He thought of boring miles through the neighboring mountains, but
instead took a more practical approach. He found a man named Mr. Overpeck,
who had studied Artesian water - fresh water that was trapped under
pressure in the earth. He proposed to build a well (which he designed),
and as he predicted, he found millions of gallons of water.
Factually, before Artesian wells were bored, huge ditches were dug to
carry the water to the plantations. "The first Artesian well was bored in
July, 1879, at Ewa Plantation, and thereafter, with the aid of great pumps,
the underground water supply of Oahu was made available for use."
After whip had succeeded in buying up more than six thousand acres of
land, he turned the management of his sugar lands to Janders and Whipple,
and set out, once again, to see more of the world. When he did so, he
usually brought back various fruits. The first time he had mangoes. The
next time, he returned with orange trees, coffee beans, and ginger flower.
He did so in order to try to introduce new agricultural goods to Hawaii,
thereby gaining entrance in to new markets.
It was very important to Char Nyuk Tsin that one of her five boys be
educated at an American college or university. Since each one was well
rounded (spoke four languages, were above high school level in some
subjects, etc.), her decision was a difficult one. She consulted
Uliassutai Karakoram Blake, the only character who "is founded upon a
historical person who accomplished much in Hawaii." Blake was a teacher at
the school that the Kee children attended. Char Nyuk Tsin finally decided,
after a lot of debate, to send Africa, one of her sons, to Michigan to
become a lawyer.
The importance of an education was not underemphasized in Hawaii.
"Among the people of oriental or mixed background, most of whose parents or
grandparents were plantation workers, education [was] a cherished
privilege." The reason why the Orientals worked so hard was because they
did not want to revert to the "ko-hana," hard physical work, of their
parents and grandparents.
Meanwhile, in the novel, Wild Whip Hoxworth, as he was now called, was
concentrating on getting the United States to annex Hawaii. His motive was
that he, and the eight other prominent men who owned sugar plantations in
Hawaii, were losing money to the New Orleans, Colorado, and Nebraska sugar
tycoons. Pretty soon they would all be bankrupt. The McKinley Tariff
protected the United States sugar producers by penalizing those who
imported Hawaiian sugar, and subsidized those who sold American sugar. So
Whip and the eight others devised a plan to begin a revolution, seize
control of the government, and turn the islands over to the United States.
Queen Liliuokalani was the new queen, succeeding her brother after he died.
She wished that the non-Hawaiian enterprises would leave; this included
Whip and his companions. The coalition planned to begin a revolution, with
the help of their friend and relative Micah Hale - a minister. There were
two problems, though. First, would the rican warship at Honolulu send US
troops ashore to fight the revolutionaries, and second, if they seized
control of the government, would the United States recognize them as the
legal government of Hawaii? Both questions were answered at the same time:
The ships men would have the simple orders to "protect American lives" (the
revolutionaries were Americans also), and if they seized control of the
government, they would be the de facto government, and the American
Minister would immediately recognize them.
Whip fooled Micah into wanting to get the United States to annex
Hawaii, because he scared him with stories that Japan, England, or Germany
might want to take over the islands. When the revolution began, the troops
marched ashore. The sugar plantation owners immobilized the queens troops,
and Liliuokalani abdicated the throne. But before the Treaty of Annexation
could get through the Senate in February, 1893, Cleveland was President: A
Democrat protecting the sugar companies of the United States. He dropped
the discussion of the Annexation of Hawaii, and sent investigators to see
how Liliukalani would like her government restored. She said she would
have to behead the sixty or more Americans that aided in the revolution if
her government was restored. This outraged everyone. Despite Whips own
many outrages to Hawaii and America, on July 6, 1898, the American Senate
finally accepted Hawaii by a vote of 42 to 21.
Supposedly, in history, an underground organization which included many
well known business men, under the title of "Committee for Safety,"
acquired ammunition, rifles, and other arms. On January 16, 1893, with
help from the marines on the USS Boston, who were "protecting American
property"), the revolution was started. Since most of the Queen's cabinet
was made up of Americans, she was helpless, and decided to abdicate the
throne until the Americans reinstated her position. The revolutionaries
went under the title of the Provisional Government, and had Judge Sanford
Dole as their President. President Grover Cleveland denied the request for
annexation because he was alarmed by the events at Honolulu. Secretary of
State John Gresham declared that "it would lower our national standards to
endorse a selfish and dishonorable scheme of a lot of adventurers." When
Albert S. Willis, the new Secretary of State, informed Liliukalani that
Cleveland would restore her throne, she said th according to Hawaiian law,
Thurston, the leader of the revolution should be beheaded. Unlike the
novel, she was willing to forgive and forget, but the Provisional
government refused the idea of abdicating.
On July 4, 1894, the Provisional government established a minority
government, the Republic of Hawaii because hopes for annexation in the near
future were crushed. However, when the strategic importance of Hawaii in
the Spanish American war was recognized, annexation occurred on August 12,
1898.
Once again the novel turns to the Kee Hui and the Chinese community. A
hui is a large family, bonded together for economic interests. On December
12, 1899, an old man died of the bubonic plague. Others began to catch it.
If nothing was done it would quickly become an epidemic. The four houses
of the victims were ordered burned after much controversy. But there were
still many hiding from the quarantine of thousands of Chinese. It was
proposed that the fire department should burn half of Chinatown, to save
the other half and the rest of the islands. Unfortunately, when the blaze
was started, the wind threw it in the wrong direction and All of Chinatown
was quickly engulfed in a great conflagration. The hardest hit out of all
were the Kees - they had the most to lose.
Again the novel is fairly accurate in its account of history. In 1899,
Bubonic plague did break out in Hawaii.
"A strict quarantine was placed around the area, and military guards
were stationed at the boundaries of Chinatown. All schools were closed,
and no Oriental was permitted to leave the city." Suspicion was roused
when the Chinese found that the precautions taken for them were not taken
for the few haole (Caucasian) cases.
The houses of five plague victims were ordered burned. As in the
novel, the fire began under control. But when the wind shifted, it turned
toward Chinatown. There was a riot when people rushed to their houses to
get their belongings. A total of 38 acres were burned, and 4500 people
were left homeless. Once again, when the Chinese could not be convinced
that the Board of Health had not purposely destroyed their homes, it is
seen that Michener follows history closely. The Chinese took it
personally, and would not forget the cruel act.
The fifth chapter, "From the Inland Sea," involves the arrival of the
Japanese plantation workers, the introduction of a good breed of pineapples
to Hawaii, the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the Japanese-Americans from
Hawaii in World War II.
Kamejiro Sakagawa was the Japanese immigrant to Hawaii that Michener
followed most closely. In 1902 his family decided he would go to Hawaii
for five years on a work contract. Before he left he fell in love and
swore that he would return. Like most of the other 1850 Japanese laborers
how left that day, in September, 1902, Kamejiro would not return. After
arriving, the Japanese were sent to their new houses on the plantations.
They were told to obey the lunas (the plantation officials). A few days
later Kamejiro approached Whip Hoxworth to get some corrugated iron for a
hot bath. After a long, tense period of time, Hoxworth gave him the metal.
The Japanese needed to take daily hot baths. But they were better workers,
so Whip did not mind.
Historically, in 1868, 148 Japanese went to Hawaii. Various
misunderstandings occurred, as they did in the novel. For example,
whenever a language barrier or a misunderstanding was reached, the lunas,
usually Germans, violently subdued the Japanese workers.
Whip once again turned to his agricultural fancies. He had a theory
that pineapple and sugar were natural partners - sugar needs a lot of water
(one ton for one pound of water), and pineapples do not. Sugar thrives on
low fields, and pineapples thrive on the higher lands. Since he had tried
to grow pineapples unsuccessfully many times before, and was having
problems importing a special breed of pineapples (Cayennes, from French New
Guinea), he decided to enlist the help of a certain botanist, Dr.
Schilling. Schilling sold him 2000 prime Cayenne crowns that he would grow
in Hawaii. The Cayennes grew beautifully, and Whip was pleased.
Nobody actually knows who brought the first pineapple to Hawaii.
"After annexation, when the American customs duties were no longer charged
on Hawaiin fruit, a band of farmers from southern California settled around
the town of Wahaiwa, in the middle of the island of Oahu. They grew
several kinds of crops, including pineapples." James D. Dole later started
the Hawaiian Pineapple Company.
The next major event in Hawaii was the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the
Japanese. It took everyone totally by surprise - no one knew that the
Japanese fleet was moving in, and they were now bombing. Shigeo Sakagawa,
on of Kamejiro's sons, was delivering a telegraph cable when it happened.
The announcements on the radio that he heard at the house of one of his
deliveries went as follows: "I repeat. This is not a military exercise.
Japanese planes are bombing Honolulu. I repeat. This is not a joke. This
is war."
In truth, at 7:55 in the morning (Hawaiian time), on Sunday, December
7, 1941, "366 Japanese bombers and fighters struck at the American warships
lying at their moorings at Pearl Harbour. Four of the American battleships
were blown up, or sank where they lay at anchor." Four battleships and
eleven other ships were badly damaged or sunk. The damage was phenomenal:
2330 Americans were dead or heavily wounded. The Japanese only lost 29
airplanes, five small submarines, and 64 men. One Japanese was captured by
the Americans.
"With Hawaii under martial law, the army and navy could do as they
pleased. Japanese language radio programs were ordered off the air, and
Japanese newspapers were forbidden to publish."
Both in the novel and in history lies the fact that many Japanese
Americans were persecuted. It is said that only one percent of the
Japanese Americans were detained for security reasons. One of those, in
the novel, was Kamejiro Sakagawa. He was taken because he refused
citizenship (he still intended to return to Japan) and had worked with
dynamite. Later on, however, Hoxworth Hale persuaded the authorities to
let Kamejiro and other Japanese that he knew, go free.
Many of the Japanese Americans, to prove their loyalty to America,
joined the armed forces. At first they were not welcomed; later on, when
they had won a great victory in Italy by saving 300 trapped soldiers from
Texas, they won back their pride. But it cost them over 800 men to save
300. The Sakagawa children proved to be heroes in the battle - two of them
died in combat.
History tells us that after the bombing, the ROTC units were activated.
Over 300 Japanese Americans, though, were discharged without explanation.
150 of them wrote a complaint to Washington, and on June 5, 1300 Japanese
Americans went to the mainland for training. They were stationed at Camp
McCoy in Wisconsin, where many fights broke out when people called them
Japs. Two Japanese battalions joined forces and went to Italy to aid in
the cause. They quickly built a good fighting reputation for themselves.
There actually was a Texan regiment that needed saving and the Japanese
battalion did so. When they returned, "President Harry Truman reviewed the
men and attached the Seventh Presidential Citation to their colors. 'You
fought not only the enemy, but you fought prejudice - and you have won,'
Truman said" The price for winning was 650 dead."
The sixth and final chapter of Hawaii, "The Golden Men", deals with the
characters in the novel who had made the most contributions to Hawaii, and
were good, well rounded people. Because there are many events in this
final chapter that have no historical bearing, (and due to the lengthiness
of this section - it is, after all, only an injustice to compare a thousand
page novel to history in so few pages - I have chosen not to compare the
events with the actual events in history. Conclusions
Michener's Hawaii gives a total history of Hawaii until just before
statehood. Reading Hawaii gives a historical view of the islands;
something other than the pomp and splendor most commonly seen on the
popular travel guides. Hawaii gives a fictional account of the true story.
Never before had I realized that so much transpired in the years that
Hawaii was inhabited by Americans. The pain and suffering of the
immigrants, both Chinese and Japanese, was unknown to me. The novel cast a
whole new light on the subject of the Hawaiian islands.
Hawaii will probably last a long time as a work of literature. Lorrin
A. Thurston, a grandson of the missionary Asa Thurston, condemned Jack
Londons depiction of Hawaii because of the poor account of history. He
wrote that, of the impressions given, most of them are false. They are
also given as facts. "Thurston charged London with the same general crimes
which James Michener would be charged with after publication of Hawaii
nearly a half a century later." Even though, I feel that, with my research
as a basis, Michener created a fairly accurate representation of Hawaii,
given the understanding that it is a fictional novel.
Hawaii serves in history possibly to educate those who read it on the
subject of Hawaii. It is especially important because the novel shows
history not from the general public's point of view, but rather from the
diverse ethnic groups that it is about. The story is told through the
natives, missionaries, Chinese, Japanese, and the large land holders. This
total spectrum of the social class sheds light on all of the views in
Hawaii. For this reason, Hawaii is very important in American history. If
truly accurate in some areas that are difficult to research, Hawaii could
even become part of history: A history of all of the nations involved.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [If Multiple Personalitys]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Really do Exist. ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:1828 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
MulTIPLE PERSONALITieS:
Do They Really Exist?
Multiple personalities- the existence of two or more distinct
personalities or personality states within one person. In actuality, up
to ten or even more personalities can coexist within one person, some
documented cases have revealed over one hundred. But, the question
remains, what exactly is the multiple personality disorder (MPD)? First I
will look at what exactly the disorder is. It is, in simple terms, many
complex personalities all inhabiting the same body. At any given time, one
of those personalities is in control of the body. Each one has different
tastes, style, thought process, and many other things that define a person.
However, research has proven even more than that. In clinical studies it
has been found that of the different personalities of one person, the eye
prescription, allergies, athletic ability, and even diabetes can exist in
one of the personalities and not the others. The person can switch at any
given time from one personality to another, often not realizing it. This
can account for memory loss and time loss in the primary personality, who
often does not have access to the memories of the other personalities. A
common misconception among the general public is the confusion of MPD with
the disease of schizophrenia. Schizophrenics do NOT have distinct
personalities, rather, they have hallucinations of voices outside their
heads. Schizophrenia is caused by brain malfunctions and can be treated
with drugs, whereas suffers of MPD cannot because MPD is an almost purely
psychological disorder. MPD seems to be caused mainly by incredibly violent
and terrible childhood abuse. In fact, about 98% of MPD sufferers were
abused as children. The disorder also occurs between three to nine times
more in women than men, the person being abused creates other
personalities to handle the pain. In the case of a man named Milligan, his
father beat him and sexually abused him. Then he forced the boy to dig his
own grave, burying him alive with only a stove pipe to breath through. Then
the father urinated into the pipe onto the boy's face. With that kind of
abuse, you either go crazy, die, or develop other personalities. That is
why, in many people with MPD, there are agitated and distracted child
personalities. These personalities were created in order to suffer the
pain of abuse. When the abuse was over, their call was no longer needed
and the primary personality could resume control, dropping with that second
personality all memory of the event and continuing as if nothing happened.
This type of personality exists in almost all MPD sufferers. Another common
personality is the Persecutor personality. This personality is created to
absorb the rage the person feels towards his abusers. It often lashes out,
either at other people or at the other personalities, because it believes
some of the punishment was their fault. To punish that personality it will
often harm the body of the person, not realizing it is hurting itself in
the process. A final common personality is the Protector personality. It
is created to give a feeling of protection to the child personalities and
to try to prevent the Persecutor from lashing out at others or itself.
These are obviously not all the personalities, found, but they are the most
common. Due to all these conflicting interests the personalities often
argue with each other. This is why the person often hears voices "inside
his head" whereas the schizophrenic hears them from outside in the world.
Many people dispute the existence of multiple personalities. They argue
that such an idea is impossible and that the people are simply making it
up. However, I believe the opposite, and many people share my opinion due
to one study. Around 10 years ago a Dr. Putnam conducted an experiment,
whereby he hooked several MPD sufferers up to a machine that measures brain
waves. He then subjected each personality of each person to a set of
stimuli. Each personality reacted differently, the difference was around
the same as between two separate people. The control group of volunteers
faking the disorder could produce any difference, indicating to me that
something is very different about those states of mind, and they cannot
simply make up the changes in response to stimuli, nor can they fake
diabetes and different physical requirements as I stated earlier as
examples in differences of personalities. To move on to treatment, there is
virtually no treatment a psychiatrist can offer other than extensive
psychotherapy and hypnosis. In bringing out the suffering that caused the
development of personalities, usually many personalities will "fuse" into a
more complete whole, though some retain a few personalities. Some MPD
sufferers would rather keep their personalities, they fear that the special
skills each one has might be lost if they are all fused into one big
personality. For one of the most complicated areas of this topic, I will
now discuss crimes. Crimes where a multiple personality is in any way
involved immediately become very complicated. Who is at fault? Who is
testifying when that person gets on the witness stand? Are they faking it
to get an "innocent by insanity" judgment? It is an easy way out, to lie
about having MPD to get an innocent verdict, and that must be decided by
the jury in a trial. The real problem comes when the MPD person is the
plaintiff or defendant. In one example, a woman with twenty or more
personalities ended up sleeping with a man whom she knew. He claims one of
her personalities consented to have sex with him. While having sex, one of
her child personalities came out and she thought she was being raped,
though she didn't voice this until afterwards when she complained of being
raped. He does, however, admit to knowing about her disorder. So who is
at fault here? I would have to say it is not the man's fault, she
consented and therefore it was not a rape. However, others claim else
wise. They say that since he knew about her disorder he was taking
advantage of her. I cannot agree, for as long as she consented, he didn't
intentionally commit any crime and cannot be prosecuted for it, even if it
wasn't her main personality, it was still "her." The other type of case
involving multiple personalities is even more involved, that is where one
personality commits the crime, to the others' horror and surprise. In this
case, is that person liable for the damage another personality caused? In
the example of Juanita Maxwell she had a violent personality named Wanda
who robbed two banks nine years after being acquitted on the insanity
defense for killing a seventy-three year old woman. What do you do with
this person? Do you lock them up and throw away the key? Do you release
them on grounds of insanity? Seeing as she was acquitted for murder,
apparently the legal system thinks they should be allowed to be treated. I
agree with this. However, many people disagree vehemently over this
subject. Many feel they have committed a crime and should be punished the
same as anyone else, and sometimes this happens. However, it happens more
often with men than women, who are usually steered towards the psychiatric
treatment route and are prosecuted less than men. Men offenders are viewed
as brutal beasts, while women are seen as disturbed oftentimes, or at least
that is how it seems to me. However, offenders with true MPD should not go
to jail, where conditions might worsen the disorder due to more abuse and
bad conditions. Also, in jail, there is almost no hope for diagnosis and
help, so when they are released they will not be any better than when they
went in and will probably offend again. So putting them in jail is hurting
society, not helping it by keeping them off the streets. However many are
too paranoid to realize this, they just want to throw them where they won't
be seen for a long time. These paranoiacs don't look in the long term,
just the immediate results. I feel they should go to therapy to help get
rid of their problems. Research has shown psychotherapy is the only
effective way to help MPD, and it doesn't come in prison. If they go to
therapy for 2 years and are cured it helps society more than if they are
locked out of sight for 20 years. So in cases where it can be proven it is
a case of MPD I say send them to the psychiatric ward. All in all, multiple
personalities are kind of an obscure subject. Not much research has been
done on them, though I think they have fascinating potential, both in
curiosity and in the effects of mind control on the body as I discussed
earlier, and they should be researched much more.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1990 Revision
The Boston Globe, November 6, 1989
The New York Times, April 17 1983
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1990 Revision
The New York Times, April 17, 1983
The New York Times, August 10, 1990
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Oct.10, 1990

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on the Concern ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [of the Health Care Systm]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:544 School: Public Co/Ed State: NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Throughout the United States there has been an overwhelming concern as
to the status of the present health care system. Approximately 100,000
people lose their health insurance each month. Unfortunately the present
system does little to nothing to aid these people. It is for this reason
that various managed health care plans have come into existence and use.
Managed health care is a system by which an outside body, such as a state
or federal government places regulations on the health care process.
St. Luke/ Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan is currently operating under
a managed health care plan. Vickie Powell, In-patient Pharmacy Supervisor
at St. Luke/ Roosevelt states that the approach to managed care in the
hospital involves a "Gatekeeper" mechanism. According to Powell each
patient is assigned a gatekeeper, a general practitioner who will decide if
the patient is in need of a specialist. If so the gatekeeper will make a
referral to a specialist. Providing the patient chooses to follow the
gatekeeper's referral he or she will be granted the health care benefits
covered under the managed health care plan. If they are to go against the
referral and see a doctor not recommended they do not receive the coverage
that they would under the plan.
When asked how this would affect the pharmacy aspect of the hospital
she said "Pharmacy must become involved in the schooling of the patient
about the medicine, where this was previously the job of the nurse."
Besides this she says it would not have a great effect on her department as
opposed to the hospital as a whole.
Managed health care plan that has received the most publicity is that
of President Bill Clinton. Clinton's plan calls for universal health
insurance, meaning that no one could be denied coverage. When faced with
the question of what happens to now coming into the hospital without any
health insurance. Powell said, "A person can't be turned away from the
emergency room with or without insurance. This causes a large deficit for
the hospital."
One of the major problems that most critics see with Clinton's plan is
that it attempts to provide universal insurance without placing limitations
on who can receive certain types of care. These limitations are present in
the European, and Canadian plans that Clinton's emulates. An example of
such a limitation is dialysis treatment. In the other countries only
people under the age of fifty are eligible for coverage on this expensive
treatment. Ms. Powell does not see any way that the Clinton plan could go
into effect without implementing such limitations.
Although the vast majority of Americans see a need for reform in the
health care system there are several areas for the reform that they are
asking for. The reforms can be made on the hospital level, like the plan
of St. Luke/ Roosevelt or as large as the national plan proposed by
President Clinton. Ian Blumenfeld

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Hemmingway. ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:654 School:Public - COED State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Autobiography on Hemingway
Earnest Hemingway
Earnest Miller Hemingway was borin in Oak Park Illinois. After
graduating from high school, he got a job at a paper called "Kansas City
Star". Hemingway continually tried to enter the military, but his defective
eye, hindered this task. Hemingway had managed to get a job driving an
American Red Cross ambulance. During this expedition, he was injured and
hospitalized. Hemingway had an affinity for a particular nurse at that
hospital, her name was Agnes von Kurowsky. Hemingway continually proposed
to her, and she continually denied. When Hemingway healed his injuries, he
moved back to Michigan, and had wanted to write again. Hemingway married
Hadley Richardson and was working in France, as a foreign corespondent, for
the "Toronto Star". In 1925, he wrote a book called "In Our Time", which
was marketed in New York. The next year he published a book called "The Sun
Also Rises", a novel where he had his first success. The book deals with a
group of desultory people in exile from France and Spain-members of the
"lost generation", a phrase made famous by Hemingway himself.
In post-war years, Hemingway spent most of his time writing books.
But, when his first marriage failed, and produced a son, John, he had
married Pauline Pfeiffer, who had his next 2 children. Based in Paris, he
had travelled for skiing, bullfighting, fishing, or hunting that by then
had become what most of his work was all about. Hemingway, started writing
short stories, among them was "Men Without Women" in 1927, and "A Farewell
to Arms" in 1929. This story ("A Farewell to Arms"), shows a lovestory
within a war time setting. Many people believe that Hemingway, did his
writing at this period of his life. He once confessed "If I had not been
hunting and fishing, I would have probably been writing." (Hemingway 283
(3)). Hemingway's stories were based on adventure, and different aspects of
it. His love of spain, and his love of bullfighting, led him to write a
book called "Death in the Afternoon". During the 1930's, Spain was in a
civil war, still having ties in Spain, Hemingway made 4 trips their. He
raised money, for a party called the "Loyalists". He wrote a book about it
called "The Fifth Column". In this book, the narrator is the protagonist.
From more experience in spain, he wrote a book called "Whom the Bell Tolls"
in 1940. This book was the most successful writing, based on sales of the
book.
All of Hemingway's life, has been fascinated by wars. For example, in
"A Farewell to Arms", he focussed on how war had no meaning, and was
futile. Following the war in Europe, Hemingway returned to his home in
Cuba, and his fourth marriage was with Mary Welsh-a correspondent whom he
had met in London and whom he would be married to for the last time. In
1953, Hemingway recieved a Pulitzer prize for his book "The Old Man and the
Sea". As one critic put it "Hemingway was a cheerful, irascible, by turns
generous, and selfish, expansive and egocentric. Hemingway was hedonistic
and dedicated, in love with life and yet by his own admission obsessed with
death." (Hemingway 221 (2)) By 1960, Hemingway was driven out of Cuba
(Because of Castro), and moved to Finca, and then he moved to a house in
Ketchum, Idaho. Hemingway was suffering from severe depression, and anxiety
attacks. He had gone to the mayo clinic in Massachusettes, to recieve
electro-shock therapy, but it didn't work out for him at all. Later that
same year, Hemingway ended his life, with a shot gun.
Bibliography
1)Baker, Carlos H.
Hemmingway:A Life Story
Scribner, 1969
2)Lynn, Kenneth S.
Hemmingway
Simon & Schuster, 1987
3)McDowell, Nicholas.
Hemingway
Rourke, 1989
4)Meyers, Jeffrey
Hemingway:A Biography
Harper, 1985
5)Lovelock, James
Hemingway
Harvard University Press, 1985

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report about play ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Past Meridian. ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:486 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
What if two of America's most respected authors came together and
engaged in a conversation for an hour? Martin Williams tries to answer this
question in a hypothetical play called "Past Meridian." His answer is an
hour of exhausting and intense dialogue between a recreation of Ernest
Hemingway and Tennessee Williams. But they don't come together as authors,
they come together as humans who have been riddled by their own struggles
and left alone, so they believe.
Tennessee Williams was defined throughout the play as a man who had a
somewhat contrasting life style between what was natural to him and what
the south portrayed as natural to him. For example, Williams was gay. He
first knew this when he loved a boy named Gordon at a summer camp. He was
only 15 at the time and didn't know these feelings which he was having for
he had never heard of such feelings. He was confused and disorientated
because he was different from what the South stood for in this aspect. Yet,
other than this, he did share much of the same values of his native
homeland. He wore a yellow ribbon around his neck, a clean white shirt and
tan pants, all straight and defined as was his southern accent. Finally,
his father was an alcoholic who abused him, therefore he was loyal to his
mother. All of these aspects define the character of Tennessee Williams.
Ernest Hemingway was a man who believes that he differs greatly from
Tennessee Williams, but comes to realize that they share a common battle.
Ernest Hemingway was depicted as a man who enjoys being a traditional man
-- drinking beer and relaxing as a male on this earth. On the other hand
Tennessee Williams is a very straight-laced and smooth-talking individual
who is not fond of beer. In contrast to Tennessee William's mother,
Ernest's mother was a mean and cruel woman. Ernest refers to Williams's
mother as a "bitch" when Williams described his mother as "a woman who
would bake the finest cookies in the south." But Hemingway and Tennesse
WIlliams have one thing in common -- they both love men. Hemingway, like
Williams, had a love in his life who was named Karl. Karl was the true
bullfighter depicted in Ernest's book, "The Bullfighter." Hemingway
describes him as a "beautiful man." Yet no one knows this bit of
information which is kept in Ernest's closet. Now, Hemingway unl s the key
for one man, Tennesse Williams. All of these events add to a collision
course between two great authors, or better yet, two confused men.
"Prime Meridian" is a play about two men who come to realizations with
one another. Through monologues and battles they discover one another and
ultimately come to a striking realization. These two men would be perfect
for each other. To observe this play, one must definitely have an opened
mind!

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Article on Hemp from ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [the April 1990 High ]
[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [Times Magazine ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:4495 School: ? State: ?
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Article copied work for work from April 1990 Issue of High Times Magazine
pages 37-41 and page 57.
"OUR CHALLENGE TO THE WORLD: TRY TO PROVE US WRONG--
If all fossil fuels and their derivatives (coal, oil, natural gas,
synthetic fibers and petrochemicals) as well as the deforestation of trees
for paper and agriculture (e.g., Brazilian & Indonesian rainforests), are
banned from use in order to save the planet, preserve the ozone layer and
reverse the greenhouse effect with its global warming trend: Then there is
only one known renewable natural resource able to provide all(underlined)
of the following goods and essentials such as paper and textiles; meet all
of the world's transportation, home and industrial energy needs, and clean
the atmosphere-- all at the same time--our old standby that did it all
before: Cannabis Hemp. . .Marijuana!
The industrial revolution moved hemp to a place of lesser importance in
world commerce due to the lack of mechanized harvesting and breaking
technology needed for mass production. But this natural resource was far
too valuable to be relegated to the back burner of history forever.
In 1916, a U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin predicted that once a
docortication and harvesting machine was developed, cannabis would again
become America's largest agricultural industry. Some 22 years later,
Popular Mechanics introduced a new generation of investors to just such a
device, (See the February 1989 issue of HIGH TIMES.) which brings us to
this next bit of history:
A PLAN TO SAVE OUR FOREST
Some canniabis plant strains regularly reach treelike heights of 20 feet
or more in one growing season.
In 1916, the U.S. Department of Agriculture wrote in special bulletin
No. 404 that one acre of cannabis hemp, in annual rotation over a 20-year
period, would produce as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees over the
same 20- year period being cut down; and this process would use only 1/5 to
1/7 as much sulfur-based acid chemicals to break down the glue-like lignin
that binds with the fibers of the pulp.
All this lignin must be broken down to make pulp paper. Hemp is only 4%
lignin, while trees are 18-30% lignin. Thus hemp provides four times as
much pulp with five to seven times less pollution (and yet, today is
totally illegal, as it has been for the last half-century).
This hemp pulp-paper potential depended on the invention and engineering
of new machines for stripping the hemp by modern technology. This would
also lower the cost of and demand for lumber for housing and at the same
time help re-oxygenate the planet.
As an example: If the new (1916) hemp pulp paper process were legal
today, it would soon replace about 70% of all wood pulp paper, including
computer printout paper, corrugated boxes and paper bags.
Pulp paper made from rags or machined from 60% to 100% hemp hurds is
stronger and more flexible than paper made from wood pulp and makes a less
expensive, more ecological paper, and a better one.
CONSERVATION & SOURCE REDUCTION
Source reduction is a cost-cutting waste control method often called for
by environmentalists: reduction of the source of pollution, usually from
manufacturing with petrochemicals or their derivatives.
In the supermarket when you are asked to choose paper or plastic for
your bags, you are faced with an environmental dilemma; paper from trees
that were cut, or plastic bags made from fossil fuel and chemicals. With a
third choice--hemp hurd paper--available, one could choose a biodegradable,
durable paper from an annually renuewable source, the hemp plant.
The goal is to reduce the source of pollution. Whether the source of
the pollution is CFC's (chloro-flourocarbons) from spray cans, computers
and refrigeration, or tritium and plutonium produced for military uses, or
the sulfuric acids used by papermakers, reducing the source of pollution is
the goal.
The environmental advantages of harvesting hemp annually--leaving the
trees in the ground!--make papermaking from hemp hurds critical for source
reduction, along with the use of hemp to replace fossil fuel as an energy
source.
ENERGY AND THE ECONOMY
The book Solar Gas (1980), Science Digest, Omni Magazine, The Alliance
for Survival, the "Green Party" of West Germany and others put the total
figure of our energy costs at 80% of the total dollar expenses of living
for each human being.
In validation: 82% of the total value of all issues traded on the New
York Stock Exchange, other world stock exchanges, ect., are tied directly
to:
*Energy supply companies (Exxon, Shell, etc.) wells/coal mines (Con
Edison, and so forth);
*Energy transportation (pipeline companies, oil shipping and delivery
companies) or;
*Refineries and retail sales(Exxon, Mobile, Shell, So. Calif. Edison, NY
Edison, et al.)
Americans--5% of world population--in their drive for more 'net worth'
and 'productivity' use 25% to 40% of the worlds' energy. The hidden cost
to the environment cannot be measured. Eighty-two percent of all your
dollars translates roughly into 33 of every 40 hours you work going to pay
for the ultimate energy cost in the goods and services, one way or another
(transportation, heating, cooking, lighting) you purchase.
Our current fossil energy sources also supply about 80% of all solid and
airborne pollution which is slowly poisoning the planet. (See U.S. EPA
report 1983-89 on coming world catastrophe from carbon dioxide imbalance
caused by burning fossil fuels). The cheapest substitute for these
expensive and wasteful energy methods is not wind or solar panels, nuclear,
geothermal, and the like, but using the evenly distributed light of the sun
to grow biomass. The world's most efficient solar power source has already
been created.
It is a plant. And on a global scale, the most energy efficient plant
is hemp, an annually renewable resource able to replace all fossil fuels.
The early Oil Barons (Rockefeller, Standard; Rothschild's Shell; et al)
paranoically aware in the Twenties of the possibilities of Ford's methanol
scheme (Henry Ford even grew marijuana on his estate after 1937 to prove
the cheapness of methanol), dropped and kept oil prices incredibly low,
between $1 to $4 per barrel (there are 42 gallons in an oil barrel) for
almost 50 years until 1970. So low, in fact, that no other energy source
could compete with them. . . and once they were sure of the lack of
competition, the price jumped to almost $40 per barrel in the next ten
years.
Suddenly, for whatever reason, we are now in an era when oil is not only
prohibitively expensive, but embargoes or wars by foreign nations, i.e.,
OPEC, Libya, Iran, etc., can virtually hold the U.S. hostage; that's how
dependent we are on foreign sources of polluting petroleum products.
Biomass conversion to fuels should begin immediately to both stop planetary
pollution and make us energy independent.
By the year 2000, the U.S. will have burned 80% of its petroleum
resources, while our coal reserves may last 100 years or so longer. But
the decision to continue burning coal has serious drawbacks.
This high-sulfur coal is responsible for our acid rain, which already
kills 50,000 Americans and 5,000 to 10,000 Canadians annually.
CLEAN, RENEWABLE FUEL SOURCE
Fuel is not synonymous with petroleum, let's get over that. And new
hemp/biomass energy systems will create millions of new jobs!
Hemp biomass can replace every type of fossil fuel energy product. When
hemp is grown for biomass as a renewable energy crop, CO2 (carbon dioxide)
is breathed in by the living plants to build cell structure; the left over
oxygen is breathed out replenishing earth's air supply. Then when the
carbon rich hemp biomass is burned for energy the CO2 is released back into
the air. The CO2 cycle is balanced when the crop is grown the next year.
This is the true meaning of recycling.
Biomass conversion, utilizing the same 'cracking' technology employed by
the petroleum industry will make charcoal to replace coal.
Charcoal contains no sulfur, so when it is burned for industry no sulfur
is emitted from the process. Sulfur is the primary cause of acid rain.
The rainfall in New England often falls between household vinegar and lemon
juice in its acidity on the -ph scale. This is bad for every cell membrane
it contacts, doing the most harm to the simplest life forms.
The biomass cracking process also produces nonsulfur fuel oil to replace
fossil fuels. Again, no sulfur is released and the new CO2 doesn't rise
when harvested biomass is used for fuel.
BIOMASS FOR ENERGY ABUNDANCE
The gasses that remain after the charcoal and fuel oils are ectracted
from hemp can be used for dribing electric power co-generators, too!
This biomass "cracking" process can produce methanol or charcoal fuel,
as well as the basic chemicals of industry: acetone, ethyl acetate, tar,
pitch and creosote. The Ford Motor Co. successfully operated a biomass
'cracking' plant in the 1930's at Iron Mountain, Michigan, using trees.
Hemp was too costly at that time, due to the labor costs of hand
harvesting.
Finally, hemp seed contains 30% (by volume) oil. This oil makes high
grade diesel fuel oil and aircraft engine and precision machine oil.
Remember, throughout history hemp seed was made into fuel oil: the genii's
lamp burned hemp seed oil, as did Abraham the prophet's and Abraham
Lincoln's.
Only whale oil came near hempseed oil in popularity for fuel.
When Rudolph Diesel invented his diesel engine, he intended to fuel it
"by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils"
Of course all these benefits can come from hemp, a plant uniquely suited
to grow and thrive practically anywhere on Earth and to be used to reclaim
marginal land and help ease the desertification of the planet.
Hemp is 77% cellulose, a basic chemical feed stock (industrial raw
material) used in the production of chemicals, plastics and fibers.
Depending on which U.S. agricultural report is correct, an acre of full
grown hemp plants can sustainably provide from four to 50 to even 100 times
the cellulose found in cornstalks, kenaf, or sugar cane--the planet's next
hightest annual cellulose plants. In most places, hemp can be harvested
twice a year and, in warmer areas such as southern California, Texas,
Florida and the like, it could be a "year round" crop. Hemp has a short
growing season and can be planted after food crops have been harvested.
An independent, semi-rural network of efficient and automomous farmers
will become the key economic player in the production of energy in this
country.
The United States government pays (in cash or in "kind") for farmers to
refrain from growing on 89 million acres of farmland each year, called the
soil bank.
Ten million of these acres in hemp would be the equivalent of 500
million to one billion acres of corn.
Hemp fuel derivatives, along with the recycling of paper, etc., would be
enough to run America virtually without oil, except as petroleum
fertilizer.
And 10 million to 89 million acres of hemp or other woody annual biomass
planted on the this restricted, unplanted fallow farmland (our soil bank)
would make energy a whole new ball game and be a real attempt at doing
something to save the Earth.
FAMILY FARMS OR FOSSIL FUELS
In about 10 years, when our petroleum resources have dwindled to 20% of
their original size, America will have four choices:
*Burn all our poisonous coal;
*Go to war over foreign oil;
*Cut down our forests for fuel;or
*Grow and process a variety of environmentally safe fuels from
biomass.
Farming only 6% of continental U.S. acreage with biomass would provide
all of America's energy needs and independence on fossil fuels. 'Illegal'
hemp is Earth's #1 biomass resource: capable of producing 10 tons per acre
in four months.
Hemp is easy on the soil, and ideal crop for the semi-acrid west and
open range land. (Adam Beatty, vice president of the Kentucky Agricultural
Society, reported instances of good crops of hemp on the same ground for 14
years in a row without a decline in yield. "Southern Agriculture," A.
Beatty, C.M. Saxon & Co., NY; 1843. p. 113.)
It is the only biomass source available that is capable of once again
making the U.S. energy independant.
Legal hemp would return billions of dollars worth of natural resource
potential back to the farmers and bring millions of good jobs in energy
production to America's heartland.
Hemp energy farmers will become our producers of raw materials for many
of the nation's needs. Family farms will be saved.
Crops can be tailored to the needs of the nation. Biomass can be grown
for fuel at about $30 per ton or seed crops can be pressed for oil; the
left over seed cake makes a high protein raw food resource.
Hemp grown for fiber will bring the paper and textile industry back to
the local communities and out of the hands of the multinational
corporations.
THE CATCH
The "catch" is obvious: The energy companies! They own most of the
petro- chemicals, pharmaceutical, liquor, and tobacco companies, and are
intertwined with the insurance companies and banks that own them in such a
way as to make untangling their various interlocking directorates
(plutocracies) a Herculean task for even the most dedicated researcher.
Many politicians now in power, according to the press, are bought and paid
for by the energy companies, and their U.S. government arm is the CIA, a.k.a.
"The Company" (Robert Ludlum, et al). The Bush/Quayle administration is
uniquely tied to oil, newspapers, and pharmaceuticals--as well as the CIA.
The world stuggle for money is actually a struggle for energy, as it is
through energy that we may produce food, shelter, transportation, and
entertainment. It is this struggle which often erupts into open war.
It may not be that if we remove the cause, the conflicts will also be
removed, but the possibility is strong enough that we must try.
Ultimately, the world has no other rational environmental choice but to
give up fossil fuel.
ENERGY SECURITY
At this point, we can tell OPEC goodbye forever. The national balance
of payments deficit is cast by the wayside and your personal energy bills
can by cut by at least 50%, and perhaps as much as 90% with biomass from
hemp and recycled waste. No more elderly or poor people freezing to death
or living in misery in the winter. If introduced to Third World nations,
hemp biomass could drastically cut our overseas aid and reasons for war,
while raising the quality of life there by quantum leaps. The world's
economy will/should boom as it never has before.
FREE ENTERPRISE--HIGH PROFIT
There are many other areas of the economy that would benefit from the
re- legalization of hemp and dr-regulation of commerce in non-smoking hemp,
according to the non-profit Business Alliance for Commerce in Hemp (BACH).
Research by this Los Angeles-based business association indicated there are
around 50,000 non-smoking commercial uses for hemp that are economically
viable and market competitive. These include:
A CHANGE IN HIGH FASHION
The arrival of newly imported hemp-cotton blended clothing from China in
1989 signals the beginning of a new era for the rapidly changing world of
fashion. (Joint Venture Hempery and the Hemp Colony imports shirts and
shorts with the Stoned Wear{registered trademark} label can be found at a
number of retail outlets or ordered through the mail.) Public distaste for
the cruelty of using furs and leather, along with the search for
comfortable, natural fabrics to replace synthetics and fashion-conscious
society's ever-changing trends and tastes all offer a great opportunity to
re-invigorate the domestic textile manufacture and retail trades. Drawing
on hemp fibers' special attributes--absorbency, insulation and strength,
clothing manufacturers and designers will once again put hemp into linen to
produce new lines of durable and attractive clothing and textiles.
Outerwear, warm bedsheets, soft towels (hemp is more water obsorbent than
cotton), diapers (even disposable ones that you don't have to cut down
trees to make), uphostery, wall coverings, natural rugs--all these can now
be designed and made from hemp: generally better, cheaper and more
ecologically. Trade barriers and laws restricting the use of imported
cannabis fibers need to be removed. Hemp textiles will not be fully cost
competitive until hemp fiber can be grown and processed domestically, to
avoid import fees and lower the costs of transportation.
HOW AND WHY WOULD YOU EAT CANNABIS HEMP
The marijuana hemp seed (which is technically a fruit) is the second
most "complete"--with the eight essential amino acids--vegetable protein
source on our planet. Soybeans alone have a bit more protein. However,
hemp seed is many times cheaper and its protein potential can be utilized
better than soybean by the human body. In fact, the marijaunna seed is the
highest in enzymes and overall amino acids of any food on our planet,
including the soybean. Hemp seed extracts, like soybens, can be spiced to
taste like chicken, steak, or pork and can be used to make tofu-type curd
and margarine, at less cost than soybeans. (U.S. Agriculture Index; The
Marijuanna Farmers, 1972, Frazier.) Hemp seed can be pressed for its
vegetable oil, leaving a high protein seed cake as a byproduct. Sprouting
any seed improves its nutritional value, and hemp can be sprouted and used
like any other seed sprout for salads or cooking. "Hemp is a favorite
[bird seed] because of its nourishing oily content." (Birds in the Garden,
Margaret McKenny, 1939.) When cannabis hemp is grown for seed, fully half
the weight of the mature female plant is seed! One almost-instant
potential benefit is that all domesticated animals (dogs, cats), farm
animals and poultry could be fed a nearly complete diet with just hemp seed
extract protein and fat. These two factors alone (everything else being
equal) will allow animals maximum weight gain for less than current costs
without any artificial growth steroids or other drugs currently poisoning
the human race and food chain. In fact, hemp seed cake, the byproduct of
oil processing, was one of the world's principal animal feeds until this
century. Hemp seed can be ground into meal, cooked, sweetened and combined
with milk and made into a nutritional breakfast cereal--like oatmeal or
cream of wheat. This type of porridge is known as a gruel. Hemp leaves
can also be brewed into a healthy tea and either medicinally or drunk as a
beverage.
SPECTRE OF WORLDWIDE FAMINE
The marijuana seed's combination of amino acids, enzymes and edistins
make more food protein and nutrients usable, and better than anything else.
It allows a body with nutrition-blocking tuberculosis or almost any other
ailment to get maximum nourishment. By itself, widespread use of hemp seed
food protein would save many of the world's children currently dying from
protein starvation! An estimated 60% of all children born in Third World
countries (about 12-20 million a year) will die this way before reaching
five years of age. Many times that number have their lives dramatically
shortened and/or their brains decimated. Remember hemp is a hearty plant
that grows almost anywhere, even in adverse conditions. Futhermore, recent
studies indicate that depletion of the ozone layer threatens to reduce
world soya production by a substantial amount--up to 30% or even 50%
depending on the fluctuation of the density of the ozone shield. But hemp,
on the other hand, resists the damage caused by increasing ultraviolet
radiation and actually flourishes in it by producing more cannabinoids
which provide protection from ultraviolet light. Australia, as many
countries have thoughout history, survived two prolonged famines in the
19th century using nothing but marijuana seeds for protein and marijuana
leaves for roughage. It's no wonder that some Central and South Americans
hate America and want us out; they see us as ignorant killers. For years,
our government demanded the paraquat poisoning of their lands: Lands these
farmers had grown cannabis on by law since 1564, when Prince Phillip of
Spain had ordered it grown thoughout his empire to provide food, sails,
rope, towels, sheets and shirts--as well as providing one of the people's
most important folk medicines for fever, childbirth, epilepsy, and
poultices for rheumatism. Today if caught growing their old staple,
cannabis, their U.S. supported government/military expropriates their
lands. In exchange for doing this to their people, the leaders then
qualify for American foreign and military aid; all because of marijuana,
one of their people's oldest livelihoods, folk medicines, food staples and
joys.
A FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGICAL LINK IN THE FOOD CHAIN
Our politicians who made these marijuana prohibition laws based on years
of disinformation, may have doomed not only birds but the human race to
extinction from another direction. Birds in the wild are essential to the
food chain; and they continue to diminish in population due to--among other
things, such as petrochemical pesticides--the lack of hemp seed! With hemp
seed in their diet, birds will live 10-20% longer. And their feathers have
more oil, allowing longer flight. There were more than 10 million acres of
seed-laden cannabis hemp growing wild in the U.S. prior to 1937, feeding
hundreds of millions of birds as their favorite and most necessary food
until our government began its policy of total eradication of this primary
link in the food chain. Oblivious to these inherent biocide (killing all
life) dangers, our government
(Reagan/Bush/Quayle/Rangel/Biden/Bennett/DuPont, et al.) continues to
escalate these programs of extinction unabated, both here and abroad, at
the insistence of the DEA. And not only hemp (read planet savior): DuPont
has created strains of grain--for example wheat--that will only grow with
thier petro-chemical fertilizers. Their intention is to eradicate the
surviving natural wheat and rye seeds, in the name of their personal
corporate profits, leaving the planet (and all humans) soley at their
corporate mercy for their hybrid strains which must have their
petro-chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Corn is already so hybridized
that it is not expected to last 50 years without human cultivation. If for
any reason these hybrids die out--as hybrids are apt to do--we will be
without wheat forever.
STURDY PAPER PRODUCTS
The devastated environments and job markets of American Nothwest and
other timber regions stand to make a dramatic comeback once hemp is
reintroduced to the domestic paper industry. Paper mills can return to
full production levels and loggers will find new work in hemp trades.
Truck drivers can continue to haul pulp to the mills, and lumber for
contruction, although the price of lumber will go down as other demands on
our timber resources are reduce by substituting farm-grown hemp for forest
grown wood pulp. There will also be a lot of work to do in reforestation.
Our rivers will go through a period of recovery following the 60-80%
reduction of paper making chemicals being dumped into them when hemp
replaces wood pulp in the paper industry. This means more fish and more
fishing, as well as increased camping and tourism in the beautiful and
vital new growth forest regions.
SPIN-OFF TRADES & TAXES
Hemp cellulose and oils can be used for literally tens of thousands of
other uses, from paints to dynamite. As each new hemp trade develops,
money will flow from it to re-energize seemingly unrelated areas of the
economy. The American worker and soon-to-be-rich entrepreneurs will bring
millions of new jobs and new products to the marketplace. They will also
buy thousands of homes, cars and other non-hemp hoods; thus stimulating a
real economic expansion based on the ripple effect, rather than
trickle-down economics-- pumping money directly into the bloodstream of the
American heartland and commodities areas. Farms, banks and investment
houses would also realize large profits, and the billions of hemp-dollars
in the legitimate economy would increase tax revenues and increase the
liquid capital available for investment and purposing of consumer goods.
Federal, state and local governments would realize a windfall of hundreds
of millions of dollars in tax revenues without raising taxes. "If the
marijauna, cocaine and heroin markets were legal, state and federal
governments would collect billions of dollars annually,"(assistant
professor of politics at Princeton University Ethan) Nadleman said.
"Instead, they expend billions in what amounts to a subsidy of organized
criminals."(L.A. Times, Nov.20, 1989, p.A-18.) And of course, there's all
the money already being made off smoking marijuana; $43 billion in 1988,
according to the DEA. Add to that the huge (but surpressed) home growing
and smoking accessories industries, as well as the necessary farm equipment
for production, looms, etc, and hemp could erase the national debt in a
matter of a few short years. Land values will rise in depressed rural
areas, helping rescue farmers, developers and speculators who might
otherwise have to default on loans and further worsen the savings and loan
crisis.
LAND & SOIL RECLAMATION
Land reclamation is the final and perhaps most compelling economical and
ecological arguement for hemp cultivation. Until this century, our
pioneers and ordinary American farmers used cannabis to clear fields for
planting, as a fallow year crop, and after forest fires to prevent
mudslides and loss of watershed. Hemp seeds put down a 10- to 12- inch
root in only 30 days, compared to the one-inch root put down by the rye or
barley grass presently used by the U.S. Government. Southern California,
Utah and other states used cannabis routinely in this manner until about
1915. It breaks up compacted, overworked soil. In the formerly lush
Himalaya region of Bangladesh, Nepal and Tibet there is now only a light
moss covering left as flash floods wash thousands of tons of topsoil away.
In 1964, Bangladesh (from bhang-cannabis, la-land, desh-people) signed an
'anti-drug' agreement with the U.S. not to grow hemp. Since that time the
'marijauna-land-people' have suffered disease, starvation and decimation,
due to unrestained flooding. Hemp seeds sown free from airplanes flying
over eroding soil could reclaim land the world over. The farmed out desert
regions can be brought back year after year, not only slowing the genocide
of starvation but easing threat of war and violent revolution.
NATURAL GUARD
Instead of National Guard, why not establish a Natural Guard of
environmental soldiers to be our front line for survival--planting trees,
harvesting biomass (eg. hemp) from marginal farm lands and re-building the
infra-structure of America: Our roads, bridges, dams, canals, railroad
tracks. Isn't this the humane, civilized and socially responsible way to use
our human resources, rather than warehousing people like animals in prison?
OUR CHALLENGE TO THE WORLD: TRY TO PROVE US WRONG--
If all fossil fuels and their derivatives (coal, oil, natural gas,
synthetic fibers and petrochemicals) as well as the deforestation of trees
for paper and agriculture (e.g., Brazilian & Indonesian rainforests), are
banned from use in order to save the planet, preserve the ozone layer and
reverse the greenhouse effect with its global warming trend: Then there is
only one known renewable natural resource able to provide all(underlined)
of the following goods and essentials such as paper and textiles, meet all
the world's transportation, home and industrial energy needs, and clean the
atmosphere-- all at the same time--our old standby that did it all before:
Cannabis Hemp . . . Marijauna!

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Henry Ford ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [(The Car Guy) ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1457 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Henry Ford: A Life in Brief
Henry Ford grew up on a small farm near Dearborn, Michigan. As Henry
grew up, he spent most of his free time tinkering, and finding out exactly
how things work. A pastime that developed thinking and logic abilities.
But being a farmer's boy, he had little spare time, for there were always
chores to be done. By twelve years of age, Henry was doing a man's work on
the farm and had begun repairing machinery for neighbouring farmers. His
father pleased when Henry would repair a harness, reset a tool handle, or
make some hinges for furniture but he was not pleased however, when his son
repaired things for neighbours, as he often did, without charging them a
cent. It was one day when Henry saw a steam engine powering a farming
machine that he dreamed that one day he would build a smaller engine that
would power a vehicle and do the job that horse's once did.
Shortly after Henry turned thirteen, his mother died. Henry became
very discontent with living on the farm but he stayed for another three
years. When he was sixteen he finished his studies at the district school.
Against his father's will, Henry moved to Detroit, ten miles away.
In Detroit, Henry worked eleven hours a day at James Flower &
Brothers' Machine Shop for only $2.50 a week. As this was not enough to
pay for board and room, Henry got an evening job at Magill's Jewelry Shop
for $2 each week, at first only cleaning and winding the shop's large stock
of clocks. Soon though, he was repairing them also.
After three years in Detroit, and ceaseless persuasion from his
father, Henry moved back to the farm at the age of nineteen. Farm work was
no more appealing than before. Henry did enjoy the birds and the wildlife
in the country, and he liked operating and repairing a steam threshing
machine so he stayed. At a dance on New Year's Eve in 1885, Henry met a
dark-haired young woman, Clara Bryant, who lived only a few miles away. In
1888 Henry and Clara were married. As a gift, Mr. Ford gave Henry and his
bride forty acres of wooded land. Henry built a small cottage and they
lived off the land. Henry's father thought Henry was content and had
settled down for life, but this was not to be so. All of Henry's spare
time was still spent on engines. Three years after their marriage, Henry
saw an internal-combustion gas engine in Detroit. He decided that this is
the engine that he would have to use on his car. He had to move back to
Detroit.
For two years Henry worked nights as a steam engineer for the Edison
Illuminating Company. He worked every night from 6 P.M. to 6 A.M. and
earned $45 a month. After working hours he experimented on his gas engine.
His wages barely paid for living expenses and for tools and materials for
his tinkering. But his wife was cooperative and did not complain but
rather, encouraged him.
In November, 1983, a son was born to Henry and Clara, they named him
Edsel. A few weeks later, just before Christmas, Henry had completed his
engine. A successful testing of the engine excited Henry and he decided to
build one with two cylinders. Slightly over two and a half years later,
Henry had built his first horseless carriage with four bicycle wheels and
seat. His contraption would not fit out of the workshop so he simply
knocked out a portion of the wall. The car tested successfully, but was
very impractical as someone on a bicycle had to ride ahead to warn the
people with horses as the car startled them.
Henry quit his very promising job at the Edison Illuminating Company
on August 15, 1989. He was to head the new Detroit Automobile Company.
Instead of producing any cars though, Henry spent the money on improving
his design. The experimental models that he produced cost a great deal of
money and a little more than a year later, the Detroit Automobile Company
had failed. To gain supporters, Henry built a racing car. If he could win
a race, he could get backers and form his own company. Henry did
successfully win a race in October, 1901 and acquiring backers became no
longer a problem.
On November, 1901, the Henry Ford Company was formed. This company
fared no better than the previous. Ford still wanted to build a low-priced
car that ordinary people could afford to buy and drive. Ford would not
sacrifice his standards for the profit. (Much unlike his portrayal in Brave
New World). Finally in June, 1903, a third company, the Ford Motor
Company, was incorporated.
Ford continued working on his "cheap" design. It was ready shortly
after the new company's formation and orders came in faster than they could
be filled. Ford, Charles Sorensen and a small group of dedicated engineers
began working on a "universal car." By October, 1908, the Model-T had been
constructed. Again orders began coming in faster than they could be
filled. This presented Ford with his next challenge, to increase the
production rate of the automobiles. Sorensen and Ford finally came up with
the assembly line idea. Rather than having the men go to the work, the
work would come to the man, brought along on pulleys and chains overhead.
One problem bothered Ford increasingly, however. Assembly- line work
was monotonous and uninteresting. The Ford factory had a great turnover of
employees, and too much time was wasted in training new men. The men were
currently only being paid the minimum wage of $2 a day. Ford decided (much
to his colleagues' displeasure and protest) that the men would be paid $5
and that the work day would be shortened to that of an eight-hour day.
Some people praised him as a great humanitarian. Others denounced Ford as
a madman, a crackpot, and a villain. One may have considered Ford unjust
in making his men work on the assembly line, this is not so. Ford had more
than doubled the wages of his men, shortened their work day, and thereby
tried to give the employees a share of the profits.
Ford eventually resigned as president of his company and gave control
to Edsel. Conflicts rose between Edsel and Henry. All his life, Ford had
been in charge, calling the shots. Now, even though Edsel was President in
name, none of the decisions went without Henry's approval. Edsel had
wanted to produce a new model for several years, and finally Henry
consented. In December, 1927, the Model A was unveiled to the public.
Sales soared. This was last real success that Henry Ford saw in his
company. The great depression was coming, sales dropped, and labour unions
formed. Originally Ford had "factory police" to monitor the men and keep
away people related to union, but on June 18, 1941, the men went on strike
and Henry was handed a union contract. It spelled out the terms on which
his men would work, and even set the speed of the assembly line. Ford
refused to sign. Only after his wife threatened to leave him, did Henry
sign. He did not just sign, he gave them better terms. Henry felt a need
to dictate. He had always been in control, and this was time was no
exception. War broke out in December, 1941. Ford's factories were
converted to plants that constructed war machines. Even in this time, Ford
kept his love for nature and the old times. Henry constructed a museum.
He even had his father's old farmhouse rebuilt. It was in 1942 that his
son Edsel died of cancer. The shock nearly killed old Henry, but rather
than give up his hold on the Ford Motor Company, he made himself President
once more. He was old now, and in 1945 he relinquished all responsibility
to Edsel's son, Harry II. The Ford Company took on new life under young
Henry, but Ford was not around to see it. In 1947 Henry Ford fell ill and
took to his bed. On April 27, alone with his wife and one servant, Henry
died at age eighty-four.
After his death, a foundation was formed to administer his vast
fortune. The foundation gave substantial support to various projects in
the arts, in medicine and in other important areas of American life. Ford
was a great man who revolutionized our world. Ford put the world on wheels,
and in so doing, he made it a smaller world.
Bibliography
Montgomery, E. Henry Ford: Automotive Pioneer. Illinois: Garrard
Publishing Company, 1979
Paradis, A. Henry Ford. New York: Putnam's Sons, 1968

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Play ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Henry iV and Similarites]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:457 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Falstaff and King Henry: Similar Characters
Throughout the play Henry IV:Part I,there are many similarities
between characters. Two that seem particularly alike are Falstaff and King
Henry. Their common traits are demonstrated by Shakespeare in many subtle
and not-so-subtle ways. While Falstaff seems to be able to accept himself
for what he is, the King appears to be tied up in his image as a great
ruler, and thus will never admit to being anything less than great.
The characters of Falstaff and the King at first seem to be
diametrically opposed opposites in terms of personality, yet they share
many common traits. Falstaff is a thief; he admits to being a robber of
purses, and, in fact, is pursued by the Sheriff at one point. The king is
also a thief; instead of robbing purses from travellers, he stole an entire
empire from Richard II, whom he also had murdered. In their ways of dealing
with people, especially under uncomfortable circumstances, the two also
behave in like ways. It is well known that Falstaff often works his way
out of unpleasant situations using only his wit. The King is continuously
modifying his behavior to suit the occasion, such as when he is dealing
with Hotspur and the opposing Vassals and when he deals with Hal at the
royal court. Both Falstaff and the King live,to a great extent, by the
sharpness of their minds: Falstaff as a criminal, and the King as a
politician. Another similar facet of these two characters is their view of
bravery. Both the King and Falstaff subscribe to the theory that it is
better to avoid danger and thus avoid the possibility of harm than to take
risks. Falstaff does this on several occasions,such as when he played dead
during the battle to avoid injury. At this same battle, the King employed
similar tactics, when he had many of his men disguised to look like him and
thus him hard to find. It is in these ways that Falstaff and the King are
alike; it would appear that their only real differences are in how they see
themselves. A politician and a thief can be said to have many things in
common. The amount of similarity between Falstaff and the King seems ironic
when shown against their sharply contrasting outward appearances. This
close comparison of the politician to the common thief that seems to
suggest that their only difference is in how they go about their tasks and
how they feel about their images. Since Falstaff admits that he is a thief
and the King doesn't, it can even be said that Falstaff is more truthful to
himself than the King is. Falstaff and the King, therefore, make an
interesting parallel.

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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Genetics and Heredity ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Report ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 08/94 # of Words:1000 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Introduction:
My topic is "hereditary." I have always been interested in genetics,
and this is a large branch of genetics. In this report I also plan to speak
about evolution. I would like to learn more about what causes specific
traits and what the future might bring.
Body:
A person gets his or her traits from their parents. These traits
include everything from the person's sex to their mental abilities or
problems. These traits are hereditary because they are passed on through
genes. They get these genes from their parents and grandparents. They may
inherit innate abilities of their parents, such as an affinity for music.
Another factor in who you are is the environment you live in. The
environment you are in may affect how you develop. For instance, if you
have a talent for music, but have no way to acquire instruments, then it is
doubtful that you will ever discover your talent with music. Physically,
you may have great potential as a runner, but, if you do not get enough to
eat, then it is doubtful that you will ever live up to your potential.
Traits such as what you look like are inherited from your parents.
Your potential is also inherited from your parents. Chromosomes contain the
information of a person's potential height, potential strength against
disease, and other physical characteristics.
A human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell in his or her
body (except reproductive cells). If, during a stage of growth, a fetus
somehow loses one of these chromosomes, the baby may die, or have a birth
defect. Since this error is written on their genes, they may pass it on to
their children, who may or may not have anything wrong with them.
The way a person looks, as I have stated, is hereditary. In humans,
brown eyes are dominant. Thus, if a person with brown eyes and a recessive
blue eye gene were to marry someone with similar genes, it is most likely
their children would have brown eyes. A chart is used to show the
possibilities:
A diagram like that could be used to find out what the eyes of a
couples children would be. The reason "B" is capitalized is because it is a
dominant trait, and the reason "b" is not capitalized is because it is a
recessive trait.
Thus the possible combinations are BB (25% chance), or pure brown eyes,
Bb (50% chance), or a hybrid whose children may have blue eyes, or bb (25%
chance), or pure blue eyes. There is a 75% chance that the child will have
brown eyes.
The same chart may be used for a number of traits, but in higher
animals, such as humans, there are variations. For instance if a person who
has light brown eyes has a child with a person who has dark brown eyes, the
child's eyes are likely to be medium brown. The charts are still valid
though, because not all traits are compatible.
Recessive genes do not visibly show up when there is a dominant gene
present. A hybrid is a person who has both a dominant and recessive gene.
Their appearance is that of a person who has no recessive gene, but they
carry the recessive gene, and it is possible their children will also.
There are also times when there is a compromise. If two genes are both
dominant, the resulting offspring will have a blend of those genes. For
example, a black rooster and a white hen mate, and the resulting offspring
are gray. The same can be said for people.
Genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short. DNA is
shaped like a double helix, and, through combinations of adenine, thymine,
guanine, and cytosine, a gene is made. DNA determines who you are and what
your potential is.
It is a well-known fact that drugs and alcohol can damage the fetus.
The drugs may damage chromosomes in the fetus, which may develop into a
deformity, mental problems, or even addiction to the drug. It is also
possible that a drug damaged the father's sperm cells, which damaged
inversely damaged the fetus.
This information may be used for genetic engineering or cross
breeding. If a person where to crossbreed a type of cucumber that has a
good resistance to disease, but tastes bad, and a cucumber with no immunity
that tastes good, you may get a good tasting disease resistance cucumber.
Then again you may get disease prone bad tasting cucumber. It depends on
the dominance of the genes involved.
Another aspect of genetics is evolution. Evolution is a series of
mutations that result positively. For example, once ducks had no webbing on
their feet. Only mutant ducks had webbing at the time. The mutant ducks
were better swimmers, so they survived attacks from predators while ducks
without webbing did not. Thus only ducks with webbed feet survived, and we
have the modern duck. Man has, supposedly, evolved from apes in a similar
manner.
Both evolution and inherited traits are interesting sciences, which
may be important in the future. It may be possible, someday, to encourage
evolution, and perhaps manipulate traits.
I learned...
1. that environment can affect what a person becomes in life.
2. that evolution is a part of life.
3. birth defects may be caused if the father uses drugs.
4. that hybrids may or may not be superior to the originals.
5. that the amount of chromosomes an animal has does not determine its
superiority. (People have 46 chromosomes, potatoes have 48)
Bibliography
1. Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Second Edition, authors:
Leonard Bernstein, Martin Schachter, Alan Winkler, and Stanley Wolfe.
Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton Massachusetts, 1986.
2. Hereditary Jean Coryyllel Lipke. Lerner Publications Company,
United State, 1971*
3.Evolution: Opposing Viewpoints Marilyn Bailey. Greenhaven Press, Inc.
Sandiego California, 1990.
*I apologize for using a concurrent book, but the information I used
from it seems valid.

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___ ___ ___
___|: |___|: \ ___|: \ DizDate: 12/95
_______\___ \___ \___ ___\_______ WordCount: 1164
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>| | |: | |: |<7C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> Subject/Topic is on:
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>| |: | |: | |<7C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> [Contrast of Mark Sway, Client]
----\___|: |\__ |\__ |---- [Dirk Pitt, Dragon and Beowulf]
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>\___|cd!|___/'<27><><EFBFBD>|___/'<27><><EFBFBD> [ ]
`, a c e ,` [ ]
`, e s s a y s ,` [ ]
Grade Level: [ ]Grade School Type of Work: [x]Essay/Report/Term
[x]High School [ ]Informational
[ ]College [ ]Notes
[ ]Misc
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
A woman her late thirties bellowed "My Baby! My Baby!", as her baby
carriage rolled towards the bottom of the great hill. Off in a distance, a
man of around early thirties heard these desperate calls for help. The man
dashed out from his house and immediately followed pursuit of the blue baby
carriage. Within one minutes, he safely reclaimed the carriage and the
baby girl was safely returned to her mother without harm. This is an
example of how the young man is showing traits of heroism, the traits being
courage, intelligence, and strength. He was courageous to help return to
the young woman the baby carriage, intelligent to act quickly and actually
catch up to it, and his strength is shown by his ability to outrun a racing
carriage down a deep hill. Different books use different characters to
display heroism within their characters. Mark Sway of The Client is a
story of a young boy's heroic battle against the Mafia and the FBI. The
story of Dirk Pitt of Dragon is a story of how a older man of the nineteen-
hundredths can overcome evil. Beowulf of the story Beowulf is an example
of how even hundreds of years ago, heroes used the same traits as today.
Heroes of every culture of all ages share courage, intelligence and
strength.
Courage is a prominent feature of all heroes. Within these three
books, each character, Mark Sway, Dirk Pitt and Beowulf, display signs of
Courage. Mark Sway was a courageous boy at his age of 9 years old. Mark
would never quit from continuing with an idea of his if it was for good:
"`We can't let them take the body, Reggie. Think about it. If they get
away with it, it'll never be found.'"1 What this phrase points out, is
that Mark did not want to leave the Mafia men to retrieve the body of the
Senator Boyette, for if they got the body, his efforts to keep quiet about
the whole situation would seem fruitless. Dirk Pitt used courage in order
that he can continue perusing the enemies. Dirk never gives up exposing a
plot of death and trickery of another person. Beowulf displays courage by
fighting off the Troll, the Troll's mother, and the Dragon. Beowulf would
not forfeit a fight with one of those people despite their gruesome
reputations. Beowulf made a journey to the bottom of a pool to defeat the
mother, showing his ambition and his courage to enter upon her domain and
defeat her. Mark Sway, Dirk Pitt, and Beowulf each possess the quality of
Courage amongst them.
Intelligence is a third trait which the 3 characters share together.
Mark Sway had immense intelligence which he showed many times within the
book The Client. An example of this was when he broke out of jail faking a
collapse. He showed intelligence also when he scared the men working for
the Mafia away from the buried corpse in the garage. Dirk Pitt displayed
intelligence against his enemies, also. Dirk Pitt was very experienced in
using all the objects he was given to work with during a certain situation.
"He rapidly twisted off the connectors to a pair of six-volt dry cell
rechargeable batteries... It wasn't what Jordan and Kern would call an
earth-shattering plan, but it was all he had."2 This passage shows while
he was locked in a room in Japan, his mind continued to work to find itself
a way in which to get out. His plan he made worked and by the end of the
story was freed from the clutches of evil. Beowulf showed signs of
intelligence during his battle with the Troll. He slept in the main hall
where the Troll killed the people, leaving one eye open to watch out for
the devilish creature. His intelligence in setting the stage for him to
overpower the Troll, helped to decide if he was to win, or to lose. Mark
Sway, Dirk Pitt and Beowulf all show signs of Intelligence throughout their
books.
Strength is another apparent trait of a hero present in all three
books. Mark Sway used his emotional strength to continue on in the face of
danger. Even when Mark Sway was confronted and scared by the Mafia men
within the hospital, he continued to use his strength and push on to find
the actual body, and keep the FBI from knowing where the body was to be
found. Dirk Pitt used strength throughout his book in many ways. One
prominent way, was when he was attacking Kumi near the end in a great sword
battle which cost Kumi's head. Beowulf displayed signs of strength
throughout his book in many ways, also.
"Reaching out with his open hand, the fiend was about to
take hold of the hero on his bed. But Beowulf at once saw
the hostile move and propped himself up on his elbow.
The archbeast soon realized that nowhere in the world had
he ever met a man with such might in the grip of his hand." 3
The above passage shows how his strength was more powerful than that of a
creature of the underworld. Beowulf was the strongest whom the treacherous
creature has ever been put forth against. When Beowulf is fighting the
Troll's mother within her murky pond, he shows more signs of strength.
"During the struggle he saw a sword which had won fame
in battle. It was a prize weapon, an ancient blade forged
by the giants. But for the fact that it was too large for an
ordinary man to use in combat, it was a choice weapon. ...
He swung its whorled blade and furiously struck, so that the
sword caught her on the neck and clashed clean through her
backbone into her doomed body." 4
This passage shows how he was able to carry and use successfully a sword
created for the giants and which "too large for an ordinary man" to use.
Mark Sway, Dirk Pitt, and Beowulf all displayed different signs of strength
throughout each of their books.
The man that saved the baby from imminent death in the first paragraph,
clearly possessed the same traits that heroes of every time and culture
have possessed from years passed. Even in today's society, we have heroes
who go out of their way to help another whom possess courage, intelligence,
and strength. Mother Theresa uses her courage, intelligence and strength
to help the sick and children who are not as fortunate as you and I. After
working on this essay I realized that these traits are constant throughout
history to the present as Beowulf is a sharp contrast to the books of
today. All heroes share at least three things in common, courage,
intelligence and strength.
Footnotes
1. The Client by John Grisham. Page 516
2. Dragon by Clive Cussler. Page 372
3. Beowulf translated by David Wright. Page 44
4. Beowulf translated by David Wright. Page 64

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [x]Class Notes [Notes on the Characters ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [of the book Huckleberry ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [Finn. ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:294 School: ? State: ?
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Aunt Polly -- Tom S.'s aunt. Tom lives w/ her, is Tom's guardian.
Widow Douglas -- Lives w/ Huck, wants to sivilize Huck. Owns Jim along w/ Miss Watson.
Miss Watson -- Douglas's sister. Plays role of Huck's mom.
Jim -- Miss Watson's slave(duhh)
Joe Harper \
Ben Rogers --> In Tom S.'s gang
Tomy Barnes/
Judge Thatcher -- Invests hucks $6000 he and Tom found.
Pap -- Huck's dad.
--Huck lives in St. Petersville--
Mrs. Judith Loftus -- Townlady of whom Huck visits dressed as a girl.
Jake Packard & Bill -- Holds Jim Turner against his will. Huck discovers them on a ship that's singing.
Grangefords -- Family who adopts Huck and feu w/ the Sheperdsons
Buck Grangeford -- Kid at large house who was Huck's age.
Emmeline G. -- Wrote poems & morbid pictures
Bob G. -- Oldest son, Tom G.--2nd oldest
Miss Charlotte & Sophia G.-- Grangeford Sisters. Sophia runs off & marries Harney Sheperdson.
Harney Sheperdson -- Hat shot off by Buck & Huck while riding, ran off w/ Sophia G.
Jack -- Huck's slave at Grangeford house.
Sherburn -- Killed Boggs.
Duke-- Younger one. King of Bridgewater--Older one.
Peter Wilks -- Dies in Alabama recently
Peter & George Wilks -- brothers. Wilks--died year earlier, was married.
Mary Jane--19 yrs old, George W's daughter, redhead.
Susan--George's daughter, 15
Joanna--14 yrs old, George's daughter, "harelips"
Harvey & Williams Wilks-- Still alive, live in england. Harvey-<2D> Minister, old dude.Williams--35yrs old, deaf n' dumb.
Rev. Hobson -- Does Peter's funeral
Mr. Lothrop -- Mary Jane stays here one ninght then tells everyone about Duke and King, as the plan was stated.
Doc Robinson and Levi Bell -- Believed Duke and King were not real uncles.
Sally and Silas Phelps - Holds Jim. Aunt & uncle to Tom Sawyer.
Pikesville--Where Mr. Phelps holds Jim
Nat Something--Jim's slave when held at Pikesville.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>| |: | |: | |<7C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> [16 most significant events ]
----\___|: |\__ |\__ |---- [in history between 1789 to ]
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>\___|cd!|___/'<27><><EFBFBD>|___/'<27><><EFBFBD> [1975 - Civil War being MOST. ]
`, a c e ,` [ ]
`, e s s a y s ,` [ ]
Grade Level: [ ]Grade School Type of Work: [x]Essay/Report/Term
[x]High School [ ]Informational
[ ]College [ ]Notes
[ ]Misc
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After a review of United States' history from 1789 to 1975, I have
identified what I believe are the sixteen most significant events of that
time period. The attached sheet identifies the events and places them in
brackets by time period. The following discussion provides my reasoning
for selecting each of the events and my opinion as to their relative
importance in contrast to each other. Finally, I have concluded that of
the sixteen events, the Civil War had the most significant impact on the
history of the time period in which it occurred and remains the most
significant event in American history.
The discussion begins with bracket I covering the period from
1789-1850, and pairs the number one seed in the bracket "Mexican-American
War" against the fourth seed "Louisiana Purchase". The second seed in the
bracket "Marbury v Madison" is paired against the third seed "Monroe
Doctrine".
The purchase of Louisiana from France in 1803 was the most popular and
momentous event of the Jefferson presidency. It had several significant
economic and political implications on this period in history. From an
economic perspective it doubled the size of the United States at a price of
only fifteen million dollars. It allowed settlement beyond the Mississippi
River in a territory that was rich in minerals and natural resources. It
eliminated the United States' long struggle for control of the Mississippi
River and its outlet to the sea, and as Jefferson stated, it freed America
from European influence at its borders. In addition to these economic
implications, the purchase also had historic political implications. The
acquisition took place at a time when the government was still exploring
the powers that the Constitution had granted it. Jefferson, himself,
carefully deliberated whether the Constitution granted him the right to
acquire territory for the purpose of expandi the Union. He reflected on
the possible need for an amendment to the Constitution to justify the
action. Finally, under intense pressure, he allowed the purchase and set
an important precedent. His action established the power of the president
to expand the borders of the United States under the existing powers of the
Constitution.
Despite the economic and political implications of the Louisiana
Purchase, the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) had more significant
historical implications on this time period. While disagreements between
the two countries had been accumulating for two decades, the war was
primarily the result of American feelings of "manifest destiny" to expand
their borders. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war,
granted the United States the regions of California, Nevada and Utah, and
parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. However, the
significant result of the war on United States' history would be the
controversy over whether the territories acquired should be slave or free.
The country, at this time, was divided between proslave sentiment in the
South and antislave sentiment in the North. Various attempts at compromise
to settle the controversy, such as "The Compromise of 1850" and the "Kansas
Nebraska Act" failed. Finally, when the issue could not be resol
peacefully, the country was drawn into a civil war. It is evident that the
outcome of the Mexican-American War became one of the most influential,
indirect causes of the Civil War.
Both the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican-American War expanded
United States borders and had beneficial economic impacts. However, the
implications of expansion brought about by the Mexican-American War were
more significant. While the Louisiana Purchase helped define the
constitutional powers of the president, the Mexican-American War further
exacerbated the slave issue which ultimately resulted in civil war.
The Monroe Doctrine was the most important assertion to date of United
States' foreign policy in history. The doctrine was delivered by President
James Monroe as part of his annual message to Congress in 1823. This
statement of position would dictate the policy of the United States in
international affairs for years to come. The doctrine was in reaction to
continual interference of European nations in the affairs of Latin America.
It provided a framework for how the United States would deal with foreign
intervention in the western hemisphere. It stated that Europe was to remain
out of the affairs of countries in the western hemisphere and any attempt
to intervene would be viewed as a threat to the United States. In return,
the United States agreed to stay out of European affairs.
Marbury v Madison is arguably one of the most important decisions by
the Supreme Court in United States' history. The case, which was presided
over in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, concerned President Adams's
appointment of William Marbury as Justice of the Peace in the District of
Columbia. Adams's term ended before Marbury took office, and James
Madison, the new Secretary of State, attempted to withhold the appointment.
Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court under Section 13 of the Judiciary Act
of 1789 to force Madison to grant the appointment. The court refused to
rule on the appointment since Section 13 gave the Supreme Court powers not
provided by the Constitution. As a result, the court declared Section 13
unconstitutional. The decision defined the role of the Supreme Court in
the government and where the court fit into the system of checks and
balances. The case established power of judicial review of Congressional
legislation and represented the first judicial sertion of its right to
declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. While the Constitution did
not speak directly to this level of judicial authority, the case created a
precedent which is still followed today.
When comparing the immediate impact Marbury v Madison and the Monroe
Doctrine had on this period in history, Marbury v Madison is victorious.
The Marbury v Madison decision had immediate implications. It clearly
established the position and power of the court in government. It required
Congress to consider potential constitutional implications of all future
legislation. On the other hand, the Monroe Doctrine's implications would
not be realized until beyond the 1850's when policies such as Secretary of
State Seward's denunciation of French intervention in Mexico and the
Roosevelt Corollary would be based on the doctrine. At the time the
doctrine was put forth, the United States lacked the military strength to
enforce the doctrine. Despite European recognition of the intent of the
doctrine, it is doubtful they were intimidated by it until the United
States could assert itself as a military power.
The finalists in bracket I are the Mexican-American War and Marbury v
Madison. In a comparison of the two, the war emerges as the event that had
the most impact on this time period in history. Despite the importance of
Marbury v Madison as a landmark decision establishing the role of the
Supreme Court to rule on constitutional issues, its impact on the country
during this time period was less dramatic than that of the Mexican-American
War. Although it caused Congress to be aware that future legislation would
be reviewed by court, it would be several years before the court would be
required to rule again on the constitutionality of a Congressional Act.
Not until the late 1800's, when the Supreme Court ruled on certain civil
rights' issues, would the full implications of the Marbury decision become
evident. Conversely, the Mexican-American War had a direct impact on many
people. First, the acquisition of new territory in the west allowed
settlers to expand beyond the Mississip opening a vast frontier which was
rich with natural resources. Second, and most important, the war brought
the lingering debate over slavery to the forefront. The slavery question
would soon become the issue of the decade, directly impacting the entire
country. The acquisition of new territory stirred abolitionists in the
North who viewed it as an opportunity to weaken the stronghold slavery had
on the country. Southerners realized that the territory must be admitted as
slave if they were going to maintain their "peculiar institution" and a
balance of power. As a result, the war became a much more significant
event to the vast majority of Americans than the implications of Marbury v
Madison. It would drive sectionalism to the breaking point and turn
Americans against each other.
The discussion continues with bracket II which covers the time period
from 1850-1900 and pairs the number one seed in the bracket "Civil War"
against the fourth seed "Sherman Antitrust Act." The second seed in the
bracket "Plessy v Furgeson" is paired against the third seed "Passage of
the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments".
The Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890 outlawed any contract,
combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade. It also forbid any
attempt to create a monopoly. The law was aimed at combating trusts which
were being formed in the late 1800's such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil.
It was believed that the formation of these trusts was eliminating
competition and leaving the consumer at the mercy of the large corporations
which controlled the prices of their commodities. While the act was the
first significant piece of legislation aimed at regulating the economy and
placing controls over big business, its wording was vague, enforcement was
not very vigorous, and lawyers for the corporations found loopholes in the
law and various ways of avoiding its provisions. However, by the end of
the century, the law had been strengthened and it would become an effective
tool in "trust busting", returning competition to the marketplace and
gaining advantage for the worker and the consumer.
The Civil War fought between the Northern states of the Union and the
Southern states of the Confederacy from 1861-1865 turned out to be the most
bitter fight in the nation's history. The war divided Americans, took more
lives than any other war, and was the ugliest event in American history.
Slavery was the critical issue behind the war, but the economic rivalry
between the industrial North and the agricultural South contributed
significantly to the conflict. The results of the war in which the North
prevailed were many. About one million men were killed or wounded,
destroying almost an entire generation. The Union was saved and slavery
was eliminated. The South was practically destroyed by battles which
ravaged farmlands, homes, and entire cities. The impact of the war was so
vast that an entire Reconstruction period in American history was devoted
to the political and economic rebuilding of the South. Finally, the scars
of hatred between the North and South would have a ting effect. Southerners
grew bitter in defeat, while Northerners continued their hostility toward
the South.
In a comparison of these two events, the Civil War clearly had a
greater influence on the time period. This conclusion is based not only on
the catastrophic and long term implications of the war, but on the failure
of the Sherman Antitrust Act to have any significant impact on the
formation of trusts during this period. The act brought no anti-monopoly
millennium. The legislation itself left too many unanswered questions,
including what in fact constituted a monopoly and how the government was to
proceed in breaking up monopolies. In addition, the Cleveland and McKinley
administrations in the 1890's showed little interest in enforcing the
legislation. The attack against big business had failed and the opponents
of monopolies would have to wait until next century to renew the effort.
Conversely, the war had the immediate impact of preserving the Union and
dealing a death blow to slavery. In addition, the aftermath of the war
would continue to be felt throughout the remainder the century. The
postwar period marked a change from a primarily agrarian society to a
mechanized society with rapidly expanding technology. The impetus for the
change came primarily from the necessity to meet wartime demand for arms
and supplies, which led to new technology. This technology in the postwar
period would change society dramatically. In addition, the postwar period
would usher in the Reconstruction Era, which became one of the most complex
and controversial periods in American history. During this period, the
country would have to deal with issues which included whether punishment
should be imposed on Southern whites who supported the Confederacy, how to
guarantee the freedom of emancipated slaves, and under what conditions
should Southern states be readmitted to the Union. These and other issues
led to changes which were little short of revolutionary.
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the
Constitution were monumental steps in gaining civil rights for all
Americans. The amendments, which were passed between 1865 and 1870, were
intended to guarantee social equality for all races. The Thirteenth
Amendment ended slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment
defined American citizenship as "all persons born or naturalized in the
United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof". It prohibited any
law which would deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law. The Fifteenth Amendment forbade states to deny the
right to vote on account of race. Although these amendments were momentous
events in guaranteeing civil rights, their effect during this time period
in history would be short lived. Blacks would only enjoy equality for a
few years until a series of Supreme Court decisions interpreting the
amendments would weaken them to the point that the civil rights of bla were
again denied. It would not be until the 1950's that blacks would achieve
the rights and freedoms guaranteed by these amendments. Despite this, the
passage of these amendments was a major step toward recognition of racial
equality in America in this time period and beyond.
Plessy v Furgeson was the most influential in a series of Supreme Court
decisions which led to the rapid spread of segregation laws in the South.
After the Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
Fifteenth Amendments, blacks were granted equal rights. However, Supreme
Court decisions interpreting the amendments began to limit the extension of
these rights to blacks. In Plessy, which was decided in 1896, the court
supported the constitutionality of a Louisiana law requiring separate but
equal facilities for blacks in railroad cars. The decision helped
strengthen racial segregation in American until the next century. Many
states would rely on the "separate but equal" rule to segregate public
schools, the use of transportation and recreation, and sleeping and eating
facilities.
The comparison of these two events is an interesting one. The passage
of the three amendments guaranteed civil rights for blacks, while Plessy v
Furgeson was the most influential decision in all but nullifying the
impact of the amendments until the 1950's. As a result, it is evident that
the Plessy v Furgeson decision had a greater impact on the civil rights of
Americans during this time period that did passage of the amendments.
While the amendments guaranteed blacks their most basic civil rights, the
court decisions on the heels of these amendments effectively retracted
those rights and resulted in much greater social implications for blacks at
the time. While eventually the guarantees of the amendments to provide
equality and freedom to all Americans would come to fruition, in this time
period, they continued to be denied to blacks.
The finalists in bracket II are the Civil War and Plessy v Furgeson.
Comparing the impact of the two events, the Civil War emerges victorious.
While the Plessy decision adversely impacted the rights that blacks had
been guaranteed under the Constitution, its effects were restricted
primarily to black Americans. The Constitutional rights of the white
majority were not affected by the decision and their way of life was not
impacted. On the other hand, the implications of the Civil War and the
post war period effected all Americans. The results of the war were
catastrophic to Northerners and Southerners, black or white, whether
measured in lives or loss of property. Slavery, which was critical to the
economy of the South, was eliminated. The Confederate states were reunited
with the North and the Union preserved. The transition from an agrarian,
rural society to an urban, mechanized society began. Finally, the postwar
Reconstruction period dramatically changed the social and nomic structure
of the country.
Moving to bracket III, which covers the time period from 1900-1940, the
number one seed in the bracket "World War I" is paired against the fourth
seed "The Progressive Movement". The second seed in the bracket "The Great
Depression" is paired against the third seed "The New Deal".
World War I involved the major European nations and the United States
from 1914-1918. The primary causes of the war were powerful feelings of
nationalism throughout Europe and the formation of protective alliances
that divided Europe into two main power groups. The United States remained
completely neutral from 1914-1917. However, continued interruption of
trade and travel on the seas by both the allies and central powers,
especially attacks by German submarines, caused the United States to enter
the war in 1917. The U.S. involvement in the war helped turn the tide and
played a major role in the eventual defeat of Germany. Despite the fact
the war was fought in Europe and U.S. casualties and property loss were
far less than that of the allies, the war had a significant impact
economically, politically, and socially on the United States. While the
mobilization effort brought great economic prosperity to the country from
the production of wartime goods, postwar demobilization ought about
widespread unemployment, increased labor strife, racial hatred, and
poverty. Propaganda campaigns, designed to create support for the war
effort, resulted in strong anti-foreign and anti-Communist feelings, which
led to violence and the violation of civil rights for many Americans.
Politically, the postwar period saw a repudiation of Progressivism and a
return to the political philosophy of the late nineteenth century.
Progressivism was a political movement in the United States form
1900-1917 which attempted to attract support from both political parties
for economic, political, and social reform. The movement marked the
initial recognition that change was necessary if all Americans were to
enjoy the national promise of equality and opportunity. The movement was
aimed at allowing all people to enjoy the rewards of industrialism,
improving city life, ending political corruption, and strengthening labor
laws. It was a rejection of the laissez-faire policy of the government
which seemed to support big business at the expense of the worker.
Progressivism was one of the most important reform movements in America and
had a tremendous impact on this period in history. Economically, the
Progressives were successful in gaining regulation of monopolies through
stricter enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act, while the imposition of
an income tax and an excess profit's tax helped create a more equal d
ribution of wealth. Politically, Progressives aimed at restoring democracy
through the establishment of referendum and recall which gave the voter a
more active role in the affairs of government. The establishment of city
managers and city councils helped weaken the control of political bosses
and curb corruption. Socially, the Progressives were successful in
improving the living conditions of the city. They were responsible for
legislation governing minimum wages for workers, limiting the hours in the
work day, and controlling child labor.
However, many of the reforms brought about by the Progressive movement
were reversed by the social and economic attitudes that grew out of World
War I and the postwar years. Demobilization and the resulting change in
the economy led to a resurgence of laissez-faire policies. Government,
which had supported labor during the war, now began to side with big
business, and labor strife was again common. Gains attained by the
Progressives for workers were reversed by the Supreme Court. Child labor
was reinstituted and minimum wages for women were declared
unconstitutional. In addition, the reduction of the income tax,
elimination of the excess profits' tax, and an increase in the protective
tariff once again created an unequal distribution of wealth. As a result of
the impact the war had on the economy, society, and the Progressive
Movement, it was the more influential event of the period.
The Great Depression was the American economic crisis of the 1930's. It
was the longest and most severe period of unemployment, low business
activity, and poverty in American history. It began in October 1929 when
stock values dropped rapidly. This created a string of bank, factory, and
store closings leaving millions of Americans jobless. The depression soon
spread to other nations. It caused a large decrease in world trade because
of increases in tariff rates. The depression finally ended after the
United States increased the production of war materials at the start of
World War II. The depression impacted political and social philosophies in
the United States dramatically. Policies, such as the New Deal extended
the government's authority to provide for the needy. New American
attitudes toward business and government took hold. Before the depression,
many regarded business executives and bankers as the nation's leaders.
However, when these leaders could not relieve th epression, Americans lost
faith in them. Many people changed their basic attitude toward life
because of the suffering they experienced during the depression. They had
believed that if they worked hard, they could provide for their families
and have a good life. The depression, however, shattered that belief. The
situation was especially hard to understand because there appeared to the
average worker to be no reason for the things that happened.
The New Deal was the economic policy established by President Roosevelt
in response to the Great Depression. He believed that the federal
government had the primary responsibility to fight the depression by
stimulating the economy. The New Deal had three main purposes. First, it
provided relief for the needy. Second, it aided nationwide recovery by
establishing jobs and encouraging business, and third, it tried to reform
business and government so a severe depression would never happen in the
United States again. Some New Deal policies, such as the Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the
Public Works Administration (PWA) provided jobs in the construction of
bridges, dams, and parks. To deal with agriculture, Roosevelt set up the
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which helped regulate farm
production and drive prices up. The National Recovery Administration (NRA)
set up and enforced rules of fair practice in business an ndustry. The New
Deal relieved much economic distress and brought about some recovery. In
doing so, it increased the government's debt dramatically. Some of the
results of the New Deal were important and long lasting. Even after the
depression, reforms such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and
the Social Security Act continued to exist. After the New Deal, the
government's role in banking and welfare would continue to grow steadily.
Both the Great Depression and programs of the New Deal were
unprecedented in United States' history. The country had never experienced
a business downturn that lasted as long as the Great Depression with as
many business failures and as much widespread unemployment. Likewise, the
New Deal, which was established to relieve the economic impact of the
depression was the first time the government asserted itself to provide
public welfare during an economic crisis. A comparison of these two events
must concentrate on which of these unprecedented occurrences had a greater
impact on the American public. Despite the attempts of the New Deal
programs to relieve some of the economic pressures, it was not a cure for
the depression. The programs of the New Deal were successful in providing
jobs for many Americans and providing some economic relief. However,
millions remained unemployed and never reaped the benefits of the New Deal
programs. In fact, it would not be until the beginning o orld War II that
the United States' economy would completely recover. On the other hand,
there was no segment of the population that escaped the economic crisis
brought about by the depression. Fortunes were lost, jobs were eliminated,
and survival became an issue for most Americans. The Great Depression
clearly had more of an impact on this period than the New Deal.
Of the two finalists, World War I and the Great Depression, the war
stands out as the event that had the greatest impact on the nation. The
depression had tremendous economic, political, and social implications for
the period. Millions lost their jobs and were forced into poverty. The
attitudes of people towards political and business leaders was forever
changed. Those leaders, who the public had admired were now viewed with
skepticism. Americans, who prior to the depression felt their economy was
indestructible, became fearful of their future in an economy that could
fluctuate wildly without warning or apparent cause. The depression also
led to a dramatic change in government policy. The government became far
more involved in public welfare than it had been in the past as
demonstrated by the New Deal. Policies, such as Welfare and Social
Security, which are still in practice today, grew out of this new political
consciousness. However, the political, social, and economic lications
World War I would have on the nation were even more far reaching.
Politically, the country turned inward, refusing to participate in the
League of Nations. This left postwar affairs in Europe unsettled and would
ultimately lead the country into another World War. While the depression
had an enormous effect on the attitudes of Americans, World War I had an
even greater impact. The entire American culture would experience a
revolution in the postwar celebration. Americans were filled with optimism
during the postwar years. The growth of advertising and entertainment,
combined with technological advances, such as the television and radio,
would bring about the emergence of a materialistic society. Economically,
the return to a peace time economy and the laissez-faire policies of the
late 1800's, set the stage for economic disaster. The reversal of many of
the gains achieved by workers combined with the reduction of taxes on the
rich, created a problem in the economy that would go unnoticed. In
addition, the availability of credit led to reckless spending which would
further endanger the economy. This unequal distribution of wealth combined
with a free spending attitude weakened the economy and led to the Great
Depression.
The discussion continues with bracket IV, which covers the time period
1940-1975 and pairs the number one seed in the bracket "The Vietnam War"
against fourth seed "World War II". The second seed in the bracket "The
Cuban Missile Crisis" is paired against the third seed "The Civil Rights
Act of 1964".
The Vietnam War, which began in 1957 and lasted until 1975, was the
longest war in which the United States took part. Vietnam was divided into
Communist ruled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam. North
Vietnam and Communist trained South Vietnamese rebels attempted to take
over South Vietnam. The United States and the South Vietnamese army tried
to stop the takeover but failed. U.S. aid to Vietnam was based on the
policy of President Truman that the United States must help any nation
threatened by Communists. Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy adopted the
policy fearing a "domino effect" if even one southeast Asian country fell
to the Communists. After Kennedy's death, Johnson came to office in 1963
with a long standing, firm commitment to containment and increased
America's involvement into a major war. The Vietnam War had several
periods. From 1857- 1965, it was mainly a struggle between the South
Vietnamese army and the Communist trained South Vietnamese rebels. rom
1965-1969, North Vietnam and the United States did most of the fighting. By
1969, the United States had 540,000 troops in Vietnam. The United States'
plan, as outlined by President Johnson, was to increase the punishment
until the price of continuing the war became too high and the enemy would
quit. The Vietnamese did not respond according to plan. The war appeared
endless, and finally a frustrated Johnson announced an end to escalation of
the war and a willingness to negotiate. In January of 1973, a cease fire
was arranged and American ground troops left Vietnam two months later. The
war soon started again without the United States' involvement and on April
30,1975 South Vietnam surrendered.
The war had far-reaching effects on the United States. About 58,000
Americans died in the war and 365,000 were wounded. The United States
spent over $150 billion on the war. Of the 2,700,000 men and women who
fought in the war, many returned with deep psychological problems and
suffered form a high rate of divorce, drug abuse, suicide, and joblessness.
Many Americans opposed the U.S. role in Vietnam and criticized returning
veterans, leaving them with a feeling that the nation did not appreciate
their sacrifices. Also as a result of the war, Congress and the pubic
became more willing to challenge the president on subsequent U.S. military
and foreign policy issues. The war also became a standard for comparison
in future situations that might involve U.S. troops abroad. On the home
front, the war began a social revolution. New clothing, music, and gender
roles cast off the social structure of the 1950's.
World War II resulted in more deaths, cost more money, damaged more
property, effected more people, and globally had the most far-reaching
effects of any war in history. The three main causes of the war were the
problems left unsolved by World War I, the rise of dictators in Europe, and
the desire of Italy, Germany, and Japan for territory. The policy of
isolationism was broken in the United States when the Japanese bombed Pearl
Harbor, dragging America into the war. The war was fought on two fronts,
Europe and the Pacific. The allies, which included the United States,
England, France, and Russia were successful in defeating the axis powers
which included Italy, Germany, and Japan. World War II played a major role
in United States' history. From an economic perspective, it brought the
United States out of the depression of the 1930's. The government
converted industries from civilian to war production to produce strategic
war materials and instituted rationing and price cont s to support the war
effort. Socially, the war played a major part in changing the role of
women in America. As men went off to fight, the women assumed many of the
roles previously filled by men in the war plants. Politically, the war led
to the United States' participation in the newly formed United Nations,
organized to oversee international affairs. The major impact of the war,
however, resulted from the United States' decision to utilize the atomic
bomb. The two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 were the major factors
contributing to Japan's surrender. The bomb represented a huge scientific
advance in modern warfare. It opened up the possibility for vast
destruction of human life. The United States' decision to use the bomb
precipitated a postwar race to produce nuclear weapons in many countries,
especially the Soviet Union and eliminated the opportunity of reaching an
international agreement to control production and testing of such weapons
for many years.
The significance of World War II in United States' history cannot be
overstated. World War II had a greater economic impact on the United
States than any other war of the twentieth century. Despite Roosevelt's
efforts to end the depression with the New Deal policies, it was not until
World War II and conversion to a wartime economy that the United States
emerged form its long economic downturn. World War II was also responsible
for the emergence of nuclear weapons which forever changed the concept of
conventional warfare, led to an arms race, and indirectly contributed to
the Cold War. It was the first demonstration of the capability for
destruction that nuclear weapons possessed. Internationally, the Soviet
Union emerged with one of the mightiest armies in the world, replacing the
axis forces as the future threat to world peace. Tensions between the
United States and Russia, sparked by Russia's attempt to control eastern
European nations after the war, led to the Cold War. postwar period also
saw the formation of the United Nations. Contrary to the position taken
after World War I, the United States joined with the allies to create the
United Nations, an international organization created to maintain peace and
deal with agricultural, monetary, health, and other matters. However, in
many respects World War II was not a unique war from the United States'
perspective. In fact, the causes of the war were to a large extent a
result of the unfinished business of World War I. Further, as was the case
with World War I, the United States was victorious in a relatively short
war and the postwar mood of Americans was upbeat and optimistic.
The Vietnam War, on the other hand, was the most unique war in American
history and had more of an impact on U.S. history of the period than did
World War II. Vietnam was the only unsuccessful war in United States'
history. The geography and the style of war put the United States at a
disadvantage and made it an impossible war to win. As a result, unlike
previous wars, it seemed to drag on with no apparent progress. The lack of
success, combined with a general feeling that the U.S. security was not at
risk, divided the country into those who supported the fight against
Communism and those who opposed the war. This was contrary to the attitude
toward previous wars, which were strongly supported by Americans. The
division over the war initiated a political and social revolution.
Americans became willing to openly criticize the government and elected
officials. Public protests were staged, calling for an end to U. S.
involvement. This public outcry against the government's po ion ultimately
led to President Johnson's decision not to seek reelection. The cultural
changes which took place as a result of the Vietnam War were unprecedented.
The pride of many Americans who supported the war was hurt by the defeat,
and they were left bitter and with painful memories. Other Americans would
adopt new styles of dress and music as a demonstration of their opposition
to the war and the government. The changes in the United States brought
about by the war ended the social and cultural traditions of the
pre-Vietnam era and set the stage for the current social and political
environment.
The Cuban Missile Crisis ranks as one of the most significant events of
the Cold War period. For several days, the United States appeared to be
on the verge of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. In 1962, Cuba was
convinced that the United States was planning an attack and asked the
Soviets for additional military aid. The Soviet Union responded with
missiles and materials for construction of launch sites. The United States
Intelligence Agency advised President Kennedy of this nuclear missile
build-up in Cuba. The president demanded that Khrushchev remove the
missiles immediately, which Kennedy viewed as a violation of the American
sphere of influence. On October 22nd, Kennedy announced his course of
action which included establishing a naval blockade to prevent further
shipment of supplies, a demand that the bases be dismantled, and a warning
that any attack from Cuba would be regarded as an attack by the Soviet
Union, requiring retaliation from the United States. The con ct rose in
suspense until finally the Soviet ships were directed not to challenge the
blockade and turn back. In a letter to Kennedy, Khrushchev expressed his
concern over the horrors of nuclear war and agreed to remove the missiles
if the United States would end the naval blockade and agree not to invade
Cuba. The United States accepted these terms and the crisis, which had the
world on the brink of nuclear war, was over. The Cold War would not have
another event in which tensions on both sides were so high.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was one of the strongest and most
important pieces of legislation in support of civil rights in the United
States. The law banned discrimination because of a person's color, race,
national origin, religion, or sex. The rights protected by the act are
freedom to seek employment, vote and use parks, restaurants, and other
places. The act also forbid discrimination by any program that received
funds from the government. In addition, the act authorized the Office of
Education to direct school desegregation in areas specified by the
government. The act was proposed in 1963 by President Kennedy. After his
death, it was supported by President Johnson and passed after a lengthy
debate in the Senate. The act reinforced the rights guaranteed by the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments and reversed the Supreme
Court decisions of the late 1800's which limited these rights and plagued
minorities for a century.
In a comparison of these two events, the Cuban Missile Crisis emerges
as the event which had the most impact on the period. In reaching this
conclusion, however, the importance of the Civil Rights Act cannot be
ignored. In many ways the act concluded unfinished business of the Civil
War and Reconstruction Period in defining civil rights for all Americans.
Previous Supreme Court decisions, such as Plessy v Furgeson, had attempted
to deny many Americans the full measure of rights that had been guaranteed
by the Constitution. The act was the defining statement on civil rights in
the United States, reversing previous Supreme Court cases and providing
equal rights for all Americans. Despite its significance in providing
equal opportunity to all Americans, its impact primarily effected black
Americans, who had been the subject of continued discrimination. As a
result, it cannot be considered to have had as universal an impact on the
American public as the Missile Crisis. The Cuban ssile Crisis brought
tensions in the Cold War to the breaking point. The concern of all
Americans about the threat of nuclear war seemed to be materializing with
this crisis. The country was frozen in anticipation of the outcome.
Finally, the compromise reached between Russia and the United States to end
the crisis not only relieved the immediate concern of a nuclear war, but
marked a turning point in the Cold War. Both sides, faced with the reality
of nuclear destruction, realized the need to avoid a conflict. Although
tensions would remain high on both sides for years to come, agreements were
reached to limit the production and testing of nuclear weapons, and the
threat of a nuclear war began to decline.
The finalists in Bracket IV are the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile
Crisis. They represent two of the most controversial events of the time
period. In considering the lasting effects the Vietnam War would have on
the United States, it emerges as the major event of the time period.
The Cold War with the Soviet Union was the dominating international
issue during the first twenty-five years of this time period. The Cuban
Missile Crisis was the closest the United States came to entering a nuclear
war with the Soviet Union during the Cold War period. It represented the
defining moment of the Cold War when anti-Communist tension would nearly
reach the breaking point. The world stood on edge during the crisis. The
destructive capability of nuclear weapons could have resulted in one of the
most disastrous events in history. However, as a result of the recognition
by both major powers of the potential for disaster, the crisis was defused
through negotiations rather than confrontation. The crisis represented the
beginning of the end of the Cold War. The major world powers would begin
negotiations, limiting the development, production, and testing of nuclear
weapons.
While the Cuban Missile Crisis had significant international
implications, the Vietnam War had a greater impact on America society and
culture. It was the first foreign war in which U.S. forces would fail to
achieve victory, leaving Americans angry and disillusioned. It appeared to
be a war without a defined cause, other than the obscure premise of
containing Communism in an insignificant part of the world. The attitudes
in America, which resulted from the war, led to dramatic changes in
American society and politics, making it the most significant event of the
period. Besides the death, injury, and psychological problems of those who
fought the war, many other Americans were profoundly effected by the war.
They became increasingly critical of the government's motivation for
involving the country in the war and began to take a more active role in
criticizing foreign policy. This rebellion would extend itself into
American culture. Those who opposed the war and American invol ent also
rejected much of America's culture and tradition for unquestioned support
of the government. As a result, much of the American tradition for
unquestioned patriotism and loyalty that existed before the war would be
drastically changed, leaving a lasting effect on American history.
The competition has been reduced to the finalist from each of the four
brackets. In the semifinals, representing bracket I is the "Mexican-
American War", which is paired against the finalist from bracket II the
"Civil War". The other semifinal pairing matches the winner of bracket III
"World War I" against the winner of bracket IV the "Vietnam War".
In the first semifinal match-up, the Civil War emerges as the event
that not only had the most significant impact on the time period in which
it occurred, but also on the future of the United States. Both the Civil
War and the Mexican-American War had significant economic, political, and
social implications. However, an examination of the impact each had in
these areas clearly establishes the Civil War as the landmark event of the
time period that brought closure to many of the issues precipitated by the
Mexican-American War. Politically, the Mexican-American War widened the
division between Democrats and Republicans over the slavery issue.
Although several attempts at compromise were made, none were successful.
This political division left the country on the brink of dissolution with
no apparent solution to the issue. The Civil War, on the other hand,
preserved the Union by settling the slavery issue once and for all and
readmitting the states that had succeeded from the Uni The war also
established the Republican Party as the dominant political power in the
United States for the next several decades. The influence of the Democrats
immediately after the war was weakened to the point that politically the
country appeared to have a one party system. Economically, the
Mexican-American War extended the boundaries of the United States to the
Pacific, gaining territories which were rich in natural resources. This
extension of the boundaries would allow settlement beyond the Mississippi,
increase agricultural production, and play a major role in American
economic growth. The impact of the Civil War on the U.S. economy was even
more dramatic. The war devastated the economy of the South. Not only were
agricultural resources of the region destroyed, but slave labor, on which
the economy was based, was eliminated. The Civil War also marked the
transformation of the U.S. from what had been mainly an agrarian society
into an industrial society. This shift in the economy resulted from rapidly
changing technology which came as a direct response to wartime needs. The
emergence of the U.S. as an industrial society also resulted in the North
replacing the South as the economic center of the country. Socially, the
Mexican-American War heightened the debate over the issue of slavery. on
which the social structure of the South was based. Northern Abolitionists
seized the opportunity to challenge admission of the new territories as
slave states and disrupt the balance of free and slave states in Congress.
Southerners realized that as slavery grew more unpopular in the North, its
survival depended on its expansion into new territories. None of the
compromises offered after the Mexican-American War would lead to resolution
of the issue. The Civil War, however, provided a permanent solution to the
issue. As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation and passage of the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, slavery was eliminated
and t he United States began the process of assuring civil rights for all
Americans and forcing a complete reordering of the South's social
structure.
In the second semifinal pairing, World War I emerges as the event that
had the most significant impact on the United States. Both World War I and
the Vietnam War ended without resolving many issues that precipitated the
conflicts. In the case of World War I, although the allies were
victorious, the United States' refusal to participate in the Treaty of
Versailles and the League of Nations left unsettled many issues that would
ultimately lead to another World War. These events signaled the end of
Wilsonian idealism and began a reactionary period in the U.S. that would
spark significant economic, political, and social change. With respect to
the Vietnam War, the inability of the U.S. forces to weaken the North
Vietnamese opposition, combined with the government's inability to maintain
popular support for the war, led to the eventual withdrawal of American
troops without victory. The popular outcry against this war, combined with
the failure of the effort to attain any tangible r lts, brought about
another reactionary period. In my opinion, however, the impact of events
of the post Vietnam War period were less significant and far reaching than
those that followed World War I.
The post World War I period in the U.S. resulted in a rejection of the
idealistic philosophy of President Wilson. The opposition to Wilson's
policies and the politics of the period prevented the United States from
participating in the treaty to settle the war. They also prevented U.S.
participation in the League of Nations, an organization whose purpose was
to prevent further conflicts. As a result, many issues important to a
lasting peace were left unaddressed and this would eventually lead to World
War II. The period also marked the end of the Progressive philosophy of
the prewar period. America's postwar optimism led to a resurgence of
laissez-faire economic policies and a return to the political philosophy of
the nineteenth century. This change in economic policy and political
philosophy began to set the stage for the Great Depression. American
society became very materialistic. The availability of credit led to free
spending. Many of the advantages gained by workers d ng the Progressive
era were reversed, while taxes on the rich were reduced. This combination
of events would result in the unequal distribution of wealth which would
spark the depression. Socially, the postwar period witnessed wide-scale
discrimination. The propaganda campaigns of the war had resulted in strong
anti-foreign, anti-Communist feelings. Immigrants were often falsely
accused of being Communists, Socialists, or radicals, conspiring against
the United States. Members of labor unions were often targeted as being
anti-American. This climate frequently led to violence and the violation
of the civil rights of many Americans.
The Vietnam War and postwar period also resulted in a period of
significant social and political change. The division in the country
between those who supported the war and those who opposed it led to a
political and social revolution. Americans began, as never in the past, to
question and publicly protest decisions made by the government and elected
officials. Congress and the public challenged the president on U.S.
military and foreign policy issues. The war became a standard for
comparison in future situations that might involve U.S. troops abroad. The
American culture and tradition for unquestioning support of the government
ended and the perception of what constituted patriotism and loyalty changed
dramatically. However, none of these changes led to a major economic
downturn, precipitated a war, or denied the civil rights of Americans as
did the events following World War I.
The two finalists in the competition are from bracket II, the "Civil
War", and from bracket III, "World War I". Despite the significant
implications of World War I and the fact that the Civil War occurred over
one hundred years ago, the Civil War remains as the most important event in
American history. Unlike the Civil War, World War I was not fought on U.S.
soil, the fate of the Union was not in jeopardy, and the political,
economic, and social implications were not nearly as significant or long
lasting as those of the Civil War.
From a political perspective, an examination of World War I reveals two
major results. First, after the failure to negotiate a post war treaty
acceptable to the U. S. Congress followed by the United States' refusal to
participate in the League of Nations, the U.S. entered a period of
isolationism. Affairs in Europe remained unsettled. The lack of
involvement by the United States in the settlement of the postwar issues
contributed to the causes of World War II. Also, the failure of Wilson's
political theory of idealism would result in a return to the laissez-faire
political philosophy of the late 1800's and the reversal of many of the
positive achievements of the Progressive Era. The political results of the
Civil War, however, were more significant. The preservation of the Union,
the most significant political result of the Civil War, was also one of
the most significant events in the history of the United States. Had the
Southern states been allowed to succeed from the Un , the history of the
United States, as we know it today, would not exist. In addition, the
emergence of the Republicans as the dominant party for nearly the next one
hundred years had a major influence on the economic and social philosophy
of the country. It was not until Roosevelt and the New Deal that the
laissez-faire policies of the Republicans would be repudiated.
World War I had a significant impact on the economy. During the
mobilization period, the conversion to a wartime economy resulted in
increased employment. However, at the end of the war, the failure of the
government to regulate the demobilization period resulted in high
unemployment and inflation. This combined with the fact that labor lost
many concessions won during the Progressive Era, such as the rights of
labor unions to strike, resulted in worse conditions for workers than in
the prewar era. At the same time, credit became readily available and
economic speculation was rampant. The cumulative effect of these
conditions would lead to an unequal distribution of wealth and set the
stage for the Great Depression. The economic implications of the Civil War
and postwar period, however, contributed to a radical change in the overall
economic structure of the United States. The Southern economy, based on
slavery and agriculture, was destroyed by the Civil War. The eliminatio f
slavery, combined with improvements in technology to meet wartime demands,
changed the United States' economy from what had previously been agrarian
based to an industrial, mercantile economy. Coinciding with this economic
shift, the North would gain dominance over the South as the economic center
of the nation. For years after the Civil War, the South would struggle to
rebuild its economy and begin the slow process of industrialization.
Finally, from a social perspective, the effect of World War I was
marked by discrimination towards blacks and immigrants. Americans became
distrustful of foreigners as a result of propaganda campaigns designed to
gain support for the war. Blacks, who relocated to the North to fill jobs
of enlisted men, were blamed for the problems of unemployment during the
demobilization period. Many Americans who were innocent of any wrong doing
were accused of being anti-American or Communist sympathizers. The civil
rights of many of these people were often violated. The social
implications of the Civil War, however, are the most important in the
history of the United States. The war provided the foundation for the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, which guaranteed civil
rights to all Americans. While blacks would continue to be discriminated
against, the end of slavery and passage of the amendments was the first
recognition of equality for all Americans.
In conclusion, each of the sixteen events discussed has had a
significant impact on American history. Each event has played a role in
shaping the political, economic, and social structure of the United States.
Not only were these events significant to the time period in which they
occured, but they also had a lasting effect on the future of the country.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [x]Class Notes [Notes on History Terms ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:2202 School: ? State: ?
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HISTORY NOTES
-------------
Mass Media: The method of communication with which we are likely to be most
familiar. This includes radio, television, newspapers and magazines.
Sometimes it is simply called the press. The Press not only reveals what
people are thinking and what is happening. It also helps to shape public
opinion on important issues.When the press prints the news it also makes
the news.
In reporting the news and in helping to form public opinion, the press
uses many aproaches. It sends reporters to interview "people on the street"
on important issues or events. The press also makes sure that information
flows in more than one direction. It is through the press that govt let
people know what they are thinking and why they have adopted policies.
Presure Groups: Pressure groups are less well known than mass media. But
they are also effective in helping to bridge the gap between the political
environment and the people in government who make decisions. A presure
group is made up of like-minded people who have organized themselves to
bring pressure on the govt. There are many kinds of groups. Most have a
particular interest to put forward or to protect. example: Canadian Medical
Association and Canadian Bankers Associa- tion and trade unions. Some
pressure groups are organized on a permanent basis. They have large staffs
that work to make sure that the govt is always aware of the wishes and
concerns of the group. Other pressure groups are organized for a specific
and limited purpose. All pressure groups use the same tactics to try to get
the govt to accept their demands The make their views known in print. They
appear on television and radio programs. Seldom is any pressure group
ignored by the govt if it represents a significant bloc of voters or if the
group is concerned with an issue that could lead to a weakening of the
party's hold on power.
Women's vote: Until the 20th century it seemed to be assumed, at least by
men that only men should have the right to vote. Women in Manitoba got the
vote in 1916. By 1922 all provinces except Quebec had followed Manitoba's
example. In 1918 the Federal Government gave the women the right to vote.
Not until 1940, were women allowed to vote in Quebec provincial election.
Majority Rule: Most Canadians accept the principle that in the democracy
the government should represent a majority of citizens. In other words the
majority should rule. It has often happened in Canada and elsewhere that
the government represents the choice of fewer than half the voters who went
to the polls. Moreover the number of seats in the political party holds in
the House of Commons often does not reflect the number of votes the party
receives. A margin of one vote is as good as one of ten thousand in winning
an election.
Secret Ballot: The secret ballot is essential in the democracy. In 1967
when Canada was formed, voting was carried by word of mouth or by show of
hand. The system was open to many abuses. Some employers for example
threatened employees who did not see policies in the "right light". The
secret ballot prevented abuses such as bribes and threats. To increase the
voters' freedom of choice the Liberal Govt. of Alexander Mackencie
introduced the secret ballot in 1984. This was just two years after Prime
Minister Gladstone had done so in England. In both countries there was
strong opposition to the change from open to secret voting. Many people
felt that no men should be ashamed of his political beliefs. They agreed
that Sir John A. Macdonald that voting in secret was "un-British".
Women's lack of representation: Women have had the right to run for office
since they receive the vote over sixty years ago. Yet as the report of the
Royal Commission on the Status of Women observed in 1970 of the 6,845
perople elected in federal and provincial elections between 1917 and 1970,
only 67 were women. This situation is improving gradually in politics as
in other areas. Between the years 1920 and 1970, for example, there were
onlyu 18 women elected in total in the House of Common. Forty-nine were
elected by the provincial legislature. In the summer of 1982 there were 50
women in the House of Common and 49 among the 678 members of the provincial
legislatures but 7% of the total is still from a reasonable representation
of half the Canadian population. Largely as a result of pressure from women
it is now assumed that there will be women in every fedreal and provincial
cabinet. There may be many reasons why women should run for office than do
men. Yet even in the appointed Senate they are under-represented. The
British North America Act stated that any qualified "persons" could be a
member of the Senate. In 1928 the word "person" apparently did not include
women. We have not yet had a woman as a Prime Minister. Several women have
come close. In 1975 Rose Mary Brown a member of the British Columbia
legilative assembly, was narrowly defeated by the federal new democratic
party leadership by Edward Broadbent.
Middle of the Road: To put in another way in their attempts to win the
broadest measure of support from all classes of people and all sections of
the country political parties tend to move toward the middle of the road.
That is they move toward the political centre avoiding extreme position on
the political "left" or "right". Where possible they tried to force
opponents into the ditch on either the left or the right. Once a party has
won solid support in an election through its middle of the road policy it
is hard to remove that party from the office. It has advantages over its
rivals. It chooses the time of the next election. It has government jobs
and other favours to hand out and generally it can choose the campaign
issues that show it in the best light.
Back benchers: The members of the governing party who are not in the
cabinet are called back benchers because their seats in the House are
behind those of the Minister's. The back benchers want to be able to
support government or cabinet policies. They do not want to see their
party defeated. The know very well the opinions of people who elect them
and they do not want the government to adopt policies that go against such
views. They also have opportunities to discuss policies and porblems with
the Minister concerned. Sometimes back benchers are unable to agree with a
government porposal and will vote against their leaders. If their
disagreement is strong and basic they may even resign from the party.
Opposition: The opposition parties also play a vital role in the House of
Common. During its debates they examine and criticize govt policies. The
leader of the political party with the second largest numbers of seats in
the House is called the Leader of the Opposition. The other opposition
parties try to put the govt. on the defensive, to make it more ineffective.
Opposition members are also included in standing committees. The look
closely at the smallest detail of the bill. As a result the govt may
change features of the bill to improve it. But the major objective of the
opposition party is not to help the govt work better. The main concern is
to convince the public that they and not the govt should be running the
country.
Question Period: The question period is a period that takes place every
afternoon when the House meets for one four. During the question period the
opposition controls what goes on in the Commons. They may ask questions of
the Ministers and Cabinet Ministers on almost any topic they wish. They try
to trap ministers into making statements that have not been thought out
carefully. The probing that takes place during the question period
supplies much of the material we read in the newspapers or watch on the
television. Certainly the hour in the afternoon is most interesting and
often the most important period offo the Commons'debates. No good
parliamentary reporter would miss a question period.
The Executive Control: The cabinet is important first of all because it is
a real executive of the country. As a rule it controls a majority in the
legislature. The cabinet decides what policies the govt. will follow. In
addition to its responsibility for almost all legislations the cabinet also
has the power to make laws in the form of orders in council. These orders
must be formally approved by the Governor General, must fall within a power
given to the govt by-law passed by parliament. But in many cases the law
is very general, and gives a cabinet very wide powers in issue rules and
regulations in the form of orders in council.
Collective Responsibility: This means that the Cabinet Minister in private
may disagree on what is the best policy to follow. Once the cabinet makes
its decision, however, every minister must support that decision and takes
responsibility for it. If a cabinet minister cannot support a decision,
the only alternative is to resign from the cabinet.
Social Change in Politics: change in Politics according to the society.
Issue: A problem created by the people that is to be solved by the govt.
Governor General: Represents the Queen or Monarch. Hen is the head of the
executive. Neither the queen or the Governor General can act on their own.
Their main task in government is to give formal approval to measures
presented to them by the prime minister and cabinet. The prime minister and
cabinet ministers are the real executive in Canada. Cabinet
(executive),Commons (legislature)
Who makes laws in Canada: The answer is Parliament. In Canada that means
that the laws are made by the Queen (Governor General), Senate, and the
House of Commons. This answer is correct, but it does not explain the
process of law-making in Canada. A law is the end product of a very complex
process. A law, also known as a statute, begins as a bill. A bill becomes a
law only after Parliament has approved it.
Political Power: A second reason for the Cabinet's power is that the prime
minister and cabinet minister are the leading members of the party in
power. The prime minister is prime minister because he or she is the leader
of the victorious political party. The prime minister chooses members of
the Cabinet from amoung the leading members of the party. Usually there is
at least one member from every provinces.
Political Spectrum: Left side of the scale is Socialism, the Right hand
side is Conservative. Conservative are the rich that have power.
Conservatives are for free enterprise. Socialism re-distribute the money to
the people so everyone will have the same amount of money.
MST/GST: MST is the old tax. GST is the tax that will replace MST.
GST benefits the rich but not the poor. The rich benefit because there are
many "loop-holes" in the GST. The rich do not have to pay as much tax
because of the loop-holes while the poor pay more tax. The GST lowers the
income tax but this does not really benefit the poor because they do not
really make too much money in which they need to pay alot of income tax
anyway. This benefits the rich because they make alot of money. A lower
income tax means that the rich do not have to pay as much tax for all the
money that they make.
Constitution: this word means the basic principals, laws, and rules under
which the country is governed. Constitutions usually say what the powers
and duties of the govt are and what the rights of the people are. Some
constitutions like the US are almost completely "written". This means that
the principals and laws by which th American government functions are set
down on one document. The constitution of Canada is both written and
unwritten. The "written" part of Canada's constitution is the Canada Act,
1982. On April 17, 1982 in Ottawa, Canada's Queen Elizabeth 2, signed this
historic act into law. To a large extent, the system of Reaponsible
government is part of Canada's "unwritten" constitution. No one document
created responsible government, or describes how it will work. When we
speak pf the Canadian constitution, we mean the whole system of govt in
Canada. This includes parliamentary and cabinet govt, the federal system,
the rule of law and democracy.
Conservative: The rich people have the power. They are for business. They
support free enterprise. You get to keep the money that you make. Don't
care about labour much.
Socialist: Concerned about labour. Are not "For" labour. They support
socialism. They re-distribute the wealth in the country. Even out the rich
and the poor. Benefits the poor and middle class more than the rich.
liberal: They even out the Conservative and the socialist. They are in the
middle or in other words they are neutral. They do not support any
particular thing like business or labour.
Party Platform: The policies of the party.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Dreyfus ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Affair and how it was ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [caused by Anti- ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [Semitism ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1000 School: ? State: ?
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The two men brought forth grave accusation, Henry said: an impeachable
gentleman of war, warned me there was a traitor on staff and pointed to
Alfred Dreyfus while shouting "he's right over there."(3) When asked to
reveal his source by Dreyfus's lawyer, the court came to Henry's defense
stating they understood why military men have to kept in secret. Then
General Mercier introduced a man of strange background, his name was
Mercier de Paty de Clam. Clam drew a fake file on Dreyfus to show him that
he was indeed guilty of treason.
The evidence now, true or false, was enough to send Alfred Dreyfus to
prison for life, he was condemned and degraded in public. The scene of his
conviction was said "it could make a man sick on sight."(4) His trousers
had their stripes ripped off by the mob, his sword was broken in two while
the mob spat and shouted: "Death to the Jew!" Alfred Dreyfus was shipped to
Devil's Island to suffer the deadly and harsh conditions, to be tortured on
an island from which he couldn't escape from anyway.
There were still a few minds who believed in Dreyfus's innocence, such
as, his wife and brother; Golgar Demange, a highly respected devout
catholic; and even Captain George Picquart.(5) George Picquart was one of
the main figures in the unravelling of the Dreyfus affair, he was the
officer asked by his supervisor to look into Dreyfus's motives. Picquart
found many flaws and peculiar things,in his research and in March 1896
another letter which they called the "petit bleu," was intercepted by
French intelligence. This puzzled Picquart, an investigation was now to be
ordered on Esterhazv, who's name was found on it. Esterhazv, a captain of
regiment, had been constantly applying for General Staff Intelligence and
he was being backed by a familiar figure, Major Hubert Henry.
At this time France's state was being questioned, morality and
injustice where the two large issues. The people backed Henry even if he
was lying, because to them it was patriotic and for the honour of France.
No concern was taken for the injustice which was hurled upon an innocent
man, instead their was talk about a large scale deportation of all Jews.
However, there were non-Jews who were now questioning the Dreyfus affair of
these included men of power such as government officials. Pressure was
being put on the army to review the case, by George Picquart as well.
Picquart had noticed something very peculiar about the "Petit bleu" and
when he realized it was the hand writing he immediately called handwriting
experts to confirm this, who did agree with him. He then approached
General Gonse and to a great dismay found that he was being shut out and
told to keep silent about it. But Picquart was of a different type of man,
he wanted justice to be done, so he went to the papers to be heard. Now
this brought on Mathieu Dreyfus, Alfred's brother, who accused Esterhazy as
the author of the Bordereau. Esterhazy demanded he be court-martialled and
he was along with Picquart, both sent to prison.
Another person took on the challenge now, on the day of January 13th a
Republic Novelist by the name of Emile Zola wrote the article "J'accuse,",
"I accuse" revealed Paty du Clam as a forger. He was charged for writing
this, fined 3,000 francs, and put in prison. Emile Zola was a strong
believer in the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus but on the other end of the
scale was the new War Minister by the name of Godefroy Carvaignac believed
that Dreyfus was guilty to the fullest degree. On July 17, 1898, he gave a
speech in the Chamber stating that Dreyfus Affair was finally finished. He
also brought out a document declaring them as proof of Dreyfus's guilt.
The forged document contained Dreyfus's name written by the attache.
The next changing step in the affair was the appointment of a young
officer to look into the forgery accusations, Captain Louis Cuignet had to
re-examine the file on Dreyfus in order to be sure that nothing had been
forged, but to the surprise of the one who appointed him, Cavaignei
Cuignet, found some interesting results. After all was said and done,
Alfred Dreyfus was acquitted of his charges with a full pardon, he also
regained his position in the army as well as Picquart, and Henry commited
suicide.
Throughout history there has been many cases of similar feeling that
have caused injustice as a result of the instances. We have seen it in
Modern history and ancient history with blacks facing cruel and unfair
treatment in South Africa and the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela; the
persecution of and extermination of Jews in the second World War by Adolf
Hitler. These can be paralleled to the Dreyfus case in question. However,
one case of Modern time that can be considered the closest on a social
level, in my opinion, showing the feeling of a State towards a person, was
the Donald Marshall case. Donald Marshall was an Indian native in Nova
Scotia who was accused of murdering an old man, like Dreyfus he was
presumed guilty from the beginning due to the anti-Indian mentality. The
Dreyfus Affair has tarnished the face of France's history, and has been
carried through the ages. I believe that it should be a lesson to mankind
on the subject of racism in the world. Thesis
Man has been known to develop emotions and feeling toward people of
another breed, culture or race. They have proved this through history over
and over, and as they say history repeats itself, it still exists in
societies today. There will always be some injustice in the world that
might never be overcome. The subject to be examined in this essay will
show the injustice and a result of anti-semantic feelings on France, and it
will prove that the Dreyfus Affair was a result of anti-semitism.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Clinton ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Health Plan ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1757 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Term Paper: The Clinton Health Plan
The health care situation in the United States is in dire need of a
change. The United States spends more money on health care per individual
than any other nation in the world (14%of its GNP in 1991), and that amount
is quickly rising. Virtually everyone, from doctors to politicians,
recognize the unwieldy situation of health care in America, and realize
that something must be done.
In order to attempt to correct the failures of the current health care
situation, one must understand the problems that led to the deterioration
of the health care system. Perhaps the main problem with health care today
is that there are 37 million Americans without insurance, and another 20
million are underinsured
Another large problem with the way health care is presently organized
is - as Clinton helpfully points out - waste. Some common examples are:
Paperwork: There are thousands of insurance companies in the US, and
each one has many forms for doctors and patients to fill out. So much so,
that doctors spend more time improving their handwriting than healing
people.
Greed and Profiteering: Some drug companies make over 10,000% profit on
the drugs they manufacture. In 1991, the median income of doctors was
$139,000 for general practitioners and $512,000 for specialists.
Unneeded Surgery and Tests: Possibly 15 to 35% of certain types of
operations and tests are unneeded. Malpractice Suits and "Defensive"
Medicine: Doctors pay high premiums on malpractice insurance which causes
them to charge more. The reason that these premiums are so high is because
currently there are practically no limits to an amount that can be sued for
pain and damages. Defensive medicine - procedures done to protect doctors
from being sued - is costing this country greatly.
Recognizing that waste is one of the greatest causes of the high prices
in health care, Clinton has introduced a plan to revise the health care
system by eliminating waste, and making sure that every single American can
be covered by a health plan.
Clinton's plan is based on three premises. First, that there is enough
waste in the current health care system to cover the costs of his new plan.
Second, that his plan will create competition within the insurance
industry. Last, that his plan can put a cap on insurance prices.
The core of Clinton's plan is to set up regional health alliances,
which would buy insurance on behalf of thousands of consumers. A
seven-member National Health Board will be set up to scrutinize the health
alliances. The health alliances would be limited by the National Health
Board by having price caps on the premiums, and by assuring that the health
alliances will accept all applicants including those that are high-risk.
Each health alliance will have three or four different options (HMO, fee
for service, and combination plans) which the consumers could choose from.
In the case of the employed, the insurance would be paid 80% by the
employers and 20% by the employees. In the case of self- employed and
non-employed, they would have to pay the full cost of the premiums by
themselves, unless they qualify for government subsidies.
The Clinton plan also will limit what types of operations are covered,
and it puts restrictions on how long a person can stay in a hospital,
nursing home, or rehabilitation center. It would also regulate the wages
of specialists, and the prices of drugs.
Overall, what Clinton's health care plan will do is put caps on
insurance premiums thereby causing competition between insurers. It will
also greatly reduce the waste by: reducing the paperwork enormously by
having fewer insurance companies; removing unnecessary procedures by
putting limits on the insurance. It will also decrease greed and
profiteering by putting limits on doctor's salaries and on drug prices.
The Clinton health care plan is not without its faults. One of the
major problems is that it assumes that there is a tremendous amount of
waste in the current system, but many people say that that is an over
assumption. Another problem is that managed competition, (an attempt to
create competition in the health-care market) might not work in the health
care industry because everything is covered in premiums, and there is a
third indirect party (insurance company), which does all the "buying and
selling" of health services.
Another problem, which is not a problem with the plan itself rather
with getting it passed, is that there are many groups opposed to the
Clinton plan.
Many politicians do not like Clinton's plan because they feel that it
is too hard on small businesses, forcing them to pay 80% of their
employees' insurance, and because the Clinton plan does not limit pain and
suffering damages for malpractice suits.All the insurance companies are
obviously against Clinton's plan, because it will put restrictions on the
premiums, and he will force the insurance companies to accept high-risk
patients. Many of the large companies support Clinton's plan because they
already pay the insurance for most of their employees', and all Clinton'
plan will do is lower their premiums. But, many small businesses are
against the plan because they do not currently pay any amount of their
employees' premiums, and they feel that the plan will take a large chunk
out of their profits and they will be forced to lower wages.
The AMA (American Medical Association) is against many things in
Clinton's plan, most importantly the imposition of cost controls and the
failure to put financial limits on malpractice suits(In fact 600 doctors
marched up the steps of Capital Hill "to defend their right to earn six
times as much as the average American family, and still play golf on
Wednesdays").
In general, no one is happy at the way the health care situation is
being handled now, but even though everyone accepts the fact that a change
is needed, many people are skeptical about Clinton's health care plan. Yes,
his plan sounds good on paper, but "will it work?" is what many people are
wondering.
Overall Clinton's plan is generally good. If it works it will provide
universal coverage with controlled costs. If it works. The problem with
Clinton's plan, and in fact any other plan is that it has to put limits on
operations, research, and tests. Who is to set these limits that might
decide whether a person might live or die?
Clinton's plan also does not allow much for freedom of choice of
doctors. Clinton is pushing the HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) part
of his plan, and if one wants to choose his own doctor, he must pay a
deductible and 20% of the costs of the visit.
Americans, in general, do not want an HMO type system rather they want
to be able to go to the doctor they choose. American people prefer a
trusting doctor-patient relationship, if they know their doctor it makes
life much easier.
Clinton's plan also has a problem in that it does not limit the amount
of money that can be sued for for pain and damages in a malpractice suit.
If Clinton were to add a clause about limiting the sum of money that could
be collected for malpractice suits, he would get a great deal more support
from the AMA, and from doctors in general.
Right now the health situation is America is very grave, and right now
President Clinton has a possible solution. His plan does not make everyone
happy, and it will not solve all our health problems no matter how
successful it is, but then again no possible plan will resolve all our
health care problems. There are many criticisms against Clinton's plan,
but if we don't try, we definitely will not succeed.
Endnotes
Bibliography
1.A New Framework for Health Care
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.3
2.Bradsher, Keith Business Leaders Voice Skepticisms of Health Plan
New York Times, October 8, 1993, p.26
3.Church, George C. Lots of Second Opinions
Time, October 27, 1993, pp.34-40
4.Clift, Eleanor "Big Sister" and Critics
Newsweek, November 1, 1993, pp.25-26
5.Clift, Eleanor The Gender Wars
Newsweek, October 4, 1993, p.50
6.Clymer, Adam Growing Consensus On Covering All, But How?
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.1
7.Cohn, Bob But What Does It Mean For Me?
Newsweek, September 27, 1993, p.37
8.Cohn, Bob The Power of Sin
Newsweek, October, 4 1993, p.51
9.Eckholm, Erik Moment of Decision for Health Care
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.1
10.Eckholm, Erik More Choices, But Also More Costs
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.10
11.Egan, Timothy Setting An Example For The Rest of The Nation
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.8
12.Fineman, Howard Clinton's Hard Sell
Newsweek, September 27, 1993, pp.34-36
13.Freudenheim, Milt Medical-Industrial Complex':Who Wins
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.13
14.Gibbs, Nancy Here Comes Dr. No
Time, October 11, 1993, pp.26-29
15.Goodgame, Dan Healthy Dissent
Time, October 11, 1993, p.31
16.Health Care:Clinton Plan, and The Alternatives
New York Times, October 17, 1993, p.22
17.Kerr, Peter Reshaping the Medical Marketplace
November 14, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.11
18.Kilborn, Peter T. Voices of the People:Struggles, Hope, and Fear
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A, p.1
19.Kolata, Gina Catch-22:Lose Health, Lose Policy
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.4
20.Kolata, Gina Will the Nation Be Healthier?...
New York Times, October 17, 1993, p. 1
21.Lewin, Tamar Those With Large Bills See Aid In Clinton Plan
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.10
22.Lowther, William A Prescription for Change
Maclean's, October 4, 1993, p.39
23.Morganthau, Tom The Clinton Cure
Newsweek, October 4, 1993, pp.36-45
24.Morganthau, Tom The Clinton Solution
Newsweek, September 20, 1993, pp.30-35
25.Pear, Robert Delay on Health Care Reflects Task's Complexity
New York Times, October 12, 1993, p.??
26.Reinhold, Robert Amid Mountains of Paper, a War Against a Tide
of Red Ink. New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.4
27.Rosenthal, Elizabeth Confusion, Errors, and Fraud, In Medical
Bills. New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.5
28.Samuelson, Robert J. Health Care:How We Got Into This Mess
Newsweek, October 4, 1993, pp. 30-35
29.Rich, Thomas "A Walk In Space"
Newsweek, October 4, 1993, pp.46-49
30.Rich, Thomas Back To Smoke and Mirrors
Newsweek, October 4, 1993, pp.36-37
31.Whitney, Craig R. Coverage for All, With Choices
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.9
32.Uchitelle, Louis Companies of All Sizes Tally Effects of Plan
New York Times, November 14, 1993, Section 4A p.13

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Hamlet's Character ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Traits ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:927 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
HAMLET'S CHARACTER TRAITS
AS SEEN IN
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S HAMLET
Hamlet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. Hamlet is the
protagonist of the play and is portrayed as a very emotional soul, a
daring, brave character who has a bad and violent temper.
Hamlet is a very emotional young man. As we all know, his father's
death was a shock for him and he could not get over it. Claudius mentions
that Hamlet was taking the mourning of his father's death to extremes:
To give these mourning duties to your father; But you must know,
your father lost a father; That father lost, lost his, and the
survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do
obsequious sorrow. 1
The King is telling Hamlet that death is only natural and that Hamlet's
father lost his father too. He is informing Hamlet that he is mourning
too much for his deceased father and he should try to get over it. Another
example of Hamlet's emotions getting the better of him can be seen when he
is reminiscing his father's death. Hamlet says, "...How stand I then,/That
have father killed, a mother stained,...2". He is asking himself what kind
of a person he is if he can allow his father to be murdered and his mother
to be married so soon after his father's death to his uncle. This shows us
that he is pitying himself and is putting himself down. Yet another example
of his emotions running wild are seen in his first soliloquy:
...She married. O, most wicked speed, to post with such
dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not, nor it cannot come to
good. But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue! 3
He is telling us that his mother has married right away and did not mourn
for his father's death. He tells us that the marriage is not good and nor
can this marriage between Claudius and Getrude come to any good. He wants
to express his true feelings to his mother, but since it will hurt her, he
must be silent for the time being. This shows us that he has a great and
deep love for his mother. He will not say or do anything to hurt her, even
though what she is doing is wrong.
Hamlet is also a brave and daring character. There are several
examples of his fearless attitude, but I will only discuss the two that I
feel are the most important. The first example occurs when the ghost
visits Hamlet, Horatio and Marcellus. Here Hamlet is determined to meet
the ghost:
If it assume my noble father's person, I'll speak to it, though
hell itself should gape And bid me hold my peace. 4
Hamlet wants to speak to the ghost, even though it might be a demon instead
of his father's spirit. Another example of his bravery is portrayed when
he actually sees the ghost:
HAM. It will not speak. Then I will follow it.
HOR. Do not, my lord!
HAM. Why, what should be the fear? 5
Hamlet is not afraid to follow the ghost and speak with it, despite the
fact that Horatio is telling him not to go. He asks Horatio why he is
stopping him and what is there to be afraid of. Another significant
incident that brings out Hamlet's daring character is when he arranges for
the players to perform "The Murder of Gonzago" to find out whether or not
the King is guilty of his father's murder. Hamlet's plan is, "...The
paly's the thing/Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King. 6" He
decides to use the play to test the King's conscience and if the King seems
nervous or behaves strangely he will know his course from there.(To do what
the apparition told him. Get revenge.)
Hamlet also has a bad and violent temper. This is expressed when the
meeting between Hamlet and Ophelia goes sour:
...You jig, you amble, and you lisp; you nickname God's creatures and
make your wantonness your ignorance.
Go to, I'll no more on't! it hath made me mad. 7
Here he is upset with Ophelia and insults her and tells her that she names
things according to her own fancy and then acts as if her own wilfulness is
ignorance. He says that he has had enough of it and this has made him mad.
Another scene where he expresses his anger is immediately after killing
Polonius and shouts at his mother:
Here is your husband, like a mildewed ear Blasting his wholesome
brother. Have you eyes? Could you on this fair mountain leave to
feed, And batten on this moor? Ha! have you eyes? 8
He is telling Gertrude that her new husband is nothing like Hamlet's
biological father. How could she leave him after his death and marry
Claudius. Can't she see what she is doing?
These are three of Hamlet's character traits as seen in Shakespeare's
Hamlet. I feel that all these character traits are important, but the most
significant one is the portrayal of his brave and daring character. I feel
that this character trait is the most significant because if Hamlet had not
met with the ghost or set up "The Mousetrap", the play would not have been
where it is now since he wouldn't know what happened to his father.
REFERENCES
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. U.S.A.: Washington Square Press, 1958.
NOTES
1William Shakespeare, Hamlet (U.S.A.: Washington Square
Press, 1958), I.ii.94-98.
2Ibid., IV.iv.58-59.
3Ibid., I.ii.162-165.
4Ibid., I.ii.267-269.
5Ibid., I.iv.69-71.
6Ibid., II.ii.612-613.
7Ibid., III.i.154-156.
8Ibid., III.iv.74-77.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on the Book ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [A Handmade's Tale ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:1014 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
English Per.2
Essay #2
Unlike men, women have been facing unique problems for centuries. Often
times, women experience harassment and discrimination. In today's society,
females are trying to combat their tribulations through law suits and
protest rallies. Literature often deals with people being unable to
articulate their problems. Often, unforeseen circumstances force people to
conceal their true emotions. In "Raise the Red Lantern", The Handmaid's
Tale, and "A Doll's House", the main female characters find ways to escape
their situations rather than deal with them.
Songlian, the main character in the foreign film "Raise the Red
Lantern", finds unusual ways of dealing with her oppression. For example,
Songlian often takes her stress out on her maid, Yan'er. Whenever Songlian
feels the need to relieve her tension, she screams at Yan'er. Songlian's
treatment towards her maid results in a bitter rivalry between the two and
ultimately leads to the death of Yan'er. Instead of expressing herself
publicly, Songlian chooses to keep her emotions bottled up or take them out
on Yan'er. Another example of this concept occurs when Songlian becomes
intoxicated. Due to her unfortunate situation, Songlian chooses to drink an
enormous amount of alcohol on her birthday. In her mind, she feels that she
has nothing to look forward to in life. So Songlian escapes real life by
drinking. This is yet another example of Songlian's feeble attempt to
escape her troubles. Furthermore, Songlian's outlook on life becomes so
bleak that she literally goes insane. Since she witnessed the death of the
third mistress, she confirms her fear that there is no escaping her
situation. Thus, she drives herself crazy. Therefore, we can see that
Songlian uses techniques to try and escape her fate.
The next work, entitled "A Doll's House", deals with Nora, the main
character, struggling to achieve happiness in life. While Nora lives with
her husband, Torvald, she pretends to be happy and satisfied with life, but
in reality, Nora lacks purpose in her life. For eight years, she never
discusses her situation with Torvald because she does not want to face the
truth about herself. Nora feels obligated to live her life as a caring
mother and an obedient wife. Also, Nora pretends to be happy for a reason.
Whether she knows it or not, Nora tries to be the ideal wife and mother by
letting herself be governed by the laws of society. Because she decides to
settle for what she has, her life is pointless. Nora's first step towards
achieving happiness occurs when she leaves her husband and kids in search
of a better life. Although Nora's life is not yet fulfilled, she is on her
way attaining a better one.
Lastly, Offred from The Handmaid's Tale uses different tactics to cope
with her situation. Offred, the main character of the novel, is trapped
within a distopian society comprised of a community riddled by despair.
Though she is not physically tortured, she is mentally enslaved by the
overwhelming and ridiculously powerful government. First off, Offred
reminisces about the way life used to be by remembering stories about Luke,
her husband, Moira, her best friend, and her daughter. As mentioned
earlier, Offred lives in a horrific society which prevents her from being
freed. Essentially, the government enslaves Offred because she's a female,
and she's fertile. Remembering stories of the past provide her with
temporary relief from her binding situation. Also, Offred befriends the
Commander's aide, Nick. Offred longs to be loved by her husband, and she
feels that she can find that love by being with Nick. Offred risks her life
several times just to be with Nick. Feeling loved by Nick gives Offred a
window of hope in her otherwise dismal life. Finally, instead of
proclaiming her feelings out loud, she suppresses her feelings. The result
is a series of recordings which depict her life and the things she wishes
she could change. Through these examples, it is apparent that Offred cannot
face her problems because of outside circumstances.
Works such as "Raise the Red Lantern", The Handmaid's Tale, and "A
Doll's House" deal with females being unable to face their problems. A
plethora of authors have written on this subject matter. Though some
problems are unavoidable, one can overcome certain situations by being more
assertive. Along with male domination and the laws of society, women have
had to contend with other challenging and oppressing situations. Yet
despite this, women in modern society are becoming more powerful.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on England's ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [King Henry the 8th ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:701 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Henry VIII (born 1491, ruled 1509-1547). The second son of Henry VII
and Elizabeth of York was one of England's strongest and least popular
monarchs. He was born at Greenwich on June 28, 1491. The first English
ruler to be educated under the influence of the Renaissance, he was a
gifted scholar, linguist, composer, and musician. As a youth he was gay and
handsome, skilled in all manner of athletic games, but in later life he
became coarse and fat. When his elder brother, Arthur, died (1502), he
became heir apparent. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1509, and
soon thereafter he married Arthur's young widow, Catherine of Aragon.
During the first 20 years of his reign he left the shaping of policies
largely in the hands of his great counselor, Cardinal Wolsey (See Wolsey,
Cardinal). By 1527 Henry had made up his mind to get rid of his wife. The
only one of Catherine's six children who survived infancy was a sickly
girl, the Princess Mary, and it was doubtful whether a woman could succeed
to the English throne. Then too, Henry had fallen in love with a lady of
the court, Anne Boleyn.
When the pope (Clement VII) would not annul his marriage, Henry turned
against Wolsey, deprived him of his office of chancellor, and had him
arrested on a charge of treason. He then obtained a divorce through Thomas
Cranmer, whom he had made archbishop of Canterbury, and it was soon
announced that he had married Anne Boleyn.
The pope was thus defied. All ties that bound the English church to
Rome were broken. Appeals to the pope's court were forbidden, all payments
to Rome were stopped, and the pope's authority in England was abolished. In
1534 the Act of Supremacy declared Henry himself to be Supreme Head of the
Church of England, and anyone who denied this title was guilty of an act of
treason. Some changes were also made in the church services, the Bible was
translated into English, and printed copies were placed in the churches.
The monasteries throughout England were dissolved and their vast lands and
goods turned over to the king, who in turn granted those estates to
noblemen who would support his policies. In the northern part of the
kingdom the people rose in rebellion in behalf of the monks, but the
Pilgrimage of Grace, as it was called, was put down.
Although Henry reformed the government of the church, he refused to
allow any changes to be made in its doctrines. Before his divorce he had
opposed the teachings of Martin Luther in a book that had gained for him
from the pope the title Defender of the Faith--a title the monarch of
England still bears. After the separation from Rome he persecuted with
equal severity the Catholics who adhered to the government of Rome and the
Protestants who rejected its doctrines.
Henry was married six times. Anne Boleyn bore the king one child, who
became Elizabeth I. Henry soon tired of Anne and had her put to death. A
few days later he married a third wife, Jane Seymour. She died in a little
more than a year, after having given birth to the future Edward VI.
A marriage was then contracted with a German princess, Anne of Cleves,
whom the king had been led to believe to be very beautiful. When he saw her
he discovered that he had been tricked, and he promptly divorced this wife
and beheaded Thomas Cromwell, the minister who had arranged the marriage.
Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was sent to the block for misconduct.
In 1543 he married his sixth wife, the tactful and pious Catherine Parr.
Catherine, who survived Henry, lived to marry her fourth husband.
During Henry's reign the union of England and Wales was completed
(1536). Ireland was made a kingdom (1541), and Henry became king of
Ireland. His wars with Scotland and France remained indecisive in spite of
some shallow victories. Although he himself opposed the Reformation, his
creation of a national church marked the real beginning of the English
Reformation. He died on Jan. 28, 1547, and was buried in St. George's
Chapel in Windsor Castle.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [How we can relate to ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Holden in Catcher in the]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Rye ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 08/94 # of Words:856 School: Prep/All Boys State:CT
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
"Catcher in the Rye"
The book Catcher in the Rye tells of Holden Caulfield's insight about
life and the world around him. Holden shares many of his opinions about
people and leads the reader on a 5 day visit into his mind. Holden,
throughout the book, made other people feel inferior to his own. I can
partially relate because i do view people higher or lower depending on
their knowledge about a particular subject. I never judge all equally.
Holden and I both have similar judgements of people from the way they act
and behave. We also share feelings about motivation and the lack thereof.
After reading this book, I came to the conclusion that Holden and I are
much more similar than I initially believed.
Holden portrayed others to be inferior to his own kind all throughout
the book. He made several references as to how people aren't as perfect as
he was. "The reason he [Stradlater] fixed himself up to look good was
because he was madly in love with himself." (pg. 27) Holden had an
inferiority complex. He was afraid of not having any special talents or
abilities and used other methods to make him out to be a rough tough boy.
"Boy, I sat at that goddam bar till around one o'clock or so, getting drunk
as a bastard. I could hardly see straight." (pg. 150) Holden tried all he
could to fit in, he drank, cursed and criticized life in general to make it
seem he was very knowing of all. I myself have found me doing this too at
times. I at times feel the need to fit in to a group and do things similar
to what others do in order to gain acceptance by them. I smoked a cigar
once with two friends of mine because they kept going on and on about how
great cigars were, but that was only once. Holden and I both place people
on levels other than our own for amount of knowledge and likeness to
ourselves.
Holden used the term 'phonies' to describe more than a few people in
this book. He used the term to be what a person is if they don't act
naturally and follow other people's manners and grace. Holden didn't like
phonies, he thought of them as if they were trying to show off. He didn't
like it when they showed off because it seemed so fake and unnatural every
time they'd do so.
"At the end of the first act we went out with all
the other jerks for a cigarette. What a deal that
was. You never saw so many phonies in all your life,
everybody smoking their ears off and talking about
the play so that everybody could hear how sharp they
were." (pg. 126)
I know many people like this as well. I do not like phonies either. I
have many friends who talk using full vocabulary just to try to impress
you, and others who do make note of everything they see to show you how
perceptible they are. People do this when they have a fear of their own
individuality and feel that they need to ace different to get people to
like them. Holden and I both dislike phonies. We do not like people who
take on roles of others to seem more likeable because they are insecure.
Throughout the book Holden displays a lack of motivation for many
things in which he should do. Holden couldn't even call up an old
girlfriend whom he knew a long time ago.
"But when i got inside this phone booth, I
wasn't much in the mood any more to give old
Jane a buzz." (Pg. 150)
Holden also had a problem getting his motivation together in order to
complete schoolwork and succeed in his prep school. I have similar problems
with my motivation and find at times I must be in the mood to do something
in order for me to accomplish it. This stems from our experience in the
past being that we can get through life, or the part we've been through
already, with minimal effort. Holden has had this opportunity to notice
this as his parents have been shuffling him around to different schools
every time he flunks. He feels his parents will be there to move him
somewhere else and take care of him every time something goes wrong. I
found out in eighth grade that the schoolwork i had was far less than the
schoolwork I did and I began to slack off, this caused me to believe that I
could get away with minimal true effort in my schoolwork and it has also
followed me into other courses of my daily routine. I find my forgetting
to do things and having my parents doing them for me. I find I am
basically pampered to my every will and need at home. This is a bad habit
though and I am trying to get out of this lifestyle because I realize I
won't always have someone to fall back on. Holden and I both have similar
motivational problems stemming from our childhood.
Holden Caulfield and I are very similar in many ways. We tend to judge
different people similar ways. We both dislike people whom act with
insecurity. We also both lack motivation because of previous childhood
experiences which have shaped our lives. Holden Caulfield and I have began
our great journey through life with similar ideas to each other.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on The Catcher ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [in the Rye's Holden ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Caulfield ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:986 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Holden Caulfield's Perception and Gradual
Acceptance of the "Real" World.
In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil and
corrupt place where there is no peace. This perception of the world does
not change significantly through the novel. However as the novel
progresses, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless
to change this.
During the short period of Holden's life covered in this book, "Holden
does succeed in making us perceive that the world is crazy".1 Shortly
after Holden leaves Pencey Prep he checks in to the Edmont Hotel. This is
where Holden's turmoil begins. Holden spends the following evening in this
hotel which was "full of perverts and morons. (There were) screwballs all
over the place."2 His situation only deteriorates from this point on as the
more he looks around this world, the more depressing life seems.
Around every corner Holden sees evil. He looks out on a world which
appears completely immoral and unscrupulous. The three days we learn of
from the novel place a distressed Holden in the vicinity of Manhattan. The
city is decked with decorations and holiday splendor, yet, much to Holden's
despair "seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or even genuine
merriment."3 Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks, perverts,
morons and screwballs. These convictions which Holden holds waver very
momentarily during only one particular scene in the book. The scene is
that with Mr. Antolini. After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while
he was sleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini
was a pervert as well. This is the only time during the novel where Holden
thinks twice about considering someone as a pervert. After reviewing Mr.
Antolini, Holden finally concludes that maybe he wasn't making a "flitty"
pass at him. Maybe he just like patting guys heads as they sleep. This is
really the only time in the novel where Holden actually considers a
positive side. This event does not constitute a significant change. As
Holden himself says, "It's not too bad when the sun's out, but the sun only
comes out when it feels like coming out."4 The sun of course is a reference
to decency through the common association of light and goodness. His
perception of the world remains the same.
The one conviction that does change during the novel is Holden's
belief that he can change the world. On his date with Sally, Holden
reveals his feelings. "Did you ever get fed up?... I mean did you ever get
scared that everything was going to go lousy unless you did something..."5
Holden goes through several plans. Holden at one point contemplates
heading out west where he will pretend to be a deaf-mute and live a quiet
life. At another point Holden proposes to Sally to escape this world with
him. It is finally to his younger sister Phoebe that Holden reveals his
ultimate plan. Although Holden describes the situation in a very
picturesque and symbolic manner he essentially tells Phoebe that he wants
to prevent children from growing up. He blames the world's corruption on
adults and believes that when he stops the children from growing up he will
preserve their innocence and save the world.
It takes most of the book before Holden begins to realize that he is
helpless to stop this corruption. Finally, he realizes that not only is
there nothing that he can do, but there is nowhere he can go to hide from
it. Holden takes awhile to comprehend these concepts. One good example is
when Holden is delivering the note to his sister. He encounters a
"fuck-you" written on the wall. Holden careful rubs this off with his hand
so as to protect the innocent children from reading it. Later on he finds
"fuck-you" scratched into the surface with a knife. He discovers that he
can't efface this one. Even in the timeless peace of the Egyptian tomb
room at the museum there is an un-erasable "fuck-you." This incident is
the beginning of Holden's realization that his dreams are infeasible.6
Ironically enough, it is one of the "innocent" children that he is
trying to protect who helps him come to terms with this realization. It is
Phoebe who challenges his plan to escape out west. As he is telling Phoebe
that she can not run away, he discovers that he too can not run away. "You
can't ever find a place that is nice and peaceful, because there isn't
any."7
The final break-down comes near the end of the book when he is
watching Phoebe on the carousel.
All the kids kept trying to grab for the gold ring, and so was old
Phoebe, and I was sort of afraid she'd fall off the goddam horse, but I
didn't say anything or do anything. The thing with kids is, if they want
to grab for the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say
anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but it's bad if you say
anything to them.8
In the above passage from the novel, Holden hits the final breakdown.
Being "the catcher" becomes obviously unrealistic. The gold rings are
ironically not gold but really brass-plated iron. The gold rings are
symbols of the corrupted world which always "wears" a shiny surface to hide
its evil. It is at this point that Holden sees that he can not stop
children from growing up and therefore losing their innocence. They will
fall if they fall, there is nothing that can be done.
Shortly after this point Holden has his nervous breakdown. His
breakdown is due to this depressing realization that the world is corrupt
and filled with evil. He knows now with a sickening certainty that he is
powerless to stop both evil and maturation. As a matter of fact, it is
"bad" to do so.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on The Holocaust ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:825 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Nearly six million Jews were killed and murdered in what historians have
called "The Holocaust." The word 'holocaust' is a conflagration, a great
raging fire that consumes in it's path all that lives. In the years between
1933 and 1945, the Jews of Europe were marked for total annihilation.
Moreover, anti-Semitism was given legal sanction. It was directed by Adolf
Hitler and managed by Heinne Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann.
There were many other great crimes and murders, such as the killing of the
Armenians by the Turks, but the Holocaust stood out as the "only sysmatic
and organized effort by a modern government to destroy a whole race of
people." The Germans under Adolf Hitler believed that the Jews were the
cause of all the German troubles and were a threat to the German and
Christian values.
Dating back to the first century A.D. the Jews and Christians were
always at war. The Jews were considered the murderers of Christ and were
therefor denounced from society, rejected by the Conservatives and were not
allowed to live in rural areas. As a result, the Jews began living in the
cities and supported the liberals. This made the Germans see the Jews as
the symbol of all they feared.
Following the defeat of the Germans in WW1, the Treaty Of Versailles
and the UN resolutions against Germany raised many militaristic voices and
formed extreme nationalism.
Hitler took advantage of the situation and rose to power in 1933 on a
promise to destroy the Treaty Of Versailles that stripped Germany off land.
Hitler organized the Gestapo as the only executive branch and secret terror
organization of the Nazi police system. In 1935, he made the Nuremberg Laws
that forbid Germans to marry Jews or commerce with them. Hitler thought
that the Jews were a nationless parasite and were directly related to the
Treaty Of Versailles. When Hitler began his move to conquer Europe, he
promised that no person of Jewish background would survive.
Before the start of the second world war, the Jews of Germany were
excluded from public life, forbidden to have sexual relations with
non-Jews, boycotted, beaten but allowed to emigrate. When the war was
officially declared, emigration ended and 'the final solution to the Jewish
problem' came. When Germany took over Poland, the Polish and German Jews
were forced into overcrowded Ghettos and employed as slave labour. The
Jewish property was seized. Disease and starvation filled the Ghettos.
Finally, the Jews were taken to concentration camps in Poland and Germany
were they were murdered and killed in poisonous gas chambers in Auschwitz
and many other camps. Despite the harsh treatment of the Jews, little
Germans opposed this.
When the news reached the allies, they all refused and put down any
rescue plans to aid the Jews. American Jews were warned against seeking any
action for the benefit of the European Jews although Zionists managed to
save small groups of young Jews and brought them to Palestine. The Vatican
condemed racism in general but did hardly anything to stop the German
actions.
The victories of the Germans in the early years of the war brought most
of the majority of the European Jews under the control of the Nazi's. The
Baltics, Ukrainee's and white Russians gladly joined the Nazi's. France and
Italy sent 100,000 Jews to Germany but refused to send any of it's Jews.
Holland and Belgium were Anti-Nazi's and refused to co-operate with
Germany. Denmark protected it's Jews from Germany and Norway sent it's Jews
to Switzerland for protection.
Unaware that they will be gassed, the Jews kept quiet until the last
moment. When their fate was clear, the first Jewish uprising came in April
1943 in Warsaw Ghetto, when more than 60,000 pitifully armed Jews decided
to resist. The battle took 28 days before the heavily equipped German
forces put down this violent uprising. Individual Jews also resisted by
joining partisan groups. Jewish resistance, however, was mainly
spiritual.'The Jews prayed, wrote, observed festivals and also refrained.'
The war in Europe ended on May 8th, 1945. The following years tended to
heal a few wounds, but the damage caused to the Jews of Europe could not be
fully repaired.'A great deal of the Jewish culture and learning perished.
Deep mental scars plagued the survivors and their children.'' An aspect of
human cruelty was exposed more brutal than the civilized world could
admit.' In Israel, the Holocaust day is celebrated on Nisan 27, the date
that marked the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943.
Although the Germans had lost the war, they won their war on the Jews of
Europe.
END NOTES
1.) Rossel, Seymor. The Holocaust, Toronto:Canada. 1981 edition.
2.) Britanica Publishing Company. Britanica Vol.6, Toronto:Canada.
1984 edition.
3.) Americana Publishing Company. Americana Vol.14
Washington:America. 1988 edition.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Seymor Rossel. The Holocaust, Toronto:Canada. 1981 edition.
Britanica Publishing Company. Britanica Vol.6, Toronto:Canada. 1984
edition.
Americana Publishing Company. Americana Vol.14, Washington:America.
1988 edition.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Holograms ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1051 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Toss a pebble in a pondsee the ripples? Now drop two pebbles close
together. Look at what happens when the two sets of waves combine you get
a new wave! When a crest and a trough meet, they cancel out and the water
goes flat. When two crests meet, they produce one, bigger crest. When two
troughs collide, they make a single, deeper trough. Believe it or not,
you've just found a key to understanding how a hologram works. But what do
waves in a pond have to do with those amazing three dimensional pictures?
How do waves make a hologram look like the real thing?
It all starts with light. Without it, you can't see. And much like the
ripples in a pond, light travels in waves. When you look at, say, an
apple, what you really see are the waves of light reflected from it. Your
two eyes each see a slightly different view of the apple. These different
views tell you about the apple's depthits form and where it sits in
relation to other objects. Your brain processes this information so that
you see the apple, and the rest of the world, in 3-D. You can look around
objects, tooif the apple is blocking the view of an orange behind it, you
can just move your head to one side. The apple seems to "move" out of the
way so you can see the orange or even the back of the apple. If that
seems a bit obvious, just try looking behind something in a regular
photograph! You can't, because the photograph can't reproduce the
infinitely complicated waves of light reflected by objects; the lens of a
camera can only focus those waves into a flat, 2-D image. But a hologram
can capture a 3-D image so lifelike that you can look around the image of
the apple to an orange in the backgroundand it's all thanks to the special
kind of light waves produced by a laser.
"Normal" white light from the sun or a lightbulb is a combination of
every colour of light in the spectruma mush of different waves that's
useless for holograms. But a laser shines light in a thin, intense beam
that's just one colour. That means laser light waves are uniform and in
step. When two laser beams intersect, like two sets of ripples meeting in
a pond, they produce a single new wave pattern: the hologram. Here's how
it happens: Light coming from a laser is split into two beams, called the
object beam and the reference beam. Spread by lenses and bounced off a
mirror, the object beam hits the apple. Light waves reflect from the apple
towards a photographic film. The reference beam heads straight to the film
without hitting the apple. The two sets of waves meet and create a new
wave pattern that hits the film and exposes it. On the film all you can
see is a mass of dark and light swirls it doesn't look like an apple at
all! But shine the laser reference beam through the film once more and the
pattern of swirls bends the light to re create the original reflection
waves from the appleexactly.
Not all holograms work this waysome use plastics instead of photographic
film, others are visible in normal light. But all holograms are created
with lasersand new waves.
All Thought Up and No Place to Go
Holograms were invented in 1947 by Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor, but
they were ignored for years. Why? Like many great ideas, Gabor's theory
about light waves was ahead of its time. The lasers needed to produce
clean wavesand thus clean 3-D imagesweren't invented until 1960. Gabor
coined the name for his photographic technique from holos and gramma, Greek
for "the whole message. " But for more than a decade, Gabor had only half
the words. Gabor's contribution to science was recognized at last in 1971
with a Nobel Prize. He's got a chance for a last laugh, too. A perfect
holographic portrait of the late scientist looking up from his desk with a
smile could go on fooling viewers into saying hello forever. Actor
Laurence Olivier has also achieved that kind of immortality a hologram of
the 80 year-old can be seen these days on the stage in London, in a
musical called Time.
New Waves
When it comes to looking at the future uses of holography, pictures are
anything but the whole picture. Here are just a couple of the more
unusual possibilities. Consider this: you're in a windowless room in the
middle of an office tower, but you're reading by the light of the noonday
sun! How can this be? A new invention that incorporates holograms into
widow glazings makes it possible. Holograms can bend light to create
complex 3 D images, but they can also simply redirect light rays. The
window glaze holograms could focus sunlight coming through a window into a
narrow beam, funnel it into an air duct with reflective walls above the
ceiling and send it down the hall to your windowless cubbyhole. That could
cut lighting costs and conserve energy. The holograms could even guide
sunlight into the gloomy gaps between city skyscrapers and since they can
bend light of different colors in different directions, they could be used
to filter out the hot infrared light rays that stream through your car
windows to bake you on summer days.
Or, how about holding an entire library in the palm of your hand?
Holography makes it theoretically possible. Words or pictures could be
translated into a code of alternating light and dark spots and stored in an
unbelievably tiny space. That's because light waves are very, very
skinny. You could lay about 1000 lightwaves side by side across the width
of the period at the end of this sentence. One calculation holds that by
using holograms, the U. S. Library of Congress could be stored in the
space of a sugar cube. For now, holographic data storage remains little
more than a fascinating idea because the materials needed to do the job
haven't been invented yet. But it's clear that holograms, which author
Isaac Asimov called "the greatest advance in imaging since the eye" will
continue to make waves in the world of science.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on 19th Century ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Technology in our homes.]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1223 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Toilets
Yes...those tales you've heard are true. The toilet was first patented
in England in 1775, invented by one Thomas Crapper, but the extraordinary
automatic device called the flush toilet has been around for a long time.
Leonardo Da Vinci in the 1400's designed one that worked, at least on
paper, and Queen Elizabeth I reputably had one in her palace in Richmond in
1556, complete with flushing and overflow pipes, a bowl valve and a drain
trap. In all versions, ancient and modern, the working principle is the
same.
Tripping a single lever (the handle) sets in motion a series of
actions. The trip handle lifts the seal, usually a rubber flapper,
allowing water to flow into the bowl. When the tank is nearly empty, the
flap falls back in place over the water outlet. A floating ball falls with
the water level, opening the water supply inlet valve just as the outlet is
being closed. Water flows through the bowl refill tube into the overflow
pipe to replenish the trap sealing water. As the water level in the tank
nears the top of the overflow pipe, the float closes the inlet valve,
completing the cycle.
From the oldest of gadgets in the bathroom, let's turn to one of the
newest, the toothpaste pump. Sick and tired of toothpaste squeezed all
over your sink and faucets? Does your spouse never ever roll down the tube
and continually squeezes it in the middle? Then the toothpaste pump is for
you!
When you press the button it pushes an internal, grooved rod down the
tube. Near the bottom of the rod is a piston, supported by little metal
flanges called "dogs", which seat themselves in the grooves on the rod. As
the rod moves down, the dogs slide out of the groove they're in and click
into the one above it. When you release the button, the spring brings the
rod back up carrying the piston with it, now seated one notch higher. This
pushes one-notch's-worth of toothpaste out of the nozzle. A measured amount
of toothpaste every time and no more goo on the sink.
Refrigerators
Over 90 percent of all North American homes with electricity have
refrigerators. It seems to be the one appliance that North Americans can
just not do without. The machine's popularity as a food preserver is a
relatively recent phenomenon, considering that the principles were known as
early as 1748. A liquid absorbs heat from its surroundings when it
evaporates into a gas; a gas releases heat when it condenses into a liquid.
The heart of a refrigerator cooling system is the compressor, which
squeezes refrigerant gas (usually freon) and pumps it to the condenser,
where it becomes a liquid, giving up heat in the process. The condenser
fan helps cool it. The refrigerant is then forced through a thin tube, or
capillary tube, and as it escapes this restraint and is sucked back into a
gas again, absorbing some heat from the food storage compartment while it
does so. The evaporator fan distributes the chilled air.
In a self-defrosting refrigerator/freezer model, moisture condenses
into frost on the cold evaporator coils. The frost melts and drains away
when the coils are warmed during the defrost cycle which is initiated by a
timer, and ended by the defrost limiter, before the frozen food melts. A
small heater prevents condensation between the compartments, the freezer
thermostat turns the compressor on and off, and the temp control limits
cold air entering the fridge, by means of an adjustable baffle.
Smoke Detectors
Is your smoke detector good at scaring to death spiders who carelessly
tiptoe inside it? Have you ever leapt out of the shower, clad only in
you-know-what, to the piercing tones of your alarm, triggered merely by
your forgetting the close the bathroom door? Is it supposed to do this?
There are two types of smoke detectors on the market; the photoelectric
smoke detector and ionization chamber smoke detector. The photoelectric
type uses a photoelectric bulb that shines a beam of light through a
plastic maze, called a catacomb. The light is deflected to the other end
of the maze where it hits a photoelectric cell. Any smoke impinging on
this light triggers the alarm (as do spiders and water droplets in the
air!). The ionization chamber type contains a small radiation source,
usually a man-made element called Americium. The element produces
electrically-charged air molecules called ions, and their presence allows
a small electric current to flow in the chamber. When smoke particles
enter the chamber they attach themselves to these ions, reducing the flow
of current and triggering the alarm.
Both types are considered equally effective and may be battery-powered
or wired to the home's electrical system. No matter which type you choose,
if you don't have one installed, put down this article and go buy one now!
And while you're signing that credit card voucher for the new smoke
detector, pause for a moment and gaze at that other technological marvel
you are probably holding in your hand, the ball-point pen. Ever wonder why
it's called a ball-point? Because it has a ball. The first European
patents for the handy device were issued in the late 19th century, but none
of the early pens worked very well until a Swiss inventor named Lazio Josef
Biro designed the first modern version in 1939. He called it a birome.
Commercial production was delayed by World War II, and then in 1945, an
American firm, Reynold's, introduced "the miraculous pen which
revolutionizes writing" at Gimbel's in New York City. The new pen didn't
work very well and cost a whopping $12.50 U.S., but it was an instant
success. The Henry Ford of the ball-point industry, Marcel Bich, launched
the Bic pen in 1949, after developing the Biro design for two years to
produce a precision instrument which wrote evenly and reliably and was
cheap. By the early seventies, Bic pens became the world's largest
manufacturer of ball-point pens, and today some two and one-half million
Bic ball-points alone are sold every day in North America.
Ink feeds by gravity through five veins in a nose cone, usually made of
brass, to a tungsten carbide ball. During the writing process, the ball
rotates, picking up a continuous ink supply through the nose cone and
transferring it to the writing paper. The ball is a perfect sphere, which
must fit precisely into the extremely smooth nose cone socket so that it
will rotate freely yet be held tightly in place so that there is an even
ink flow. Although it sounds deceptively simple, perhaps the most amazing
thing about ball-point pens is the ink. Why doesn't it just run out the
end? Why doesn't it dry up in the plastic cartridge? Bic describes the ink
as "exclusive, fast-drying, yet free flowing". The formula is, of course,
secret.
In the 19th century, writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson expressed a
fear that perhaps we all feel to some extent, that "things are in the
saddle and ride Mankind". But with the help of good household reference
books, friendly reference librarians, and helpful manufacturers only too
willing to help consumers understand their products, we can at least get a
rein on the technology in our homes.

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<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Homeless People]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:814 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
What has been done to decrease the problem?
One of the largest growing concerns in Toronto is the constantly
increasing number of citizens who are finding themselves living on the
streets. With the decrease in the number of available jobs, the population
of homeless people has literally boomed. My questions are not as simple to
answer as they may appear. Why is a large portion of our community forced
to live on the streets? What has be done to decrease the problem? These
are the questions I will confront in my essay.
With the economical wealth attributed to the name "Canada", one would
have to wonder why there is a homeless situation at all. This problem is
especially evident in Canada's wealthiest city, Toronto. When it comes to
the affairs of the people, it is the government who should intervene. When
I look at what the government has done with regard to the homeless problem,
I have to doubt that everything is being done to eradicate it. The United
Nations implemented a universal declaration of human rights. Article 25
Section 1 of this declaration states:
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health
and well being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing,
housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and to the right
to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,
old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
This is a step in the right direction. However, this is not enough.
These rights are subject to the discretion of the government of the country
who decides to obey these universal rights. How much is "adequate"?
The government, both at the federal and municipal levels, is currently
working on new spending cuts. These cuts also include spending on welfare,
unemployment and social services that are geared towards helping the
homeless. Spending cuts can be seen as a necessity to maintain the country
economically, but the reason for having a government in the first place is
to take care of the people. How can this be done when money is being taken
away from those services that are necessary to uphold this obligation?
Simply put, it cannot. Those obligations are served by nonprofit
organizations who depend on government grants to maintain a standard of
care for those who need the services.
The blame cannot be placed only on the government. Such a system of
assistance depends on its beneficiaries to be honest and have some
integrity. Many recipients of these services attempt to "cheat the
system". With no will to search for work many of these recipients remain
at home and reap the benefits of their weekly cheques. This causes the
government to create other services to control the amounts of money being
distributed to those people. This process is costly and would be
unnecessary if all of the recipients decided to take an honest approach to
this service.
What can the government do to decrease the homeless population?
Although there is no quick and easy answer to solve this difficult problem,
Toronto has the means to attempt economical ways to research and come up
with ideas to solve it. Here in Ontario we have many excellent
universities and colleges with equally excellent students who are taking
courses in the political sciences. If the government were to cooperate
with these universities and colleges and have them work in conjunction with
the current research groups, then the answer to decrease the homeless
population would be effectively answered. The government would encounter
little expense and at the same time give the students a chance to implement
what they are learning into real life situations. Everyone benefits from
this idea and there are no losers.
In conclusion I think that our homeless problem could eventually be
rooted out entirely if everyone were to take part in the care of their
fellow neighbour. If we were to stop being self-centered and start
thinking about the other person who has less than us, I am sure that we
would benefit from it. It isn't all that hard. A few advertisements on
the television and radio, a little push from our society's leaders and we
would be off on the right track. That worked for the recycling program.
Now we should try employing this idea for even better reasons. I doubt that
I will be around to see this idea in use all around the world, but I do
hope that I can one day see it used here in Toronto. To assist all the
homeless here in Toronto would be a very nice thing to see. The best part
of it all would be to know that we, as a society, would be able to work
together despite all the barriers created by racism and our naive nature
when it comes to other heritages.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Creative Essay on a ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Young Boy Losing his ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Parents ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1688 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
"Hello?"
"Martin, it's Bob.Angela was in a car accident last night..."
"Oh my God! Is it serious?"
"Yes, it's pretty serious. She's still unconscious. Hey listen, buddy,
I have to go out of town for a while and I was wondering if you could call
the hospital every once in a while because apparently somebody she knows
should be around after she wakes up. It sounds kind of silly to me but..."
"I'm leaving right now."
"Do what you want, Martin. Why don't you get some more sleep; after
all it's three in the morning. I've got to go- my plane leaves in an hour.
Thanks so much for bailing me out at such short notice, old pal."
"Hey no problem, buddy, it's only your wife; no need to be worried or
anything..." Martin said sarcastically to the dial tone. Martin ran to the
shower and was dressed and in the car in ten minutes.
"Excuse me, could you please tell me what room Mrs. Angela Warner, I
mean Smith, is in?"
"Yes, sir, she's in room 23, but you can't see her until 6:30. You may
wait in the lounge at the end of the hall if you wish."
"Thank you very much."
Martin looked through the little square window of her door. The
private room was cold and dark with green tile covering the walls halfway.
She had tubes in her nose, her head bandaged heavily, her arms in casts and
her neck in a brace. She had a long cut along her right cheekbone.
"You're still beautiful, little Angela," Martin murmured softly
to himself as tears welled up in his eyes. He turned away and walked down
the hall to the private lounge. As he walked in and sat down, he scanned
the people already there. There was a seemingly nice older couple, two
middle-aged women and a young boy.
"I REALLY hope her foot feels better after surgery," one of the women
said.
"No you don't, Susie. You're the one that didn't want to pitch in some
money to help her pay the bill," the other said icilly.
"I wouldn't talk, Candyce. You don't even want to be here. I loved
those fake tears of concern when they wheeled her in; that was a nice
touch," Susie laughed wickedly.
"She wouldn't even need to have surgery if it weren't for you dropping
that iron on her foot."
"That was an accident!" Susie's voice started to raise.
"Oh yeah, right. It just happened to be after she told you she was
engaged to Brad," Candyce said sarcastically.
"That was over a long time ago! How dare you imply..." Susie
hissed and stood up to slap Candyce when a nurse walked in.
"Miss Lane, Miss Rucher? Emilia has awakened from the anaesthetic. You
may see her now."
"Is she alright?" Susie said with concern oozing from her voice.
"Did they save her foot?" Candyce was near tears.
"Emilia will be just fine. Her foot was saved. Follow me, please."
Candyce and Susie shrieked with apparent joy and smiled so sweetly at the
nurse, syrup dripped from their mouths like the drool of a rabid dog. As
soon as the nurse turned her back to lead them away to their sick friend,
they glowered at each other wickedly.
"With friends like that, who needs enemies!" Martin thought to himself
as he sighed pityingly and reached for a pamphlet. He glanced at his watch:
5:00a.m. He looked over at the little boy who sitting alone in a corner,
silent with a blank stare on his face accompanied with an occasional
heart-felt sniffle.
"How to Deal With Death: The Revised Edition. What an
uplifting topic. I should come here more often," Martin thought
wryly and tossed the pamphlet on a nearby table. He glanced over at
the older couple. Thet were just sitting there, admiring the lovely
chocolate brown, seaweed green and bright orange modern murals.
"This is TOO depressing. I've got to get out of here," Martin thought
to himself. "I'm going to get some coffee. Could I bring you back
something?"
"No thank you, dear," the old woman said politely.
"Well, if you wouldn't mind, I'd really enjoy a ..." the woman nudged
the old man.
"George! Where are your manners?" she hissed and then smiled sweetly
at Martin who pretended not to notice.
"Come to think of it, I don't really want anything at the momment,
thanks," the old man quickly corrected himself.
"You sure have him well trained, lady," Martin snickered sarcastically
to himself. "How about you, son?" The little boy just sat there, tears
streaming down his face at the mention of the word `son'.
Martin walked quickly out of the room and sown the hall to the
nurses' station.
"Is there any change in Mrs. Smith's condition? She's in room 23."
"No, Mr. Smith. We will notify you if any change occurs."
"Thank you very much. By the way, I'm not Mr. Smith..." Martin stopped
himself when he realised the nurse's attention was directed elsewhere. "It
doesn't really matter anyway," he thought.
"Martin walked over to the coffee machine and after a lengthy battle
reached in and pulled a strong black coffee and a hot chocolat out of the
slot. When he turned around, Martin saw Candyce and Susie embracing Emilia
and giggling as she wiggled her toes at the end of her cast. Even from that
distance, their artificiality was so recognisable, Martin wanted to flee
from the scene in utter disgust.
He walked in on yet another arguement as he entered the lounge.
"Why did he have to marry her?"
"I like her..." the old man started.
"Did you say something, dear? Well anyway, like I was saying, I told
him, Bob, she will only bring you bad luck, being a divorcee and all. The
people at work won't respect you, and most of all, what will the rest of
the family think?"
"I like her..." the old man tried again in vain.
"Well I'll say, I don't think I want to stay here anymore. Personally,
I hope sher never wakes up. Enough said, let's go," the old woman
orderedsnobbishly. The old man took her minkwrap from a hanger and placed
it gently on his wife's shoulders and proceeded to follow her out of the
room like a lost puppy following his mistress home.
"Try not to trip over your leash, mister," Martin thought to himself,
astonished that the man would take this treatement so willingly. Then it
dawned on him: Bob, divorcee...."They must be Bob Smith's parents! How
could she say that about Angela?! How could he let her say those things
about Angela?!" Martin looked over at the boy, still gaping with rage. He
suddenly realised he had been screaming by the look of shock on the boy's
face.
"Here, this is for you. I don't believe it..." Martin handed him the
hot chocolate.
"Gee thanks, mister. How come you were screaming about what they said
about some lady?"
"That some lady is a very special lady who happens to be my ex-wife,"
he said icilly.
"But you care, don't you?" the boy asked seriously.
"With all my heart, but..."
"So that's all that matters. My mommy says so all the time..." his
voice quivered and broke into uncontrollable sobs. Martin put his arm
around the boy's shoulder who immediately wrapped his arms around Martin's
neck and cried into his chest.
6:30a.m. Martin put a pikllow under the boy's sleeping head and
covered him with his jacket. "The poor little guy," his heart went out to
him: the boy's parents had been in a train accident late last night and
would probably not survive to see the sun rise.
Martin looked in the window again at the coldness and unfeeling
of her room. All of a sudden, he ran down the hall to the boutiques and
bought an armful of flowers, trinkets and stuffed animals. He slipped
silently into the room and arranged everything. The room looked as though
somebody had breathed life into it. Flashes of red, bursts of yellow,
explosions of orange, waves of purple and the clear beauty of pink all
broke through the institutional cold and gave the room warmth and charm. He
tore open the curtains and drank in the radiance of the rising sun. He
walked over to her bed, took her hand gently and began describing the
magnifiscence of the flowers and the dazzling sun. He told her about
picnics they would have and walks through the gardens and boat rides on
little ponds. "I wouldn't mind waking up to this," he continued eagerly,
but then stopped, despair inundating him, washing away his dreams. "Only
it's Bob now, not be anymore," he murmured sadly and walked slowly over to
the window. He looked out and down onto a garden where a few patients were
being walked around. "That should be us," he murmured softly to the window.
"That should be us! We had so much happiness!" Martin turned and said
pleadingly to her unconscious face. He took a few quick steps and was at
her bedside again.
"I love you, Angela," he bent down and kissed her deathly pale cheek
softly. "I never stopped."
"And I love you. little Martin," her face flinched in a momentary
attack of pain. "Go and get some doctors, please."
Martin stared in shock. Gradually a boyish grin crept over his
face and he turned and ran to get some help.
"You'll have to wait outside while we examine her, Mr. Smith."
"No, I'm Mr. Martin Warner," he said confidantly. Martin walked back
down the hall to the lounge to check on the boy. As he neared the open
door, he saw a nurse comforting the child who sobbed hysterically.
"Mommy and Daddy would NEVER leave me! You're lying!" he screamed
desperately. Martin turned and walked down the dim hall very slowly. He
didn't even care about getting his jacket back.
He can replace his jacket.
The child can't replace his parents.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [General Prodigy Rip Info]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [on Herbert Hoover. ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:1304 School: - State: -
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Hoover, Herbert
{hoo'-vur}
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st president of the United States.
During his first year in office the Wall Street crash of 1929 occurred. He
was blamed for the resulting collapse of the economy, and his unpopular
policies brought an end to a brilliant career in public office. After the
inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933, however, Hoover remained
a leading critic of the New Deal and a spokesman for the Republican party.
Early Life
Born on Aug. 10, 1874, the son of a blacksmith in the Iowa village of
West Branch, Hoover was orphaned at the age of eight and sent to live with
an uncle in Oregon. The uncle became wealthy, enabling Hoover to study
mining engineering at Stanford University; he graduated in 1895. The
influences of his engineering training and his Quaker upbringing were to
shape his subsequent careers.
Hoover began working in California mines as an ordinary laborer, but he
soon obtained a position in Australia directing a new gold-mining venture.
During the next two decades he traveled through much of Asia, Africa, and
Europe as a mining entrepreneur, earning a considerable fortune. At the
outbreak of World War I in August 1914 he was in London.
Hoover, who as a Quaker passionately believed in peace, was appalled by
the human costs of the war, and he determined to devote his life to public
service. He volunteered to direct the exodus of American tourists from
war-torn Europe and then to head (1915-19) the Commission for Relief in
Belgium. This position brought him public attention as the "great
humanitarian," a well-earned reputation that he lost only after the 1929
Wall Street debacle. The commission fed 10,000,000 people during the war
and left funds for Belgian postwar reconstruction.
When the United States entered the war in April 1917, Hoover was called
to Washington to serve as food administrator. This was a special wartime
office, created to encourage American agricultural production and food
conservation and to coordinate a rational distribution of food. When the
war ended in November 1918, President Woodrow Wilson sent Hoover back to
Europe to direct the American Relief Administration, an agency intended to
relieve the suffering in Europe caused by the war's destruction.
Hoover's public reputation was enormous as a result of his activities
in these offices, and some persons looked upon him as a presidential
candidate in 1920. He had never participated in partisan politics, but he
did declare himself a Republican while refusing to seek the presidency that
year. In 1921, Warren G. Harding appointed Hoover secretary of commerce, a
post he held until he began his own presidential campaign in 1928.
Secretary of Commerce
As secretary of commerce, Hoover made his most important contributions
to public policy. He was so able and active in the administrations of
Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge that observers often referred to him
as "secretary for domestic affairs." Hoover directly confronted a dilemma
central to American values: the conflict between the tradition of
individualism and the impersonalism of large corporations and big cities.
Hoover deeply believed in the traditional worth of the individual, the
value of personal initiative, the rights of self-expression, and the legacy
of freedom of opportunity. These beliefs were deeply rooted in American
society and in Hoover's personal Quaker faith.
But Hoover, as an engineer, was also profoundly impressed by the
virtues of science. Rational principles could point the way to
disinterested fairness in public policy, bring about greater efficiency in
the economy and in society, and, if applied dispassionately, cause an end
to the bitter conflicts in an America populated by persons of different
creeds, races, and social classes. In his belief that greater rationality
in public life could be combined with respect for the tradition of
individual rights, Hoover conformed to the mainstream of progressive social
thought in the early 20th century.
As secretary of commerce Hoover was concerned with applying rational
principles in order to end conflict between labor and business. But he was
mostly preoccupied with trying to bring the benefits of cooperative action
to business owners and farmers without destroying individual initiative. To
this end his department encouraged firms to join together in trade
associations and thereby develop and share vital information about costs of
production and distribution and about available markets.
Presidency
Hoover's views and policies were popular in the 1920s. In 1928, after
Coolidge announced that he would not seek reelection, Hoover launched a
successful presidential campaign, easily defeating the Democratic
contender, Al Smith. Hoover expressed the belief that ways had been found
to eliminate the scourges of poverty and that America was entering a future
of peace and ever-increasing economic prosperity. After his election he
turned his attention to America's most noticeable economic problem, the
agricultural depression that had been chronic for nearly a decade. The
resulting Agricultural Marketing Act, passed by Congress in 1929, promoted
the idea of marketing cooperatives among farmers to increase their
efficiency while the government purchased surplus commodities until--it was
intended--individual cooperative action could maintain farm prosperity
without government intervention.
The Wall Street crash of October 1929 and the onset of the DEPRESSION
OF THE 1930s shattered Hoover's dreams and his popularity. He refused to
mobilize fully the resources of the federal government to save the
collapsing economy. What actions he did take, such as approving creation
(1932) of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to loan funds to ailing
corporations, seemed too little too late. Hoover feared that too much
government intervention would destroy the integrity and initiative of the
individual citizen. The "great humanitarian" lost his reputation as
millions lost their jobs and some were actually starving by the winter of
1932-33. Franklin Delano Roosevelt easily defeated Hoover in 1932 by
promising Americans a New Deal.
Later Years
In semiretirement Hoover criticized the policies of the New Deal,
saying that they made Americans dependent on the government. He remained an
important ideologist for the Republican party. After World War II he served
as coordinator of the European Food Program (1946-47). He subsequently
headed two Hoover Commissions (1947-49 and 1953-55) on the organization of
the executive branch of the government. He recommended structural changes
to make the government more efficient and the executive branch more
accountable to the Congress and the public.
In retirement Hoover thus remained true to his principles of efficiency
and individual integrity. He died in New York City on Oct. 20, 1964.
Bibliography: Best, Gary D., Herbert Hoover: The
Postpresidential Years, 1933-1964 (1983); Burner, David,
Herbert Hoover (1979); Eckley, Wilton, Herbert Hoover (1980);
Fausold, Martin L., The Presidency of Herbert Hoover (1985);
Fitzgerald, C. B., ed., Herbert C. Hoover (1988); Hawley, E.
W., et al., Herbert Hoover and the Historians (1990); Hoover,
Herbert, Addresses upon the American Road, 8 vols. (1936-61),
and The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, 3 vols. (1951-52);
Huthmacher, J. Joseph, and Sussman, Warren I., eds., Herbert
Hoover and the Crisis of American Capitalism (1973); Lyons,
Eugene, Herbert Hoover, a Biography (1964); Nash, G. H., The
Life of Herbert Hoover, 2 vols. (1983-88); Smith, Gene, The
Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
(1984); Smith, R. N., An Uncommon Man (1984); Sobel, Robert,
Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression, 1929-1930
(1975); Wilson, Joan Hoff, Herbert Hoover: Forgotten
Progressive (1975).
NAME: Herbert Clark Hoover
31st President of the United States (1929-33)
Born: Aug. 10, 1874, West Branch, Iowa Education: Stanford
University (graduated 1895) Profession: Engineer Religious
Affiliation: Society of Friends (Quaker)
Marriage: Feb. 10, 1899, to Lou Henry (1875-1944) Children:
Herbert Clark Hoover (1903-69); Alan Henry Hoover (1907- )
Political Affiliation: Republican Writings: The Challenge of
Liberty (1934); America's First Crusade (1942); Memoirs (3
vols., 1951-52); The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson (1958)
Died: Oct. 20, 1964, New York City Buried: West Branch, Iowa
Vice-President: Charles Curtis
Cabinet Members:^ Secretary of State: Henry L. Stimson
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew W. Mellon (1929-32); Ogden L.
Mills (1932-33) Secretary of War: James W. Good (1929); Patrick
J. Hurley (1929-33) Attorney General: William DeWitt Mitchell
Postmaster General: Walter F. Brown Secretary of the Navy:
Charles F. Adams Secretary of the Interior: Ray L. Wilbur
Secretary of Agriculture: Arthur M. Hyde Secretary of Commerce:
Robert P. Lamont (1929-32); Roy D. Chapin (1932-33) Secretary
of Labor: James J. Davis (1929-30); William N. Doak (1930-33)

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Canada's ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Ideal Population ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1476 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
CANADA'S IDEAL POPULATION
WHAT IS IT ?
AND
HOW SHOULD IT BE ACHIEVED ?
Population growth, is it desirable? So many things run through my
mind when I ask myself that question. I believe that I would desire a
higher population , but to an extent. Too high of a population would
spell disaster in many ways.
In each geography class I've taken, we have always covered the issue
of our earths natural resources. And how if we're not careful and learn
to conserve, we'll run out of them. Many people have been saying this for
a long time, and I think to an extent they are correct. So the question I
ask myself is this. How would an increased population affect the amount
of natural resources we have? Well, to answer this I had to consider our
present world population. With approximately 5.5 billion people in the
world, it has been estimated that our natural resources will be used up in
a few hundred years. Just think what an increase in our population would
do to the level of resources. We would probably have our resources down
to nothing in a matter of generations. What people are forgetting is that
scientists will always be working on new inventions, and are bound to come
up with some alternate manufactured resource that people can use as a
substitute to all the gasses, gasoline and other oil products.
Other problems that would occur due to an increase in population are,
an increase in taxes. More people would be using facilities funded by
taxes, like schools, school supplies, utilities, conservation areas,
prisons, courts both provincial and federal, as well as other government
services such as snow clearing, and lets not forget that the government has
salaries too, and our taxes pay for them.
I also believe there would be problems with a decrease in population.
So Canadians probably wont be to pleased that population decline is likely
to occur soon. Some of the problems of decreased population that would
have disastrous effects are as follows. Taxes would go up even higher
than if there was an increase in population because there would be less
people paying taxes. The government would have to raise taxes because
they would need to compensate for the loss. I also think the general
quality of life and living standards would decrease because there would be
less people working. After if there is a lower population there is less
demand for goods and services therefore less jobs would be available.
Prices of those goods and services would increase to compensate for the
loss of business. On the other hand the natural resources wouldn't deplete
as quickly if the population decreased. Because there would be less
people living in any given area, more properties would become abandoned
thus producing more area to ride recreational vehicles.
I would really enjoy that aspect of a decrease in population. But who
knows whether or not my friends would still be around to hang out with.
With such a demand lost, probably all business would have to reconstruct
their business to suit the situation.
If population growth was deemed desirable which I think it should be,
it would best be achieved through the use of many different methods. The
decreased use of various birth control methods.
Not only through the non-use of birth control can the effect be
achieved though. After all not everyone can afford to bring new life into
the world. Therefore I propose that serious financial incentives be
introduced. Enough money to supplement the entire cost of the birth and
the cost of raising the child for a minimum of sixteen years.
Unfortunately killing birth control wont quite cover the amount of
people that need to be brought into canada. It would be necessary to have
more immigrants come into the country. That would mean lowering the level
of standards already in effect for immigrants trying to get into our
country.
To complement this we would have to distribute the immigrants evenly
throughout the country so the under developed parts of Canada have a better
chance of survival.
If the immigrant distribution has to be done correctly, meaning that
everyone should be mixed in, including Canadians, so no one particular
ethnic group, or people with different beliefs feel singled out.
I think Canada's ideal population should include people from many
different countries. That's why immigrants should be encouraged to enter
from everywhere. Unfortunately, just like in the 1930's, immigration to
Canada is at a very low rate. Back then almost all Canadians were
antagonistic towards new immigrants because of the sacrity of jobs across
the country. Now-a-day's most of our white population feels they're being
discriminated against because their chances of getting a job are almost
nil.....nothing.....ZIPPO !!!!!!
Many people are too quick to turn away immigrants. I don't think we
realize the potential behind allowing them into our country, and giving
them a chance, Actually letting them speak. After all a white, black, and
chinese man can all work the same job. One colour or creed shouldn't
affect their work. As long as they're qualified for the job there should
be no reason for declining them the position. But, not every person has
the same ideas. Not everyone thinks the same way. Therefore it would be
beneficial to everyone if we collaborated our ideas. It leads to a more
beneficial conclusion. More beneficial to everyone because their ideas
will be part of the conclusion.
That is why it would be in everyone's best interest to increase the
domestic natural increase rate.
If immigration is encouraged, which would be beneficial to Canada, it
should be stated in the agreement of acceptance to Canada, where that
immigrant must live, and for the number of years he/she must live there.
It would bring more population to the lower populated area's. Thus more
business would be needed because of the increase in demand. Thus more
jobs can be created further away from core area's such as Toronto and
Vancouver.
There would of course have to be an incentive to being placed where
your going to live. Especially if it's a region where population density
is only 0.1 people per kilometre like in the North West Territories. What
I propose is that the government lower their monthly taxes for a period of
time. As well as interest free loans for those who want to start or open
their own business. Perhaps a 50% savings on the building of a house.
Really the possibilities are endless since there are different types of
incentives for different types of land. Once the incentives are started
the government should continue to give them until an area is built up
enough to support itself.
To help the immigrants, the government could also offer incentives to
Canadian citizens to move to a particular geographical location.
It would be necessary to do this so the new developing regions
aeronaut only immigrants. They would feel as if they were outcasts,
probably end up revolting, and a war would start.
There are many factors affecting Canada's population. Each as
important as the next. Some are in favour of high population favourable,
and some are in favour of low population. So it is very difficult to
determine what Canada's ideal population should be.
I think Canada's ideal population should be about 125,000,000. That
way we would at least be pulling our weight for population density. There
would be a lot more business being done in day-to- day activities. There
would be no excessively poor areas if we are to completely mix our ethnic
groups and immigrants.
It would be necessary to use all forms of our population increasing
procedures. Even some not mentioned in this paper. Although many of these
approaches are costly, it would be very proficient for us all to have the
whole country working collectively.
With all of Canada operating together, we would reach our optimum
efficiency. Only through the combining of our races will we be able to
keep everyone happy. Only through combined ideas of everyone, including
the immigrants and ethnic groups other than our own, will we be able to
attain more productive processes.
Only with these new processes will we be able to operate our
businesses, assembly lines, and other jobs to our fullest potential.
I also strongly believe that we will find new resources, or invent
more efficient ones before we actually run out of the old. So I really
don't think running out of resources is going to be problem in the future.
That's why I think Canada's ideal population should be 125,000,000.
And It can be accomplished through the methods discussed in this analysis.
I imagine we can all get over being a little crowded as long as we're all
kept happy. Which we will because of our countries new capabilities.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Seems like a short ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Segment from Hucklberry ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [Finn. ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:1603 School: ? State: ?
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Then we got out the raft and slipped along down in the shade, past the foot
of the island dead still-never saying a word.
It must a been near six o'clock in the morning the day after we escaped the
slave hunters when Jim come in my tent to wake me up.
"C'mon Huck, git up! Dere's another raft c'min dis way!"
I was up like a shot, and I ran outside to take a good look at this raft.
Since it was spring, the sun was up nice and early, and I could see pretty
clearly. Down river maybe one hundred feet or so war another raft, much
like our own. It 'peared someone was lyin' on it, fast asleep. I couldn't
tell whether it war a man or a boy, but he had nothing on the raft sides
hisself, no clothes, no money, no bag, nuthin.
"Huck, I don' like dis berry much. C'mon, les go on past, and hope he
dasn't wake up and see de raf'." Jim advised.
"Shhh." I said. "Maybe he's from Cairo, or mebbe he can direct us to it."
Jim still didn't like the idea, he went off mumbling about slave hunters
and whatnot, but he didn't give me no more trouble bout it. Well, sure
enough, we moved on by that raft and we sees who's on it, a little boy was
who. Asleep, just lying there, not watching out for no towheads or trees
or rocks. Couldn't a been more than five years, wearing torn overalls and
a straw hat just like mine over yellow hair and blue eyes, with real light
skin.
"Jim, gimme our rope, and quick now." I said.
"But why?" he answered.
"Jes give it here and trust me." Jim sighed as he gave me the rope.
"If I ever git myself off dis raf; I ain' neva gonn trust you agin, Huck.
I been doin too much of it." I laughed softly, and Jim smiled as I slipped
off the boat and into the water. Very slowly like I swam to t'other raft,
and tied on our rope, putting our two rafts together. Then I turned around
and swam back to our raft, where Jim was waiting.
"C'mon Jim, help me pull in this here rope." I said. Jim looked ready to
reply, but he didn't, and instead sighed again and turned his head to
pulling in the rope.
Pretty soon we had the other raft floating along just beside our own, and
the two were tied together. The little boy still hadn't waked up yet, and
went on sleeping just as pleasant as can be. I went back into Jim and my
stuff, and got out Pap's rifle, and went to set by the sleeping boy. Jim
probably wondered what I was doing, and it showed, but he didn't say
nuthin, he was so 'sasperated.
By and by the little boy come to rubbing his eyes and waking up. When he
did, I pointed the rifle at him.
"Git up!" I said, tryin' to make my voice sound real hard and robber like.
"Who are you?" he asked as he stood up, looking not worried at all.
I thought for a second. "You can call me Pat the Pirate, and that there's
my nigger, he's so mean he don't even HAVE a name. You're our prisoner, so
no funny moves."
His eyes went wide with something akin to fear. "Really?!? A real
pirate?"
"Yep." I said. "The most meanest pirate on this part of the Mississippi.
You never aheard of Pat the Pirate?"
He said, "I never heard of no Pat the pirate. You sho you a real pirate?
You look like my brother, and he ain't no pirate."
"Well, I ain't your brother, and if you don't believe me, then I'll just
have to shoot you. Now, c'mon."
He believed me now. He seemed overjoyed. "Can I watch you murder people
and rob and plunder, since I'm your prisoner?"
"No," I answered. "Prisoners don't do any fun stuff. You just set around
and do what we tell you. We're the pirates, we murder and rob and
plunder."
His face fell, but only for the a second. He seemed overjoyed to know a
genuine pirate, and he knew a lot about other pirates, because he never
stopped telling us about them. Jim even listened in, being he liked all
kinds of stories, he learned all the boy's stories, so he could work
towards being the best storyteller in our town, something all the niggers
worked for.
During one of the stories, the boy started talking 'bout his hometown. I
came to wondering what a boy his age was doing alone on this river. So
when he was done I asked, "Hey you, what's your name? We need to know your
name to tell your family we took you."
"You don't need to do that. I run off, Ma was gwyne t' make me eat
broccoli. So I says, I ain't gwyne to eat that stuff. It makes me sick.
But she don' listen, and she tells me to eat it anyway. So I pretends like
I et it, but she whacked me anyway. That's when I run off and steal Pa's
raft so's I can join up with some robbers. And now I met you, he said.
"You run off?" I said. "You best not be running off from this raft, else
Jim'll hafta come after ya. And you can't be a pirate, pirates NEVER run
off, no way no how. If pirates was alluz gonna be running off, they'd be
no good to their captains, now would they? So you ain't no pirate, that's
for sure."
Well, he didn't say nothin, but he looked a little distressed, and his blue
eyes appeared to start to think it over. Then, real quiet, he whispers to
me, "So Jim ain't no runaway nigger? He stuck with his master?"
This took me off guard, and I set to thinking for a moment afore I war able
to reply. I decided I just had to get this boy back to his parents, who
were probably worryin' their heads off about him. "That's most certainly
right. Jim's a pirate for sure. He ain't got no warm blood in him, he's
the worst of the worst. And that took a lot of courage, but he stuck with
me, cuz I'm his master, and he ain't never even thought about running off,
like you done." I tried to sniff with disdain, and turned away and left
him to think about that for a time.
For the rest of the evening, neither Jim nor myself spoke much to the boy,
who's name we still didn't know. Jim, cuz he didn't like this whole
business of foolin' people, and myself, to get the boy to ask us to take
him home. Come nightfall, I made the boy sleep ouside, seein as he warn't
a pirate.
Next morning, we didn't feed the boy neither, and he war getting pretty
hungry.
"Kin I get some of that fish you's cooking?" he asked as the fire smoked on
our little raft.
"No," I said, "Until you're a real pirate, I ain't gonna give you nuthin."
He left again, and went to dragging his legs in the river. Gradually, bout
noontimes, he come up to me real quiet and soft like.
"Pat sir, I don't wanna be no pirate or pirate's captive neither. Kin you
let me off soon and let me go home to my Pa and Ma?"
"Well," I says to him, "Pirates don't jes let their captives go, you know,
they have to git something for them. So I don't think I can let you go,
til I get's a ransom."
He turned around real dejected like, and walked back to his corner. "But,"
I says, "we might be able to make a deal for you. See, Jim went and sent
message to your Pa that we had you here, and he agreed to pay us for you.
But, see, we promised we'd never tell, so don' you be letting on to yer Pa
that we told you he's paying to get you back. So we'll drop you off at the
next station, and then when you go home and don't be runnin off, you can
become a real pirate. When you do, you jes come looking for me, I can
alluz use a good mate."
My, how his eyes did light up. He thanked me more times than I could
count, but he still stayed away from Jim, being as how tough Jim war. So
shortly after, one or two o'clock I reckon, we pulled into the small town
of Carlisle and left him in the care of the town constable. When I told
the story to the constable, he gave me a knowin' look and promised to
deliver the boy home, so's he could become a real pirate. Jim and me, we
just turned around, headed back out on that river, and even Jim laughed a
little at the retelling of the tale, specially when I livened it up a
little. When the first streaks of day began to show we tied up to a
towhead in a big bend on the Illinois side.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Humanism and its Changes]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [over time. ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:513 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Modern European History Essay #1
The Renaissance was an incredibly important turning point in Western
Intellectual and Cultural Tradition. All of these changes centered around
the idea of Humanism -- in which, people became less "God Centered" and
more "Human-centered". I have narrowed down these changes, and will
discuss in detail, these changes in three major categories: Political,
Education, and the Humanism of Arts.
The major pollical changes of the Renaissance were from the old Feudal
System of the Middle Ages into a more flexible and liberal class system.
This was most noticeable in Italy (particularly in Florence), where the
divisions consisted of the old rich, the new rich nobles, the middle class,
and the lower middle class(The poor didn't count). This created great
conflict between these social divisions. The new rich consisted of
successful merchants, capitalists, and bankers innovators of new systems of
making money. The Humanism philosophy was also a very popular with the
people and many political leaders rose to high positions with support of
these ideals. Three humanists even became chancellors of Florence -- they
used their rhetorical skills to strongly rally the people of Florence
against their enemies.
The great changes in Education of the Renaissance were inspired at
first, by the desire of Humanists to be wise and to speak eloquently. The
idea of useful education for the people, and very "well rounded" schooling
in many different fields of learning were the new defined goals of
Renaissance education. People all over (Especially in Florence) revived
the Ancient Greek studies of Plato, Aristotle, and many others. People
began seriously questioning what these people said and re-developed the
"Scientific Theory" in which you didn't just accept whatever was said to
you, but you tested the truth of it.
In the area of Humanism and the Arts, Renaissance Artists no longer
were subordinate to the interests and the values of the Clergy, and were
able to create anything of their "artistic will". Both men and women were
now able to appreciated arts beyond just religious themes. Artists could
also now take advantage of new techniques, such as oil painting and linear
perspective to enhance the quality of their works. All of the great
artists of the time used became who they were solely because of this new
artistic freedom that the Renaissance brought them. These artists also
created works that were more complex than before. Taking advantage of
this, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci -- the ultimate example of the
Renaissance man working in all types of educational fields, and
Michelangelo who was possibly the most famous artist and sculptor in
history.
As you can see, the Renaissance was to great extent and a major
turning point in history from the Middle Ages in just about every element
of the Society. The Renaissance have truly become the original roots of
our culture from the West. This was was the time when people questioned
the past, and decided to go back to the schools of learning taking the past
of the Greeks into their present to make a better future.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Hurricanes ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:603 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Hurricanes
==========
Hurricanes get their start over the warm tropical waters of the North
Atlantic Ocean near the equator. Most hurricanes appear in late summer or
early fall, when sea temperatures are at their highest. The warm waters
heats the air above it, and the updrafts of warm, moist air begin to rise.
Day after day the fluffy cumuli form atop the updrafts. But the cloud tops
rarely rise higher than about 6,000 feet. At that height in the tropics,
there is usually a layer of warm, dry air that acts like an invisible
ceiling or lid.
Once in a while, something happens in the upper air that destroys this
lid. Scientist don not know how this happens. But when it does, it's the
first step in the birth of a hurricane.
With the lid off, the warm, moist air rises higher and higher. Heat
energy, released as the water vapor in the air condenses. As it condenses
it drives the upper drafts to heights of 50,000 to 60,000 feet. The cumuli
become towering thunderheads.
From outside the storm area, air moves in over the sea surface to
replace the air soaring upwards in the thunderheads. The air begins
swirling around the storm center, for the same reason that the air swirls
around a tornado center.
As this air swirls in over the sea surface, it soaks up more and more
water vapour. At the storm center, this new supply of water vapor gets
pulled into the thunderhead updrafts, releasing still more energy as the
water vapor condenses. This makes the updrafts rise faster, pulling in even
larger amounts of air and water vapor from the storm's edges. And as the
updrafts speed up, air swirls faster and faster around the storm center.
The storm clouds, moving with the swirling air, form a coil.
In a few days the hurricane will have grown greatly in size and power.
The swirling shape of the winds of the hurricane is shaped like a
dough-nut. At the center of this giant "dough-nut" is a cloudless, hole
usually having a radius of 10 miles. Through it, the blue waters of the
ocean can be seen. The hurricane's wind speed near the center of the
hurricane ranges from 75 miles to 150 miles per hour.
The winds of a forming hurricane tend to pull away from the center as
the wind speed increases. When the winds move fast enough, the "hole"
developes.
This hole is the mark of a full-fledge hurricane. The hole in the
center of the hurricane is called the "eye" of the hurricane. Within the
eye, all is calm and peaceful. But in the cloud wall surrounding the eye,
things are very different.
Although hurricane winds do not blow as fast as tornado winds, a
hurricane is far more destructive. That's because tornado winds cover only
a small area, usually less than a mile across. A hurricane's winds may
cover an area 60 miles wide out from the center of the eye. Another reason
is tornadoes rarely last as long as an hour, or travel more than 100 miles.
However , a hurricane may rage for a week or more (example: Hurricane
Dorthy) In that time, it may travel tens of thousands of miles over the sea
and land.
At sea, hurricane winds whip up giant waves up to 20 feet high. Such
waves can tear freighters and other oceangoing ships in half. Over land,
hurricane winds can uproot trees, blow down telephone lines and power
lines, and tear chimneys off rooftops. The air is filled with deadly flying
fragments of brick, wood, and glass.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [What our grandparents ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [had to go through to get]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [here ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 08/94 # of Words:1145 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The Immigrant Experience
They are our grandparents, our relatives, our friends. They are the
immigrants. They came from all over the world for many reasons, such as,
religious persecution and racial tension, but the largest reason for coming
to America was for freedom. The freedom to live where we want, to own
property, to take part in the government and most importantly, the freedom
to be treated like a human being.
Coming over was extremely difficult. For some, there were good,
seaworthy boats, but most boats were overcrowded, dirty, and disgusting.
For Jews, the passage was extremely difficult because of the non-kosher
ship food. People were pushed together like cattle. Most people became
seasick.
From one account came descriptions of unsanitary bathrooms. This,
surely, must have been torture, but, hopefully, most immigrants found the
dreadful trip to be worth the freedom at the other end.
Ellis Island, also, was far from sanitary. The people would break down
into lines, and walk by a doctor, trying to hide any physical problems.
Children over two had to be able to walk by themselves. If the doctor
noticed anything wrong he would use a piece of chalk to show the person
required further inspection. If, this was indeed the case, the person would
be set aside in a cage.
Another test was that of sanity. An interpreter would ask each person a
few questions just to find a sensible answer to test mental stability.
The last and most feared doctor checked for disease by lifting the
eyelid. He scared children, and probably spread more disease than the
people he checked. From an eyewitness account, his gloves were not sterile,
and he did not change or even wash them between examinations. I, myself,
found this disgusting, and dangerous.
Then, immigrants filed into lines by nationality to be questioned. The
questions scared many people. Should they tell the truth or lie. Which
answer would make sure that they could stay in America.
Later, for Jews, help came. A group called the "Hebrew Immigrant Aid
Society," (HIAS) told them to tell the truth, and helped them through the
period between leaving the boat and getting settled in the west.
Some officials were corrupt, and allowed bribes. This makes me wonder,
if this was the land of freedom and justice as it had been claimed. Through
the ordeal, one thing is certain. All of the immigrants passing through
Ellis Island were scared and confused. It was one feeling that most of
these people would probably be exposed to for the next few months.
There were many restrictions. People with certain diseases would be
sent back. Laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, would not let certain
nationalities into America. In the early twentieth century it was decided
that Japanese people would not be allowed into America. This was surely not
the land of liberty that had been promised by our forefathers.
One of the nationalities traveling to America were Jews. They were
treated somewhat differently. This was probably because many of their
countries would not accept them.
The first Jews in the new world were Morranos from Spain. They fled
their homeland because of the inquisition. They traveled from Spain to
South America, and then to New Amsterdam. They, at first were rejected by
Peter Stuyvesant, but petitioned the Dutch West India Company of Amsterdam,
Holland, and, eventually were let into the colony.
Stuyvesant was determined to make life hard for the Jews, and
therefore denied them the right to build a synagogue. Luckily, for the
Jews, the colony was soon to be taken over by the British. Under certain
British naturalization laws, the Jews were able to build a synagogue in the
colony.
Jews in Savannah were accepted, but only to a degree. This was because
of Samuel Nunes, a Jewish doctor who helped to stop a disease that had
already killed many people. Even then, Jews were given land away from the
main town.
In the American Revolution Jews did not take any specific sides. Some
believed that the freedom that they had gained under the English rule would
be lost. Other felt that the taxes were too high and joined the Patriots.
Later, in the Civil War, Jews took sides as everyone else. Their
location meant everything. Jews in the north sided with the Union, and Jews
in the south sided with the Confederacy.
Unfortunately, a law was passed by Congress forbidding Jewish Chaplains
in the Union army. Congress later passed a law stating that chaplains had
to be "ministers of some religious denomination," which included Christian
ministers and Jewish rabbis.
Then, more trouble came for the Jews. Ulysees S. Grant ordered that all
Jews in the states of Kentucky and Tennessee were to be removed.
Fortunately, Lincoln cancelled the order as soon as he found out.
Later, between 1880 and 1925, many Jews came to America to escape anti
semitism. One of the acts of anti-semitism was church supported violence
against Jews in Eastern Europe (before World War I), which was legal. There
were also laws which discriminated against Jews. In Russia, a czar had been
assassinated, and Jews were blamed out of fear of a revolution. This caused
a flood of immigrants into the United States.
Most of America's famous people are descended from immigrants if they
are not immigrants themselves. People, like Albert Einstein, a famous
physicist, and Henry Kissinger, who was Secretary of State, and helped to
open up negotiations with China, were Jewish immigrants.
People like Bob Hope, who was born in England, have contributed richly
to our culture. Charlie Chaplin, also from England, was a silent movie
star.
America is made of many different cultures, all of which have
contributed to the American way of life.
Jews contributed doctors and lawyers. Japanese are computer and
business contributors. Koreans are well educated and have been involved in
many professional, technical, and managerial careers. African Americans
have contributed music, science, literature, entertainment, and many other
things to our culture. Our culture is derived from many different ones, and
cannot be broken down into which group contributes what because each group
has done so much.
All this proves that Americans are not just one people. We are
individuals from different cultures. We are different, but we are all
Americans.
Bibliography
"Asian Americans" Grolier's Online Encyclopedia. 1991 ed.
"Chinese Exclusion Act" Grolier's Online Encyclopedia. 1991 ed.
"Ellis Island" Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 1986 ed.
Fallows, James. "The Mind of Japan" U.S. News and World Report 2 December
1983: 36
Howe, Irving. World of Our Fathers. New York and London: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1976
Interview with Mollie Greenblatt, Brooklyn, New York 1991
Interview with Nathan Laks, Elizabeth, New Jersey 1991
Kenvin, Helen Schwartz. This Land of Liberty - A History of America's
Jews. West Orange, New Jersey: Behrman House Publishers, 1986.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Mimicry in ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Nature ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1439 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
THE GREAT IMPOSTERS
Finding good day care can certainly pose a problem these days, unless,
of course, you're an African widow bird. When it comes time for a female
widow bird to lay her eggs, she simply locates the nest of a nearby
Estrildid finch and surreptitiously drops the eggs inside.
That's the last the widow bird ever sees of her offspring. But not to
worry, because the Estrildid finch will take devoted care of the abandoned
birds as if they were her own.
And who's to tell the difference? Though adult widow birds and
Estrildid finches don't look at all alike, their eggs do. Not only that,
baby widow birds are dead ringers for Estrildid finch chicks, both having
the same colouration and markings. They even act and sound the same, thus
ensuring that the widow bird nestlings can grow up among their alien
nestmates with no risk of being rejected by their foster parents.
MASTERS OF DISGUISE
Things aren't always as they seem, and nowhere is this more true than
in nature, where dozens of animals (and plants) spend their time
masquerading as others. So clever are their disguises that you've probably
never known you were being fooled by spiders impersonating ants, squirrels
that look like shrews, worms copying sea anemones, and roaches imitating
ladybugs. There are even animals that look like themselves, which can also
be a form of impersonation.
The phenomenon of mimicry, as it's called by biologists, was first
noted in the mid-1800s by an English naturalist, Henry W. Bates. Watching
butterflies in the forests of Brazil, Bates discovered that many members of
the Peridae butterfly family did not look anything like their closest
relatives. Instead they bore a striking resemblance to members of the
Heliconiidae butterfly family.
Upon closer inspection, Bates found that there was a major advantage
in mimicking the Heliconiids. Fragile, slow-moving and brightly coloured,
the Heliconiids are ideal targets for insectivorous birds. Yet, birds
never touch them because they taste so bad.
Imagine that you're a delicious morsel of butterfly. Wouldn't it be
smart to mimic the appearance of an unpalatable Heliconiid so that no bird
would bother you either? That's what Bates concluded was happening in the
Brazilian jungle among the Pieridae. Today, the imitation of an inedible
species by an edible one is called Batesian mimicry.
Since Bates' time, scientists have unmasked hundreds of cases of
mimicry in nature. It hasn't always been an easy job, either, as when an
animal mimics not one, but several other species. In one species of
butterfly common in India and Sri Lanka, the female appears in no less than
three versions. One type resembles the male while the others resemble two
entirely different species of inedible butterflies.
Butterflies don't "choose" to mimic other butterflies in the same way
that you might pick out a costume for a masquerade ball. True, some
animals, such as the chameleon, do possess the ability to change body
colour and blend in the with their surroundings. But most mimicry arises
through evolutionary change. A mutant appears with characteristics similar
to that of a better protected animal. This extra protection offers the
mutant the opportunity to reproduce unharmed, and eventually flourish
alongside the original.
In the world of mimics, the ant is another frequently copied animal,
though not so much by other ants as by other insects and even spiders.
Stoop down to inspect an ant colony, and chances are you'll find a few
interlopers that aren't really ants at all but copycat spiders (or wasps or
flies). One way you might distinguish between host and guest is by counting
legs: Ants have six legs while spiders have eight. Look carefully and you
might see a few spiders running around on six legs while holding their
other two out front like ant feelers. COPYCATS
Mimicry can not only be a matter of looking alike, it can also involve
acting the same. In the Philippine jungle there is a nasty little bug, the
bombardier beetle. When threatened by a predator, it sticks its back end in
the air, like a souped-up sports car, and lets out a blast of poisonous
fluid. In the same jungle lives a cricket that is a living xerox of the
bombardier beetle. When approached by a predator, the cricket will also
prop up its behind -- a tactic sufficient to scare off the enemy, even
though no toxic liquid squirts out.
Going one step further than that is a native of the United States, the
longicorn beetle, which resembles the unappetizing soft-shelled beetle.
Not content to merely look alike, the longicorn beetle will sometimes
attack a soft-shelled beetle and devour part of its insides. By ingesting
the soft-shelled beetle's bad-tasting body fluid, the longicorn beetle
gives itself a terrible taste, too!
Protection is by no means the only advantage that mimicry offers.
Foster care can be another reward, as proven by the African widow bird. And
then there's the old wolf-in-sheep's-clothing trick, which biologists call
aggressive mimicry.
The master practitioner of aggressive mimicry is the ocean-going
anglerfish. Looking like a stone overgrown with algae, the anglerfish
disguises itself among the rocks and slime on the ocean bottom. Protruding
from its mouth is a small appendage, or lure, with all the features of a
fat, juicy pink worm.
The anglerfish lacks powerful teeth so it can't take a tight grip on
its prey. Instead, it waits motionless until a small fish shows interest in
the lure, and then wiggles the lure in front of the fish's mouth. When the
small fish is just about to snap at the lure, the angler swallows
violently, sucking the fish down its hatch. Diner instantly becomes dinner.
SEXUAL IMITATORS
Of all the many impostures found in nature, probably the sneakiest are
those of the sexual mimics: males who imitate females to gain an advantage
at mating time. Here in Ontario we have a sexual mimic, the bluegill fish.
Male bluegills come in two types: the standard male and the satellite male,
which looks just like a female bluegill.
In preparation for mating, the standard male bluegill performs the
job of building the nest, where he bides his time until a female enters it
to spawn. Satellite fish don't build nests, choosing instead to hover
around the nest of a standard male until the moment when a pregnant female
enters. The satellite fish follows her into the nest, deceiving the
nestbuilder into believing that he is now in the presence of two females.
The three fish swim around together, and when the female drops her eggs,
both males release a cloud of sperm. Some of the eggs are fertilized by the
resident male, some by the satellite male, thus passing on passing on
different sets of male genes to a new generation of bluegills.
Another case of sexual mimicry has recently been uncovered in Manitoba
among the red-sided garter snakes. The little town of Inwood, Manitoba and
the surrounding countryside is garter snake heaven, where you can find the
largest snake colonies on Earth.
Every spring, the red-sided garter snake engages in a curious mating
ritual. Soon after spring thaw, the males emerge first from their winter
cave and hover nearby. The females then slither out a few at a time, each
one exuding a special "perfume" which signals to the fellows that she's
ready to mate. At first whiff of this lovely odour, a mass of frenetic
males immediately besieges the female, wrapping her up in a "mating ball"
of 10, 20 or sometimes as many as 100 writhing males, all hoping to get
lucky.
Scientists have now discovered that some male red-sided garters give
off the same perfume as the female, and they do this while intertwined in
the mating ball. Male and female red-sided garters look exactly alike, so
the male with the female scent can effectively distract many of the males
from the real female, giving the imposter a better shot at getting close to
the female and impregnating her.
Males passing as females, fish as bait, beetles as ants -- amidst all
this confusion, it still sometimes pays to just be yourself, which could
certainly be the motto of the amazing hair-streak butterfly family.
Decorating the hair-streak's lower hind wings are spots that look like
eyes, and out-growths that look like antennae, creating the illusion that
the butterfly has a second head. Whenever the hair-streak alights, it
jerks its dummy antennae up and down while keeping its real antennae
immobile. Presumably, this dummy head exists to distract predators. If so,
we finally have the first scientific proof that two heads are better than
one.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on if Computers ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [will control Humans ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [in the Future ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:873 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Will computers control humans in the future?
People always tend to seek the easy way out looking for something that
would make their lives easier. Machines and tools have given us the
ability to do more in less time giving us, at the same time, more comfort.
As the technology advances, computers become faster and more powerful.
These new machines are enabling us to do more in less time making our lives
easier. The increased use of computers in the future, however, might have
negative results and impact on our lives. In the novel Nine Tomorrows
Isaac Asimov often criticizes our reliance on computers by portraying a
futuristic world where computers control humans.
One of the images which Asimov describes in the book is that humans
might become too dependent on computers. In one of the stories,
Profession, Asimov writes about people being educated by computer programs
designed to educate effortlessly a person. According to the Profession
story people would no longer read books to learn and improve their
knowledge. People would rely on the computers rather than "try to memorize
enough to match someone else who knows" (Nine Tomorrows, Profession 55).
People would not chose to study, they would only want to be educated by
computer tapes. Putting in knowledge would take less time than reading
books and memorizing something that would take almost no time using a
computer in the futuristic world that Asimov describes. Humans might began
to rely on computers and allow them to control themselves by letting
computers educate people. Computers would start teaching humans what
computers tell them without having any choice of creativity. Computers
would start to control humans' lives and make humans become too dependent
on the computers.
Another point that is criticized by Asimov is the fact that people
might take their knowledge for granted allowing computers to take over and
control their lives. In a story called The Feeling of Power, Asimov
portrays how people started using computers to do even simple mathematical
calculations. Over a long period of time people became so reliable on
computers that they forgot the simplest multiplication and division rules.
If someone wanted to calculate an answer they would simply use their pocket
computer to do that (The Feeling of Power 77). People became too
independent from the start making them forget what they have learned in the
past. People in the story The Feeling of Power would take for granted what
they have learned over centuries of learning and chose computers because of
their ability to do their work faster. The lack of manual mathematics,
which people chose to forget in the story, caused computers to be the ones
to solve simple mathematic problems for the people taking control of the
humans by doing the work for them (The Feeling of Power 81-82). The
reliance of computers went to such an extent that even Humans began to use
computers in all fields of study and work allowing computers to control
their lives by taking over and doing everything for them.
According to another story in the book, Asimov also describes how
computers would be able to predict probabilities of an event, future. In
the story All the Troubles of the World one big computer predicted crime
before it even happened, allowing the police to take the person who was
going to commit the crime and release him/her after the danger has passed
(All The Troubles of The World 144-145). This computer, called Multivac,
controlled humans by telling the authorities about who was going to commit
a crime causing someone to be imprisoned until the danger has passed. It
was the computer that made the decision of someone's freedom or
imprisonment and that controlled others to arrest a person it suspected of
committing a crime controlling his/her destiny. The decision of
imprisoning someone for a crime a person did not commit was all in the
hands of a computer. It was the computer that controlled humans and their
destiny and controlling other humans who believed in everything that
computer told them.
Multivac could not only predict the future but it also could answer
many questions that would normally embarrass people if they would have to
ask someone else about it. Multivac could access its vast database of
trillions of pieces of knowledge and find the best solution for one's
problem (All The Troubles of The World 153). All the people believed that
Multivac knows the best and allowed a computer to control their lives by
following the solutions Multivac had given them (All the Troubles of The
World 153). Humans followed a computer's solution to a problem they could
not solve themselves allowing a computer to take control over their lives
not allowing them to think for themselves.
In the Nine Tomorrows, Isaac Asimov often criticizes our reliance on
computers. The author predicts that computers will increase their role in
the future while the technology advances. Computers will become faster and
people will want to use them more to make their lives easier. Yet, just
like to any good side there is a bad side. Asimov reflects in his writing
that humans might depend on the computers so much that they will allow them
to control their lives.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Native People in Modern ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Society ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:946 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
On Thursday February 4, 1992 I went to Native People Center of Toronto.
My assignment was to interview a Native person and find out how Native
people live in modern society and is there any professionals among them.
That was my first time in Native People Center and to tell You the truth I
was kind of surprised to see that old building and that cafeteria inside
where the Native people who live on the street (or at least they looked
like they just came from there) can have a cup of coffee. There were also a
couple of showrooms with paintings and a secretary behind the front desk. I
tried to talk to the secretary and ask if she could give me any hint how to
find the right person because I really didn't feel like talking to the
people in the cafeteria (that would not help my assignment in any way). The
secretary first said that there's nobody in the center who could help me
because all of the staff is very busy and I would have to make an
appointment. When I asked her for the appointment she said that nobody
takes care of interviews in the center. Well I was lucky there was another
woman passing by and I asked her for help. That lady's name is Fran
Longboat and as found out later she is a pretty well known person in the
whole Toronto Native community. Fran said that there are quite many Native
professionals in the city and she tried to call a Native lawyer to make an
appointment for me but the person wasn't there. Then I finally got a
business card of a person to interview, guess who? -- A cop! OK I went down
to 40 College street and asked for Bob Crawford.
Bob met me very gladly and said that I came in the right moment because
he had nothing important to do and he agreed to give me an interview. We
decided to go to the cafeteria located in the same building and have a cup
of coffee.
I didn't have a tape recorder on me and had to write the main points
down so I can't provide the exact words of Bob but I'll try to do my best.
My first few questions were about Bob's past. He is an Algonquin from
Goldenlake. Bob spent his childhood in Pembroke, Ontario. Bob has never
been in a reserve. At 16 years of age he started to live separate from his
parents. He has been 24 years on the force and did all kinds of police
work, he was even working as an undercover cop for 10 years. Since 1989 Bob
is working at 40 College and he is the head of Native Liaison department.
This department is taking care of education of police officers and also
other people like TTC workers, Bank workers, School staff, Students how to
interfere with Native people. Bob also is a kind of chancellor for Native
people who get in trouble and helps them to return to normal life. Mr.
Crawford is married on an Irish person and has two daughters.
On my question if Bob knows many professional Native people, he said
that he does and gave me an example of John Kimbell who is the first Native
orchestra conductor he also said that there are 35 Native police officers
on force right now.
Bob said that there are not too many people who are educated and have a
job among Natives and most of them who come to the city end up on the
streets. Bob said that this happens because it is very difficult for them
to live a normal life. Many of them were taught in white schools that
Indians are bad and they forgot their culture. It is very hard to believe
that you can reach something when everyone has a definite stereotype for
you, a stereotype of a man on the street. These people don't have a
culture, traditions, their lives are broken.
Native culture is playing a very big role in Bob's life. He strongly
keeps all the Traditions. And believes in them. Even one of his doughters
who is half Native keeps the same religion. He told me a true story that
happened to him last year. Bob had a cancer and his life was in a real
danger. But before he went for the operation he visited his relatives in
the reserve. The old people gave him some natural medicines and said that
if he will believe that he will survive he will survive. The operation took
14 hours. During the surgery one of Bob's lungs collapsed and the doctors
started to lose the hope but he survived. Now Bob believes two times
stronger than before because he knows that it really helps.
Well lets come back to the Native people who come in town. Most of them
are very poor and can't afford any high education unless the reserve helps
them. But the reserve has a very little of money for education they have to
spend money on rent, food, medicine, etc. So even if they want sometimes
they still can't go to study.
So it is not easy at all for Natives to live in the modern society. And
no wonder we see so many lost people on the street. I am enclosing some
information about New Aboriginal Peacekeeping Unit of Metropolitan Toronto
Police which was designed by Bob Crawford. I hope that this idea would
help.
I am also enclosing the business cards of Fran Longboat and Bob
Crawford. 2

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Term Paper on ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Extradition of Nazi War ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Criminals ]
[x]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:3595 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The following paper was used as a term paper for a sophomore level
Political Science class centering on international relations. The class was
taken at a popular university in the state of Massachusetts. The paper
deals with the legal issues surrounding the act of extradition of Nazi war
criminals. Two international law cases are dealt with in the paper. The
paper got an "A" from a fairly difficult grading professor, and once the
paper is double spaced it should work out to be about 14 or 15 pages. Have
fun, and good luck.
The term "laws of war" refers to the rules governing the actual
conduct of armed conflict. This idea that there actually exists rules that
govern war is a difficult concept to understand. The simple act of war in
and of itself seems to be in violation of an almost universal law
prohibiting one human being from killing another. But during times of war
murder of the enemy is allowed, which leads one to the question, "if murder
is permissible then what possible "laws of war" could there be?" The
answer to this question can be found in the Charter established at the
International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo:
Crimes against Humanity: namely, murder, extermination,
enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any
civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on
political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection
with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in
violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders,
organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating in the formulation
or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing
crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution
of such plan.1
The above excerpt comes form the Charter of the Tribunal Article 6 section
C, which makes it quite clear that in general the "laws of war" are there
to protect innocent civilians before and during war.
It seems to be a fair idea to have such rules governing armed conflict
in order to protect the civilians in the general location of such a
conflict. But, when the conflict is over, and if war crimes have been
committed, how then are criminals of war brought to justice? The
International Military Tribunals held after World War II in Nuremberg on 20
November 1945 and in Tokyo on 3 May 1946 are excellent examples of how such
crimes of war are dealt with. (Roberts and Guelff 153-54) But, rather than
elaborate on exact details of the Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo a more
important matter must be dealt with. What happens when alleged criminals of
war are unable to be apprehended and justly tried? Are they forgotten
about, or are they sought after such as other criminals are in order to
serve justice? What happens if these alleged violators are found residing
somewhere other than where their pursuers want to bring them to justice?
How does one go about legally obtaining the custody of one such suspect?
Some of the answers to these questions can be found in an analysis of how
Israel went about obtaining the custody of individuals that it thought to
be guilty of Nazi War Crimes. Not only will one find some of the answers
to the previously stated questions, but also one will gain an understanding
of one facet of international law and how it works.
Two cases in specific will be dealt with here. First, the extradition
of Adolf Eichmann from Argentina, and second, the extradition of John
Demjanjuk from the United States of America. These cases demonstrate two
very different ways that Israel went about obtaining the custody of these
alleged criminals. The cases also expose the intricacy of International
Law in matters of extradition. But, before we begin to examine each of
these cases we must first establish Israel's right to judicial processing
of alleged Nazi war criminals.
To understand the complications involved in Israel placing suspected
Nazi war criminals on trial, lets review the history of Israel's situation.
During World War II the Nazis were persecuting Jews in their concentration
camps. At this time the state of Israel did not exist. The ending of the
war meant the ending of the persecution, and when the other countries
discovered what the Nazis had done Military Tribunals quickly followed.
Some of the accused war criminals were tried and sentenced, but others
managed to escape judgement and thus became fugitives running from
international law. Israel became a state, and thus, some of the Jews that
survived the concentration camps moved to the state largely populated by
people of Jewish ancestry. Israel felt a moral commitment because of its
large Jewish population and set about searching for the fugitive Nazi war
criminals.
The situation just described is only a basic overview of what
happened. The state of Israel views itself as the nation with the greatest
moral jurisdiction for the trial of Nazi war criminals, and other states
around the Globe agree with Israel's claim. (Lubet and Reed 1) Former
Israeli Attorney General Gideon Hausner was interested in confirming Israel
as the place for bringing to justice all those suspected of genocide of
Jews. Hausner sought to confirm Israel's status by proposing to the United
States that they extradite Bishop Valerian Trifa to Israel for trial as a
war criminal. Israel was reluctant to support Hausner's proposal, which
resulted in delaying the extradition process and thus gave Trifa the time
needed to find a country willing to give him residency. Portugal granted
Trifa residency and thus Hausner's proposal was in vain.
Israel, sometime after losing their opportunity of obtaining Trifa,
decided that Hausner's idea of establishing Israel as the place to bring
Nazi war criminals to trial was a good one, which lead them to seek the
extradition of John Demjanjuk from the United States. The Wall Street
Journal reported:
Israel's request for the extradition of a suspected Nazi war criminal
living in the U.S. . . appears to be a test case that could determine
whether Israel pursues other suspects . . . The decision to seek the
extradition of Mr. Demjanjuk follows months of negotiations between U.S.
and Israel officials about specific cases and the broader question of
whether Israel wanted to go through with extraditions requests . . . Gideon
Hausner, who prosecuted Eichmann, said Israel's decision to ask the U.S. to
extradite Nazis for trial [in Jerusalem] is an important step. "This
creates the opportunity for at least tacit admission of Israel's special
position with regard to crimes against Jews anywhere in the world," he
says.2
After much negotiations the United States arrested Demjanjuk in November of
1983. On April 15, 1985 United States District Judge Frank Battisti ruled
in favor of Demjanjuk's extradition. After the Sixth Court of Appeals
affirmed Battisti's ruling and the Supreme Court denied Demjanjuk's
petition for certiorari, Demjanjuk arrived in Israel on February 27, 1986.
(Lubet and Reed 3) It would appear, from what has been presented, that the
extradition process is simple. But this conclusion is not correct because
there are a few issues that make extradition problematic. One such issue
that complicates the process of extradition is that of identification and
proof.
Leading Nazi war criminals such as Adolf Eichmann and Klaus Barbie
offer no real dispute in the matter of identification, but war criminals
that were not so prominent leave room to question whether they truly are
who they are accused of being. The type of criminal cases that most of us
are familiar with are those that attempt to prove whether a defendant
committed a particular act or acts. Extradition cases involve two distinct
questions:
1) The prosecution must prove that the defendant is actually the person
sought by the requesting country.
2) The court must find probable cause to believe that the accused committed
the offense.3
In Demjanjuk extradition case Judge Battisti concluded that
identification "requires only a threshold showing probable cause."4 How
this threshold is achieved can be done through the aid of a photograph
comparison with the accused, fingerprints, or an eyewitness.
In the matter of probable cause the appellate court used the
formulation of "any evidence warranting the finding that there was
reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty."5 Furthermore it has been
indicated that the extradition process incorporates these rules:
Probable cause to support extradition may be based entirely on
hearsay, and the defendant cannot present exculpatory evidence, which the
presiding judge would have to weigh or balance.6 It must be kept in mind
that the extradition process does not attempt to prove the innocence or
guilt of the accused but rather whether the individual is whom he or she is
accused of being. The accuracy of the identification is an issue that is
resolved during the course of the actual trial, and not in the extradition
process. Simply identifying Demjanjuk does not make him extraditable, the
requirement of criminality has to be met as well.
Concerning the requirement of criminality the Stanford Journal of Law
said the following:
The rule of dual criminality generally provides that extradition
may be had only for acts extraditable by treaty and considered criminal in
both the requested and requesting jurisdictions...Since sovereigns rarely
define crimes using identical phrases and since treaty terms may be
ambiguous or out of date, a substantial jurisprudence has developed
interpreting and applying the requirement of criminality.7
In the case of Demjanjuk Israel was charging him with "the crimes of
murdering Jews, [which are] offenses under sections 1 to 4 of the Nazi and
Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law."8 The precise phrase, "murdering
Jews," is not mentioned in the United States-Israel Extradition Treaty,
also the previously mentioned phrase does not exist in current American
penal statute. But, according to the American rule of dual criminality a
way away around this small detail can be found:
The law does not require that the name by which the crime is
described in the two countries shall be the same; nor that the scope of the
liability shall be coextensive, or, in other respects, the same in the two
countries. It is enough if the particular act charged is criminal in both
jurisdictions.9 It is clear to see that the previously mentioned American
rule on dual criminality gives the United States the option of recognizing
"murdering Jews" as simply to mean "murder." Therefore, the requirement of
dual criminality in the case of John Demjanjuk is satisfied.
The issues of identification and probable cause, along with the
requirement of criminality help to demonstrate the complexities involved in
the extradition process. Two more brief issues to consider regarding
Demjanjuk's extradition are the questions of extraterritoriality and
extratemporality.
Extraterritoriality in relation to the case of Demjanjuk would have
only been an issue had another country along with Israel requested the
extradition of John Demjanjuk. In the case where two countries are
requesting the same individual the Secretary of State would have to weigh
the various forums' contacts in order to determine which request to honor.
Israel has unofficially been recognized as the desirable nation for
bringing Nazi war criminals to trial. Germany, Poland, and the U.S.S.R.,
for example, all waived their potential requests for the extradition of
Eichmann in favor of trial by Israel. (Lubet and Reed 44-45)
In the matter of extratemporality, the trial judge presiding over the
Demjanjuk case ruled that murder was not barred by lapse of time because
the United States recognizes no statue of limitations for that offense.
(Lubet and Reed 58) Even if murder were to be barred by lapse of time
Demjanjuk could still have been extradited because of his misrepresentation
of his wartime activities during his immigration process. Demjanjuk could
have then been viewed as fleeing from justice and thus no statute of
limitations would have been extended to him.
The extradition process of Demjanjuk because it only involves two
countries would appear to be an easy process to complete. Even when
countries are cooperative, as were the United States and Israel, concerning
extradition it is clear that issues such as identification and probable
cause, requirement of criminality, extraterritoriality, and
extratemporality demonstrate how complex the process of extradition can be.
Certainly, Israel could have avoided the complexities and length of time
involved in extradition and gone about obtaining Demjanjuk the same way
they obtained Eichmann, but that method, although it was effective, caused
a bit of a commotion in the international community.
Adolf Eichmann of the Reich Security Main Office was the alleged
strategist behind the so-called "final solution of the Jewish question."10
There have been roughly six million murders attributed to him, so it is
easy to understand why concentration camp survivors spent fifteen years
searching for him. Perseverance paid off when Eichmann was found in
Argentina living under an assumed name. A group of volunteers, some of
whom were Israeli citizens acting without the support or direction of the
Israeli Government, removed Eichmann from Argentina and brought him to
Israel where they turned him over to government so that a trial could take
place. So far it can be seen that this method of extradition is quicker
and less complicated than the Demjanjuk method of extradition. There is no
need for identification or probable cause, requirement of dual criminality,
extraterritoriality, or extratemporality. The process is as simple as it
sounds; Eichmann was found and Eichmann was removed. Although the method
for extradition of Eichmann was quick it did result in leaving Argentina
very upset.
Argentina felt that Israel's exercise of authority upon Argentine
territory was an infringement on its sovereignty. Israel defended itself
by claiming that Eichmann left Argentina voluntarily, and the Israeli
Government claimed that the group that removed Eichmann was working under
its own direction and not that of the Israeli Government. Israel even went
so far as to issue a letter expressing their regrets for the actions taken
by the free acting group:
If the volunteer group violated Argentine law or interfered with
matters within the sovereignty of Argentina, the Government of Israel
wishes to express its regrets.11
Argentina's rejoined that even if Eichmann left Argentina on his own
free will that Israel should be responsible for the actions of the private
persons who were Israeli citizens. One simple point to be made here in
reply to Argentina's argument is that only some of the persons involved
with the Eichmann removal were Israeli citizens. There is a small
possibility that the persons who were Israeli citizens were only mere
accessories to the act, guilty of only marginal involvement. Furthermore,
the responsibility of states in connection with the acts of private persons
is predicated upon territorial jurisdiction and not the bond of
nationality. (Svarlien 136) Israel has no jurisdiction within Argentina
and thus has no power over the actions of its citizens within Argentina's
borders. The sole power of jurisdiction in this matter lays in the hands
of Argentina, and since the claim that Eichmann left voluntarily has
neither been shown to be false or expressly denied it appears that no real
Argentine law has been violated.
Argentina went on further to argue that Israel's note expressing their
regret in the matter of Eichmann's removal can be viewed as an apology,
which constitutes an admission of guilt. The phrasing of the note of
regret sent by Israel is embedded clearly with conditional terms, which
makes it difficult, if not impossible, to derive an admission of guilt from
it. At no time in the note does Israel praise or approve the volunteer
group actions, and neither does Israel try to justify what was done. If
anything can clearly be derived from the note it is that Israel in fact
does regret the actions of the volunteer group, and possibly even condemns
their behavior. But, Argentina's claim that the note is an admission of
guilt is hardly an argument worth pursuing. Argentina's strongest argument
against the abduction of Eichmann is that Israel chose to detain Eichmann
after he had been captured.
Argentina claimed that even though the abduction of Eichmann was an
act committed by private citizens, the Israeli Government's decision to
detain and try Eichmann made them an accessory. This point is Argentina's
strongest argument because it is known that the jurisdiction of the court
reaches only as far as the borders of the state of which it is in. If the
court had no jurisdiction in the nation of the original seizure, then by
what right does that court have to detain and try the accused? The only
problem with Argentina's final argument on the Eichmann abduction is that
proof of forcible seizure or arrest must be presented. Since the abductors
were acting of their own free will it is doubtful that they arrested
Eichmann in the name of Israel. It is, however, quite possible that the
abductors used some force in the removal of Eichmann, but again, use of
force must be proved to give validity to Argentina's final argument.
Argentina filed a complaint with the United Nations Security Council
under Article 33 claiming that Israel violated international law, which
created an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust jeopardizing the
preservation of international peace. (Silving 312) After the presentation
of arguments and debates before the Security Council the follow
declarations were made:
violation of the sovereignty of a Member State is incompatible with
the Charter of the United Nations; repetition of acts such as that giving
rise to this situation would involve a breach of the principles upon which
international order is founded creating an atmosphere of insecurity and
distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace. The "adjudicative"
part of the resolution.
1. Declares that acts such as that under considerations, which affect the
sovereignty of a Member State and therefore cause international friction,
may, if repeated, endanger international peace and security;
2. Requests the Government of Israel to make appropriate reparation in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and rules of
international law.12 The important part of the resolutions that the United
Nations reached is the phrase "if repeated." It is almost as if the United
Nations said, "this time we will let the infringement go, but next we will
take action."
Considering the unique character of the crimes attributed to Eichmann,
and since such crimes are, for the most part, universally condemned,
Israel's breach of international law seems to have been tolerated. It is
quite possible that had the person who was removed been someone other than
Eichmann the result of the United Nations Security Council would have been
much different.
The two cases of extradition expose the complexities of international
law. In the case of Demjanjuk, Israel went about the extradition process
in the correct manner, which resulted in the issues of identification and
probable cause, requirement of criminality, extraterritoriality, and
extratemporality. When Israel went about obtaining Adolf Eichmann the
issues dealt with were ones resulting from the method of Eichmann's
apprehension. Eichmann's removal from Argentina brought to light the issue
of violation of a country's sovereignty. In both cases because the accused
were being charged with Nazi war crimes, specifically genocide, there cases
seem to get a little leeway and are not dealt with as extremely as other
cases might be. Nevertheless, their cases demonstrate how one goes about
bringing to justice those charged with violating the laws of war.
FOOTNOTES
1 Roberts, Adam, and Richard Guelff, ed. Documents of the Laws of
War. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.) 155.
2 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 3.
3 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 15.
4 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 15.
5 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 18.
6 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 18.
7 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 20.
8 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 23.
9 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. "Extradition of Nazis from
the United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues in
Transnational Criminal Law." Stanford Journal of
International Law. 23 (1986): 23.
10 Silving, Helen. "In Re Eichmann: A Dilemma of Law and Morality"
The American Journal of International Law 55 (1961):311.
11 Silving, Helen. "In Re Eichmann: A Dilemma of Law and Morality"
The American Journal of International Law 55 (1961):318.
12 Silving, Helen. "In Re Eichmann: A Dilemma of Law and Morality"
The American Journal of International Law 55 (1961):313.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Interview on a Person ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [of the 1960's ]
[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1415 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The 1960's
Mr. Basiuk is the person I chose for my interview. Rather than
immigrating to Canada, Mr. Basiuk was born in Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
in 1936. He was educated in high school to the north end of Winnipeg at
St. John's Technical High School. He spent two years altogether in grade
10 and 11 then attended five years in the University Of Manitoba and
graduated as an electrical engineer. Unfortunately, he was not able to
find a job in this profession in this area, and therefore began his career
as a teacher; and has been teaching for the last thirty years.
Interview
Who was in political power and how affective was he in accomplishing
his goals? I wasn't really interested nor paid much attention to politics,
therefore I cannot answer this question.
What things did you want to see changed by the government? What sort
of problems did the government face and how were they solved? I wanted to
see the government have more concern for the poor people. Things such as
Medicare, OHIP, and pension plans. The government faced many problems, one
of the most toughest, I think, was the deep recession occurring in the
60's.
What special events or figures were most significant to you? Name some
of the social trends you took part in. Well, I didn't have any hero's or
someone to look up to until later on in my 20's when someone invited me to
Montreal to watch a folk singer called Pete Seager. From this time on, I
became really dedicated and interested in music and this really influenced
my life. I was a teacher than, so I didn't really take part in social
events, yet there was a building north of Jarvis called Yorkville and
teenagers would usually gather there to dance and have fun. I would
occasionally go to that place.
State the differences in fashion from the 60's and today. Which music
group or band did you enjoy listening to? What types of dances did you
enjoy? First of all, teenagers and especially woman would wear clothes with
more colour and beads. Bellbottoms were in back at that time. There are
certain people who wear lots of flowers and turned out to be called the
flower power. This name was given because they believed that being "nice"
to others would help change the country--so they gave many people flowers
and asked them to be their friend. I really enjoyed listening to folk
music. There isn't any particular person I really admired for his or her
music but originally Pete Seager started my career in music. Hmm... I
didn't dance at all.
Name the movies you watched that were spectacular and why they were.
What were the prices like? Ah, some of the movies I watched were mainly
those with Marilan Grandle called On The Water Front, Sword O<> The Greek.
I really enjoyed watching these movies because it gave me time to relax
from my work and this was a new movie revolution. I think they were about
two to three dollars.
What types of haircuts did you have and how would you compare them with
today's? What types of food did you prefer eating then, and why? Believe it
or not, I had long hair down to my shoulders. I still remember, however,
that we all had to wear ties to school and not any regular t-shirts. I
admit they weren't the best haircuts, but I wouldn't say today's are
either. The things I mainly ate were perogies, cabbage rolls, and sour
crums. The 60's was the first time they ever ate things that were healthy
such as salad, and other vegetables. Usually I would eat meat, meat, and
just meat... eheh.
What was your philosophy of life? Do you remember any old sayings you
can tell me? To do my best for others and respect their thoughts, stay
honest, single, and young. I remember teenagers saying things like "don't
trust anyone over 30" and that's what they just did. Everyone rebelled
against their parents. I guess there were so many teenagers then ever
before since the Baby Boom. Teenagers gained control in the 60's. Women,
also gained some power as I recall... But I don't remember too much about
it.
What type of economic problems did you face and did they affect your
life? Was it difficult to find jobs, and how? Since I was a teacher at the
age of 20, I had money rolling in, thus, I didn't really have any economic
problems. I would say it was difficult but not too hard. I myself
couldn't find a job in the fields I studies for so, that's why I became a
teacher.
How did you feel about the FLQ crisis and how did this influence your
life? Were you for or against separation? Why? I felt it was ridiculous
that people had to use violence in order to get what they want. This,
however, didn't influence my life in any way. I was definitely against it.
I think that every province should be treated equally and there's no reason
why Quebec should have special treatment. Actually, I feel somewhat strong
about the Quebec situation; if I was in charge, I wouldn't give them
anything that any of the other provinces don't get!
If there was one thing you could change in the 60's, what would it be,
and why? Drugs for sure. I feels that this was a major concern in the
60's. Teenagers were testing drugs and obviously went crazy over them.
They were also living with each other without getting married. Since this
crisis hasn't been resolved at that time, it is now today's concern as
well. Young people began to question a lot of things that they accepted to
that point. You must understand that the 60's was a time of change. It
was the turning point from the years before the 60's and the years after.
Teenagers began to rebel against parents and authority and this reflected
the way they lived in the 60's. The 60's were fun!
Analysis
This brief fortunate interview with Mr. Basiuk game me a general idea
what it would be like living as a teen in the 60's. I realize how someone
who lived through the 60's could have such a special and long lasting
memory. No one could forget the thrilling, life risking, and especially
fun filling 60's. This was the time where parents' orders were ignored and
every thing was expressed freely. Drugs were a major teen crisis back
then, and now as well. A person who did not have fun in the 60's is
considered not to have lived through it.
The 60's has been a time where everything changed and many revolutions
began, such as music, fashion, movies, and food. Yes, definitely this time
would never be forgotten. Canada, surely had a big change. The 60's made
up what the 90's are now. Parties rolled everywhere as politicians
continued to fight for or against separatism. Everything was happening all
at once, it was a hectic movement for everyone. Those who were well off
were care freeing, whereas, the less fortunate spent hours on the streets
begging or using drugs. Protests were common everywhere, especially in
Quebec where separatism was the main issue. People assumed that things
could be done through violent actions. And although, it was clearly
understood it solves nothing, it still was neglected. Every moment in the
60's shall be cherished and you'll be surprised on how much detail and
insights people can still recall about that decade. A lot happened in the
60's!
Being this my very first time interviewing a person, I found it ran
smoothly despite some major technical delays. It was hard at first, but
once I got into it, everything went perfectly<6C>as I hoped. Being an
interviewer is not easy. You just don't sit there, ask questions, record
the response, and then leave. I realize that in order to have the best
results of an interview, you have to sit there and listen carefully.
Understand what the person is saying, look at his expressions and gestures,
and most of all, try to see things in the way he's telling them and not the
way you want to hear them. It's amazing how I felt when Mr. Basiuk started
telling me his experiences in the 60's. Interviewing someone really does
help building character and can be fun as well.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on inventions of ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [19th century. ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1543 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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FILE CONTAINED: INVENT.TXT
ACTUAL TOPIC: Inventions of the early nineteenth century.
AUTHOR AND RESEARCHER: Big Brother @ The Works (617) 861-8976
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This file was originally researched and typed by Big Brother. All material
used in the file is original and unplagerized, so these files are SAFE to
use AS-IS with no modifications other than specifics to cover the actual
required topic for school. Because school can be a BITCH, these files have
been prepared to aide you in your research, and are not intended to be
actually turned in AS-IS, but many of you will turn them in since they are
worry free files... don't fuck up your life, study and get good grades,
then get a good job, make some money, marry someone you love, and live
happily ever after... ...because, after all - Big Brother is
Watching You!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Big Brother's Guide to School
The Dreaded Reports
actual examples...........
START OF FILE
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INVENTIONS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
The art of inventing has been around since remedies have been needed
and solutions have been required to make our lives easier and more
enjoyable. From the time our forefathers colonized the shores of a new
land, up till the time of the modern day super-conductor: people have
created devices and made discoveries on our behalf to make life easier for
everyone.
Before the early nineteenth century communications were inadequate.
The limitations of our hearing meant that distant events were known long
after they had occurred. Systems of communication existed which were
quicker then the speed of a messenger - smoke signals, fires lit on hills,
signalling flags. But these methods could only be used for communicating in
code with pre-established sayings rather than out-right communication.
These methods also required certain meteorological or geographical
conditions in order to function properly.
In the nineteenth century conditions were present that made the need
for new forms of communications indispensable. Industrial society needed a
method of communicating information quickly, safely and accurately.
Artist-inventor Samuel F.B. Morse holds credit for devising American's
first commercially successful electromagnetic telegraph (patented in
January 1836). The telegraph was a device used to electrically send
signals over a wire for long distances allowing an established
communication link to be made from one city to another. (And everything
in-between.) The basic principle of the telegraph was the opening and
closing of an electrical circuit supplied by a battery: the variations of
the current in the electromagnet would attract or repel a small arm
connected to a pencil which would trace zigzag signs onto a strip of paper
running under the arm at a constant speed. This early plan didn't offer
great practical possibilities, mainly because the batteries then available
could not produce a current strong enough to push the signal great
distances.
As an artist and sculptor, Morse had the personal qualities to succeed
as inventor of the telegraph: intelligence, persistence, and a willingness
to learn. What he lacked was: knowledge of recent scientific developments,
adequate funds, mechanical ability, and political influence. Like all
successful inventors of the nineteenth century, Morse exploited his
strengths and worked on his weaknesses.
Morse used Professor Leonard D. Gale's suggestions of improving both
his battery and electromagnet by following the suggestions of Joseph Henry.
Together they incorporated Henry's suggestions and stepped up the distance
they could send messages from fifty feet to ten miles. This invention, no
less important than the telegraph itself, was the so- called relay system,
widely used today for automatic controls and adjustments. Morse introduced
a series of electromagnets along the line, each of which opened and shut
the switch of a successive electric circuit, supplied by it's own battery.
At the same time Morse improved the transmitting and receiving devices and
perfected the well-know signalling system based on dots and dashes, which
is still in use today.
The first telegraph line, connecting Baltimore to New York, was
inaugurated in 1844. Before this however, on May 24th, 1843 wires were
strung between Washington and Baltimore where Morse sent the first message
from the Supreme Court room in Washington to Alfred Vail, Morse's assistant
who was in Baltimore at a railroad depot (41 miles away): "What hath God
wrought?"
On May 29th, 1844 word flashed by wire from the democratic convention
in Baltimore that James K. Polk had been nominated for the Presidency.
People were fascinated by the "Magic key" and it was decided that the
telegraph would be used for now to report congressional doings.
By 1848 every state east of the Mississippi except Florida was served
be the telegraph; by the end of the civil war more than 200,000 miles of
line were used for business communications and personal messages as well as
news of battles, politics, and sports results. The telegraph was a success.
Samuel F. B. Morse died in 1872.
While communications were important in the nineteenth century, there
were some other inventions that made life a little easier. In April of
1849, Walter Hunt patented his invention which to this day we probably
wouldn't get by without. Hunt invented the safety pin, patented it, and
then without hesitation sold all rights to the pin for $400. In 1846,
Elias Howe invented the sewing machine which "was becoming a fixture in the
homes of [all] American newlyweds." Soon to be followed by industry turning
it's attention to the home by producing labor-saving appliances - novelties
that soon became necessities.
Charles Goodyear, one of the nineteenth century's greatest inventors
and father of today's vast rubber industry discovered vulcanization, the
process that toughens rubber and rids it of stickiness, in January of 1839.
The riddle of rubber - how to prevent the stuff from becoming sticky in
the summer, brittle in the winter and horrid-smelling in between. After
years of anguish, Goodyear discovered quite by accident that by adding
sulphur to raw rubber and heating the material from four to six hours at
about 270 degrees F. the rubber would be cured by the sulphur resulting in
increased strength and stiffness while preserving its flexibility.
After spending many hundreds of hours, Goodyear, in his make-shift lab
adding one substance after another to rid the rubber of it's natural
stickiness using every ingredient he could get his hands on to put into the
rubber mixture, (He used salt, paper, talcum powder, anything...) one
afternoon when all else had failed, Goodyear dropped by accident a mixture
of sulphur and rubber onto his hot stovetop. Goodyear looked at the blob in
disbelief because it didn't melt as "gum elastic" always had in the past.
Instead, it solidified and "[the rubber] charred like leather".
Before Goodyear's discovery, rubber's bad qualities permitted few uses.
French savants had studied the new substance for waterproof qualities;
someone had found that the gray gum rubbed out pencil marks on paper, and
thus the word "rubber" was born.
By 1839 British manufacturers had learned a few other uses for uncured
rubber. Charles Macintosh, a chemist, patented in 1823 a fabric that
included a thin layer of rubber. From this he made raincoats that in
England, the climate helped satisfy purchasers. In American winters they
hardened like armor, in American summers it they softened like taffy.
Eldest son of Amasa Goodyear, a New Haven merchant and sometimes
inventor, Charles helped his father sell a "Patented Spring Steel Hay and
Manure Fork" invented by his father. Amasa manufactured the first pearl
buttons made in America and metal buttons that U.S. soldiers wore in the
war of 1812.
Goodyear foresaw many products - rubber gloves, toys, conveyor belts,
watertight seals, water-filled rubber pillows, balloons, printing rollers,
and rubber bands were among some of the brainstorms he would jot down, one
after the other into his notebook.
Also envisioned were rubber banknotes, musical instruments, flags,
jewelry, "imitation buffalo-robes," vanes or "sails" for windmills, and
ship's sails, even complete ships. While the automobile tire did escape his
imagination, it was not without reason - the auto hadn't been invented yet!
From barbed wire to keep our railways safe, to revolvers to keep our
country safe, the nineteenth century marked a big boom in inventive
history. Soon following all of these inventions, the civil war became a
full blown testing field for all these inventions. Whether it was the coin
operated hairbrush meant for public restrooms, or the automatic hat tipper
(for when women are near and your hands are occupied,) the inventions of
this time proved to be both interesting and useful. Well, most of them.
Today, we still use a lot of the inventions of the early nineteenth
century, but technology is passing us by at a pace we may not be ready for.
Inventions are no longer just there to make life easier, safer, more
enjoyable, and more entertaining, but they give us something to keep us
occupied in this never-ending quest for - "perfectness?"
Maybe in a hundred years someone will be looking back through their
history books, searching though the libraries of the future and seeing our
super-conductors, our computers, our High Definition t.v.s, our Super VHS
video recorders, and our Digital Audio Tape players. Could they be saying
"isn't that silly" just like the coin operated hairbrush, or the
combination food masher/rat and mouse trap (?) Time will tell.
__________________________________________________________
Bibiliography:
Men Of Science and Invention
- Editors of American Heritage
Published American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc.
Harper & Row (c)1960
Those Inventive Americans
- Poduced by National Geographic Society Publications Div.
Published N.G.S
N.G.S. (c)1971
Big Brother
- The Works (617) 861-8976
Largest Text File Base (FBBS) Spam! Spam! Spam!
(c)1990 Homework Helper!
The Picture History of Inventions
- Umberto Eco & G.B. Zorzoli (Translated from italian by
Anthony Lawrence)
Malmillan Co., NY. (c)1963
Various photocopied charts and pictures from other
references were also used.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special thanks to Big Brother... since he did all of the actual work for you!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
END OF FILE

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the invisible ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [man. ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1034 School:Public State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The Liberty Paint Factory in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man provides
the setting for a very significant chain of events in the novel. In
addition, it provides many symbols which will influence a reader's
interpretation. Some of those symbols are associated with the structure
itself, with Mr. Kimbro, and with Mr. Lucius Brockway.
The first of many instances in these scenes that concern the invisible
man and the symbolic role of white and black in the novel is when the
narrator is sent to the paint factory by the young Mr. Emerson to try to
find a job. Mr. Emerson, however, only sends him out of pity. The
narrator arrives and immediately notices the huge electric sign that reads
"KEEP AMERICA PURE WITH LIBERTY PAINTS". Later on, the reader will learn
that Liberty Paint is famous for its white paint called none other than
"Optic White". In effect, the sign advertises to keep America pure with
whites and not just white paint. Next, the invisible man must walk down a
long, pure white hallway. At this time he is a black man symbolically
immersed in a white world, a recurring idea of the novel.
After receiving his job, the narrator goes to meet Mr. Kimbro. In
this scene, Kimbro teaches the narrator how to make the ordinary white
paint into "Optic White": Ten drops of a black formula must be mixed in to
the white paint, of which the surface is already brown. The narrator does
not understand this, and inquires about it, only to be insulted by Mr.
Kimbro. Mr. Kimbro, in no way what so ever, wants any of his workers to
think. He just wants them to obey. So the invisible man, although still
unable to comprehend this idiosyncrasy, does not persist. The white paint
may represent the white world, perhaps even America, as alluded to in the
company's advertisement. The black formula is what makes the white paint
into "Optic White", a much better, whiter, white. The formula, perhaps,
represents the behind the scenes blacks that worked for the whites so that
society persisted as it did in that time period. This idea will be touched
upon once again later on in this series of scenes.
The invisible man then falls victim to a bad set of circumstances. He
runs out of formula, and since Kimbro is not around, he tries to get
himself some more. However, there are two containers with what appear to
be the same kind of formulas, just with different markings. Naturally, the
narrator uses his intuition and discovers that the two liquids in the tanks
smell differently, and one smells like the formula he was using. He gets
more of that solution, and continues his work, only to be scolded later by
Kimbro that he chose the wrong one. Once again, Kimbro states that he does
not want any thinkers working for him. He wants a submissive black that
will just follow the "rules" established in his "society". After fixing
his mistake, the narrator is sent back to the office to find another
position: Kimbro does not want the invisible man working for him. In the
scene that follows, the invisible man meets Mr. Lucius Brockway, deep down
in the paint factory.
Mr. Brockway, a black man, can be thought of a symbol himself. He is
the black formula that makes the white paint work. He is one of the many
blacks that keep the paint factory working. He is one of the many blacks
that keep society as the whites like it. Mr. Brockway makes the powder
that is the base of the paint. Again, a black influence that makes the
"Optic White" paint possible appears. When the narrator returns from
getting his lunch, he is confronted by Mr. Brockway about the union. It is
here that the reader learns that the blacks that, in effect, run the paint
factory, are being hired so that the company does not have to pay union
wages. This is important because it shows that the blacks are once again
being taken advantage of by the whites, yet they are still working behind
the scenes to make things run like clockwork.
Through out this commotion, the narrator has not been fulfilling one
of his duty by watching the pressure gauge. The pressure builds up, and
right before the narrator has a chance to turn it off, it explodes. Once
again, he is a black man immersed in a world of white. This explosion
leaves him in the factory hospital. In the hospital, he is given
electroshock therapy. After the "doctors" are convinced that he is "cured,"
(i.e. he can not remember a thing), he is then given a name and is sent on
his way after signing a release and being given some money. Once again,
the whites are taking advantage of the blacks.
All of these events, besides being highly important on a symbolic
level as explained, also contribute to the rest of the novel. The college
is a perfect example of a parallel environment. Dr. Bledsoe only wants the
narrator to please the whites, with out question. And because the narrator
did not, he ended up getting kicked out, just like in the paint factory.
Also, the Brotherhood provides another parallel. They only want the blacks
to work for the Brotherhood's causes, and not for the individual member's
needs. For example, Brother Wrestrum accused the narrator of using the
Brotherhood to attain his own needs, and the narrator was put on a kind of
probation for it, so that the matter could be investigated.
In a way, the Liberty Paint Factory is a microcosm of America. There
are blacks and whites. However, on the surface both appear to be white and
right. In effect, it is really the blacks that work behind the scenes to
make things flow. They are taken advantage of, and controlled by ideas put
into their heads. The paint factory itself, Mr. Kimbro, and Mr. Lucius
Brockway all help portray this image to its fullest, while contributing to
the rest of the novel.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on the Iran- ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Contra Affair ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:683 School:Coed Private State:Ny
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR
The tangled U.S. foreign-policy scandal known as the Iran-contra
affair came to light in November 1986 when President Ronald Reagan said yes
to reports that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran. He said
that the goal was to improve relations with Iran, not to get releases of
U.S. hostages held in the Middle East by terrorists (although he later
agreed that the arrangement had in fact turned into an arms-for-hostages
swap). People spoke out against dealings with the hostile Iranian
government all over the place. Later in November, Att. Gen. Edwin Meese
discovered that some of the arms profits had been used to aid the
Nicaraguan "contra" rebels at a time when Congress had prohibited such aid.
An Independent special prosecutor, former federal judge Lawrence E. Walsh,
wa appointed to investigate the activities of persons involved in the arms
sale or contra aid or both, including marine Lt. Col. Oliver North of the
National Security Council (NSC) staff.
Reagan appointed a review board headed by former Republican senator
John Tower. The Tower commission's report in February 1987 criticized the
president's passive management style. In a nationaly televised address on
March 4, Reagan accepted the reports judgement without serious
disagreement.
Select committees of the Senate (11 members chaired by Democrat
Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii) and the house of representatives (15 members,
headed by another Democrat, Lee Hamilton of Indiana) conducted televised
hearings in partnership from May to August. They heard evidence that a few
members of the NSC staff set Iran and Nicaragua policies and carried them
out with secret private operatives and that the contras received only a
small part of the money. Former national security advisor John Poindexter
stated that he personally authorized the diversion of money and withheld
that information from the president. William J. Casey, the director of the
Central Intelligence Agency, who died in May 1989, was implicated in some
testimony. His testomony still remained in doubt. Clearly however, the
strange events shook the nation's faith in President Reagan and ruined U.
S. prestige abroad. Special prosecutor Walsh continued his investigation.
On March 11, 1988 Poindexter's forerunner as national security advisor
Robert McFarlane pleaded guilty to criminal charges of witholding
information from Congress on secret aid to the contras. A year later,
Peter McFariane was fined $20,000 and given two years probation. On March
16, 1988, a federal grand jury indicted North, Poindexter, and two other
persons on a number of charges including conspiracy to defraud the U.S.
government. The trials were delayed by legal maneuvering that in part
involved questions of releasing secret information. In May 1989 a jury
convicted North of 3 of the 12 criminal counts he was ultimately tried on.
In July the court fined North 150,000 and gave him a three- year suspended
sentence.
The North convictions were later set aside by a federal appeals court,
which found defects in the trial procedure. On April 7, 1990, Poindexter
was convicted on 5 counts of deceiving congressional investigators and
sentenced to six months in prison. In July 1991, Alan D. Fiers, Jr., CIA
chief of covert operations in Central America in 1984-86, admitted that he
had lied to Congress and that there had been a CIA Iran-contra cover up.
Shortly after, his CIA superior Clair E. George was indicted.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on Charles ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Dickens ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:2088 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Charles John Huffam Dickens was born February 7, 1812, in Ports Mouth,
Hampshire. In his infancy his family moved to Chatham, where he spent his
happiest years and often refers to this time in his novels (1817-1822).
From 1822 to 1860 he lived in London, after which he permanently moved to a
quiet country cottage in Glads Hill, on the outskirts of Chatham. He grew
up in a middle class family. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office
and was well paid, but his extravagant living style often brought the
family to financial disaster. The family reached financial "rock bottom"
in 1824. Charles was taken out of school and sent to work in a factory
doing manual labour, while his father went to prison for his debt. These
internal disasters shocked Charles greatly. He refers to his working
experiences in his writings. Although he hated doing labour, he gained a
sympathetic knowledge into the life of the labour class. He also brings
forth the images of prison and of the lost and oppressed child in many
novels. His schooling ended at 15, and he became a clerk in a solicitor's
office, then a short hand reporter in the lawcourts (where he gained much
knowledge of legalities which he used in his novels), and finally like
other members of his family, a newspaper reporter. Here, he got his first
taste of journalism and fell in love with it immediately.
Drawn to the theatre, Charles Dickens almost pursued the career of an
actor In 1833, he began sending short stories and descriptive essays to
small magazines and newspapers. These writings attracted attention and
were published in 1836 under the name, Sketches by "Boz". At the same
time, he was offered a small job of writing the text for a small comic
strip, where he worked with a well know artist. Seven weeks later, the
first instalment of The Pickwick Papers appeared. Within a few months
Pickwick was the rage and Dickens was the most popular author of the day.
During 1836, he also wrote two plays and a pamphlet, he then resigned from
his newspaper job, and undertook the editing job of a monthly magazine,
Bentley's Miscellany, in which he serialized Oliver Twist (1837-1839). By
this time, the first of his nine surviving children had been born, He had
married Catherine, eldest daughter of a respected journalist George
Hogorth (April 1836).
Novels
His first major success was with The Pickwick Papers. They were high
spirited and contained many conventional comic butts and jokes. Pickwick
displayed, many of the features that were to be blended in to his future
fiction works; attacks on social evils and the delight in the joys of
Christmas. Rapidly thought up and written in mere weeks or even days before
its publication date, Pickwick contained weak style and was unsatisfactory
in all, partly because Dickens was rapidly developing his craft as a
novelist while doing it. This style of writing in a first novel, made his
name know literally overnight, but created a new tradition of literature
and was made one of the best know novel's of the world.
After The Pickwick Papers were published in 1837, he put together
another novel, Oliver Twist. Though his artistic talent is very much
evident, he refrained from using the successful formula used in The
Pickwick Papers. Instead, Oliver Twist is more concerned with social and
more evil, though it did still contain much comedy. The long last of his
fiction is partly due to its being so easy to adapt into effective stage
plays. Sometimes 20 London theatres simultaneously were producing
adaptations of his latest story; so even non- readers became acquainted
with simplified versions of his works. In the novel Barnaby Grudge he
attempted another type of writing, a historical novel. It was set in the
late 18th century and graphically explored the spectacle of large scale mob
violence. The task of keeping unity throughout his novels (which often
included a wide range of moods and materials and several complicated plots
involving scores of characters) was made even more difficult because he was
forced to write and publish them, while also doing on going serials.
His next major work, and probably his most famous was published in
1843, and was called A Christmas Carol. Suddenly conceived and written in
mere weeks, while he was preoccupied in writing another serial, it was an
unmatched achievement. His view of life was described as "Christmas
Philosophy," and he spoke of "Carol philosophy" as the basis of his work.
He was extremely attached to the christmas season, and this contributed to
his great success and popularity. A Christmas Carol immediately entered
the general public and awareness, and Thackeray (another author), in a
review, called it a "national benefit, and to every man and woman who reads
it a personal kindness...". He wrote many other christmas plays and novels
thereafter, but none equalled the Carol in energy. These series of books,
were known as the Christmas Books, and cumulatively they represent a
celebration of Christmas attempted by no other great author.
His activity outside his novels at this time in his literary life was
extremely active and centrally involved. He was said to be the best after
dinner speaker of the age, also, he was credited with being the best
reporter on the London press and the best amateur actor on the stage. As
for his private life, he loved his family and was a proud householder; he
once even wrote a cookbook. To his children he was a great father, until
their adolescence, where their lives proved less happy. Besides periods
in Italy (1844-1845), Switzerland and France (1846-1847) he lived in
London, and moved from house to larger house as his family grew. He became
acquainted with may popular authors and journalists and entertained them
regularly at his home. Though financially well off, he generally avoided
high society, he hated to be idolized or patronized. He was extremely
proud of his work, and strived on improving it with every new venture, yet
his work, never employed all of his energies.
He became the founder (editor) in 1846 of the Daily News, (soon to
become the leading liberal newspaper). His journalistic backgrounds, his
political knowledge and readiness to act as a leader, and his wish to
secure a steady income independent of his literary creativity made him plan
several ventures in the 1840's. This return to journalism soon proved a
great mistake, the biggest fiasco in a career that included nearly no
misdirections or failures. He then moved onto a more limited but happier
exercise of his talents, for more than a decade he directed a reformatory
home for young female delinquents, which was financed by a wealthy friend
Angela Burrdett-Coutts. He also used compassionate speaking abilities
often in public speeches, fund-raising activities and private acts of
charity.
His next novel, was called Dombey and Son, written between the years
1846- 1848, it was crucial to his development. It was more thoroughly
planned, and used maturer thought and deals with more specific social
injustice. Shortly after the release of Dombey and Son, he wrote David
Copperfield (1849-1850). It has been described as a "holiday" from the
larger social concerns. This novel has always been among his most popular
novels and was Dickens's own favourite.
Charles Dickens finally found a permanent form for his writing in
1850, with the novel Household Words, and its successor All the Year Round
(1859-1888). These novels incorporated a combination of weekly
miscellaneous fiction works, poetry, and essays on a wide range of topics.
These two works had circulations reaching 300, 000 for some Christmas
seasons. During this period Dickens contributed some serials, for example
Child's History of England (1851-1853), Hard Times (1854), A Tale of two
cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860- 1861). No English author has
devoted 20 years of his/her mature life to such editorial work. Novels
During these years he wrote many more novels. The first of which was
called Bleak House (1852-1853), then Hard Times (1854), and Little Dorrit
(1855- 1857). These novels were much more dark then his earlier novels.
Portraying a sad and dark view on contemporary society. In the novels of
the 1850's, he is politically more depressed, emotionally more tragic. The
sadness is harsher, and the humour is less gentle, and the happy endings
are more relaxed than his early fiction. Technically the later novels are
more logical, the plots are more related to the themes, and the themes
express more grim symbols. The characterization has become more in line
with general purpose and design. In general the characters are becoming
more complex, even the children who were before loosely thrown together
are now complicated in their makeup. Dickens becomes more enthraled with
the general purpose of life, and poses questions to this in his works, and
attempt to explore the prospects of humanity, questions that are still
being asked today and being debated by society.
During the 1850's his spirits fell. 1855 was "a year of much
unsettled discontent for him", . He began to cease to find satisfaction in
his home, and he showed his first sign's of marital discontent. From May
1858, his wife, Catherine Dickens lived apart from him. This separation
jarred his friendships and began to shrink his social circle, yet to his
surprise, it didn't effect his social popularity. Catherine Dickens stayed
silent and most of Dickens family and friends were unwilling to talk about
it. He dated the unhappiness of his marriage to 1838, calling his wife
"perculliar", and sometimes "under a mental disorder". No one talked about
the separation until 1939, when his daughter, Katey speaking to a friend
(who was recording the conversation) offered an inside account of the true
marriage and family life during that time.
By the end of the 1850's Charles Dickens was tired and growing more
and more ill, yet he maintained inventive in his final novels. A Tale of
Two Cities (1859) was an experiment, relying less than before on
characterization, dialogue, and humour. An exciting narrative, it lacks
too many of his strengths to count among his major works. His next, Great
Expectations, (1860-1861) resembles David Copperfield , by it being a first
person narration, it draws on Dickens personality and experience. He
continued to write novels, though none of them was truly up to par with his
early novels, they were still given rave reviews. In 1864-65, he wrote Our
Mutual Friend, and Edwin Druid in 1870. His humorous handling is sometimes
tiresome, and has grown mechanical. Between the years 1867- 1868 many of
his co-writers noticed his immense personality change and it appears in
friends remarks who met him again after many years during an international
reading tour. ("I must have known two individuals bearing the same name,
at various periods of my own life.").
But his fiction, besides his personal developments still had the many
stylistic features as in his earlier works so he remained the "human
hurricane." Even though he was old, and his health was deteriorating, his
close friends saw him as a hearty man, with a good deal of fun in him ",
but that very day (on a train ride in 1865), Dickens wrote, that "I am
nearly used up,". After he had completed his reading tour, his health
remained precarious, but he insisted on continuing to do readings.
His farewell reading tour was abandoned when, in April 1869, he
collapsed. He began writing another novel in the London Hospital, and gave
a short farewell sessions of readings in London, ending with thee famous
speech, "From these garish lights I vanish now for evermore...". Charles
dickens died suddenly at Gad's Hill on June 9, 1870, and was buried in
Westminster Abbey. People all over the world mourned the loss of "a
friend" as well as a great entertainer and creative artist, and one of the
acknowledged influences upon the spirit of the age.
Charles Dickens is regarded as the greatest English novelist. He had a
wider popularity than any other author before him or during his life time.
His works appealed to everyone, a peasant, or the Queen of England. This,
and the quality of his work enabled his fame to spread world wide. His
popularity has never ceased, and he is as popular today, as he ever was.
His compassion and intelligence enriched his novels and made him one of the
great forces in 19th century literature, an influential conscience of his
age.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on Stephen King's]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes ['The iT' ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:718 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
A)Title:It
Author:Stephen King
Illustrator:--------------------
Publisher:Penguin Books
Copyright:1986
B)Brief Summary
The book fades into a suburb scene with a boy,a boy chasing a paper
boat his brother willingly made.This boat's strong the boy (George) thinks
to himself just before it is digested by a storm drain and inside there is
a clown.He has the boat,he also has a balloon.He says"Georgy you want this
boat and balloon right!!"The response is obvious.Georgy asks if they really
float.As Georgy the fool reaches down and is grabbed by the decaying corpse
monster."It floats,we all float down here".In a few minutes Georgy is
discovered and is taken home to the grief stricken mother who is betook by
sadness.This when the 1093 page book really begins to heat up.During the
course of the summer in Derry where the setting is taking place at the time
being.A little club falls together and by fluke they are all victims and
survivors of the freak monster It.At first they just explain to each other
their horrid accidents and escapes.The method they used to escape is their
secret weapon against It.For instance for Bill it is to say this one verse
"He thrusts his fists against the posts and still insists he's seeing
ghost's".For Ben Hanscom it's shouting "You are not real".Etc.Bill who is
George's brother is asking Richie,another survivor,if he would come with
him to the an old house with him.He agrees and brings sneezing powder and
Bill brings a gun and a sling shot.They crawl under the porch and through
the window into the ancient house.They stay together and meet the clown he
has changed into a leper and is coming towards them.Bill shoots but it
doesn't affect the monster.The leper grabs Bill and start choking him.Then
Richie blared at it one of his voice imitations.That made the creature turn
away and let go of Bill.They both then scrambled out of the house and into
the fresh air the leper was following them.they jumped on Bill's bike and
they off.But the leper followed until Richie threw the powder into the
lepers eyes.After that incident they all decided to make a truce to come
back to Derry if the monster ever came back.After they made the truce they
built a clubhouse and enjoyed the rest of their childhood year's.
30 Years later:
They are all called by Bill to come back to Derry.It had come back.So
as soon as they get there they are attacked by an old enemy who is under
the power of It.They stop him by luck and escape with their lives.The next
day they go to the sewers where most It victims were found(Collage of this
on last page).They travel in the wastelands for hours searching for the
lair of It.They find a small door with the picture of each one of their
fears imprinted on it.They go in and see that It has taken the shape of a
giant spider writhing and pulsing in it's exoskeleton. It attacks and
everybody says their special word or action or phrase.then Bill rips open
It's stomach and thrashes around until he tears the heart of the beast in
two.then the eary light fades and It is dead.The novel ends when all the
characters are united with their wives.
C) Critical Analysis
This book was a true horror book.It was one of the ones that keep you
up if you read it at night.The book was fictional and semi- true.The
setting was always clearly explained and the plot was never slow.If you
started to read a bit you would have to keep reading till your eyes are too
tired to stay open.It took Stephen King 4 year's to complete this
masterpiece.Really it is worth reading.Here are Some Rave reviews:"A
mesmerizing odyssey of terror...great...Stephen King is the master of
modern horror...He writes like one possessed,never cheats the reader,always
gives full measure...He is brilliant...dark and sinister." -The Washington
Post Book World
D)My Recommendations
I clearly recommend this book to people not affected by foul language
and horror killings.This book is for people at least 14 and up.The ideas
and mind sketches etched by Stephen King are discreet and explicit.They are
phsycotic and sometimes unimaginable setting and actions taken place in
course of the book.Sensitive reader's should not even look at this
book.This Concludes the writing portion of my report.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Small Geographic Essay ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [About the Ivory Coast ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:326 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The Ivory Coast is one of Africa's leading countries in industry and
agriculture. This small country is located in West Africa on the Coast of
Guinea where it is bordered by Mali and Burkina Faso on the north and by
Guinea and Liberia on the west. The land itself is approximately 322,463
sq.kilometers and 124,504 sq.miles in size. With a population of around
12,600,000 people, of which 2,000,000 are foreigners from Burkina Faso and
Ghana, the Ivory Coast is known for it's cultural diversity which started
back in 1637 when it became a French Missionary contact. Then, in
1843-1845, it became an official proctrate of France. Thus, in 1893, the
Ivory Coast became a French colony and remained part of French West Africa
from 1904-1958. Finally in 1960, independence was gained from the overseas
country of France.
In the Ivory Coast, which is a Republic, they have a semi-democratic
system. The position of president, currently being held by Felix
Houphocet-Boigny, is elected to serve 5-year terms. Also, the president can
run for re-election as many times as he chooses. For example, the current
president was re-elected to serve a seventh term in 1990. Plus, there is a
National Assembly comprised of about 120 people who help to govern the
country.
The nation has a tremendously stable economy because of the great amount
of products that they produce for exporting. The Ivory Coast is the world's
largest cocoa producer and the third largest coffee producer. These
products alone bring in more than half of all export earnings. In addition,
sugarcane, pineapples, oil palms, rubber, cotton, and bananas are also
grown for export. The major problem of the country is the foreign debt
which has grown extremely large due to massive amounts of loans given to
the country by France. Plus, this increases taxes. The country's per capita
is $ 740 and it's GNP (Gross National Product) is $ 8.59 billion.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Pres. Jackson. ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:1,393 School:Public - COED State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Essay on President Jackson
"The decision of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee
Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830's was more a
reformulation of the national policy that had been in effect since the
1790's than a change in that policy." The dictum above is firm and can be
easily proved by examining the administration of Jackson and comparison to
the traditional course which was carried out for about 40 years. After 1825
the federal government attempted to remove all eastern Indians to the Great
Plains area of the Far West. The Cherokee Indians of northwestern Georgia,
to protect themselves from removal, made up a constitution which said that
the Cherokee Indians were sovereign and not subject to the laws of Georgia.
When the Cherokee sought help from the Congress that body only allotted
lands in the West and urged them to move. The Supreme Court, however, in
Worcester vs. Georgia, ruled that they constituted a "domestic dependent
nation" not subject to the laws of Georgia. Jackson, who sympathized with
the frontiersman, was so outraged that he refused to enforce the decision.
Instead he persuaded the tribe to give up it's Georgia lands for a
reservation west of the Mississippi.
According to Document A, the map shows eloquently, the relationship
between time and policies which effected the Indians. From the Colonial and
Confederation treaties, a significant amount of land had been acquired from
the Cherokee Indians. Successively, during Washington's, Monroe's, and
Jefferson's administration, more and more Indian land was being
commandeered. The administrations during the 1790's to the 1830's had
gradually acquired more and more land from the Cherokee Indians. Jackson
followed that precedent by the acquisition of more Cherokee lands.
According to Document B, "the first of which is by raising an army,
and [destroying the resisting] tribes entirely or 2ndly by forming treaties
of peace with them", "under the existing circumstances of affairs, the
United States have a clear right, consistently with the principles of
justice and the laws of nature, to proceed to the destruction or expulsion
of the savages." The use of the word savages, shows that the American had
irreverence toward other ethnic backgrounds. Henry Knox wanted to destroy
the cherokee tribes inorder to gain land for the United States, although he
questions the morality of whether to acquire the cherokee land, his
conclusion forbode's the appropriation. According to Document C, "That the
Cherokee Nation may be led to a greater degree of civilization, and to
become herdsmen and cultivators, instead of remaining in a state of
hunters, the United States will from time to time gratuitously the said
nation with useful implements of husbandry."
The statement made by Henry Knox shows an ethnocentric view toward the
indians. Knox viewed them as savages, and said that the role of the United
States is to propagate their evolution into herdsmen and cultivators
instead of hunters. What Knox did not realize was that he was attempting to
change the culture of the Cherokee Indians, and that would be an
infringement upon their sovereignty.
According to Document E, "[In exchange for Georgia's cession of claims
to certain western lands] . . . the United States shall, at their own
Expense, [obtain for] the Use of Georgia, as early as the same can be
peaceably obtained on reasonable terms, the indian Title . . . to all the
other Lands within the State of Georgia." The statement above, explains how
the United States is being avaricious in expanding the State of Georgia
into cherokee lands. Manifest Destiny and irreverence toward the Cherokee
Indians can be explained by this.
According to Document F, "The Indian tribes . . . have for a
considerable time been growing more and more uneasy at the constant
diminution of the territory they occupy, although effected by their own
voluntary sales, and the policy has long been gaining strength with them of
refusing absolutely all further sale on any conditions . . . . In order
peaceable to counteract this policy of theirs and to provide an extension
of territory which the rapid increase of our numbers will call for [they
should be led to an agricultural way of life, thus lessening their need for
land], In leading them thus to . . . civilization . . . I trust and believe
we are acting for their greatest good." Thomas Jefferson believed that some
people were dependent(slaves, women, indians) and some people were
independent (White males), he believed that the independent of society
should help the dependents to become independent. Jefferson was attempting
to be benevolent toward the indians, but Jefferson was only trying to
acquire the land for the United States. Precedent was reinforced in the
United States not respecting rights of sovereignty of the Cherokee Indians.
According to Document H, "I have long viewed treaties with the Indians
an absurdity not to be reconciled to the principles of our Government. The
Indians are the subjects of the United States, inhabiting it's territory
and acknowledging it's soverignty, then is it not absurd for the soverign
to negotiate by treaty with the subject. . . ." Andrew Jackson had made the
assumption that the Indians were subjects to the united states, which is
not factual. Jackson is explaining that subjects should not have to
negotiate a treaty, and that taking the land should be a right of the
master (U.S), upon his slave (Cherokee Indians).
According to Document N, ".....[I am] deeply impressed with the
opinion that the removal of the Indian tribes from teh lands which they now
occupy . . . is of very high importance to our unio, and may be
accomplished on conditions and in a manner to promote the interest and
happiness of those tribes . . . For the removal of the trives within the
limits of the State of Georgia, the motive has been peculiarly strong,
arising from the compact with that State, whereby the United States are
bound to extinguish the Indian title to the lands within it, whenever it
may be done peaceably and on reasonable conditions." Again, the United
States is expanding upon Cherokee land, which Monroe believes that will
benefit the Indians and benefit the Americans. The statement is a
contradiction because Monroe as well as the president's before him, believe
that they are helping the Indians, but are actually oppressing the Indians
According to Document O, "It has long been the policy of Government to
introduce among them the arts of civilization, in hope of gradually
reclaiming them from a wandering life." Converting the Cherokee Indians
from hunters into cultivators, seems like the object of Jackson's speech,
but the underlying reason for the movement is for gold which was found in
Georgia. "Actuated by this view of the subject, I informed the Indians
inhabiting parts of Georgia and Alabama that their attempt to establish an
independent government would not be countenanced by the Executive of the
United States, and advised them to emigrate beyond the Mississippi or
submit to the laws of those States." Jackson gives the Cherokee Indians an
ultimatum, whereby either the Cherokee Indians move west of the mississippi
or they will have to abide by the laws of Georgia and the United States.
The Cherokee Indians seeking their independent sovereignty, moved west of
the Misssissippi, while almost half of their tribe had been decimated (The
Trail of Tears). Again, The United States is violating the soverignty of
the Cherokee Indian land and is following precedent of the past policies
toward the irreverance of Indian Lands.
According to Document P, "The Cherokee Nation, then is a distinct
community. . . in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which
the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter but with the assent of the
Cherokees themselves or in conformity with treaties and with the acts of
Congress . . . ." The statement made by John Marshall is correct by saying
that the territorial boundries and land of the Cherokee Indians is soverign
to the Cherokee Indians. Marshall announced that the laws of Georgia are
not applicable within the Cherokee Lands, and the constitution acknowleges
the soverignty of it's bordering territories. Since the Supreme Court
couldn't enforce this opinion, Jackson carried through his act of moving
the Indians west of the Mississippi.
All in all, from the early 1790's to the late 1830's, the policy that
Jackson set forth reinforced the precedent which shaped national Indian
policy between 1789 and mid 1830's.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on Jamaica 'mon ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[x]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:3770 School: ? State: ?
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The island of Jamaica is the third largest Caribbean island. It is in
a group of islands called the greater antilles. It has an area of 10 991
km squared or 4 244 sq. miles. Jamaica spans 230 km east to west and from
80-36 from north to south. It is third only to Cuba, which is the largest,
and Hispaniola which is the second largest island. Jamaica lies in the
Caribbean sea which is a part of the much larger Atlantic ocean. The
island is 960 km south of Florida, 160 km southwest of Haiti, and 140 km
south of Cuba.
Jamaica is mainly a mountainous island but there are 320 km of fine
sandy beaches, swamps, moist fern- forests, sprawling open plains,
plateaus, rushing rivers, and magnificent waterfalls. The Blue Mountains
are the highest mountains in Jamaica and Blue Mountain Peak which is the
highest peak in Jamaica rises to 2256 m or 7 402 feet. They are made up
primarily of limestone. Farther to the west in the cockpit country the
limestone has eroded over many years to form large depressions, narrow
valleys, underground caverns and rivers. Most of the surface rivers are
short, swift flowing and descend quickly to the coast and consist of a
series of rapids and waterfalls. The island is ringed by plains separated
by mountain and sea.
The country is divided into three counties. They are Cornwall to the
west, Middlesex is central, and Surrey is to the east. Middlesex is the
largest county. Jamaica is also divided into 14 parishes which are
basically like provinces or states. The parishes are Kingston, St. Andrew,
St. Thomas, Portland, St. Mary, St. Ann, Trelawny, St. James, Hanover,
Westmoreland, St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Clarendon, and St. Catherine.
Jamaica is mainly a tropical climate. During the course of the year,
Jamaica has no real winter whatsoever. The average yearly temperature
ranges from 27 degrees celsius to 32 degrees celsius. It is cooler in
hills, around 20 to 25 degrees and it is known to dip below 10 degrees in
the blue mountains. Although it is hot in the day, light ocean breezes
result in making the island more comfortable in the day and cooler breezes
blow down from the Blue Mountains at night.
Rain falls in Jamaica 12 months of the year because it is a rainy
tropical climate. The average rainfall is 196 cm per annum. The main
months for raining, however, are May to June and September to October. The
major differences in elevation cause the rain to fall almost 600 cm per
annum on the mountains and only 89 cm on the southeast coast. Hurricanes
can strike anytime between June and October. One of the main hurricanes to
hit Jamaica was hurricane Hugo in 1989 which badly damaged the country.
The vegetation in Jamaica is exceptionally varied. This is mainly
because of the islands varied rainfall, soil, elevations, and climate.
Many of the plants which now thrive in Jamaica's rich soil have been
introduced from other countries in colonial times.
There are bamboo forests in the northern and northeastern areas. Also,
rosewood, mahogany, ebony, and other species of wood which live throughout
the island. Drought resistant plants live in the dry southeastern part of
Jamaica. Sections of the plateau are heavily forested savannas or
grasslands. The majority of the palm trees are in the southwest part of
the island. The countryside is often covered by rampant growths of
poinsettia, hibiscus, poinciana, oleander, and bougainvillaea.
There are many products which are grown in Jamaica. Some of the
produce raised are bananas, sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, coconut, pimento,
ackee, nutmeg, & breadfruit.
Jamaica has many animals although it boasts only one native mammal,
the coney, which is a wild rabbit. The mongoose is large rodent
originating from india. It was introduced to Jamaica in 1872 to control
the problem of snakes and rats in the cane fields and has done an adequate
job since then. Most of the snakes have disappeared from Jamaica except for
a few non poisonous ones which look more like worms than snakes. In
Jamaica, as well as many other caribbean islands there are an abundant
population of small harmless lizards. There are over 200 species on the
island. Crocodiles are also numerous on the south coast swamp areas.
In the past, Jamaica's economy was generally based on agriculture.
The dependency was on a few staple crops, primarily sugar and bananas. New
economic development began with earnest in and around the 1950's. Bauxite
mining began in 1952 and the tourist boom around the 1950's and 1960's.
These factors lead to the rapid augmentation of mining and manufacturing
industries. By 1959, the new industries exceeded agriculture in the Gross
Domestic Product.
In 1989, Jamaica's GNP topped $2 361 000 000 U.S. Only 6% of that
figure was agriculture, 41% was in industry and 53% was in services. The
GNP growth in Jamaica is 2.3% each year. When averaged, the GNP per capita
is $939 dollars U.S. The country spends 2% of that for defence.
For the year of 1989 the total bauxite production amounted to 2 535.7
tonnes resulting in $384.74 million U.S. dollars. Other earnings in this
sector such as levies and royalties were US$198.96 million tourism is the
second largest earner of money behind bauxite/alumina production. It
grossed US$340.3 million.
The agricultural sector is Jamaica's largest employer. There are many
types of plants grown in Jamaica. The country has two types of industry.
There are the large plantations for major export and the small domestic
farms used mainly for individual and local use.
Sugarcane and bananas are Jamaica's major crops. Combined, they
account of Jamaica's agricultural export earnings. The sugarcane is used
for sugar, molasses, and Jamaican rum. Most of these plantations are
situated in the southern coastal areas.
The small domestic farms on the island are normally started on
soil-rich hill sides. Crops which are grown include yams, sweet potatoes,
corn, pumpkins, peas, beans, and other vegetables. Tree crops include
things like breadfruits, mangoes, avocado pears, and ackees. It is said
that some of the finest coffee beans in the world are from Jamaica's blue
mountains. Activities being encouraged by the government are fishing, and
increased livestock production. The government funds programs in the
instruction of modern agricultural techniques for farmers and propose a
guaranteed markets in order to stimulate and improve production for both
local consumption and export.
Bauxite is the major mineral mined in Jamaica. The country is the
world leader in bauxite production accounting for 20% of the world's
bauxite. It is also the world leader in alumina exports. Nearly 1/4 of the
earth in Jamaica contains bauxite. It is mined in the central and western
parts of the plateau. Bauxite is used to make alumina which is then used
to make the metal aluminum. The ore was mined since 1952. The main
company in the mining of bauxite in Jamaica is a Canadian company called
Alcan. The rest are other large American and Jamaican companies. By 1972,
there were five alumina plants and two bauxite drying plants on the island
with combined capacities of 15 million tonnes of bauxite per year.
Production levels are currently at 7 million tonnes per year because of
changing trends in the international aluminum market.
Programmes have been instituted to the increased development of
Jamaica's other natural resources, especially limestone which is abundant
throughout the island. The vast reserves of limestone pose a great
potential for foreign export. Deposits of marble, clay, gypsum, & silica
are also found and mined.
Since the 1950's, manufacturing in Jamaica started with the
establishment of the Jamaica Industrial Development Corporation (JIDC).
Implementation of manufacturing incentive laws also helped in speeding up
the slow process.
Jamaica now manufactures many products. The goods manufactured are
food and drinks, clothing, footwear, textiles, paints, building materials,
agricultural machinery, and toilet articles. Most of the processing and
manufacturing plants are located in the vicinity of Kingston and Spanish
Town. Other products produced include sugar, molasses, rum, alumina,
petroleum products, and cigarettes. Building materials including cement,
concrete, pipes, bricks, building blocks, tiles, and gypsum are made from
local raw materials. Goods such as metal products, industrial chemicals,
paint, pharmaceuticals, records, plastic goods, paper bags, cardboard, tin
cans, tires, razor blades, and electrical equipment are made from imported
materials. In fact, most produced goods depend on foreign raw materials,
machinery and technology for their production.
The population of Jamaica as of 1990 was 2 512 000. In 1989 the
population was 2 458 000. This tells us that Jamaica's population is
increasing by 1.09% annually. (see next page for graph) Jamaica is
overpopulated with a density of 224 persons/sq. km. It is estimated that
Jamaica's population will double in 64 years. The life expectancy in
Jamaica is 70 yrs for both males and females. The birth rate is 2.3/1000
and the death rate is 5.5/1000. The infant mortality rate is 20/1000.
The rapid emigration of Jamaicans to England and North America in the
50's and 60's has helped to slow the population growth in the country.
But, the emigration has slowed because of tight restrictions imposed by the
British and United States governments. Many of them are now emigrating to
Canada in hopes for a better life but many Jamaicans realize they would be
better of back home.
58% of the population live in urban areas while the other 42% live in
rural areas because there is a tendency to move to the cities in hopes of
better job opportunities.
95% of the Jamaican population is of African descent. The rest are
mostly East Indians, Syrians, Chinese, and Whites. In religion, 55% of the
people are protestant, 20% are catholic, 25% are classified as other.
These religions include rastafarianism, pocomania, muslim, and judaism.
Rastafarianism, which was started by one of Jamaica's national heroes,
Marcus Garvey, in the 1930's is based on the beliefs and aspirations of
Garvey. He was born on August 17th, 1887. He advocated the "back to
Africa" movement and founded the United Negro Improvement Association. The
rastafarians believe that Ras Tafari or later called Haile Selassie was
the Messiah. They use the bible as a book of reference and smoke marijuana
"The sacred herb", or better known there as ganja for spiritual and
ceremonial purposes.
Pocomania is basically a mixture of christianity and African roots.
The ceremonies are performed by a congregation of people with white turbans
around a white table decorated with candles, dirt, and fruits.
Jamaica has one of the most interesting histories of all of the
caribbean islands. It starts out in about 650 A.D when the first wave of
Arawak Indians arrived over the sea from South America. The second wave
arrived on the island between 850 and 900 A.D.
The Arawaks were a gentle agricultural based society. They first
called Jamaica, Xamayca, meaning "land of wood and water". The Arawaks
grew potatoes, vegetables, cotton and tobacco. They viewed smoking as a
religious rite and taught colonialists how to smoke. They were skilled
artisans and stonemakers. They travelled on the ocean in dugout canoes.
They lived mainly around the coasts because it was the major source of food
although they could be found allot farther inland. A few centuries later
the lives of these peaceful inhabitants was abruptly disturbed by the
savage, war-like carib indians. They began to brutally conquer all of the
natives of the other islands as well. But, one day it got even worse for
the poor Arawaks. Christopher Columbus, under the Spanish flag, landed
there in 1492. This occurrence eventually led to the extinction of the
Arawak people in Jamaica.
Columbus arrived on May 5, 1494 at St. Ann's Bay with his three ships,
the Santa Maria, the Nina and the Pinta. As he landed he remarked "the
fairest island that eyes have beheld .... all full of valleys and fields.
He named the country "St. Jago" or "Santiago" after Spain's patron St. He
named St. Ann's bay Santa Gloria "on account of the extreme beauty"
Nine years later, Columbus returned once again to Jamaica. This time he
and his crew were in not such a good condition as during their first visit.
His ships were battered and worm- eaten and could not sail the Atlantic
without repair. He tried to sail for Hispaniola but they got no farther
than St. Ann when they were stranded close to shore. The ships filled with
water and settled in the soft sand of the bay.
Here he stayed for a duration of 12 months tormented by hardships,
hunger, and sickness. Eventually, two of his men, Diego Mendez and
Bartoleme Fieschi voyaged to Hispaniola where they were able to attain a
new caravel from a Spanish colony there. By June of 1504, the mates
returned with the vessel. On the 29th Columbus left with the rest of his
crew totalling about 100 to Hispaniola and then onward to spain. He died
three years later.
Spanish colonists first arrived in Jamaica in 1510. The first governor
was Juan de Esquivel. The colonists named their settlement at St. Ann's
bay Sevilla la Nueva or "New Seville." It included a fort, a castle, and a
church. But the site was abandoned because of swamps. The colonists then
moved to the south side of the island which is now called Spanish Town.
The new settlement was convenient, healthful, had ample water, fertile
surroundings and good protection from sea attack. It had approximately 400
to 500 houses, 5 or 6 churches and chapels, and one monastery.
The Spaniards enslaved the Arawaks and so overworked them that within
a few decades the 100 000 or so Arawaks had been wiped out. They also had
very little resistance to the European diseases that entered into their
country from the Spanish colonists. Many had been killed by Spanish
christian missionaries who tried forcefully to convert the Arawaks into
christians.
Today the only remains of the Arawaks in Jamaica are artifacts; a
small group of words, like barbecue, hurricane, hammock, tobacco, and
canoe.
The Spanish began to snatch people from Africa and enslave them when
there were no more Arawaks to use. They transported the enslaved Africans
in terrible conditions on ships to Jamaica. It is estimated that millions
of the Africans were killed on the trip from Africa to the Caribbean and
North America. The first Africans began arriving in 1517.
The Island was largely un- important to spain and eventually became a
badly governed and largely overlooked outpost. Almost nothing was done to
develop the natural resources.
The colonists devoted themselves to pastoral and agricultural duties.
The Spaniards introduced all the citrus fruits, bananas, and plantain. The
brought on their cargo ships of death and suffering, horses, cattle, and
pigs.
Although the island was officially under the rule of Spain, it was
basically 0xlf governing. The Spanish governor ruled with help from a
council of appointed members. As in the colonies of North America, the
church had a strong influence on the politics in a colony.
End of Spanish Rule
During the last years of Spanish control of the island, internal
political fighting had weakened the colony. The governors were not
supported well by Spain and constant attacks by pirates did not make the
situation any better. On may 10th, 1655, a large English expeditionary
fleet landed at Kingston Harbour. It consisted of 38 ships and 8000 men.
After a short skirmish the British had successfully snatched Jamaica from
Spanish hands.
The spaniards fled from Jamaica leaving the enslaved Africans there
with arms to wage guerilla warfare on the British until the Spanish could
return with a strong fleet to retake Jamaica.
In June of 1658, under Governor Christobal Arnaldo de Ysassi the
Spanish tried to retake Jamaica. A large force of mainly mexicans landed
and dug at Rio Nuevo. As soon as Colonel D'Oyley, the English commander
received the news, he called 750 of his best men to sail around the coast
and attack the Spaniards. The battle took place on June 27th and the
British won a decisive victory killing 300 Spanish men. Ysassi hid in the
mountains awaiting the Spanish relief force which never came. He escaped to
Cuba in a canoe some time later. The island was officially ceded to
British crown in 1670 under the Treaty of Madrid. Thus, the Spanish
influence in Jamaica ended forever as they left very little traces of their
occupation.
Buccaneers and Pirates
During Colonel D'Oyley's term as governor, a few small uprisings
occurred under colonels Raymond and Tyson. But D'Oyley acted quickly and
soon both of the colonels were publicly executed. In 1872 the capital was
moved from Spanish town to Kingston.
The British began to harass the spaniards from Jamaica. They
supported the buccaneers who were a group of runaways, castaways, and
escaped criminals from Spanish colonies. They attacked Spanish ships and
soon became a strong naval power. Soon these men were given regular
commissions from France and Britain and became technically legal. They
were now called privateers.
The buccaneers named Port Royal as their main city for trade of
spanish loot, facilities for repair, and headquarters. Soon the wealth of
this city had increased so much that it had earned the title of the richest
and wickedest city in the world.
In the late 1690's the French engaged in a war with Jamaica. A large
force under the command of Admiral Jean du Casse landed on the eastern part
of the Island. It was successfully defended against the attack but many of
the settlers were killed and many goods were stolen. The war ended in 1697
with the Treaty of Ryswick.
Pirates began to attack Jamaica in growing numbers. Nicholas Brown was
one of the pirates and he once burned down a house in St. Ann with 16
people locked in it. Other pirates included "Blackbeard" or Edward Teach
and Captain Charles Vain.
Maroons and Slaves
When the Spanish evacuated Jamaica during their war with Britain, the
enslaved Africans escaped to the mountains and became known as the maroons.
They developed new culture of their own in the mountains. In 1663, they
ignored an offer of land and full freedom for every maroon if they
surrendered but they decline and for the next 16 years, warfare was fought
between them and the British settlements.
The maroons had developed their own baffling but effective style of
warfare. They preferred to ambush British troops rather than to have the
more orthodox type of fighting. They attacked farms, burned buildings,
and stole cattle mainly by night. They were skilled in woodcraft and were
familiar with the untracked forests. At first, British troops suffered
heavily in early clashes with the Maroons but eventually the British began
to defeat the Maroons. Colonel Guthrie of the British soon made clear a
set of terms for a formal ceasefire. The terms were that they had
guaranteed freedom, and were allowed 1 500 acres of land. They had to
cease hostilities against the British and refuse asylum from any runaway
slaves and capture them instead for a reward. The Treaty was signed on
March 1st, 1739.
In 1664 Governor Modyford was appointed governor of Jamaica. He set
about establishing a strong sugar industry. By 1740 there were 430 sugar
estates around the island. Many of the African descendants were subject to
the harshest and horrific conditions ever conceivable. Many rebelled,
destroying those terrible plantations whenever possible.
In 1670, the most serious slave rebellion broke out. The government
called upon the Maroons assistance as outlined in the 1739 Treaty. It
began in St. Mary and spread through the rest of the country. A man named
Tacky was their leader who was a chief in Africa. Many casualties were
taken by the British side but it was put down by a militia with the help of
the maroons.
But, peace was not long in Jamaica. In 1795 a second maroon war broke
out. The British imported 400 blood hounds from Cuba and before they were
released, the Maroons surrendered. Some 600 maroons were shipped to Nova
Scotia and then onto Sierra Leone despite promises that they could stay in
Jamaica.
These factors, along with changing political tide in Europe caused the
Africans to be emancipated from slavery as it was abolished there in 1838.
Push for Independence
Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the island began
feverishly pushing for independence from Britain. Soon, political unrest
with the slow reform sparked widespread violence in 1938. This caused the
countries first two parties to be formed. The JLP was headed by Alexander
Bustamante and the PNP by Norman Manley. The rise of power of the JLP or
Jamaican Labour Party ultimately led to independence on August 6th 1962.
CRITIQUE
I think this was an excellent project. The time and effort
that went into the project is evident throughout the written
report. I am pleased with the quality and attractiveness of the
final product. I think the information was well written and
organized in a logical fashion. There were good pictures and
graphs which were integrated well with the typed text. The
research was taken from a variety of sources and was compiled,
condensed and re-written in an easy to understand fashion. If I
were to do the project over, the only thing I would do differently
is expand more on the people section of the report. I could also
include the dialogue of both interviews.
Chen, Ray. Jamaica. Montreal:
Ray Chen books, 1988.
Earle, Stafford. Basic Jamaica History. U.S.A:
Earle Publishing, 1978
Egan, Anne. Jamaica in Pictures. Minneapolis:
The Company, 1967 and 1987 versions.
Kaplan, Irving. Area Handbook of Jamaica. U.S.A:
Mitchell Publishing, 1976
Kuper, Adam. Changing Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica:
Kingston Publishers, 1976
Macpherson, John. Carribean Lands. Spain:
Longman Group Ltd, 1974
Sherlock, Philip. The Land and People of the West Indies. U.S.A:
J.B. Lippincott Company, 1967
Wilkins, Francis. Jamaica. Hong Kong:
Chelsea House Publishers, 1987
Zach, Paul., and Hoefer, Hans Insight Guides: Jamaica. Singapore:
APA Productions, 1987
Jamaica Information Service. Jamaica: An Overview. Kingston:
Jamaica Information Service, 1990
Potter, Mitch. "New Album Kicks off Marley Blitz."
The Toronto Star. 6 February, 1991, Sec. E, p. 4
"Jamaica." Merit Students Encyclopedia. 16th ed., 1980
"Jamaica." The World Book Encyclopedia 14th ed., 1989
APPENDIX
Picture credits:
The Land and People of the West Indies
Insight Guides: Jamaica
Carribean Lands
Merit Students Encyclopedia
Jamaica
For my field trip I went to the Jamaica Information Service at 314
King St. West, suite 216.
I interviewed two people for my research. They are Avril Mills, and
Barbara Theobolds at the Information Service.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [The Japan-U.S. trade ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ war ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed:7/94 # of Words:1206 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The Japan-American Trade War
For years after the end of the second world war, the Japanese suffered
from an inferiority complex. This was the result of the American aid to
Japan which helped to rebuild their country. Soon the Japanese started
producing goods, small stuff at first, like junky toys in the earlier years
- but then came better items, much better items. Now it is the Americans
that suffer from the inferiority complex, not familiar with being
economically vulnerable and not entirely in control of their destinies. Who
to blame - the Japanese of course. If Americans can not learn to compete
with the Japanese, then there is going to be some serious trouble because
the economic problem will not just "go" away.
When Japan lost World War II, six million Japanese had to return home
from the colonies Japan lost. These people had to be fed, clothed and
housed. The outlook for Japan's recovery did not look very hopeful. The
Americans had no intention of helping the Japanese, but the communist
victory in China changed this, because the Americans wanted to stop the
further advance of communism. Americans started to help Japan out by not
making them pay reparations for war damages and opened Japanese trade to
other countries. The Americans dissolved the powerful family businesses
which opened business to more competition and in the countryside, they took
land from the landlords and gave it to the tenant farmers. By the time
American occupation ended in 1952, Japan had returned to prewar levels of
production. With their recovery now ensured, Japan embarked on a period of
great economic growth which is growing at a faster rate every day.
The Japanese are now at the head of a powerful economy which is the
second largest in the world, exceeded only by the Americans. Many beleive
that the Japanese economy will overtake the U.S. economy by the year 2000.
Polls in the United States have indicated that the Americans rank the
Japanese economic threat higher than the Russian military threat.
Yoshio Sakurachi, the speaker for the Lower House of the Diet (the
Japanese Parliament), called American workers lazy and illiterate. These
remarks came just after George Bush and the leaders of American Auto
Corporations had visited Japan, a trip that left everyone with an
impression of American weakness and whining.
A few weeks ago, Minoru Arakawa, president of Nintendo of America made
a bid to purchase the Seattle Mariners. To a lot of Americans, there are
two items which are located near the centre of their folklore and psyche.
These are cars and baseball. Now that these items are under threat from the
Japanese, it is causing unusual resentment and distress to some Americans,
especially after watching the Japanese buy heavily into Hollywood and other
parts of their lives.
Americans are now trying to figure out ways to get the economy back on
line after about a 19 month recession from which it is still recovering.
Dr. William Lippy, for example, offered the 75 employees of his clinic $400
cash if they bought a new American car. He started inviting all other
companies to join in his "Jump-Start America" campaign. He claims to have
enlisted a total of 175 firms with 60,000 workers to offer similar
incentives. This is nothing new to the Japanese though, where this has been
going on for a long time. For example, Mitsubishi and other corporate
groups, called keiretsu have the power to order employees to wage personal
warfare on the commercial brands of a rival. A common story was of a group
of Japanese men that walk into a bar and shout "Biru" (Beer). The bartender
offers them Asahi Beer, a common brand but they shout, "Were Kirin men!".
The Kirin men are literally that - employees of any one of the 148
companies associated with the Mitsubishi group, whic ontrols Kirin.
Americans are running scared now, and you probably did not need this
essay to tell you that - and Japan is aware of this. So now opinion is
growing in Japan in favour of an almost revolutionary idea - to back off.
Corporations should raise prices, pay workers more for fewer hours and
distribute fatter dividends. This came after the President of Sony made a
speech saying that Americans will not take much more of the way the
Japanese are competing with them. They should in short then, become more
like their western rivals. Already change is afoot in Japan's most
competitive industries. Since January, the two biggest auto companies,
Toyota and Nissan, have said that they would raise vehicle prices and
lengthen new product cycles from four to five years. Similar moves were
made by consumer electronics giants such as Sony and Matsushita. All these
changes would benefit foreign competitors worn down by the back-breaking
pace of the Japanese.
There have been some problems inside Japan as well that are hurting
American companies. For the last while, The Nikkei stock average has been
falling (See Graph #1) and Japan is in the beginning of a recession which
is getting deeper and deeper although nowhere near as severe as the
American recession. When domestic economic weakness is combined with a weak
currency, it is a recipe for fewer Japanese imports and more Japanese
exports. This pattern is already showing up. In the past year, Japan's
total imports have fallen by one quarter, and it's non-oil imports by 10
percent. In the case of Canada and the United States, both of which are
mounting recoveries in their own economies - Japan is each ones second
largest trading partner. Needless to say, the last thing either of these
two economies needs is a Japan that buys less and sells more, and becomes a
roadblock in their road to recovery.
Americans are looking for a way to come out of their recession and
become a growing world economy once again. Japan is right in their way.
America, so used to being on top, has never been so vulnerable. I believe
that if Americans don't do anything, like provide incentives to "buy
American" and change the way they work and compete, then it is going to
stay this way. Japan may help them, now and then, like they are starting to
now, but that may not last. I believe that they can either become more like
the Japanese, giving up the lifestyles so grown accustomed to, by working
harder for less money, or learn to live with not always being on top of the
world economy. It is always hard to change, but sometimes you have to.
Bibliography
1. "Cocksure Japan Loses Confidence", Cook,Peter. From the Globe and Mail
Newspaper, May 2, 1992
2. "Japan to Rethink Bullish Marketing Abroad", From the Toronto Star,
April 27,1992
3. "The Ties that Bind", Territh, Edith. From the Business Community
Magazine, September 24, 1992
4. "Japan Hits Hard Times", Hillenbrand, Barry. From Time Magazine, March
23,1992
5. "Japan in the Mind of America", Morrow,Lance. From Time Magazine,
February 10, 1992
6. "The Rise of The Global Village", Baldwin Spiran Stuart Cregier. Pages #
188-190 Copyright 1992 ??

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>| | |: | |: |<7C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> Subject/Topic is on:
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>| |: | |: | |<7C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> [Japan ]
----\___|: |\__ |\__ |---- [ ]
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>\___|cd!|___/'<27><><EFBFBD>|___/'<27><><EFBFBD> [ ]
`, a c e ,` [ ]
`, e s s a y s ,` [ ]
Grade Level: [ ]Grade School Type of Work: [x]Essay/Report/Term
[x]High School [ ]Informational
[ ]College [ ]Notes
[ ]Misc
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Japan, as a nation, is a continually changing society. Ever since
western nations became involved with Japan, it's changes over recent times
have increased at a substantial rate. Japan now faces cultural, economical
and social differences as a result of the western involvement. The
involvement was initiated by the Japanese themselves, beginning during the
Meiji Period1 through current times. As time increases, Japan is slowly
becoming more 'westernized' because of western involvement. Western
involvement is greatly affecting Japan.
Western involvement began in Japan during the late 1800's. The Meiji
dynasty helped to carry it through, seeing the importance of western ideas.
"Learn all you can from the Europeans and Americans"2 was what Emperor
Meiji was saying to the Japanese in 1867. During this period, Japan agreed
to change it's hereditary authority and class barriers between its people.3
Japan also opened their ports during this period4 and sold fuel to other
countries such as the Us.5 The Japanese language took a major turn, too,
with the addition of borrowed words from all over the world.6 Japan
borrowed the American education system of elementary, middle school and
universities during this time.7 A new western style army and universal
military conscription program were soon set up by General Yamagata Autamo
as well.8 The Meiji period was an important part of Japan's changing
western ways. After World War II, Japan changed forever. With the Atomic
bomb physically destroying their cities, and their defeat destroying their
imperialistic mentalities, Japan was deeply wounded. Japan lost the
respect of the world during the war and few people felt sorry for them.
However, they were soon willing to accept the concepts and ideas from
abroad.9 The Us helped Japan and showed them many new things to help them
get on their feet again. We explained to them about the electric telegraph
and soon after we even connected them with California's telegraphs.10 Many
Japanese women started to wear western dresses or even sweaters and
slacks.11 Japan changed politically as well. Japan became divided up into
47 profectures, which are similar to American states. Japan has carried
over America's democratic ideas of social freedom, economic independence,
and democratic liberties and privileges Japan's government soon began the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches seen in America seen after
the war.13 These changes all became possible soon after the war with great
financial aid from the Us.14 Japan's progress in America's modernization
program was so fast, we had to begin recognizing Japan as a world power.15
After Japan's modernization program, Japanese life began to change
less dramatically, but never stopped. Within recent times, many
western-style appliances and such can be found in Japanese homes.16 The
Japanese schools, based on America's, teach the same things in grade school
as American schools.17 Many of the students are learning in these schools
to take English language courses to help them as they get older.18 Sports
today, are shaped similar to America's. Japan has carried over many sports
from America including frisbees, jogging, skateboarding19, and baseball.20
Baseball is among their favorites and was brought over by an American
teacher as far back as the late 1800s.21 Japanese baseball is made up of
the same components of American baseball as well. For example, leagues in
Tokyo are made up with leagues of 6 universities similar to our leagues.22
The Japanese have joined the Olympic game stream and now they are active
participants and were even hosts for the 1964 Games.23 Many clubs after
Japanese schools end were brought over from Western countries, too.24
Following the world trends, Japanese silk mills have turned largely to the
spinning of synthetic fiber textiles, which was started from the west, to
keep up with other countries in the silk trade.25 Many of the Japanese
people now wear and even make western style clothing everyday, except for
special occasions or relaxing at home.26 The family lives are even
becoming similar to Western ways as the children get more respect and the
members learn to voice their opinions in a household.27 Japan, with recent
developments, needs to trade with other nations and learn from them.28
Japan, with the growing western influence, is changing very rapidly.
Japan survived the initial shock of the western impact only to run into the
problems of the west today.29 Yet, Japan continues to try to overcome
these challenges by every passing day. Japan is a much different country
from the pre-1800s. Because of these changes, Japan has a different
cultural living currently, with the introduction of baseball to Japan and
other sports. Japan's economy has changed with the inclusion of American
money and products in trade. Finally, Japan's political ideas have changed
shape with our Democratic model which we've passed onto them. Japan is
learning that the West has some rich ideas that it had been ignoring for
centuries.
Footnotes
1 Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan, p.31.
2 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.60.
3 Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan, p.160.
4 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.46.
5 p.48.
6 Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan, p.67.
7 p.50.
8 p.31.
9 Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan, p.181.
10 p.204.
11 p.215.
12 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.71.
13 Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan, p.187.
14 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.70.
15 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.122.
16 Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan, p.32.
17 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.70.
18 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.74.
19 p.99.
20 p.111.
21 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.113.
22 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.107.
23 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.46.
24 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.101.
25 p.94.
26 Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan, p.57-58.
27 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.97.
28 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.78.
29 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.48.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West. Minnesota: Dillon Press
Inc., 1983.
Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan. Chicago: Regensteiner
Publishing Enterprises Inc., 1983.
Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan. New York: Franklyn Watts Inc.,
1969.
Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. Canada: Fideler Company., 1974.
Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan. Massachusettes: Harvard
University Press, 1965.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Japan, from post WWII to]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [1952. ]
[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed:7/94 # of Words:1689 School: ? State: ?
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The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation.
General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was
in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military
government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing
Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator
of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily
carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by
early 1946.
Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The
stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and
scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the
damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones
left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling
lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the
occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings.
The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was
very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely
glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random
spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square
feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A
master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside
because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The thousands of
people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing.
All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared
about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when
they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me food, or send me
bullets."
American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting
from cutting into the sparse local supply.
No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first
six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as
chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum
imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different
urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese
diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing
fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war
and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north.
The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption
of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese
government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a
constitutional r eform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft
a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was
then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial
amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947.
The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of
government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme
political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to
the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The
House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The
judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as
possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review
the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly
increased powers.
The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation.
Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines,
industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at
the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown
things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so." People started to call him
"Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man
to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves,
force to do what was alien to them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior
Hirohito was voted the most popular man in Japan.
Civil li berties were emphasized, women were given full equality with
men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits discrimination in
political, economic, and social relations because of race, creed, sex,
social status, or family origen. This is one of the most explicitly
progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law. Gerneral Douglas
MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was "convinced that the
place of women in Japan must be brought to a level consistent with that of
women in the western democracies." So the Japanese women got their equal
rights amendment long before a concerted effort was made to obtain one in
America.
Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made to make
education more a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and the school
system above the six elementary grades was revised to conform to the
American pattern. This last mechanical change produced great confusion and
dissatisfaction but became so entrenched that it could not be re vised even
after the Americans departed.
Japan's agriculture was the quickest of national activities to recover
because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best plan. It
was basis was this: There were to be no absentee landlards. A p erson who
actually worked the land could own up to 7.5 arcers. Anyone living in a
village near by could keep 2.5 acres. Larger plots of land, exceeding
these limits, were bought up by the government and sold on easy terms to
former tenants. Within two years 2 million tenants became landowners. The
American occupation immediately gained not only a large constituency, for
the new owners had a vested interest in preserving the change, but also a
psychological momentum for other changes they wanted to ini tiate.
The American labor policy in Japan had a double goal: to encourage the
growth of democratic unions while keeping them free of communists. Union
organization was used as a balance to the power of management. To the
surprise of the America n authorties, this movement took a decidedly more
radical turn. In the desperate economic conditions of early postwar Japan,
there was little room for successful bargaining over wages, and many labor
unions instead made a bid to take over industry and o perate it in their
own behalf. Moreover large numbers of workers in Japan were government
employees, such as railroad workers and teachers, whose wages were set not
by management but by the government. Direct political action therefore
seemed more meani ngful to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese
unions called for a general strike on February 1, 1947. MacArthur warned
the union leadership that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The
strike leaders yieled to MacArthur's will. The re after the political
appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane.
The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a means of
reducing Japan's war-making potential. There were about 15 Zaibatsu
families such as - Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo. The Zaibatsu
controled the industry of Japan. MacArthur's liaison men pressured the
Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December 1947. In the eyes of
most Japanese this law was designed to cripple Japanese business and i
ndustry forever. The first step in breaking up the Zaibatsu was to spread
their ownership out among the people and to prevent the old owners from
ever again exercising control. The stocks of all the key holding companies
were to be sold to the public. Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the
stock. In the long run the Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few
were weakened and others underwent a considerable shuffle.
The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by
reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was
given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the
United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The
union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker.
Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the
steady expansion of Japan domestic consumer market. This market was a
major reason for Japan's subsequent economic boom. Another boom to the
economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise.
Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on
a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war.
The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September
1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The
Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April
1952, officially terminating the United States military occupation and
restoring full independence.
What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the
insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of
American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence
assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans,
the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant
fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down
a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Jap an would
draw in the years ahead.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Christopher, Robert C. /The Japanese Mind/. New York: Fawcett
Columbine, 1983
La Cerda, John. /The Conqueror Comes to Tea/. New Brunswick: R utgers
University Press, 1946
Manchester, William. /American Caesar/. New York: Dell Publishing
Company, Inc., 1978
Perry, John Curtis. /Beneath the Eagle's Wings/. New York: Dodd, Mead
and Company, 1980
Reischauer, Edwin O. / The Japanese/. London: Belknap Press, 1977
Seth, Ronald. /Milestones in Japanese History/. Philadelphia: Chilton
Book Company, 1969
Sheldon, Walt. /The Honorable Conquerors/. New York: The Macmillan
Company., 1965

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Explains the Japanese ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [school system and how it]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [is important to the ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [Japanese economy. ]
Dizzed:7/94 # of Words:317 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
"Japan's Education System Is Successful"
by Herbert J. Walberg
In the writing, Walberg attributes Japan's economic success to the
superior education of its youth. He stresses that Japan does a better job
of educating its nation and the U.S. should follow in Japan's foot steps.
He emphasizes the U.S. should change its system of education to produce
more productive and smarter children.
Walberg links national prosperity to education. He believes that
educating children and teaching them to become more than mediocre can help
a nation to survive. Smart children can solve the nation's problems and
invent new machinery to bring in more capital. The smarter the children,
the less time it takes them to get a job done, thus decreasing the time and
money needed for certain jobs.
Walberg believes Japan's system of education is very successful. The
child worries about passing tough exams and wants to go to school. The
family of Japan coaxes its children and gives them the mind set of being
mediocre is nothing. Japan also maintains a hard curriculum that pushes
the student to his optimum efficiency. The teaches in Japan do not compare
children's accomplishments and what they have not done. This allows the
student to proceed with their peers at maximum rate.
The Japanese strive for equality. They recognized how hard a student
can work and how fast he can learn. The student can take entrance exams.
Bright, hard-working students that come from poor families have a better
chance of being admitted to elite schools than average students with rich
families.
The Japanese education system works in many ways. Even though it is
hard and long hours are put in to learning, the suicide rate is low.
Everyone in Japan has a chance of learning, and if he works hard enough he
can prosper in life. The success of Japan and other countries lies in the
education of its youth.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Caesar ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:418 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Essay on Caesar
In Shakespeare's play of "Caesar" Brutus is a conspirator who portrays
a person who favors a republic for Rome. Brutus is an honorable man. Many
characters in the play show there reverence for Brutus. Brutus exemplifies
his honor in many ways. Brutus is obsequious when he is needed to abet his
fellow romans.
Brutus is an honorable man. "Am I entreated to Speak and Strike? O
Rome I make thee promise, If the redress will follow, then receivest thy
full petition at the hand of Brutus" (Shakespeare 397). Brutus will obey to
whatever the romans convey to him. Consequently, Brutus joins the
conspiracy inorder to help the romans rid rome of Caesar. Brutus also
understands that he is putting it all on the line for his romans, therefore
Brutus is an honorable man.
Brutus is a scrupulous man, whose virtues endure. "No not an oath, If
not by the face of men, the sufferance of our souls, the time's abuse-If
these motives be weak, break off betimes, and every men hence to his idle
bed; So let high sighted tyranny rage on, till each man drop by lottery"
(Shakespeare 399). Brutus said that if the conspirators do not join for a
common cause, then there is no need for an oath because the conspirators
are self-righteous, and they are serving the romans. If the conspirators
don't bind together, then each man will go his own way, become a weakling,
and die when it suits the tyrants caprice. Brutus is advocates peace,
freedom and liberty, for all romans, which shows that Brutus is an
altruistic as well as an honorable man.
Brutus also had a compassion for Caesar when he had killed Caesar. "If
then that a friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my
answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more"
(Shakespeare 421). Brutus had honored Caesar but Brutus felt that Caesar
was to ambitious. Brutus also felt that Caesar made the romans as slaves.
Therefore, Brutus is an honorable man.
Brutus is a noble man who was revered by many. Brutus had joined the
conspiracy because he had the desire to help the commoners. He was a
follower of idealism, where the romans would possess peace, liberty and
freedom. Brutus wanted the kill Caesar, because he believed that all of the
people of Rome would eventually be slaves, thus Brutus resorted to the
assassination if Caesar. Brutus is a honorable man.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Jefferson. ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words:527 School:Public - COED State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Essay on Jefferson
Jefferson had destroyed political traditions. From his contradictions
and defecting his priciples, Jefferson destroyed the political precedent
and is a exemplatory hypocrite, which can be seen throughout his
administration.
Jefferson was an admired statesman who was grappling unsuccessfully
with the moral issue of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the
Declaration of Independence, opposed slavery his whole life, yet he never
freed his own slaves. He championed Enlightenment principles, yet never
freed himself of the prejudices of his soceity. Jefferson was extremely
hypocritical in the issue of slavery. Jefferson was a plantation owner
early in his life, and had slaves working for him throughout his life.
Jefferson had tolerated while he didn't accept others who owned slaves.
Jefferson denounced the slave owners, while he was owning and using slaves.
Although Jefferson was supposedly a good slave owner, his hypocritical
nature made him accuse others not to own slaves while he, himself was
owning slaves. Another part of the hypocrisy was that Jefferson believed
that the slaves were dependent upon the white man, while he, himself was
dependent upon the slaves. Jefferson also was hypocritcal in his
acquisition of the Loisiana territory. In Jeffersonian principles, large
expansive governments were bad, and small was good. This was a antithesis
of that principle. Jefferson knew that the acquisition of the Loisiana
territory was beneficial to the welfare of the U.S. According to the
constitution, nowhere in the constitution is the acquisition of land a
right of the government, Jeffersons' predisposition was to strictly go by
the constitution (as seen with the national bank controversy), this is
another contradiction during his administration. Since the appropriation of
the Lousiana territory was important for the expansion of the united
states, he temporarily dismissed his principles, therefore destroying
political traditions.
Another hypocritical event during Jeffersons' administration was his
acceptance of the National Bank. Early in Jefferson's political career,
Jefferson had debated with Hamilton on whether to have the National Bank.
"When this government was first established, it was possible to have kept
it going on true principles, but the contracted, English, half-lettured
ideas of Hamilton destroyed that hope in the bud, We can pay off his debts
in 15 years." Early in Jefferson's Administration, Jefferson had denounced
the National Bank. At the end of his administration, Jefferson realized
that the National Bank was important and this is hypocritical by
disregarding his principles.
The Burr conspiracy depicted Jefferson as a ruthless, and a individual
who will do anything inorder to achieve his goal. Jefferson championed
civil liberties and unalienable rights. Yet, Jefferson violated civil
liberties by coercing witnesses, arrested with out habeus corpus and
prosecuting in a "court" of his own. Jefferson and Jeffersonians are
hypocrites from the start and they destroyed political tradition as seen
during Jeffersons' administration.
Jeffersonians show an immense amount of hypocritism in their policies.
For example, Federalists had supported high tarriffs, inorder to protect
national manufacturers and american industry. The tarriffs were a vital
determinent, which kept the economy of the United States viable. The
Jeffersonians, not the Federalists began the American system of protecting
american industry which initially was a major constituent of the federalist
platform.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Theology paper on the ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [town of Jerusalem ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Date: 06/94 # of Words: 328 School:? State:?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Jerusalem is located in the heart of Israel and is divided into three
sections: the Old City, New City (West Jerusalem), and East Jerusalem. In
the center is the Old City which is split up into four main sections:
Muslim Quarter, Jewish Quarter, Christian Quarter, and the Armenian
Quarter. Also, the Old City is the site of many religious and historical
landmarks.
Within Jewish Quarters, the main attraction is the Western (Wailing)
Wall Wall"). It's dubbed the "Wailing Wall" because many Jews come to pray
there, and their prayers sound like wailing. The Wall is the small
remaining part of King Solomon's Temple. After the Jews were banished from
Temple Mount, the Western Wall became the most sacred place of Judaism.
There are two major sects of Jews in this part of the city. There is the
Sephardic group, who come from Spain, Africa, and the Mediterranean, and
there is the Ashkenazic group, who come from Northern Europe.
Another section of the Old City is the Christian Quarter. The center
of this part of the city is The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It is
believed that the Via Dolorosa, a street, was the site of the original
Stations of the Cross. Furthermore, it is maintained that Jesus was
originally buried at this site. The Church was rebuilt by Crusaders in 1099
CE, but it was originally built in the fourth century.
The St. James Cathedral is the center of attention in the Armenian
part. Many families who escaped the Armenian Holocaust in 1915 settled in
the Old City. Many of the residents of this part of the Armenian Quarter
practice the Greek Orthodox religion.
The last section of the city is the Muslim Section. Atop the Temple
Mount are the gold-domed Dome of the Rock (661 BCE) and the silver-domed
al-Aqsa mosques. The Rock referred to in Dome of the Rock is Mt.Zion. This
is where Abram went to sacrifice Isaac and Muhammed ascended to heaven.

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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Jewish History ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1167 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Jewish History
The Jews are a people with a multitude of dilemmas. From the
Israelite tribes to the prosperous modern day Israel , bigotry towards the
Jews has been greatly evident. The Jewish race has acted as Escape Goat
for many crisis throughout history including the black plaque which swept
across Europe in the 14th century. The establishment of Israel was a great
incident was something the Jewish people were striving to obtain for
generations. This, however, led to four major conflicts between Israel and
the Arab countries. One of the most meaningful wars was the Six-Day War.
Events such as the holocaust have also had a dramatic effect on world
history and whose mysteries are still being unravelled.
For twelve years following 1933 the Jews were persecuted by the
Nazi's. Jewish businesses were boycotted and vandalized. By 1939,Jews were
no longer citizens,could not attend public schools,engage in practically
any business or profession, own any land, associate with any non-Jew or
visit public places such as parks and museums. The victories of the German
armies in the early years of World War II brought the majority of European
Jewry under the Nazis. The Jews were deprived of human rights. The Jewish
people were forced to live in Ghetto's which were separated from the main
city. Hitler's plan of genocide was carried out with efficiency. The
total number of Jews exterminated has been calculated at around 5,750,000.
In Warsaw ,where approximately 400,000 Jews had once been
concentrated,was reduced to a population of 60,000. They,virtually
unarmed, resisted the German deportation order and had held back the
regular German troops equipped with flame throwers,armoured cards, and
tanks for nearly a month. This heroism was similar to the revolt which
took place around 165BC. This uprising was led by the Maccabees, a
provincial priestly family (also called Hasmoneans). They recaptured the
Temple and rededicated it to the God of Israel. The Maccabees made there
last stand on a mountain and was able to hold back the syrians for more
then a month. There is a distinct similarity between the two stories and
that is possibly why they are both recognised as holidays in the Jewish
faith.
These horrific events of the holocaust have let to some consequences
which are beneficial and some are unfortunate to the Jewish people. The
population of the followers has greatly declined. Also the Jewish people
after the war still had problems finding jobs. They had to essentially
start there life over. Most of them lost a close relative or at least knew
someone who died in the gas chambers of the Nazi concentration camps. This
has put a psychological strain on Jewish survivors or no longer having
family and friends with them for support. This event has awaken the world
up to the needs of the Jewish people. It has given them political power
and a justification for some of their actions.
On May recognised,1945 ,the end of World War II was seen. Organized
Jewry in the European continent was damaged beyond repair. The Jews
concentrated on the preservation of Israel and on the bringing of Nazi war
criminals to trial.
There is a day of commemoration, Holocaust Day, observed in Israel and
elsewhere on Nisan (April) 19 and 20. The date is considered the
anniversary of the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
The emergence of Israel as a Jewish state on the former territory of
Palestine was the central political issue of the Middle East after World
War II. A movement was established to work on the reestablishment of the
Jewish national state of Israel. This movement was given the name Zionism.
The Zionists were full of energy,enthusiasm, and skill which led to
remarkable accomplishments. Israel was a modern European state in an
underdeveloped area. This was the source of there problems and their
achievements.
The Jews received vast amounts of financial and military support from
Western governments. The Israelis also benefitted from a highly trained
and motivated citizenry to create a unique nation-state.
It had taken the Zionists seventy years to purchase 7 per cent of
Palestine. Now the UN was offering them another 50 per cent. The partition
plan was objected by all of that Arab and Palestinian Arab governments.
The Zionists excepted the plan. They however were upset that Jerusalem was
excluded from the Jewish state.
The Jews were the most fertile land including the citrus groves upon
which the Arabs depended on for their living. Many of the nations of the
world felt guilt or grief of the Hitler era. This is what is believed to
have pressured the United Nations to establish a Jewish state.
The partition of Palestine was greatly important to both Jewish
history and world history. It gave the Jews a place to seek refuge in
during the Nazi persecutions. This led to a change in the nature of
Zionist activities. They became more violent. The Jewish army called
Haganah(defense)was formed to protect Israel from Arab attacks. This is
remembered as a historic event for it has greatly effected the lives of
present day Middle East and all other countries.
The cause of the Six-Day War of June 1967 was Egypt's closure of the
Strait of Tiran. This war focused on the issue of Israel's legitimacy.
Withdrawal of the UN troops after May 16 signified to the Israelis that
ultimately they would be responsible for their own defense. From this war
the jews regained control of the West Bank of the Jordan River. Syria was
pushed by a frontal assault through the Golan Heights and threatened
Damascus.
The United Nation security council managed to execute a cease- fire on
June 11th. By this time the Arab states had lost territory, much of their
productive capacity, and a large amounts of revenue. Their mental and
political defeat set the tone for the events of the following years. The
defeat of the Arab governments also gave a powerful force to the Palestine
guerrilla movement.
The Wailing Wall is on of Judaism's most honoured holy places. With
the original United Nation's partition it was located in Old Jerusalem,
previously occupied by Jordan. The Six Day was returned it to its rightful
owners , Israel.
As is clearly visible through these few examples the Jewish race have
had a very trailing history. This however is only a small representation
of the rest of the Jewish problems. War , for example, is still present.
In 1991 in the Persian Gulf Israel was continuously bombed by Iraq. If
Israel would have fought back chances are there would have had most of the
Arabian countries join in with Iraq to eliminate the common enemy.
Therefor the problems are yet not resolved yet it seems there is never a
perfect solution to any problem.
Bibliography
1. Holocaust : the Jewish tragedy
Gilbert,Martin,
COLLI 1986
2. Israel & the Arabs: The June 1967 War
Facts on file, INC. New York, N.Y.
1968
3. The Holocaust in Historical Perspective
Yehuda Bauer
University of Washington Press
1978

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [JFK Shooting Evidence ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[x]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:4796 School: ? State: ?
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(Part 1 - The first Ricky White News Story)
NOV. 22, 1963: ANOTHER STORY BLURS THE FACTS
SON OF DALLAS COP SAYS DAD WAS 1 OF 3 WHO SHOT KENNEDY
By Andrew Likakis
In another bizarre twist to a mystery that has haunted Americans for
more than a quarter century, the son of a former Dallas police officer
plans to tell the world that his father was one of the assassins of
President John F. Kennedy.
Ricky White, a 29-year-old, unemployed oil equipment salesman in
Midland, says he "had no conception of ever, ever giving this story out"
but decided to do so after FBI agents began asking questions in May 1988.
"I'm telling you a story that has touched me, not only others, and I
feel uncomfortable just telling it to strangers," White said during a
recent interview with the Austin American-Statesman.
Monday in Dallas, White is scheduled to show reports material
implicating his father, Roscoe Anthony White, in the 1963 assassination.
It suggests that White, who died in 1971, was a member of an assassination
team of three shooters, that he fired two of the three bullets that killed
the president, and that he also killed Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit
during the manhunt for Lee Harvey Oswald.
Among the material: a rifle with telescopic sight that uses the same
kind of ammunition as Oswald's gun; records showing that Oswald and White
served together in the Marines; three faded messages that appear to be
decoded orders to kill someone in Dallas in November 1963; and a son's
recollections of his father's incriminating diary - a document that is
missing.
The press conference is being sponsored by two private groups - the JFK
Assassination Information Centre of Dallas and the Assassination Archives
and Research Centre of Washington - and some Midland Businessmen.
The possibility of Ricky White's story being a hoax - a falsehood
concocted either by Ricky or his father - has not been dismissed by the
people urging him to publicly talk about the matter. During the last 27
years, many private researchers have claimed to have found evidence of a
conspiracy, only to be proved wrong or deceitful.
Bernard Fensterwald, executive director of the Assassination Archives
and Research Centre, says if there was a conspiracy, Ricky White may have
the key. "I think it's our best shot," he says, "and we better take it."
J. Gary Shaw, co-director of the JFK Assassination Information Centre,
says he hopes White's story will result in an investigation of the
assassination by Texas authorities. Two Washington-based probes - the
Warren Commission in 1963-64 and the House Select Committee on
Assassinations in 1976-78 failed to resolve the enigma of the Kennedy
shooting, Shaw maintains.
As with previous conspiracy theories, White's story is tantalizing, the
evidence intriguing. Yet, as with other theories, it raises more questions
than it answers -- such as: Who issued the orders to the so-called
assassination team? Why was the assassination ordered against Kennedy?
And why is Ricky White telling this story now?
AN OSWALD CONNECTION
Using clues discovered in his father's effects and relying on available
government records, Ricky White says he has determined that Roscoe White
and Lee Harvey Oswald probably met in 1957. Ricky White's mother, Geneva,
is gravely ill and unable to be interviewed, family members say.
According to Military records, both White and Oswald were among a
contingent of U.S. Marines, who boarded the USS Bexar in San Diego that
year for the 22-day trip to Yokosuka, Japan.
In its final report, the Warren Commission published a photo of Oswald
with other Marines in the Philippines. All but one of the Marines was
squatting on the ground. Ricky White says his father claimed to have been
the standing Marine and claimed to have become acquainted with Oswald in
Japan and the Philippines.
Military records show that Roscoe White took frequent unexplained trips
in the Pacific, and Ricky White says that his father's diary described
those as secret intelligence assignments.
It has been established in previous investigations that Oswald was
discharged in 1959 and defected to the Soviet Union. He returned to the
United States in mid-1962, settling first in Fort Worth with his
Russian-born wife, then moving to Dallas a short time later.
Military records show Roscoe White was discharged in late 1962, joining
his wife and two young sons in Paris, Texas. Ricky White says that shortly
thereafter, his father moved the family to Dallas and took a job as an
insurance salesman.
MAN WITH TWO NAMES
Ricky White says that two months ago he found several faded messages in
a military weapons canister in the attic of Geneva White's parents home in
Paris. Ricky believes the messages to be decoded cables in which Mandarin,
a name he says his father was known by, was told his next assignment would
be "to eliminate a National Security threat to worldwide peace" in Houston,
Austin, or Dallas.
Another message from the same source - "C. Bowers" of "Navy
Intelligence" - identified Dallas as the destination and provided White
with a list of contacts. It stated White had a "place hidden within the
department." The message was dated September 1963 - the same month that
Geneva White began a brief stint as a cocktail hostess at Jack Ruby's
Carousel Club in Dallas. Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days after the
Kennedy assassination.
Dallas police records show that on Oct. 7, 1963, Roscoe White joined
the department as a photographer and clerk. He did not become a patrol
officer until 1964. A staff member in the police personnel department said
recently that White's file contains no job references.
Ricky White says his father's diary referred to several trips made
during this period to a remote area in the foothills near Van Horn, Texas.
There, Roscoe White and several others practised shooting at moving
targets, Ricky White says. Although he was younger than 3 years old, Ricky
White says he has vague memories of being taken to Van Horn.
"My impression was they (others at the Van Horn camp) had been working
with my father in the military," Ricky White says, "because they had known
each other well when this took place."
A FOOTLOCKER AND DIARY
Ricky White says that, after his grandfather died in 1982, he was given
his father's footlocker, which had been stored in the grandfather's house
in Paris.
The locker contained military memorabilia, a Marine uniform, a safe
deposit box key and a black leather-bound diary with gold trim that
detailed Roscoe White's life.
As he and his mother read the diary, Ricky White says they found
passages that implicated Roscoe White in the Kennedy assassination.
"My mother and I cried together," he says, "because it hurt very deeply
to learn what I know now. It hurt so much because the man I had known
couldn't have fired those shots. It took this investigation to be able to
learn it's true. And my family's given a part of themselves to tell the
story."
From the diary he says he learned the significance of the hunting rifle
his father gave him: a 7.65mm Mauser with telescopic sight, an Argentine
rifle that shoots round-nose, elongated bullets - projectiles that closely
resemble those of a Mannlicher-Carcano, an Italian rifle that Oswald was
accused of using.
After reading the diary, White says he was convinced his father was one
of three assassins who fired six shots from Mauser rifles into the
president's open top limousine in Dealey Plaza.
Roscoe White shot from behind a fence atop a grassy knoll to the right
and front of the limousine, his son says. Two other marksmen were in the
Texas School Book Depository and Records buildings behind the vehicle.
Three shots struck Kennedy; a fourth wounded Texas Gov. John Connally.
Ricky White says the two shots that his father fired both struck
Kennedy: the first in the throat; the second, and last of the shots fired,
in the head.
Oswald, Ricky White says, knew of the plot, but did not fire a shot.
He had been instructed to bring his rifle to the Book Depository, where he
worked, and to build a sniper's nest of book boxes near the sixth floor
window, from which he was accused of firing all the fatal shots, Ricky
White says.
Ricky White says the diary referred to the other shooters only by code
names: Sol in the Records building; and Lebanon in the Texas School Book
Depository. The diary indicated each of the three riflemen was accompanied
by an assistant who disassembled the rifles after the shooting and carried
them out of the area, Ricky White says.
According to the diary, Ricky White says, his father was to escape with
Oswald by riding to Red Bird Airport in South Dallas in a city police car
driven by a friend and fellow officer who did not know what was happening.
That officer, Ricky White says, was J. D. Tippit, who was shot to death at
10th Street and Patton Avenue in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas about 45
minutes after Kennedy was shot. Oswald was seen running from the scene of
that shooting.
Ricky White says his father wrote that, as they drove south, the
unsuspecting officer began to realize what White and Oswald were involved
in. Oswald panicked and jumped from the car. When the officer insisted on
"turning in" White, White got out of the car and shot the officer, Ricky
White says.
"I killed an officer at 10th and Patton," Ricky White quotes the diary
as saying.
Less than a half hour later, Oswald was arrested in the Texas Theatre
on West Jefferson Boulevard in Oak Cliff. He had a .38- calibre revolver
police said was the murder weapon. Murder charges against Oswald in
connection with Tippit's death were filed before he was charged with
Kennedy's death. Whether the revolver found in Oswald's possession was
actually the weapon that killed Tippit has been a matter of dispute in
several government investigations.
Ricky White says that shortly after the assassination, his father sent
the family to Paris and that he and other members of the assassination team
used a "hideaway house" in Dripping Springs.
He says that, among his father's effects, he found a third decoded
message, dated December 1963, that advised his father to "stay within
department, witnesses have eyes, ears and mouths....The men+will be in to
cover up all misleading evidence soon."
That same month President Lyndon Johnson named Chief Justice Earl
Warren to head a commission to investigate the assassination. The Warren
Commission concluded in September 1964 that Oswald acted alone in killing
both Kennedy and Tippit.
Police records show that on Oct. 19, 1965, Roscoe White quit the Dallas
Police Department and became manager of a Dallas area drug store. During
the next six years, he switched jobs several times, finally working as a
foreman at M&M Equipment Co., in East Dallas.
FAMILY TROUBLE AND DEATH
By early 1970, Roscoe and Geneva White were a deeply troubled couple
and sought help, said the Rev. Jack Shaw, their Baptist minister in Dallas.
During a recent interview with the American-Statesman, Shaw said Roscoe
White told him at the time that he and his family were "in danger." White
confessed to leading "a double life," the minister says, "and I knew
something was not right, something strange was going on."
Shaw says that within the last two years he tape recorded a number of
counselling sessions with Geneva White about her recollection of what she
believed to be her former husband's role in assassinations. Shaw, who is
very guarded in talking about the case, says Ricky White has only a small
portion of the full story, which he says "will knock your eyes out."
Shaw says he met with the Whites several times in 1970-71, but the
Kennedy assassination was not mentioned. In 1971, Roscoe White was fatally
injured in an explosive fire at M&M Equipment. Before White died, Shaw
talked with him in the hospital. He recalls White saying he didn't think
the fire was an accident - that he had seen a man running away just before
the fire.
After the funeral, Geneva White moved her family back to Paris. There,
about four years later, the White home was burglarized and some of Roscoe
White's personal possessions were taken, Ricky White says.
Police captured the two burglars and returned the possessions which
included some of Roscoe White's photos - among them a shot taken by Marina
Oswald of her husband Lee Harvey Oswald holding a rifle in the back yard of
their Dallas home in 1963. For nearly 15 years after the assassination only
two such photos were known. Roscoe White's became the third. In its final
report, the House Special Committee on Assassinations identified the photo
as coming from the family of a former Dallas policeman. According to Ricky
White and an investigator for the House committee, Geneva White had
contacted the FBI after the burglary. The FBI informed the committee of
the existence of the photo. The matter was not pursued because committee
investigators didn't know about White's past relationship with Oswald or
Geneva White's brief employment at Jack Ruby's Carousel Club.
OTHERS FIND OUT
Until he discovered the footlocker, Ricky White says he didn't think
much about his father or the Kennedy assassination. He grew up in Dallas
and Paris, where he went to school, got married and moved to Midland where
he and his wife have two children. There he took a job selling oil field
equipment.
As shocking as the diary was to Ricky White and his mother, Ricky says
it was the safe deposit box key that was to draw others into the Roscoe
White story.
Thinking his father might have left money or valuables in a deposit
box, Ricky White tried to find a bank that would recognize the key. By 1988
he was so frustrated in his attempts that he turned to Midland District
Attorney Al Schorre for help.
Schorre says he and his chief investigator, J. D. Lucky, failed to find
the bank.
Schorre and Lucky say they repeatedly asked to see Roscoe White's diary
after Ricky White mentioned it, but that he told them a relative in the
Lubbock area had it. Ricky White says he may have told Schorre the diary
was somewhere else but that he had always kept it in his possession.
Finally, Schorre, who lacked authority to demand the diary, called the
FBI.
Ricky White says three agents came to his house and asked him to answer
questions in their Midland office. He says he took his father's effects
with him and the FBI made copies of all the items except the diary. He
says after several hours of questioning he returned home with all his
father's effects.
Later that same day, White says, FBI agent Tom Farris came to his house
to retrieve a notebook he had inadvertently left in the box of Roscoe
White's effects. White says he became aware that the diary was missing
three or four days later.
"I never said that the (FBI agents) took it," he says. "I am just
saying he was the last one to leave that box." Agent Farris, who is in the
Midland FBI office, transferred inquiries about the diary to his
supervisor, Tom Kirspel. Kirspel would neither confirm nor deny that the
agents had seen a diary.
White says he never asked the FBI if it had the missing diary because
he was "scared" of the agents who called at his house. "I don't want to
have anything to do with the FBI," he says.
Ricky White says FBI agent Ron Butler told him in 1988 that the FBI had
determined that Roscoe White was at a crime scene in far Northeast Dallas
at the time Kennedy was shot. Butler declined to comment on any
conversations with Ricky White.
QUESTION OF AUTHENTICITY
Shaw, the director of the JFK Assassination Information Centre in
Dallas, says Ricky White has passed both a polygraph test and a voice
stress analysis and passed both tests "with flying colours."
However, the authenticity of the messages Ricky White says he found is
undetermined.
Office of Naval Intelligence spokesman John Wanat says the agency
cannot determine whether the messages came from authentic ONI cables
without the coded cables.
"What they have there is really nothing that we can narrow down as far
as who may have generated it or if it's legitimate or whether it's
something that was fabricated," Wanat said after viewing texts of the
messages.
John Stockwell, former chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's
Angola Task Force in Washington, D.C. has seen the messages and sees a "90
to 95 percent probability" that they are genuine. However, he says he
cannot discount the possibility the messages are part of "an elaborate
hoax."
"I've measured it against my own readings and consultations with
researchers of the Kennedy thing," says Stockwell, who ended a 12- year CIA
career in 1976 after being accused of violating his secrecy agreement with
the agency. "I can't see anything in what they have found and what the
young man (Ricky White) is saying that is implausible in terms of what our
best knowledge of the assassination is now. It all could very well be
true, and I would put it at a high probability that it is true."
Bob Inman vehemently disagrees. After reading copies of the text,
Inman, former naval intelligence director (1974-76) and CIA deputy director
(1981-82), says the messages were not ONI- generated. None of the
three-digit code names in the heading of the messages means anything, he
says.
"My reaction is that it's a forgery of some kind or invalid," Inman
says. "There is not anything about this format that I have ever seen
before. That's not the way messages were set up in those days at all."
Less is known about what Ricky White says is a witness elimination list
that he found in the canister. Ricky White says there were 28 witnesses on
the list, news clippings of each victim and accompanied in some cases by
his father's writing.
"Ricky White's story is no less logical than what we have been led to
believe in 27 years." says Fensterwald. "If just anyone came out of the
woodwork and said, 'I shot John Kennedy,' I would be exceedingly cautious
about it. But if someone who was in the Marine Corps with Oswald, whose
wife worked for Jack Ruby and who knew the Tippit family, crawls out of the
woodwork and says I was involved in it, that doesn't stretch my credulity
at all.
"It does, however, need a lot more investigation by some official body
with power to subpoena witnesses. I don't think private citizens can carry
it much further."
PREVIOUS INQUIRIES ON ASSASSINATION
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, in
Dallas was investigated by two government bodies:
The Warren Commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded
after a nine-month investigation in 1964 that Lee Harvey Oswald, acting
alone, fired two shots from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book
Depository, killing President John F. Kennedy and wounding Texas Gov. John
Connally.
The report conclusions left many skeptics. Since bullets passed
through the victims and shattered, investigators were not able to match the
rifling on the bullets to the marks that would have been caused by Oswald's
rifle.
After a three-year investigation, the House Select Committee on
Assassinations concluded in early 1979 that Oswald fired two shots that
killed Kennedy and wounded Connally. Scientific acoustical evidence
indicated a "high probability" that an unidentified second gunman was
firing from the grassy knoll to the front and right of the presidential
limousine, but missed.
TEXT OF NAVY CABLES
------------------------------------------------------------------
Navy Int.
Code A MRC
Remark data
1666106
NRC VDC NAC
Dec. 63
Remarks Mandarin: Code G:
Stay within department, witnesses have eyes, ears and mouths. You
(illegible) do of the mix up. The men will be in to cover up all
misleading evidence soon. Stay as planned wait for further orders.
C. Bowers
RE - rifle Code AAA destroy/on/
------------------------------------------------------------------
Navy Int.
Code A MRC
Remark data
1666106
NRC VDC NAC
(illegible). 63
Remarks Mandarin: Code A
Foreign affairs assignments have been cancelled. The next assignment
is to eliminate a National Security threat to world wide peace. Destination
will be Houston, Austin or Dallas. Contacts are being arranged now. Orders
are subject to change at any time. Reply back if not understood.
C. Bowers
OSHA
RE - rifle Code AAA destroy/on/
------------------------------------------------------------------
Navy Int.
Code A MRC
Remark data
1666106
Sept. 63
Remarks Mandarin: Code A
Dallas destination chosen. Your place hidden within the department.
Contacts are within this letter. Continue on as planned.
C. Bowers
OSHA
RE - rifle Code AAA destroy/on/
------------------------------------------------------------------
(Part 2 - The post-press conference follow-up story)
August 7, 1990
DALLAS COP'S SON ROLLS OUT JFK THEORY
MATTOX, CIA, HOLLYWOOD ANSWER CONSPIRACY CLAIM
By Andrew Likakis
The Texas attorney general, a major Hollywood producer and the Central
Intelligence Agency are now being written into the newest chapter in the
never-ending mystery of who assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
A 29-year-old unemployed oil equipment salesman from Midland stood
before scores of reporters in Dallas Monday and implicated his dead father
in the assassination. Soon after, Attorney General Jim Mattox said he'd
gladly review the evidence, and the CIA issued an unheard of denial.
At the same time, the FBI, which had previously refused to comment on
Ricky White's story, issued a statement in Washington saying agents had
reviewed and dismissed White's story two years ago.
And, finally, those who believe White's story is true acknowledge that
last weekend, several of them met in Hollywood with producer/director
Oliver Stone, presumably to discuss movie rights to the White story.
The latest chapter in the Kennedy epic began at a two-hour press
conference in which White said his father, Roscoe Anthony White, joined
the Dallas Police Department in October 1963 with the express intent of
killing Kennedy.
During the press conference called by two assassination research groups
and several Midland businessmen, White and Baptist minister Jack Shaw
talked about incriminating entries in Roscoe White's missing diary, decoded
cables, and the relationship that Roscoe White and his wife, Geneva, had
with Lee Harvey Oswald, Dallas Officer J. D. Tippit and Jack Ruby.
Based on his own memories, his father's diary and effects, and the
recollections of his mother, Ricky White told reporters that his father had
been one of three shooters on the day Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
Although Officer Tippit was a friend of his father's, Ricky White says
his father shot Tippit to death in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas about 45
minutes after the assassination, as he and Oswald were trying to get away.
Oswald was later accused of killing Tippit.
During the press conference, White said his father was following orders
to kill Kennedy and that, while he did not know who issued the orders,
three messages found among his father's effects have coding that might have
come from the Office of Naval Intelligence or, indirectly, the CIA.
CIA RESPONSE: 'LUDICROUS'
The suggestion of CIA involvement brought a sharp response Monday from
agency spokesman Mark Mansfield in Washington: "These allegations - that
this was done on CIA orders, that this guy worked for us and that CIA had
any role in the assassination of President Kennedy - are ludicrous."
Roscoe White never worked for the CIA, Mansfield said, adding:
"normally, we never confirm nor deny employment, but these allegations
are so outrageous that we felt it necessary and appropriate to respond."
Also Monday, the FBI issued a statement saying its agents had
considered the Ricky White story in 1988 and had "determined that this
information is not credible."
Bernard Fensterwald, executive director of the Assassination Archives
and Research Centre in Washington, said Monday that Mattox will be given
all material that points toward Roscoe White's involvement in the
assassination.
RUBY, OSWALD MEETING
In another curious twist to the case, Mattox said late Monday he is
interested in pursing the White story because he was once told by his
mother, a waitress at Campisi's Egyptian Restaurant in Dallas, that Ruby
frequented the restaurant and that she thought she saw Ruby and Oswald
eating dinner there together once.
The restaurant owner, the late Joe Campisi, testified before the House
Select Committee on Assassinations in 1978 that he didn't see Oswald in his
eatery, Mattox said.
Mattox said he believes he has jurisdiction in the case, and he would
interview White and his associates "to see what they've got and let them
explain it to me."
"The key to the thing, of course, is, if the FBI acknowledges seeing
the diary," Mattox said. "The only thing to do is to get a look at the
diary or acknowledgement (by the FBI) that it existed."
"This is not a solution to the John Kennedy case," Fensterwald said
after Ricky White told his story. "It's information we think is important,
and we think it's true. Even if what is said here today checks out, the
case is not solved. We still don't know who planned it and paid for it and
basically what the shooting was about. The best we can hope for is to get
out of this an idea of who the actual assassins were."
It may be difficult for Mattox or anybody else to do much with the case
without the Roscoe White diary, which disappeared in 1988. The leather
bound journal talked about the assassination and the aftermath, said Ricky
White, adding that he and his mother read it.
Roscoe White died of injuries sustained in an explosive fire in 1971.
His widow, Geneva, is critically ill and, according to family members,
unable to be interviewed.
A 'SILENCED' WIFE
According to the Rev. Shaw, Geneva White could help an investigation.
Shaw says Roscoe and Geneva White confided in him in 1970-71 when they
were having marital problems. And, he says, Geneva White confided in him
again during the last year, telling him that she was working as a hostess
in Ruby's Carousel Club when she overheard her husband and Ruby discussing
"the entire plot of the assassination of the President two months before
the shooting.
After the assassination, Shaw says, Geneva White was given electric
shock treatments and kept sedated so she "would be silenced." Ruby had told
her "in no uncertain terms that if she opened her mouth she was dead and
her children were dead," Shaw says Geneva White told him.
Shaw says Geneva White told him she confronted her husband after an
organized crime figure approached her in New Orleans in 1971 and told her
to deliver a warning to her husband.
According to Shaw, Geneva White was shown nearly a dozen photographs
and identified the man in New Orleans as Charles Nicoletti, formerly the
number one hitman with the Sam Giancana Mafia family in Chicago. Nicoletti
was executed gangland style in 1977, about a year after Giancana also met
the same fate.
Shaw says that, when she returned to Dallas and told her husband of the
ominous meeting in New Orleans, "he told her everything."
Shaw says that, as he lay in a hospital dying from burns in 1971 Roscoe
White told him that he had been marked for execution by some of his
underworld associates and that he believed the fire had been deliberately
started to kill him.
A HOLLYWOOD INTEREST
Ricky White said Monday that, since he found his father's diary, he has
been consumed full-time with trying to find out what role his father played
in the assassination.
He said that for more than a year he has received a "monthly salary"
from the Matsu Corp., which was formed by seven Midland oilmen solely to
help finance Ricky's investigation into his father's involvement in the
assassination.
Matsu president Gary Baily said Ricky began receiving financial help
from Matsu on a "day-to-day basis" about six weeks ago after getting just
expense funds for more than a year.
Baily also said Ricky White is negotiating with Hollywood
producer/director Oliver Stone for movie rights to his story. Last
weekend, Ricky White, his wife and Larry Howard of the JFK Assassination
Information Centre in Dallas met in the Los Angeles area with Oliver Stone
and toured Universal Studios.
"Oliver Stone is interested, but no deal has been made," Baily said.
Matsu so far has spent more than $100,000 on the White project, Baily said.
If any money is generated by the White story, about 74 percent will go to
Ricky White's family. The rest would go to the Matsu Corp., Baily said.

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Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Creative Story about ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Jimmy ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:891 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Jimmy lay flat on the ground, his belly pressed tightly to the earth.
Green shrubs sheltered him from view. Only one hundred yards of cleared
land sat between him and his objective. He had waited five years for this.
It so happened that it was five years ago from today that it had happened.
The nightmare that had taken place that evening was again playing in his
mind. The sound of the first shot echoed through his head. The scream as
his mother fell. The futile, retaliatory shots from his father . . .
That evening had resulted in the death of both of his parents. He
couldn't help but think that, in some way, it was his fault. If only he
hadn't left his parents alone. If only he hadn't gone to explore the
woods. If only he'd thought to bring a gun with him. If only he hadn't
just stood there watching from the protection of the trees as those lethal
bullets found their way into his parents. Then, maybe then, things would
have been different. Jimmy couldn't really blame himself. After all, what
could a fifteen year old boy be expected to do under those circumstances?
His parents had dreamed of a better life. A life that would bring
prosperity and success for the family, specifically for him. They had
heard there was rich, fertile land out west. Sadly enough, his parents'
last breaths were drawn only a few hundred miles from their dream. They
had been murdered for nothing more than the few dollars and a couple of
small pieces of jewelry that they had possessed. The murderers had laughed
as they kicked at his dead father, looking for anything of value. They had
been quite sure of themselves and wore no masks. Jimmy could still
remember their faces as if it was yesterday. The murderers would be
brought to justice, come hell or high water, Jimmy had decided. As it
turned out, he was complied to track them for the past five years, through
both hell and high water.
Their trail had led through many obscure, sparsely populated western
towns. It had not been easy. But Jimmy had always looked older than he
was. Even at fifteen, he had been able to get rooms at hotels and bars.
Now, at twenty years of age, Jimmy was a hardened man. Life on the road
had been rough. It had taught him definite proficiency with his revolver
and not to be afraid to use it. He had been through it all now,
gunslingers, murderers, drunks, prostitutes, you name it, he'd been there.
The stress showed on his face though his tangled beard concealed most of
it. The only clothes that he owned, he wore. They consisted quite simply
of a pair of jeans, a plaid shirt, a black belt and a Stetson. Other than
his horse and his highly polished revolvers and his rifle, these were his
sole possessions.
A shadow stirred in the window and Jimmy forced the memories into the
back of his mind. His parents' death would soon be avenged. There were
only several hours until complete darkness would conceal his approach.
Jimmy began to plan his invasion. Drunken voices were raised in the cabin.
"Good," thought Jimmy, "They should be intoxicated enough that they'll
never know what hit them." With this for assurance, Jimmy closed his eyes
slowly and rested, anticipating the night's conclusion.
The sound of a plate breaking and the sounds of knuckles meeting flesh
woke Jimmy with a start. A quick surveillance of the property assured
Jimmy that nothing special was happening. He had often seen two best
friends fight when they were drunk. Liquor had that effect on people. It
made them do crazy things. That was essentially why he tried to stay away
from the stuff. He was wished that he'd brought some along tonight though.
Just then he was getting a little queasy about the whole affair. During the
past five years there had never been any doubt what he had to do. Now . .
. "There is no question of what I have to do," Jimmy convinced himself.
It was time. The only light source in the area was that coming from
the lamp on the table in the cabin. His revolver slid out of its holster
silently. Jimmy crept up to the door, staying carefully to the shadows.
One deep breath of conviction and a swift, strong kick knocked the door off
its hinges. He tensed, ready to fire at the first sign of movement or
life. The air in the cabin hung thick with smoke from the fireplace.
Jimmy quickly surveyed the cabin. Signs of a struggle were everywhere.
Suddenly his eyes came to rest on two motionless bodies lying on top of
each other on the floor. Jimmy kicked at the man on top, much like the man
had done to his father. The difference here being that it was not Jimmy's
weapon that had ended this criminal's life. The kick separated the two
bodies, revealing a knife in each man's heart.
Whether the second man had committed suicide after realizing that he
had killed the first or whether both men had plunged the knives into each
other's bodies at the same time, Jimmy would never know. His five year
nightmare was over.

59
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Shoeless Joe ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [& the Black Sox Scandal ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 12/94 # of Words:417 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Shoeless Joe and the Black Sox Scandal
After winning the 1906 World Series, the Chicago White Sox were not
able to maintain their position of number one. They remained in the middle
of the American League until 1915 when a new manager, Clarence Rowland and
a new star, Joe Jackson, joined the team. Joe Jackson was a star from
South Carolina who was known as "Shoeless" Joe because of his
poverty-stricken childhood. Joe Jackson was dubbed "The finest natural
hitter in the history of the game." In 1917 the White Sox won one hundred
games in the regular season and went on to defeat the New York Giants in
the World Series four games to two. Two years later the Sox were in the
World Series thanks to their two twenty game winners, Eddie Cicotte and
Clause Williams. The White Sox lost the best-of-nine series five games to
three. A reporter for the Cincinnati Tribune thought something was wrong
when he found out that someone had placed a two million dollar bet on the
underdog Reds. One year later, in September 1920, Jackson, Cicotte and
Wilson signed confessions to receiving five thousand dollars to throw the
World Series. Before the trial for Jackson, Cicotte and Wilson, there was
a turnover in the Illinois State Attorney's Office and all the confessions
mysteriously disappeared. The three baseball players then said they didn't
sign the confessions so the case was dropped. The new commissioner for
Major League Baseball was Kenesaw Mountain Landis and he believed three
players were guilty. He also believed they weren't the only ones on the
team that threw the series. Kenesaw Mountain Landis kicked seven players
from the White Sox team of 1919 out of Major League Baseball for life.
Eddie Cicotte, Chick Gandil, Clause Williams, Happy Felsch, Swede Risberg,
Fred McMullin and Joe Jackson were suspended for accepting a bribe to throw
a series. Eight players were actually suspended for life but only seven
took bribes. Buck Weaver, the eighth player who was suspended did not take
money to throw the series. He was suspended because he knew what was going
on but did not say anything. Even though Joe Jackson was accused of
throwing the World Series he had the highest batting average in the series
which was .375. He had no errors, twelve hits and the series only homerun.
Do those statistics sound like "Shoeless" Joe Jackson threw the series.
This turned out to be the greatest fix in the history of baseball.

67
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on Johnny Tremain]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:552 School:Private/Co-Ed State:NY
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Johnny Tremain
When the book started, Johnny was an annoying pain who always fought
and always made bad comments about people. Ever since his mother had died,
he has been a blacksmith's apprentice working under a man named Mr.
Lampham. His mother arranged for it to be that way before she died. She
left Johnny with a silver cup. It was told to Johnny that when all of his
hope is lost, and God has turned away from him, then only shall he go to
the merchant Lyte and present it to him. Johnny kept it in a chest in the
attic all locked up. Johnny was the easiest to teach the art of being a
blacksmith. He could read and write, and was a fast learner. This made him
the most valuable in the family. He always treated the other learners very
badly. This is why one day, they played a trick on him. Johnny and Mr.
Lampham had a very important client they were working for. They were going
to make him a special bowl for his wife's birthday. Johnny was working all
week on the handles he was to design. He came close to the end of the week
but he still hadn't got it perfectly right. On Saturday he was told that he
couldn't work because he couldn't work on Sabbath. So, Johnny told Mrs.
Lampham about this and she said that he could secretly work on Sunday.
While Johnny was working, One of the other workers handed him a broken
piece which had a crack in the side. It broke and silver when everywhere.
Johnny's hand went on the stove. He nearly burned it, it was completely
silver on his palm. They called for an old lady. A month later, they were
going to unwrap his hand out of the cloth they put it in. When they took
off the cloth, it was crippled. Johnny's thumb grew into his other fingers.
He couldn't work as a blacksmith so he became useless. Mr. Lampham told
Johnny to go look for another job. So Johnny went into town and looked with
no luck. He came upon a Printers work place and soon started working there.
He became friends with guy named Rab, who was two years older than he was.
Johnny learned to control his temper while with Rab, and read many of their
books which they had. He was taught by Rab to ride a horse. Johnny learned
to ride one of the toughest horses. The horse's name was Goblin. Johnny
went into other towns delivering papers to subscribers on Goblin.
He still found a place to meet Cill, a girl whom he liked in Mr.
Lampham's house. He met her in the middle of town. She gave him updates on
news which happened recently. Johnny later began part of the Tea Party. He
was there throwing tea even with his bad hand. When the British were here,
Rab wanted one of their guns because it seemed more modernized than ours.
So he talked one soldier into giving him his gun so that the man could be a
farmer. Rab fought hard but was killed at Lexington and Concord. Johnny was
never found again. At the end of the book, Johnny learned to be a better
person overall.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Micheal Jordan ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
Dizzed:7/94 # of Words:393 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The book The Jordan Rules, written by Sam Smith, was a biography about
the year Micheal Jordan led the Bulls to win the National Basketball
Association Championship. The Jordan Rules talks a lot about the tough
road that the Chicago Bulls had on their way to a championship. Jordan
might not be all the superstar that everyone says he really is according to
Sam Smith. The Jordan Rules describes the season and goes into depth in
the relationships that Micheal Jordan had with the rest of his teammates.
nineteen-ninety was finally the year that the Bulls would shine. That was
Jordan's dream before he retired: to win the National Championship, and he
did! The Bulls had a long schedule in the 90-91 year, away games, long
road trips, and back to back nights. Despite all of the hard times the
Bulls went through as a team they pulled through with it. Although there
was some other obstacles along the way such as Jordan's inability to get
along with all of the teammates. It is recorded that in one practice
session Bill Cartwright was hit in the face by Micheal Jordan. They were
in a disagreement as to if Micheal distributes the ball to the "bigmen"
enough. Sam Smith also says that Jordan is known throughout the Bull's
organization for not getting along very good with fellow players. Even
with all of the problems inside the club they still looked good on the
court and were good enough to win. The Jordan Rules did a very good job of
describing a whole year of basketball in one book. It had good, in depth,
logs of exactly what the players do on off days and before their games.
Although it tells that Jordan was very involved with community service he
had problems with the ballclub. He led the team to victory and he got what
he wanted, a championship.Micheal Jordan is still the superstar to me that
I have always thought he is. The book did not change any feelings I have
for him, although I do have more pity on the other Bulls players though. I
liked the book and I would recommend it to anyone who is interested in
basketball. I doubted some of the things in the book such as Jordan
hitting Cartwright, but other than that it was very good.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Dante's "The Hermaphro- ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ditic Joyce" ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1054 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
"The Hermaphroditic Joyce"
One of the most powerful nuances of any writing is the dialogue within
the story. In literature, it is all too often that characters live only in
the jaded voice of the author and never truly develop as their own, or are
not strongly opinionated in a manner which contrasts the opinions of the
writer. It is also unfortunately true that the women depicted in most
male-authored literature do not often sound realistic, or how most women
one would speak to in the course of the day tend to sound. All too often,
women are depicted on a lower level of speech than men. For instance,
Dickens and Arthur Miller both apparently subscribed to this notion, as the
women in their stories were usually more passive, and not as elaborate as
men in their speech, however, James Joyce did not see things in the same
light. The most developed female character in Joyces A Portrait of the
Artist as a Young Man, is one who speaks with dignity, passion, and the
female tact which is all too often ignored in the ch aracters of women.
Joyce's Dante Riordan's words and thoughts are true to those of literate
twentieth century women.
Although a short-lived character in Portrait, Dante Riordan, in a brief
amount of time emits an apparently important and mysterious aura, the aura
of a woman. Judging from the studies of twentieth century linguists,
Joyce's brief representation of Dante through speech is nearly flawless. To
more lucidly understand this, one must carefully examine some of the
instances at which Dante speaks in her conversation with Mr. and Mrs.
Dedalus, Charles, and Mr. Casey, and re-examine the arguments she makes.
Dante is introduced into the dinner table conversation as a silent
character. However, when the men's conversation turns to the misuse of the
preacher's pulpit, Dante begins her interjections.
All too often, women in literature remain linguistically dormant unless
called upon, however, studies conducted in the reality outside the covers
of a book have shown that women will interrupt a conversation to contradict
a previous speaker, and do so vehemently (Coates, 193). A nice answer for
any man calling himself a catholic to give to his priest, (Joyce, 273)
states Dante as her first response.
At this point, Dante has drawn herself into the conversation. Never
speaking out of turn (as linguists are always quick to point out about
women), Dante's next few lines are responses to the rebuttals of Mr.
Dedalus and Mr. Casey. In these lines, she defends priests in that it is
their duty to teach, warn, and direct their flocks. According to the
findings of most linguists, strong beliefs in religion and authority are
held by women, and a desire to speak in favor of them is inherent to
feminine nature. The bishops and priests of Ireland have spoken, and they
must be obeyed (Joyce, 274). Linguist, Jennifer Coates states that
woman-speak is revolved around power, and, as Dante illustrates in this
quote, that women's conversational style, and topics of interest will
usually be subconcious admittances to the idea that women must obey men,
and remain socially submissive (Coates, 203).
Joyce's realistic portrayal of Dante does not end there, however. In
studying the findings of linguists, it becomes clear that during the
Renaissance, it was proper for a woman to be silent and a man to be
eloquent. However, the increased level of female literacy in the late
nineteenth and early to present twentieth century, changed this philosophy,
and it is now expected that women be just as, if not more eloquent than
men. As Dante continues her conversation, she quotes the Bible in response
to the ongoing attacks of the men at the dinner table in the presence of
women and a child: Woe be to the man by whom the scandal cometh! It would
be better for him that a millstone were tied about his neck and that he
should scandalise one of these, my least little ones. (Joyce, 274)
Even today, it is rare in literature to find a woman allude to, let alone
directly quote literature as a witty response to a verbal assault. Women
have an instinctive shrinking from coarse and gross expressions and a
preference for refined and (in certain spheres) veiled and indirect
expressions (Coates, Jesperson, 126). What better way is there to describe
Dante Riordan? Her primary reason for involving herself with the
conversation from the start is the vile blasphemy at hand. Of her sixteen
turns in the conversation, eight of them are devoted to reprimanding the
'language' that she hears from the mouths of the men. To assert the reality
of Dante's character even further, look to sociolinguist William Labov. He
writes that, in lower and middle-class groups, females are far less
tolerant of incorrect grammar and taboo (Labov, 207). This was made
pleasantly lucid in the character of Dante Riordan. In light of all of
this, it steadily becomes more apparent that Joyce had paid careful
attention to real conversational language. In the characters of the men, he
captured the competitive attitudes, vulgarity, and lack of tact which are
so often marks of men in English speaking societies. But more importantly,
through the character of Dante, he captured the fire, the respect, the
subconscious submission, and the maternal aversion for taboo that unite to
form the psyche of this century's woman. Joyce, in spite of his hatred of
the church, designed a character who's few spoken words do all they can to
uphold the honor of the imperfect institution, and aside from Mr. Dedalus's
final immature remark, Dante has the last word, and in effect wins the
conversation. This is literary genius. Developing thoroughly and
realistically the character of a non-existent person in the medium of text
alone is a monumental task, but one that appears so effortless in Joyce's
portrayal of Dante. A problem re mains, however<65> where are all of the other
real women in dead white male literature?
Bibliography
1) Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations: James Joyce's A Portrait
of the Artist as a Young Man. New York:Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
2) Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. New York:Longman, 1993.
3) Labov, William. Variation in Language in Reed, C.E.O The Learning of
Language. National Council of Teachers of English, New York, 1971.
Dante's voice in Portrait.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Crichton's Jurassic ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Park ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1405 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Jurassic Park - Summary
Jurassic Park is divided into seven sections, each with a quote from
Ian Malcolm. He was a mathematician who specialized in the field called
chaos theory, which based itself mainly on nonlinear equations. The first
section follows the paths of several scenes, where in each one, there is
evidence pointing to the appearance of dinosaurs. One of these scenes
included in the very beginning, where a man was flown in to a doctor with
mortal wounds surrounding his body. One of his last words was "raptor",
which meant "bird of prey." Another was when a young girl was bit by a so
called lizard, but the lizard fit closely to the description of a dinosaur.
The second section ties in with the first one, but now the reader is
presented with scientific evidence of living dinosaurs. Here the reader is
given a little insight of the background to the situation, as Bob Morris,
part of the EPA, reveals information that InGen had three Cray XMP's
shipped to Costa Rica, which were very powerful supercomputers, and 24
Hoods, which were automated gene sequencers. Later on, the carcass of a
dinosaur, which was found near the sight where the young girl was bit, was
sent to a lab to be examined, and it was identified as a Procompsognathus,
thought to be extinct for millions of years. The scientists who witnessed
the evidence, Ellie Sattler and Alan Grant, both foremost in the fields of
paleontology, were soon requested to fly down to a private island off of
Costa Rica by John Hammond, founder of InGen. A little later on in the
second section, the story unfolds somewhat, when the scene shifts to a
meeting of the Biosyn Corporation of Cupertino, where they explain that
InGen was cloning dinosaurs. The Biosyn company then hires Lewis Dodgson,
an scientists who worked at InGen, to help them steal dinosaur embryo's for
them. He starts off toward Costa Rica as Ellie and Grant arrive in Jurassic
Park, and get their first glimpses of the dinosaurs.
The third section begins with Ellie and Grant about to tour the park.
They are joined by two children, the grandchildren of Hammond, Tim and Lex
Murphy. Tim was only eleven but he knew a lot about dinosaurs because he
was very interested in them. The small group is first taken on a tour
through the main building of the park by Mr. Regis, head of Public
Relations. Here is when Regis explains the process in which the dinosaurs
where able to be cloned. He explained that to obtain full strands of
dinosaur DNA, they extracted the blood from ancient insects, hoping to find
biting insects which still had dinosaur DNA within them. Regis then takes
them to a room where the Cray super computers are busily working, repairing
broken DNA segments. Then they arrive in the fertilization room, and then
the hatchery. Later, they are taken to the control room, where almost all
the park functions could be maintained. The main computer sustained
accurate numbers and locations of all the dinosaurs in the park, motion
detectors where set up throughout the park, and video cameras. So it was
virtually a foolproof system. After leaving the control room, the visitors
climb aboard Toyota Land Cruisers, which acted as the mode of
transportation throughout the park. They move along the park, looking at
Dilophosaurus, Triceratops, and the ferocious Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Everything was going all as planned, but as Ian Malcolm had predicted,
things started to go wrong. First, back at control, they did scans around
the park and found out that the dinosaurs were breeding, something they
were genetically not able to do. Next, Alan, and the kids saw that a group
of raptors, fierce predators, were about to board a ship headed toward the
mainland. But at that exact time it began to rain and Dennis Nedry, hired
by Lewis Dodgson to steal the embryo's, shut down the main power to the
main computer. This started a chain reaction that escalated to the
destruction of the entire park.
And so begins the fourth section of the novel. When Nedry had shut off
the main computer, all the electricity in the park went down as well. This
was bad timing, because Alan, and the kids were trapped in the Land
Cruisers right next to the T-Rex pin. And because the electricity was out,
the fences all around the park were not electric, which allowed the animals
to get free. And this meant bad news for Alan and the group since they knew
that the Tyrannasaurus could get out at any time. Soon enough, it got out
of the pin and knocked over both of the Land Cruisers, injuring everyone
but luckily it didn't kill anyone. Back at control, Dr. Wu, head of
genetics, was trying to start the main computer back up again, but was
unable to crack the code that Nedry had put in. In the forest, Alan was
fortunate to find Lex and Tim, and they discovered a small feed building
where they decided to stay until morning. Dr. Wu finally cracked the code
and had the computer back on-line again. But then things went wrong again.
They had reset the main computer to access the phone lines but in doing so,
they failed to realize that after that, it began to run the park off of
auxiliary power. Back in the forest, Alan and the kids had found a raft,
and began to float down a river toward control.
Now the fifth section begins as Alan is floating down the river,
trying to escape from the T-Rex, who was still trying to get at them.
Luckily the escaped it two times. They had floated down to a waterfall and
had escaped behind it when the T-Rex found them. It had a hold of Tim in
his tongue when it dropped into unconsciousness because of a tranquilizer
dart fired at it more than a hour ago. Now back at control, they had just
began to realize that they park was run off of auxiliary power. What they
needed to do to raise the main power back on-line was to go into the back
building where the switch was. Unfortunately, the raptors had gotten loose,
and were wrecking havoc all around. Already two people were killed when the
sixth section starts.
Alan and the kids arrive in the lobby of the control station where
they found out that the raptors had trapped them in the building, and were
biting through the steel bars, able to get them in less than 15 minutes.
But Alan had a plan, and was able to get to the main power switch and turn
it back on. Meanwhile, Ellie and Wu were trying to provide distraction for
Allan, when one of the raptors killed Wu. Ellie escaped barely and Lex and
Tim had a adventure of there own while they waited for Allan to get back.
They were waiting in the kitchen when Tim saw a raptor in the darkness
through his night goggles. He fortunately was calm, and he devised a plan
that trapped the raptor in the freezer. Lex and Tim ran upstairs toward
control only to find it abandoned. They arrived right after Allan was able
to turn the main power back on. Now Tim had the great task of figuring out
how to get the security back on-line. Suddenly, the raptors jumped up into
the control room. Alan arrived with the kids though, and killed off three
of them by using deadly toxins stored in the labs. They arrived back in
control just in time to turn on the security and redirect the boat going
mainland back.
The final section dealt with the destruction and final outcome of the
island. Ellie and Allan went off to search for the breeding grounds of the
dinosaurs. They had arrived at the breeding place of the raptors and
discovered that they wanted to migrate, when they were taken away by
helicopter and the island was destroyed behind them. And so ends the novel,
with an optimistic view of some dinosaurs in the jungles.
Jurassic Park starts off with a brief history ofbiotechnology, and
first introduces the International GeneticTechnologies, Inc., known in the
story as InGen. Here, itexplains what happened to InGen and their genetic
crisis, andthen using a flashback method, it presents the rest of the
story.The boo

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on John Quincy ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Adams ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:876 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
John Quincy Adams
Hello, I'm John Quincy Adams. I grew up in Braintree, Massachusetts,
and when I became an adult I traveled with my father on his diplomatic
missions until I became interested in political journalism at Harvard and
eventually became he sixth president of the United States. During my
lifetime, from 1767 to 1848, the United States was desperately trying to
make allies, as the country was in it's infancy. I followed my father's
footsteps, as I was working in foreign relations before I became President.
I have experienced many great events, such as when I was appointed as
minister to the Netherlands, a mere three days later I witnessed the French
invade the country and overthrow the Dutch Republic. This was thought of
by many as an attempt for the French to show the United States how strong
it was, without exerting any force on them at all. On a different
occasion, when I was appointed minister to Russia, I was the leading
negotiator for the Treaty of Ghent with the British, which ended the War of
1812. These negotiations gained respect for the United States and me as a
diplomat. I am a likable person wherever I go. When I was a kid, our
family was very closely knit, as we all helped manage the farm, except for
my dad, who was usually away in foreign countries. This didn't affect me
very much since I joined up with him when I was 11 on his operations after
my persistent asking. As President, I worked scrupulously to work out
problems and provide leadership for the country. This was acknowledged by
my fellow officials in office and by the country, as I'm thought of as a
person with integrity and honesty. Louisa Catherine Adams, my wife, holds
a special place in my heart. She has always been trustworthy and nice. As
a child she had to deal with ill health frequently, (which often recurs),
and as First Lady she held brilliant parties for my Cabinet and friends.
Louisa and I had four children, but sadly they all died before they could
have children of their own, all for various reasons. My only real enemy to
speak of is Andrew Jackson. Before my administration, Jackson and his
followers accused me of promising Henry Clay a cabinet post in return for
his support. After I was elected, and I appointed Clay Secretary of State,
Jackson's strong followers in Congress called it a 'corrupt bargain'. This
dispute forever split the Democratic-Republican Party, and mine is now
known as the National Republicans. Throughout my life in politics, I was
just concerned with providing the country with leadership to the best of my
ability. I realized all my actions would influence everyone after me, so
it wasn't just my administration I was providing for. I'm very fortunate
to have a father like I did. I didn't have very many obstacles to overcome
on my way into the White House, since my father really led me into
position, right up to his support for me as President, which influenced
even more people to vote for me. I consider the split of the parties an
obstacle to overcome since if it weren't for the intense campaigning
afterward, I probably wouldn't have been elected since I lost much support
from that event. Nothing is really funny in my life since I am often
saddened by my wife's frequent illnesses and charges from Jackson.
Throughout my life in politics, it has usually just been being a different
minister for a different country before settling in the White House. I
have often been misunderstood, due to the fact of my philosophy to change
things for the better, which the people of this country aren't always ready
for. For instance, at my inaugural speech in front of Congress, I proposed
a plan for national improvements, such as highways, universities, and
weather stations. They didn't buy into it, but I have a feeling they will
realize one day that it needs to be done, but it's a shame not I don't
think they will in my lifetime. If I had my life to do over again, I would
probably not have appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State. As much of a
dear friend he is, it caused much trouble throughout my political life. The
accusations started the minute I appointed him. I feel I deserve credit
for helping to set this country on the right path towards freedom,
prosperity, and loyalty to the country. Although they might not appreciate
it now, I'm confident future generations will follow my lead to make this
country the best it can be. For this generation I can offer this; Once you
set your goals, never give up. I had numerous jobs as minister and
ambassadors to many different countries before I finally won the election
to become the President. The path I traveled wasn't easy, but I believe my
hard work paid off. If I were alive today I would probably take revenge on
all those crooked politicians I've been hearing about who take bribes and
shred confidential documents. They deteriorate the fabric this country was
built on, and it will be a long time before it is fully repaired.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Canadian judges ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed:7/94 # of Words:1976 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Career Essay on JUDGES
The dictionary defines a judge as "a public officer authorized to hear
and determine causes in a court of law." The following essay will deal on
how to become a judge, the requirements to become a judge, salaries, and
the different types of judges and what kind of information they deal with.
Judges are some of the most important people in Canada. They are the
men and women who sit on the benches in the courtrooms, whose
responsibility it is not only to decide the fate of human beings, like
themselves, but to steer and control the course of the law itself. The
arrival advent of the 1982 Charter of Rights changed many things for
judges. Since then, they have been handed the tasks of determining the
fundamental rights and freedoms of all Canadians.
WHAT IS A JUDGE?
A judge basically decides on the fate of the person who stands before
him. He listens to the information presented from the defendant, who is
the accused, and the plaintiff, who is the accuser. Once all of the
information has been presented, either the judge makes a decision or the
jury does. In a small court, usually a judge makes the decision, but if
the defendant was a mass murderer, and had eye witnesses seeing him kill a
person, but had a virtual air-tight case for him that would get him out
scot-free because he was the prime minister's son, there would be a jury.
A judge also passes sentence, which is how long the accused, if found
guilty, should be punished. A judge is looked upon as "god" to the accused
standing before him, the judge holds the fate of a person in his hands.
They command respect, and the job of a judge, if it is the supreme court or
a small claims court, the word "judge" holds special meaning.
A judge also has the good fortune to see almost every type of person
living today, from killer to housewife, from jaywalker to terrorist.
REQUIREMENTS TO BECOME A JUDGE AND HOW TO BECOME ONE
Only the best can become a judge. The word "best" does not apply to
the best at math, physics, or science, but the best that they can do. If a
judge only sits there, in a black robe, staring attentively at the wall,
then anyone could become a judge. To become a judge, you must have the
ability to think logically, fairly, and to listen to two sides of a story,
conflicting each other. One says guilty. One says mistake. The judge
must listen and make his decision.
Research on fifty judges from around Canada showed up the following
information:
All of them had a Law degree.
60 percent said that they hadn't planned on being a judge
The first step to becoming a judge is work. You have to work hard to
graduate from law school. Many judges said that they hadn't planned on
being a judge, and almost all of them said that it was the right job for
their abilities. Many say that emotion during a trial can kill a judge,
but to look at it from many different points of view to come up with a
decision actually helps the judge to make the correct decision.
Many lawyers often become judges. It is a stereotype to say that
judges are all old, white haired men, because there are many, many women
judges. The information I have so far gathered says that a law degree is
the first step. There really is no other second step. You can't really
become a judge of a high court on just a law degree, so anything else which
will help. One judge surveyed has his law degree, MBA, a degree in
economics, and has gone to school for over half his life. He is seventy
three years old. He is now retired, after being on the bench at Provincial
Court for over 20 years. Provincial Court is where street level cases are
heard.
To get into law school, you must have an average score of 94 percent or
better, (1987 figures) and to graduate you must have 95 percent or better
(again 1987 figures.) The first step is very tough. There are too many
lawyers out there, but not enough judges. Hundreds of cases have been
thrown out simply because they were waiting to be brought to trial. One
person was waiting for over a year, and the case was thrown out.
Judges are selected to an appropriate court when they are needed. When
a major case comes up into the Supreme Court, a judge is selected. When a
new court opens up, a judge is selected. To become a judge, you have to
wait and be patient until a job comes, much like a lawyer. Many judges
sit, or work at a particular court. For example, there are fifty one
judges at the Supreme Court of Canada.
A judge really boils down to a fancy lawyer. But not just any lawyer,
not a prosecutor or a defence attorney, but both rolled into one who must
make a decision for one of the two.
TYPE OF JUDGES AND THEIR SALARIES
(Average approximate salaries from judges in Canada.)
Traffic Court 40,000+
Provincial Court 50-60,000
Supreme Court 70-90,000+
Basic All-Around Judge Anywhere from 30-70,000
A Traffic Court judge deals with traffic accidents and offenses,
jaywalking (although jaywalking usually just has a fine,) parking tickets,
etc.
A provincial Court judge is the kind of judge who deals with domestic
street violence. This is the type of judge seen on the TV show Night
Court. Almost anything is presented in provincial court, from assault to
arson, from second degree murder to littering. Most first degree murder
charges are sent here, or if they have very serious ramifications, they are
sent to the Supreme Court. Old City Hall is a Provincial Court.
The Supreme Court judge has a tough job, but not the toughest. The
supreme court deals with reinterpretations of the law, changes of the law,
(like the abortion law,) mass murderers or serious arson or car accidents.
A basic, all-around judge is the type of judge that deals with almost
everything. He/she is not exactly a Supreme Court judge, but more than a
Provincial Court judge. He/she deals with everything and probably has a
second job with a law firm or something else, like a lawyer.
CASE HISTORIES
The first case history presented will be of one of libel. The
plaintiffs, a man named Norris Walker and his company, Walker Brothers
Quarries, had sued CTV for libel. WBQ was a family operation that had been
in operation for several decades now, and for the past ten years or so most
of their business consisted of disposing industrial waste. In the spring
of 1980, W5, the investigative program on the CTV network, got some news
that Walker Brothers was lax, or even illegal, in its methods it used for
burying the industrial waste. W5 sent one of their reporters to get the
story, which he did, an 18 minute segment for the show. The film was more
for the idea of illegal burial methods. On October 26, 1980, W5 ran that
18 minute segment, and on january 1, 1981, Norris Walker, along with the
company, sued CTV for libel.
The court consisted of a jury, since libel is one of the remaining
civil actions in which a jury is required. The six person jury consisted
of four women and two men. The plaintiff, Norris Walker and WBQ, kept
explaining that the W5 segment had created an untrue picture of the Walker
Brother's operations through biased film editing. Parts of the interviews
that didn't fit the program's thesis that the company was a dangerous
polluter were cut out. The show talked about in the community where the
Walker Brother's operations were situated about that the company was up to
no good, and in the interview with Norris Walker, no-one put the local
gossip to Walker. Unfair, libellous, said the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs
had enough witnesses to the stand to underline the point, but they weren't
sure that the jury was getting it.
By the end of the trial, there could be a new record for the amount of
money awarded to damages for the plaintiffs, said the plaintiff's attorney.
When the trial entered its third week, the defendants pressed that W5
presented a straightforward, account of the situation at Walker Brothers,
as the facts revealed it to be. It was responsible journalism, as the
public had a right to know, said the defendants. Anyway, the law permitted
print and electronic media to comment fairly in matters of public concern.
If the situation were turned around, it would put a crimp in investigative
journalism. A noble defense from the defendants.
By October 18, 1981, all of the witnesses had been heard, and the
plaintiffs made their address to the jury. He prowled in front of the jury
box, beginning light, with a joke, and then escalating to listing all of
the accusations W5 made at Walker Brothers, and after each accusation, he
said the same two words: Not True. He said them until he was screaming,
and until the words echoed off of the ceiling of the courtroom. A recess
was called so the jury could take its coffee break.
When the jury came back, the plaintiffs resumed their address. The
plaintiffs argued that W5 got hours of tapes and cut them down into 18
minutes, something that would make their show into something great and
popular, and something that would attract hundreds of viewers, and when it
was all finished, they said that Norris Walker was negligent and crooked.
Porter was building up to something huge. It was the last two lines of his
address: "When a man dies, all he leaves behind is his reputation and his
good name." Court was adjourned for two and a half hours.
The jury retired to make its decision the next day. One person asked
the judge what the decision would be. He responded that they might give
the plaintiff something, maybe twenty five thousand dollars, no more,
because he was libelled and because W5 didn't really seem to have cost the
company any appreciable loss of business.
The next day, the jury handed the court clerk its decision, on two
pieces of paper, which was handed to the judge. The judge studied it for a
moment, and was tempted to tell the counsel how many zeroes he was looking
at. Up until that moment the most money awarded for libel was $125,000.
The figure the judge was looking at topped that figure by over one million
dollars.
The jury had found that W5 libelled Norris Walker and his company, and
it calculated the damages for libel in a number of categories. $25,000 in
personal damages, $50,000 in exemplary damages to W5 for its offensive
journalism, and an eye popping $883,000 in damages to the Walker Brothers
company computed at one dollar for every person who was watching W5 the
night W5 had broadcast that show, plus interest from January 1, 1981 when
the lawsuit was initiated. Grand total: $1,372,048.
The preceding was an excellent example of how a judge must sit and
listen through over nine months of argument and testimony. Patience is a
virtue. Also, it was another good example of where slander can get you.
It can get you into the hole of more than a million dollars. And, finally,
it shows how competing with another TV show for your own gain, and hurting
someone else to gain that, can hurt you even more. A judge: The toughest
job in the business.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. JUDGES, Batten, Jack. Macmillan of Canada, 1986. Printed in Canada. ??

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Gustav Jung and his ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [works in the field of ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [psychiatry. ]
[x]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Primer of Jungian Psychology
============================
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a son of a minister in Switzerland. He
was born on July 26, in the small village of Kesswil on Lake Constance. He
was named after his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University
of Basel. He was the oldest child and only surviving son of a Swiss Reform
pastor. Two brothers died in infancy before Jung was born. Jung's mother
was a neurotic and often fought with his father. Father was usually lonely
and very irritable. When the child could not take his mother's depressions
and his parents' fights, he sought refuge in the attic, where he played
with a wooden mannikin. Carl was exposed to death early in life, since his
father was a minister and attended many funerals, taking his son with him.
Also, Jung saw many fishermen get killed in the waterfalls and also many
pigs get slaughtered. When he was eleven, he went to a school in Basel, met
many rich people and realized that he was poor, compared to them. He liked
to read very much outside of class and detested math and physical education
classes. Actually, gym class used to give him fainting spells (neurosis)
and his father worried that Jung wouldn't make a good living because of his
spells. After Carl found out about his father's concern, the faints
suddenly stopped, and Carl became much more studious.
He had to decide his profession. His choices included archeology,
history, medicine, and philosophy. He decided to go into medicine, partly
because of his grandfather. Carl went to the University of Basel and had
to decide then what field of medicine he was going to go into. After
reading a book on psychiatry, he decided that this was the field for him,
although psychiatry was not a respectable field at the time. Jung became
an assistant at the Burgholzli Mental hospital in Zurich, a famous medical
hospital. He studied under Eugen Bleuler, who was a famous psychiatrist
who defined schizophrenia. Jung was also influenced by Freud with whom he
later became good friends. Freud called him his crown-prince. Their
relationship ended when Jung wrote a book called "Symbols of
Transformation." Jung disagreed with Freud's fundamental idea that a symbol
is a disguised representation of a repressed wish. I will go into that
later. After splitting up with Freud, Jung had a 2 year period of
non-productivity, but then he came out with his "Psychological Types," a
famous work. He went on several trips to learn about primitive societies
and archetypes to Africa, New Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to India
and Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occult
beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of fortune telling. Alchemy was
also one of his interests. His book, "Psychology and Alchemy," published
in 1944 is among his most important writings. He studied what all this
told about the human mind. One of his methods was word association, which
is when a person is given a series of words and asked to respond to them.
Abnormal response or hesitation can mean that the person has a complex
about that word.
His basic belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The goal is
psychosynthesis, or the unification and differentiation of the psyche
(mind). He believed that the mind started out as a whole and should stay
that way. That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. I
will attempt to restate the major ideas and terms in this book in a
pseudo-outline. It will make the understanding a bit more clear.
STRUCTURE
---------
Jung said that there are three levels of mind. Conscious, Personal
Subconscious, and Collective Subconscious. The conscious level serves four
functions. The following are the functions of people (not types!):
A. Thinking: connecting ideas in ordered strings.
B. Feeling: evaluating ideas upon feelings about them.
C. Sensing: wanting to get experiences.
D. Intuiting: following unfounded ideas.
A & B are called rational, and C & D are called irrational. If they
don't make much sense, they will be explained in more detail after
explaining Types.
There are also 2 classes of conscious behavior:
A. Introverted, which are people who are content to stay within their
own psyche. They base their whole life on analyzing their mind.
B. Extroverted, which are people who seek out other people. They care
about the outside world and adjust to it.
Also, one of the two classes usually dominates, and rarely does one see
an individual with perfectly balanced classes of behavior. Jung said that
an ego is a filter from the senses to the conscious mind. All ego
rejections go to the personal subconscious. The ego is highly selective.
Every day we are subjected to a vast number of experiences, most of which
do not become conscious because the ego eliminates them before they reach
consciousness. This differs from Freud's definition of ego, which we
studied in class. The personal subconscious acts like a filing cabinet for
those ego rejections. Clusters of related thoughts in the personal
subconscious form Complexes. One type of complex we have talked about in
class is the Oedipus Complex. For example, if one has a mother complex,
(s)he can not be independent of his/her mother or a similar figure.
Complexes are often highly visible to people, but unfelt by the individual
who has the complex. As already mentioned, complexes can be revealed by
word association, which will cause hang-ups, if mentioned. A strong or
total complex will dominate the life of a person, and weak or partial
complex will drive a person in a direction of it, but not too strongly. A
complex, as Jung discovered, need not be a hindrance to a person's
adjustment. In fact, quite the contrary. They can be and often are
sources of inspiration and drive which are essential for outstanding
achievement. Complexes are really suppressed feelings. Say you want to be
a fireman, but your parents don't let you, so you might have suppressed
feelings about it and let it drive you, so you might think that firemen are
heroes, because you never could be one.
The Collective Subconscious is hereditary. It sets up the pattern of
one's psyche. A collection of so called primordial images which people
inherit, also called archetypes are stored here. They are universal
inclinations that all people have in common somewhere by means of heredity.
The four important archetypes that play very significant roles in
everyone's personality are Persona, Anima(us), Shadow, and the Self. Here
is a brief explan ation of each.
Persona - from Latin word meaning "mask." Something actors wore to portray
a certain personality. In Jungian psychology, the persona
archetype serves a similar purpose; it enables one to portray a
character that is not necessarily his own. The persona is the
mask or facade one exhibits publicly, with the intention of
presenting a favourable impression so that society will accept
him. This is necessary for survival, for the reason that it
enables us to get along with people, even those we diskike, in an
amicable manner. Say, you have to get a job, and what is expected
of you is such personal characteristics such as grooming,
clothing, and manners, so even if you don't exhibit those at
home, you have to demonstrate them at work, in order to get this
job. A person may also have more than one persona.
Anima, Animus - Jung called the persona the "outward face" of the psyche
because it is that face which the world sees. The "inward face"
he called the anima in males and the animus in females. The anima
archetype is the female side of the masculine psyche; the animus
archetype is the masculine side of the female psyche. Man has
developed his anima archetype by continous exposure to women over
many generations, and woman has developed her animus arch etype
by her exposure to men. Anima and animus archetype, like that of
the persona, have strong survival value. If a man exhibits only
masculine traits, his feminine traits remain unconscious and
therefore these traits remain undevel oped and primitive. This,
if you will remember, is like Jack, who was a macho guy, and was
encouraged to discard all feminine traits. Jung said that since
this image is unconscious, it is always unconsciously projected
upon the person of the beloved, (i.e. girlfriend) and is one of
the chief reasons for passionate attraction or aversion. So, for
example, if I always thought that women were nagging, then I
would project that notion onto my wife, and think that she is
nagging, although she is perfectly customary. If he experiences
a "passionate attraction," then the woman undoubtedly has the
same traits as his anima-image of woman. Western civilization
seems to place a high value on conformity and to disparage
femininity in men and masculinity in women. The disparagement
beings in childhood when "sissies" and "tomboys" are ridiculed.
Peter was expected to be kind and gentle, which would bring deri
sion. Boys are simply expected to conform to a culturally
specified masculine role and girls to a feminine role. Thus, the
persona takes precedence over and stifles the anima or animus.
The Shadow - This is another archetype that represents one's own gender and
that influences a person's relationships with his own sex. The
shadow contains more of man's basic animal nature than any other
archetype does. Because of its extremely deep roots in
evolutionary history, it is probably the most powerful and
potentially the most dangerous of all the archetypes. It is the
source of all that is best and worst in man, especially in his
relations with others of the same sex. In order for a person to
become an integral member of the community, it is necessary to
tame his animal spirits contained in the shadow. This taming is
accomplished by suppressing manifestations of the shadow and by
developing a strong persona which counteracts the power of the
shadow. For example, if a person suppresses the animal side of
his nature, he may become civilized, but he does so at the
expense of decreasing the motive power for spontaneity,
creativity, strong emotions, and deep insights. A shadowless
life tends to become shallow and spiritless. The shadow is
extremely persistent and does not yield easily to suppression.
Say, a farmer was in spired to be a psychology teacher.
Inspirations are always the work of the shadow. The farmer does
not think this inspiration is feasible at the time, probable
since his persona as a farmer is too strong, so he rejects it.
But the idea keeps plaguing him, because of the persistent
pressure exerted by the shadow. Finally, one day he gives in and
turns from farming to teaching psychology. When the ego and the
shadow work in close harmony, the person feels full of life and
vigor.
The Self - The concept of the total personality or psyche is a central
feature of Jung's psychology. This wholeness, as pointed out in
the discussion of the psyche, is not achieved by putting the
parts together in a jigsaw fashion; it is there to begin with,
although it takes time to mature. It is sometimes manifested in
dreams, it leads to self realization, its the driving force to be
a complete person! The self is the central archetype in the col
lective unconscious, much as the sun us the center of the solar
system. It unites the personality. When a person says he feels
in harmony with himself and with the world, we can be sure that
the self archetype is performing its work effectively.
There are three ways how your psyche works together. One structure may
compensate for the weakness of another structure, one component may oppose
another component, and two or more structures may unite to form a
synthesis. Compensation may be illustrated by the contrasting attitudes of
extraversion and introversion. If extraversion is the dominant or superior
attitude of the conscious ego, then the unconscious will compensate by
devel oping the repressed attitude of introversion. Compensation also
occurs between function, which I briefly mentioned earlier. A person who
stresses thinking or feeling in his conscious mind will be an intuitive,
sensation type unconsciously. As we studied in class, this balance, which
compensation provides us with, is healthy. It prevents our psyches from
becoming neurotically unbalanced. We need to have a little Peter and Jack
in all of us. Opposition exists everywhere in the personality: between
the persona and the shadow, between the persona and the anima, and between
the shadow and the anima. The contest between the rational and irrational
forces of the psyche never ceases either. One's integrity of "self" can
actually determine whether or not this opposition will cause a shattering
of a personality. Must personality always by a house divided against
itself, though? Jung thought not. There can always be a union of
opposites, a theme that looms very large in Jung's writings.
DYNAMICS
--------
The psyche is a relatively closed system that has only a fixed amount of
energy also called Values, which is the amount of energy devoted to a
component of the mind. There are some channels into the psyche through
which ene rgy can enter in form of experiences. If the psyche were a
totally closed systems, it could reach a state of perfect balance, for it
would not be subjected to interference from the outside. The slightest
stimulus may have far-reaching consequences on one's mental stability.
This shows that it is not the amount of energy that is added, but the
disruptive effects that the added energy produces within the psyche. These
disruptive effects are caused by massive redistributions of energy within
the system. It takes only the slightest pressure on the trigger of a
loaded gun to cause a great disaster. Similarly, it may take only the
slightest addition of energy to an unstable psyche to produce large effects
in a person's behavior. Psychic energy is also called Libido. It is not
to be confused with Freud's definition of libido. Jung did not restrict
libido to sexual energy as Freud did. In fact, this is one of the
essential differences in the theories of the two men. It can be classified
as actual or potential forces that perform psychological work. It is often
expressed in desires and wants for objects. The values for things are
hidden in complexes.
The psyche is always active, yet it is still very difficult for people to
accept this view of a continuously active psyche, because there is a strong
tendency to equate psychic activity with conscious activity. Jung, as well
as Freud, hammered away at this misconception, but it persists even today.
The source of psychic energy is derived from one's instincts and diverted
into other uses. Like a waterfall is used to create energy, you have to
use your instincts to turn into energy as well. Otherwise, just like the
waterfall, your instincts are completely fruitless. For example, if you
think that to get a beautiful wife, you have to be rich, so you direct your
sexual drive into a business persona, which will bring you money.
There are two principles of psychic dynamics. What happens to all that
energy?
1. Principle of Equivalence. Energy is not created nor destroyed. If
it leaves something, it has to surface. For example, if a child devoted a
lot of energy to reading comics, it might be redirected into a different
persona, som ething like being Mr. Cool Dude! He then will loose interest
in reading comics. Energy also has an inclination to carry tendencies of
its source to its destination.
2. Principle of Entropy. Energy usually flows from high to low. If you
have a highly developed structure (persona, for example), instead of
equalizing, it may start drawing values from other systems to boost itself
even higher. Such highly energized systems have a tendency to go BOOOOM!
So, entropy can destroy those high energy systems if they get too big. The
operation of the entropy principle results in an equilibrium of forces.
Just like two bodies of different temperatures touching each other would
soon equalize temperatures. The hotter one will transfer heat to the
cooler one. Once a balance is reached in your psyche, according to Jung, it
will be then difficult to disturb. Tho se two principles influence the
following:
Progression and Regression. Progression is the advance of psychological
adaptation. For example, if you need a shadow (creativity, perhaps), you
will try to develop one. When conflicting traits loose power, your psyche
enters regression. Say, your persona and shadow are in opposition and
because they are in opposition, they both would be suppressed, because
neither would get enough libido, or energy.
DEVELOPMENT
-----------
Jung stated that there are basically four stages of life. They are
Childhood, Youth and Young Adulthood, Middle Age, and Old Age. In the
beginning (childhood), a person's psyche is undefferentiated and this
person becomes a projection of the parents psyche. Children are not
individuals in the beginning of their life, because their ir memories don't
have too much stored in them and they lack a sense of continuity because of
that. As they gain experience, they realize that they are their own person
and not their parents' projection. The stage of youth and adulthood is
announced by the physiological changes that occur during puberty. During
this stage, an individual establishes his/her position in life. His
vocation and marriage partner are determined. A person usually uses his
Anima and Shadow to d ecide those things. Values are channeled into his
establishment in the outside world. Once one is independent, even a small
experience can influence him greatly. The Middle Age is the one often
neglected by psychiatrists. Lots of people have problems in this stage.
They usually don't know what to do with the energy left over that was
devoted to establishing positions in society as youth. As the principle of
entropy suggests, the energy is conserved, so once an adult put it to use,
he must redirect it elsewhere. Jung stated that those left-over energies
can be usefully diverted into spiritual contemplation and expansion.
Nothing much happens in old age. People have so much energy of experiences
in their psyche that even a major experience won't upset their
psychological balance.
Often, society will force people to assume prefered types. Types are
categories of classifications of psyches which are non-absolute and have no
definite boundaries. There are eight "types." Types are combinations of
functions and attitudes (page 3). The following are the eight main types:
1. Extraverted Thinking Type. This type of man elevates objective
thinking into the ruling passion of his life. He is typified by the
scientist who devotes his energy to learning as much as he can about
the objective world. The most developed extraverted thinker is an
Einstein.
2. Introverted Thinking Type. This type is inward-directed in his
thinking. He is exemplified by the philosopher or existential
psychologist who seeks to understand the reality of his own being.
He may eventually break his ties with reality and become
schizophrenic.
3. Extraverted Feeling Type. This type, which Jung observes is more
frequently found in women, subordinates thinking to feeling.
4. Introverted Feeling Type. This type is also more commonly found
among women. Unlike their extraverted sisters, introverted feeling
persons keep their feelings hidden from the world.
5. Extraverted Sensation Type. People of this type, mainly men, take an
interest in accumulating facts about the external world. They are
realistic, practical, and hardheaded, but they are not particularly
concerned about what things mean.
6. Introverted Sensation Type. Like all introverts, the introverted
sensation type stands aloof from external objects, immersing himself
in his own psychic sensations. He considers the world to be banal
and uninteresting.
7. Extraverted Intuitive Type. People of this type, commonly women, are
characterized by flightiness and instability. They jump from
situation to situation to discover new possibilities in the external
world. They are always looking for new worlds to conquer before they
have conquered old ones.
8. Introverted Intuitive Type. The artist is a representative of this
type, but it also contains dreamers, prophets, visionaries, and
cranks. He usually thinks of himself as a misunderstood genius.
Variations in the degree to which each of the attitudes and functions are
consciously developed or remain unconscious and undeveloped can produce a
wide range of differences among individuals.
This book is an extremely valuable source of thought provoking logic.
Jung wrote with common sense, passion, and compassion, and the reader
experiences a "shock of recognition"; he will recognize truths he has
known, but which he has not been able to express in words. This book made
me think about myself, and people in general. How people's minds work,
including my own. I found a lot of "truth" or at least I though I did in
Jung's teachings. I could relate some of the reading material to elements
studied in class. One will be astounded by the number of Jung's ideas that
anticipated those of later writers. Many of the new trends in psychology
and related fields are indebted to Jung, who first gave them their
direction. The book is also interesting, because of its challenging
nature. I suppose that not all people would enjoy reading such type of
literature, since many people in this world are sensational types. I
certainly did enjoy it, and have found out some things about myself in the
process. The book is very well written. It has many good analogies and
explanations which even the most sensational type would understand. The
collection of information is tremendous. There is so much information
bundled in 130 pages, that it makes you think that 500 pages would not be
enough to really explain deeply the subject matter. This book can be
faultlessly us ed as a textbook, which could prove to be salutary in
psychology classes. I strongly recommend reading this book to all
audiences that want to. A person, content with the world around him, not
wishing to challenge the puzzles of nature, should not. This book is a
treasure for all who seek to explore the human mind.
Ilya Shmulevich

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Citizen Kane and it's ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [accurate Portrayal of ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [William Randolph Hearst.]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:4227 School: ? State: ?
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Citizen Kane: An Accurate Portrayal of
William Randolph Hearst?
Many have called Citizen Kane the greatest cinematic achievement of all
time. It is indeed a true masterpiece of acting, screen writing, and
directing. Orson Welles, its young genius director, lead actor, and a
co-writer, used the best talents and techniques of the day (Bordwell 103)
to tell the story of a newspaper giant, Charles Kane, through the eyes of
the people who loved and hated him. However, when it came out, it was
scorned by Hollywood and viewed only in the private theaters of RKO, the
producer. Nominated for nine Academy Awards, it was practically booed off
the stage, and only won one award, that for Best Screenplay, which Welles
and Herman Mankiewicz shared (Mulvey 10). This was all due to the pressure
applied by the greatest newspaper man of the time, one of the most powerful
men in the nation, the man Citizen Kane portrayed as a corrupt power
monger, namely William Randolph Hearst.
One cannot ignore the striking similarities between Hearst and Kane. In
order to make clear at the outset exactly what he intended to do, Orson
Welles included a few details about the young Kane that, given even a
rudimentary knowledge of Hearst's life, would have set one thinking about
the life of that newspaper giant. Shortly after the film opens, a reporter
is seen trying to discover the meaning of Kane's last word, "Rosebud." He
begins his search by going through the records of Kane's boyhood guardian,
Thatcher. The scene comes to life in midwinter at the Kane boarding house.
Kane's mother has come into one of the richest gold mines in the world
through a defaulting boarder, and at age twenty-five, Kane will inherit his
sixty million dollars (Citizen Kane). His mother is doubtful of the
quality of the education her son will receive in Colorado, and therefore
wishes to send her son to study with Thatcher. Hearst's parents came by
their money through gold mines (Swanberg 5), so both Hearst and Kane were
raised with "golden" spoons in their respective mouths. Kane is unusually
devoted to his mother, as shown when he turns away from his father to
listen to his mother, and when he only pays heed to his mother's answers to
his questions (Citizen Kane). Hearst likewise was completely devoted to
his mother. He was sheltered from the real world by his mother and her
money for most of his young life, rarely even seeing his traveling father
(Swanberg 25). Also, Kane's dying word and the name of his childhood sled,
"Rosebud," (Citizen Kane) was the name of a town twenty miles east of where
Hearst's parents were born and grew up (Robinson 13). Everything from the
newsreel at the start of the film on Kane's life matches Hearst's almost
perfectly. Kane ran over thirty newspapers, radios, and syndicates, had a
well publicized romantic affair, tried in vain to be elected to public
office, was totally and completely careless with his money, (always
expecting there would be much more coming), and built himself a pleasure
palace called Xanadu, which included a gigantic collection of statues and
animals (Citizen Kane). Hearst also did all these things over the course
of his life, which further served to convince movie viewers of Welles'
libelous intentions in the making of the movie. (Swanberg).
After the opening newsreel on Hearst's life, the movie goes through the
boyhood scene where Thatcher takes Kane away from his parents. It then
quickly shifts to a point twenty years later, when Kane is about to inherit
the sixth largest private fortune in the world. Thatcher is concerned that
Kane won't know his place in the world, and his fears are affirmed when
Kane sends a telegram saying that he has no interest in gold mines or
banks, but, rather, he would like to take over a small newspaper of which
Thatcher has taken possession, the Morning Inquirer, because, "I think it
would be fun to write a newspaper." (Citizen Kane) The circumstances under
which Hearst entered the newspaper world were very similar. Hearst's
father, a nearly illiterate mining tycoon, owned a newspaper in San
Francisco, The Examiner, which he used as nothing more than a political
organ to further his candidacy for a seat in Congress (Swanberg 26).
Against his father's wishes for him to enter the world of mining, young
Hearst took control of the paper to try to reverse his father's enormous
losses on it (Swanberg 47).
Both Hearst and Kane immediately began to revolutionize everything
about their respective papers. Kane literally moved in to the office so
that he might be constantly around his paper, constantly able to redo it at
any hour, night or day. He makes it quite clear that, from now on, The
Examiner was going to do more than just report what the current editor
considered "newsworthy." It was going to report all news, large or small,
especially if it could be made into a sensation and sell newspapers. And
if there was no current sensation, Kane would create the news. Hearst did
the same thing, revolutionizing his paper to take on "undignified topics"
to gain circulation, sporting shocking headlines and stories of "crime and
underwear." In a classic example of similarity, Kane nearly quoted Hearst
exactly: "You supply the prose and poems, I'll supply the war," (Orson
Wells, Citizen Kane) as Kane discussed what to telegram back to a man in
Cuba. Hearst was very much anti-Spanish dur ing the Cuban revolution, and
if not for his efforts, it is probable that the war would not have even
been fought. But Hearst, who would do anything for a headline, cooked up
incredibly falsified tales of Spanish brutality. As stories of Cuban
injustice became old news to the public, especially as there was no real
war, a reporter telegraphed Hearst that he would like to leave. Hearst
replied, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war."
(Swanberg 127) Such an obvious similarity can only have been deliberate,
as Kane practically quoted Hearst.
In the movie, Thatcher was furious with Kane's success in attacking
trusts in defense of "the people" and providing false headlines such as
those about the Spanish Armada being anchored off of the Jersey coast, a
headline printed with virtually no proof to substantiate it. Kane even used
his paper to attack a company of which he himself, along with Thatcher, was
the major shareholder. As Thatcher prepared to leave after his discussion
with Kane on what new is, he mentioned to Kane his enormous losses, which
totaled one million dollars for the year, a staggering sum to have been
lost by one person, especially at that time. Kane,. however, laughed it
off, joking that, at that rate, he'll have to close down in sixty years
(Citizen Kane). All these things were characteristic of Hearst as well.
He attacked the trusts in favor of "the people" (a favorite phrase of
Hearst's) and hired lawyers to try to get injunctions against the trusts
and eventually destroy them. He supported the eight hour workday and the
labor unions (Swanberg 235). He made up headlines preying on people's fear
and hatred of Spain and Japan which, not coincidentally, he had aroused by
previous articles in The Examiner and other publications of his about
Spanish atrocities in Cuba and the "yellow menace" of Japan (Swanberg 122,
352) Hearst threw money away as though to him it literally grew on trees.
A man with an income of fifteen million dollars a year at the height of his
power, he had almost no savings and sometimes had to borrow money (Swanberg
88).
Right after taking over The Inquirer, as told now by Bernstein, Kane
ordered the editor to play up less "important" stories for the paper, the
kinds of things that the nation wanted to see and read about, not just
boring, plain "news." He became very involved in the editorial content of
his paper, constantly trying to make it better that the rest, staying up
late, thinking of headlines and ideas for scoops. Kane went to the office
of The Chronicle, his main competition, to admire the best newspaper staff
in the world and its gigantic circulation, and soon after he bribed those
same men with large sums of cash to move from The Chronicle to his
newspaper, achieving in six years what it took The Chronicle twenty years
to accomplish. He married the president's niece, Emily. (Citizen Kane)
These were very Hearst-like maneuvers in many ways. First, as stated
before, Hearst loved to embellish and exaggerate the news to get
circulation. Second, Hearst was constantly stealing talented newspapermen
from other newspapers, a practice which annoyed such men as Joseph Pulitzer
to no end. (Pulitzer's World was Hearst's favorite publication) (Swanberg
95). Hearst paid any salary he had to without a care, for he had millions
his disposal, since his father was still funding the enterprise. Hearst
married young Millicent Willson, a parallel to Kane's Emily (Swanberg 246)
Bernstein's narration ended with a telegram from Kane announcing his
purchase of the largest diamond in the world. Bernstein commented to
Leland, Kane's best friend, that Kane was not collecting diamonds, but
collecting someone else who was collecting diamonds (Citizen Kane). This is
an early hint at Kane's belief that one could buy love like anything else,
which is one of Welles' main criticisms of Hearst, and is shown as Kane's
fatal flaw. It is certainly one of the main reasons Welles made the movie
about Hearst in the first place.
The next scene opens with Leland, one of Kane's only friends. Leland
continued Bernstein's stories of Kane's belief in the ability to purchase
love, and hinted at the one overwhelming thing about him, the absolute
enigma he posed to even his closest friends. Leland explained how no one
could understand Kane because of the contradictions in his beliefs and
life. He said that, "Maybe Charlie wasn't brutal, he just did brutal
things," (Citizen Kane) explaining how Kane, while a firm believer in the
government and law, couldn't see how it applied to him. Hearst, who was an
incredible egomaniac, shared the same beliefs. He was in constant conflict
with himself. For instance, he supported the coal strikers while being
backed by Tammany Hall, the very head of the Democratic party machine with
close ties to big business (Swanberg 238-245). This trait is the one which
Kane played out to full effect in his movie. Once the audience was sure
that they were seeing Hearst up there, Welle s could explain the problems
of a man like Hearst, a man who had to have his own way. His want at the
moment was the largest paper in New York, but that would soon change.
Leland told of Kane's arguments with his wife, which climaxed with
Kane's ultimate statement of his belief in his own omnipotence. When Kane's
wife begins, "People will think," he completes the sentence for her with,
"What I tell them to think!" (Citizen Kane) Everything about Hearst's
manner of speaking and his beliefs pointed to that fact that he was an
egomaniac as well, a firm believer in his own power.
The one thing Kane wanted in his life, Leland explained, was love, but
it was the one thing he never found. He wanted the people to love him just
as his newspaper staff did, and he went about making sure that it occurred
by entering the world of politics. Right before his campaign for governor,
Kane met a pretty, young opera singer named Susan Alexander and entered
into a relationship with her. Then he made his incredible bid for
governorship on an independent ticket, an office which, for him, would have
been the easy first step to the White House (Citizen Kane). Once again,
the detailed similarities to Hearst's life were astounding. Hearst sought
public office after his dominance over the newspaper world was assured.
The key office he sought, and which was denied to him by attacks by
Theodore Roosevelt, was the governorship of New York on an independent
ticket. Both of the men used dirty and abusive campaigning methods,
portraying their opponents as jailbirds in their publ ications. Had Hearst
been elected, he would most likely have become president soon after. Here,
however, both in the movie and in Hearst's life, the family obsession about
the newspapers began to dissolve. Kane left the running of his newspapers
to other men, not taking as much of an interest in them anymore. Hearst did
likewise, ending his earlier practices of obtaining good men at any cost.
A man had to work to keep his job, and it could be snatched away at any
moment by "The Chief" (Swanberg 263). Hearst also met a beautiful young
actress, Marion Davies, and took her as his mistress (Swanberg 402). At
this point, however, the two tales differ.
Kane was defeated in the election when his affair with Ms. Susan
Alexander was exposed by his opponent, Jim Gettys, who basically ordered
Kane and Emily to come to see Ms. Alexander. Again Kane's towering
egocentricity showed through when he completely disregarded everyone else's
wishes and declared that only he decided what C.F. Kane did. As Gettys
left, Kane flew into a rage and screamed, "I'm Charles Foster Kane, and I'm
going to send you to Sing Sing, Gettys, Sing Sing!" The next day, the
papers were filled with the story, and Kane lost the election. (Citizen
Kane) Hearst, on the other hand, was defeated by the president himself and
people using his own newspapers against him, but it served Welles' purpose
better to have Kane defeated by his own greed.
Kane went on to divorce Emily and marry Susan. Having failed in his
own right, he heaped his ambition on Susan. This was most clearly seen
with his statement, "We're (italics added) going to be a great opera star."
(Citizen Kane)
The movie then shifted easily to Susan Alexander's portrayal of Kane as
her own personal ambition factory. Whatever she was lacking, he supplied
it for her and threw his papers heart and soul into backing her, even
though she was a terrible opera singer. Hearst did the same for Davies,
each movie of hers a greater triumph than the last, according to his
reviewers. Although Marion Davies, unlike Susan, was a genuinely talented
individual, there were enough similarities between the two women. Both
women loved jigsaw puzzles (Reflections on Citizen Kane), both were
singers, both were well publicized affairs. However Kane married Susan,
while Hearst never divorced his wife. Both men pushed and pushed and
pushed their mistresses to the breaking point and ran their mistress's
lives (Swanberg 585), at which point Susan attempted suicide and Kane found
her lying in bed unconscious. Davies never went to such lengths, but found
the pressure somewhat hampering. When Susan awoke, Kane was so grateful,
he let her have her way; she would not sing again even though it meant the
end of Kane's hopes for greatness. Kane began to build Xanadu for them, a
gigantic castle with a gigantic collection of animals from all over the
world (Citizen Kane). Hearst built San Simeon for Davies, to whom he was
truly devoted (Swanberg 447), unlike Kane and Susan. The latter couple
eventually divorced after Susan's speech in which she says that Kane had
never giver anything to her, he had just tried to buy her into giving him
something.
Finally, with the point of view of Kane's butler come two more
similarities. Kane flew into violent rages when he didn't get something he
wanted, as when Susan left him and he said that fateful word for the first
time, "Rosebud." Kane was also a collector of everything, he threw nothing
out, and was always buying something. (Citizen Kane) Hearst had the same
bizarre practice. He would destroy thousands of dollars worth of antiques
in a fit of anger and then spend one hundred thousand dollars on a passing
whim. He never, however, threw anything out (Swanberg 585).
The movie closed on the scene of the resolution of the Rosebud puzzle.
Among all the junk Kane had collected, lay a tiny wooden sled, the one from
the day when Thatcher took him away from his mother, which was hauled off
and thrown into the fire. Upon closer examination, the word "Rosebud" can
be made out as it is slowly incinerated.
Having taken into account the evidence presented above, it was clear
that Orson Welles had based his movie around the life of William Randolph
Hearst, a fact which upset Hearst to no end. In fact, a representative of
the Hearst Organization offered eight hundred and forty two thousand
dollars to RKO, the film's producer, if they would burn it. This plot
having failed, RKO was blacklisted by the gigantic Hearst press and had to
show the movie in private theaters. And yet, Welles still claimed that his
movie had no intention of being biographical. He said, It is not based
upon the life of Mr. Hearst or anyone else. On the other hand, had Mr.
Hearst and similar financial barons not lived during the period we discuss,
Citizen Kane could not have been made." (Zinmen 238)
In his life, Hearst ran many newspapers, as of course, did Kane. When
he was still beginning, he owned four, and at the time he committed all of
them to warring with Spain, as mentioned above. This singular, small event
was the turning point in the life of a brilliant man and indeed the turning
point of a nation. He had almost single handedly, using his power of the
press, sent one of the most powerful nations in the world to war. The
people of the United States had been manipulated wonderfully by the press
to believe that Spain was such a menace that they must rally for war, even
though it was all an invention by Hearst and his constituents to promote
the newspaper's circulation. If the press could do that, he believed it
could do anything, even send a Mr. Hearst to the White House who had not
the slightest experience as a political leader. And it very nearly did
(Swanberg 245).
When he realized that his newspapers were a source of infinite power,
that he could manipulate the people to get what he wanted, Hearst changed.
His goals changed. His fight went from one for larger circulation to one
for personal power, as much as he could get. He stopped being physically
involved in his papers, as mentioned before, instead directing from his
throne at San Simeon. He entered the political arena, where the ultimate
prize lay, the ultimate investment of power in a single individual, the
presidency. And yet again and again, by the voters or the corrupt bosses
at Tammany Hall or by his many political enemies, he was defeated. His,
like the story of Kane, was a story of constant personal failure due, as
often as not. to his own faults
However, things for Hearst were not always as bad as they were for
Kane. Hearst did actually win public office once. He became a state
representative of New York. This he accomplished with the backing of the
Tammany Hall bosses and a Democratic constituency in the district. Beyond
that he hurled his newspapers and money into the effort, earning a colossal
victory over his opponent. However, Hearst was not content to be a
Representative. He wanted to be president, had wanted to be president ever
since he realized that he had a chance. He had wanted to be the biggest
newspaper publisher in America, and he was. He had wanted Ms. Davies, and
he had her and was devoted to her and spent millions for her entertainment.
Everything which he had wanted he had received, in any way that he could
think of at the moment.
Orson Welles' criticism of Hearst was the way in which he went about
getting what he wanted, using his immense power over the people of the
country simply to gain personal power. This is the overarching theme,
portrayed so powerfully, in Citizen Kane. When Welles disclaimed any
biographical intent, he did not pretend he was not depicting the forces
that governed Hearst's life. His newspapers changed drastically, and men
spoke to him with reverence and fear, for his darker side had come to
light. He enjoyed being king over his empire, watching his subjects squirm.
With the building of his palace at San Simeon he only made concrete what
many had known for a long time: William Randolph Hearst sat on a throne as
the king of an empire which controlled the country's information.
As brought out explicitly by the movie, Hearst wanted love, but not
just the love of a few, the love of all. He needed whatever he wanted, and
he wanted the people's love. While Hearst was not the loveless monster
Kane is portrayed as, he had many faults, the main one being that he often
seemed to believe he could buy love. Welles attacked this belief heart and
soul, claw and tooth in such scenes as when Leland returns the check with
which Kane had hoped to preserve their friendship, now torn into shreds.
Kane simply cannot fathom why he returned it, because he doesn't realize
that there is more to loving that gifts. (Cowie 37)
Hearst gave lavish parties and demonstrations to try to win people over
to his side, and it often worked. He assailed his political opponents with
his newspapers, attacking them in whatever way he could, transforming the
newspapers from something he thought he loved into a tool with which he
could get things, a bat he could swing at his opponents, a way to quench
his thirst for money and power. Hearst was a man who discovered the power
he controlled and then proceeded to abuse it, a practice Welles found
intolerable.
All in all, Orson Welles directed, starred in, and helped to write
possibly the greatest film of all time, all to one purpose, to denounce
William Randolph Hearst and all men who were abusive of power and the
public trust. Why did he spend all this effort on this one man, an
apparent crusader for the people, for the working man? Simply, it was
because Hearst, for all his apparent love of the people, was only trying to
get love and power for himself by abusing the most potent weapon and shield
of his day, the free press. "If I hadn't been very rich, I might have been
a really great man." (Orson Welles, Citizen Kane)
Bordwell, David. "Citizen Kane," Focus on Orson Welles. Prentice-Hall,1976.
Cowie, Peter. The Cinema of Orson Welles. De Capo Press, 1973.
Citizen Kane. dir. Orson Welles. With Orson Welles, Joseph Cotten, Dorothy
Comingore. RKO, 1941.
Mulvey, Laura. Citizen Kane. BFI, 1992.
Reflections on Citizen Kane. dir. Unknown. Turner Home Entertainment,1991.
Robinson, Judith. The Hearsts: an American Dynasty. Avon Books, 1991.
Swanberg, W.A. Citizen Hearst. Scribner, 1961. Bantam Matrix Edition, 1967.
Zinman, David. Fifty Classic Motion Pictures: The Stuff that Dreams are
Made Of. NY Crown Publishers, 1970. NY Limelight Editions, 1992.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Creative Story: Killer ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Instinct ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:2289 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Killer Instinct
by
Jim Adams
Over 800 people attended the funeral, according to the local
newspaper's estimate.....
The cloudless day, lit by an early morning sun that cast soft shadows
among the mourners, was disturbed only by the gentle murmur of the
preacher's voice and the distant hum of traffic racing past on Hwy 401.
Off-duty Durham Regional Police officers received an unexpected bonus that
morning, when they were called in to handle parking problems around the
cemetery and direct the seemingly endless flow of floral tributes.
"Black Billy" he'd called himself. He'd appeared in Pickering one
unremarkable day, just as suddenly as he'd departed this life. No fanfare
of trumpets, no grandiose announcements, no pre-fight publicity. He simply
showed up at Mulligan's Bar one Sunday afternoon when the regulars were
discussing the merits of the Tyson/Doakes fight, and settled in the far
corner next to the miniscule stage, nursing a half-pint of beer. Mulligan's
being the type of place it is, he wasn't alone too long.
"Useta call me Black Billy," he growled, lumbering to his feet. His
head ducked and dodged, body swayed, as he danced on his toes, shooting
lefts and rights at an imaginary opponent. His scarred face looked troubled
for a moment. "Coulda been the Champ. Didn' get a chance. Said I don' got
the killer instinct. I know I got it. Jus' need a chance." His audience
nodded appreciatively and exchanged understanding glances. Billy shuffled
to a stop and shook his big head as a huge grin split his battered face.
"No use cryin' over spilt milk. That was a long time ago. Yeah man, a long
time ago. He extended a large paw and shook each person's hand solemnly.
"Jus' call me Black Billy," he said, the infectious, innocent
grinencompassing the entire group, like a warming beam of sunlight after a
rain-storm. It was hard not to like him.
Before too long, someone who knew someone who had a friend, had
arranged a job for Billy, in the Marina at the foot of Liverpool Rd. A
small housetrailer - "It was just rusting away, sitting up at the cottage,"
according to the owner - was procured and installed in a corner, near the
parking lot. Billy spent a few days cleaning it up and airing it out, then
he moved his meagre belongings from his temporary home in the small motel
on Hwy #2. Pillows, blankets, drapes, cutlery and all of the things needed
to make a house a home were donated with quiet mutters of, "Here, Billy.
Maybe you can use this. Wife was gonna throw it out anyway, so you're
welcome to it."
He became a fixture in Pickering. If he'd lived in some quaint country
village, he'd have been known as "a character." When he wasn't scraping
hulls, or painting the underside of yachts in the marina, he could be seen,
trotting around in a jogging suit, surprisingly light on his feet, as most
big men are, his sneakers gently slap-slap-slapping the sidewalk in a
steady, unbroken rythym. Occasionally, he'd drop into Mulligan's to nurse a
half- pint of beer, and despite repeated offers, was never seen to drink
more than one. "No, man. Gotta stay in shape," he'd grin. "Too much o' this
stuff slows the reflexes. Thanks anyway." He was a quiet man, keeping
himself very much to himself, unless invited to join a group, which he
invariably was.
All attempts to extract information about his past life were met by
the same big grin, and the same stock answer. "Long time ago, man. Useta be
a fighter, long time ago....." In a moment of weakness, he confided to
someone that he hailed from Nova Scotia, and that he had no living
relatives.
Initially, the more cautious parents in the neighbourhood instructed
their offspring not to talk to Billy, but as time progressed he became a
familiar figure. And he'd happily interrupt one of his endless jogging
trips to help a flustered young mother trying to cope with two kids and
armfuls of groceries, or lend a hand with a pile of lumber destined to
become a garden shed. He became accepted by everyone.
He had a special affinity with little kids, though. They hung around
the marina, peering through the chainlink fence, watching Billy scrape
hulls, his huge, muscled body stripped to the waist in the summer sunshine,
the sweat beading, glistening and forming rivulets to soak his trackpants.
"You a boxer, Billy?", some third-grader would squeak, initiating
the ritual that had been performed hundreds of times before.
"Yup! Useta be a fighter, long time ago.
"Could you beat up Mike Tyson?"
"Dunno. Sure woulda liked to try, though." Then the infectious grin
would make its appearance. "You think he's maybe afraid o' me?"
"Yeah! I bet he is."
"Well, he's a pretty big guy..."
"Big as you, Billy?"
"Uhhhh...Guess not, but he's fast."
"Fast as you, Billy?"
"Yeah. Maybe faster."
"You could beat him, though," the eight-year-old expert would
proclaim. "You're strong."
"Maybe. Too old now, though."
"How old are you, Billy?"
" 'Bout forty-two, I think."
"I'll be nine, next week!"
"Well... You don' say. You sure are big, for nine. But your Momma's
gonna be wonderin' where you are. Maybe she won' buy you any
presents if you don' hurry home for lunch."
"OK. But I brought something for you."
"Something for me? Well! Maybe it's MY birthday today," he'd
chuckle softly.
Sometimes it was a child's painting, still damp from the excess of
watercolours used. Sometimes a treasured marble, a baseball card, or a
stick of gum, the wrapper sticky from being clutched too long on a warm
day. But Billy accepted any gift with feigned delight. Each painting would
be scrutinized closely, its artistic merits questioned and explained, and
the budding Picasso would head home, secure in the knowledge that at least
two people in the world understood art. Marbles and other childhood
artifacts were accepted by Billy only under the solemn understanding that
he would look after them until the rightful owner required their use again.
One Friday around dinner time, Billy finished work for the day, had a
quick wash and changed into a fresh jogging suit. He set off on the path
along the beach, swapping "Hiya's" with just about everyone he passed, his
smile flashing on and off as regularly as Christmas tree lights. Someone
noticed that the time was 5:18 pm. Continuing along the beach, Billy swung
left into the Hydro Park and followed the gravel path, his sneakers making
a satisfying scrunch-scrunch as he picked the pace up a little. He
travelled the meandering walkway, and slowed to call a warning to two kids
who were playing a little close to the slippery edge of the lake. Moving
uphill now, he forced himself to a quick sprint, for the sheer joy of it,
before reaching the high plateau which afforded a panoramic view of the bay
below. The downhill portion was easier now and once through the park gates
and out on to Sandy Beach Rd, the going levelled out.
He followed his usual course and was approaching the small strip plaza
when he recalled that he needed some vitamin pills. Only two left in the
bottle, this morning. Turning into the plaza, he began to slow down, coming
to a stop in front of the pharmacy. Old Manny, the owner, always offered to
armwrestle for the cost of the pills. Billy's face split into a
good-natured grin as he mopped his forehead with the waistband of his top.
Manny was five foot three and weighed 120 pounds, tops.
He opened the door and stepped into the welcome chill of the air
conditioning, noticing that Janice, Manny's cashier, was not in her usual
position at the cash register. "Yo! Manny? You takin' a nap, back here?",
he called as he made his way to the rear counter where Manny could usually
be found, peering over the top of his bi-focals, tie askew and silvery hair
puffed up like a mad professor. "Hey! Manny? Janice? Is everything free,
today?" His questions were cut short as a ski-masked face shot up from
behind a display rack. "Shut up, mouthpiece. Get over here. Fast!" The gun
held in the robber's fist indicated that he meant business. Billy slowly
raised his hands and moved in the direction indicated. As he drew close to
the display rack, he saw Manny sitting awkwardly on the floor, one hand
pushed back to take his weight, the other clutching a blood- stained
handkerchief to his head. Janice, her long, blonde hair obscuring her face,
was bent forward, fiercely hugging two young children to her, as if by
holding them she could shut the horror from their minds. "Billy," gasped
Manny, "Do as he says. He's threatening to shoot everyone." "Shurrup old
man," snarled the ski-mask, "Or I'll blow you away first. You wanna die?
Huh?" His voice rose to a shriek. "Easy, man. Take it easy," said
Billy."They ain't gonna hurt you. What you want?" Ski-mask blinked rapidly
a few times then turned towards Billy. "I told him, man. I want the heavy
stuff. Valium. Percodan. Uppers, downers. Everything. And the cash, too.
He's stupid," he added, pointing in Manny's direction. "Billy, I've told
him," Manny groaned."I don't get a lot of call for that stuff, so I only
carry small quantities. He's got all I have, but he won't listen.
He....I....He hit me with the gun," Manny's voice trembled as he gestured
with the handkerchief. "Enough talking," snapped the gunman. He reached
over towards Janice, and before she could react, he grabbed the little girl
and pulled her towards him. "Billy," the child's voice rose to a terrified
wail."I want my Mommy." Billy knew her only as Karen. Just two days before,
she'd passed a bunch of dandelions to him through the marina fence. "It's
okay, honey. Mommy's gonna be here in a minute. Don't be...." "Hey!",
screamed the ski-mask. "Is anybody listening to me? You got five seconds,
you hear me? Five seconds to deliver, or the brat gets it." He aimed the
pistol at the struggling child's head. "Five.....four..." "Billy! I want my
Mommy. Please....." "Three......two....." Billy began his shuffling dance,
head bobbing and weaving, the familiar incatation rolling easily from his
lips... "Useta be a fighter. Coulda been the Champ. Didn' getta...". He
moved smoothly, on the balls of his feet, throwing jabs and hooks at his
phantom opponent, body swaying, ducking and dodging. He blocked imaginary
counterpunches with his forearms,, his own blows punctuated by sharp hisses
of expelled breath as he moved constantly. Circling, always circling. "Hey.
What's that freak doing?", yelled the gunman to no-one in particular. "Tell
him to quit!" ".....Coulda been the Champ..." "I said quit it! You want me
to off the kid? Huh?" Billy circled closer. Ski-mask was like a rabbit
hypnotised by a snake. He couldn't remove his eyes from the big man. "Is he
crazy? I gotta gun!" "Didn' getta chance....Know I got it....Jus'
needa...." Ski-mask removed the gun from the child's head and aimed at
Billy as he moved dangerously close. Too late,the robber realized his
error.Before he could return the gun to its former position, Billy lunged.
Karen fell to one side, unheeded for the moment. There was a flat crack and
Billy staggered, but kept coming. His left jab was slightly off-target as
he was off balance, but the looping right hook caught the gunman solidly in
the ribs, just as the gun spat for a second time, before flipping
end-over-end to land in the chest freezer. Billy grunted heavily, but
another right to the midsection of the gunman folded him up like an
accordion, and the crushing left, landed flush on the point of his chin
with a sound like a two-by-four slapping wet cement. The robber flew
backwards, his feet lifted from the floor by the force of the blow, and
crashed into a shelving unit before falling motionless.
Manny, stunned by the speed of events, gawped at the
unconscious gunman for a few seconds. Then seeing Billy clutch at his chest
and sink slowly to a sitting position, he scrambled towards the big man.
"Billy, you crazy son of....are you alright? Janice! Get some surgical
dressings. Hurry! Call an ambulance - and the police too!", he added as an
afterthought. The front door opened, and in walked a harassed looking young
woman."Janice, did Robbie and Karen get their....Good God! What's
happened?" "Mommy! Mommy!", cried the kids, abandoning Janice and rushing
to their mother's outstretched arms. "Janice! Get those dressings. Now!
Hurry up!", Manny almost shouted. "Billy?..... Billy?" The big man toppled
over onto his side, and Manny scurried around to cradle the fighter's head
in his lap. "Can you hear me, Billy?" The eyes opened. "Sure, I hear you."
His voice was slurred and he frowned slightly, then his eyes lit up. "Hey,
Manny? Didya see the combination I threw?.... Two rights set 'im up, then
the left...... Hurt me bad twice, but I didn' quit.....Knew I got the
killer instinct...Y'saw that Manny, huh? Y'saw my killer instinct, didn'
ya?" His voice tailed off for a few seconds. "Didn' getta chance...Was
gonna give you...chance, today.... Armwrestle for vitamins....Wanna
try?..." A faint grin appeared and a huge paw rose slowly, unsteadily, then
dropped back to the floor.
At 5:31 pm, the police arrived with drawn guns. They found Manny still
cradling Billy's head, tears trickling unashamedly down his cheeks as he
crooned softly to the fallen fighter, "....You could've been the Champ,
Billy. You would've been a great Champ..."
Over eight hundred people attended the funeral, by the local
newspaper's estimate....

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[x]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on the Story To ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Kill A Mockingbird ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:479 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
There Are Five Literary Conflicts In literature, Man Versus Man, Man
Versus Nature, Man Versus The Supernatural, Man Versus Society, Man Versus
Himself. There Is A New Literary conflict in literature, It's Man Versus
Technology, Therefore, Known As the conflict on the 20'th century. A
symbolic meaning of this conflict is franticness. Literature, is a type of
communication. Poetry is written In lines, standers, and prose., Otherwise
wish The Separate Piece was written with sentences and paragraphs.
To Kill A Mockingbird Is 'Man Versus Society'. It Was Written by a
fourteen year old girl, in the south during the 1930's. The story is a
flashback when she was six to nine years old. This is a mini-novel by the
author Harper Lee. The story took place in the very deep part of the south
during the 1930's when the country was in a ecomincal depression in a town
called Maycomb. This novel was written in the first person, therefore we
know that the narrator is a character in the story. This story is a
flashback that covered around three years. He father Atticus that treat her
as an invitingly. In the south the tradition and society is more important
which is the individual is more important! He makes them learn everything
by themselves, Therefore she tells us how she is getting educated.
Jim was a very active boy, He has manners. He was the son of atticus.
Scott was the daughter and narrator of Atticus. Atticus was a well known
man. He was brave because he shot the dog. He was a lawyer. Calpurnia was
the housekeeper of atticus, always helping out the kids when they needed
them. Boo Radley was given a monster image by the kids. He is one of the
true mocking birds in this story. He said Scott at the end. Tom Robinson,
He was another Mockingbird. He used to help out people. He felt pity for a
white woman. He was charged for rape -- That he never committed. Mr. Slady,
She was a Old woman that was trying to 'Kick' The habit. that's why she
died. There are four types of classes known at this time in the south.
Blacks, Calpurnia And Tom Robinson. White Trash, Ewells. Poor Whites, The
Cunninghams. And The Average Southern,Atticus and its neighbors. Education
separate every. The average are the only to go to High School, College.
At this time there where three myths known that separated the blacks.
1. Blacks where like little children and had to be taken care of them. -
Inferior
2. Blacks, Had sexually intimate to rape a white woman. They had to be kept
in a place.
3. White women where treated as goddesses.
The lessons learn in the south, where Things never change.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Shakespeare's King Lear ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1181 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
There has been many different views on the plays of William
Shakespeare and definitions of what kind of play they were. The two most
popular would be the comedy and the tragedy. King Lear to some people may
be a comedy because they believe that the play has been over exaggerated.
Others would say King Lear was a tragedy because there is so much suffering
and chaos.
What makes a Shakespearean play a comedy or a tragedy? King Lear
would be a tragedy because it meets all the requirements of a tragedy as
defined by Andrew Cecil Bradley. Bradley states that a Shakespearean
tragedy must have to be the story of the hero and that there is exceptional
suffering and calamity slowly being worn in as well as it being contrasted
to happier times. The play also depicts the troubled parts in his life and
eventually his death that is instantaneous caused by the suffering and
calamity. There is the feeling of fear in the play as well, that makes men
see how blind they are not knowing when fortune or something else would be
on them. The hero must be of a high status on the chain and the hero also
possesses a tragic flaw that initiates the tragedy. The fall of the hero
is not felt by him alone but creates a chain reaction which affects
everything below him. There must also be the element of chance or accident
that influences some point in the play.
King Lear meets all of these requirements that has been laid out by
Bradley which is the most logical for a definition of a tragedy as compared
to the definition of a comedy by G. Wilson Knight.
The main character of the play would be King Lear who in terms of
Bradley would be the hero and hold the highest position is the social
chain. Lear out of Pride and anger has banished Cordelia and split the
kingdom in half to the two older sisters, Goneril and Regan. This is
Lear's tragic flaw which prevents him to see the true faces of people
because his pride and anger overrides his judgement. As we see in the
first act, Lear does not listen to Kent's plea to see closer to the true
faces of his daughters. Kent has hurt Lear's pride by disobeying his order
to stay out of his and Cordelia's way when Lear has already warned him,
"The bow is bent and drawn, make from the shaft." Kent still disobeys Lear
and is banished. Because of this flaw, Lear has initiated the tragedy by
disturbing the order in the chain of being by dividing the kingdom,
banishing his best servant and daughter, and giving up his thrown.
Due to this flaw, Lear has given way to the two older daughters to
conspire against him. Lear is finally thrown out of his daughters home and
left with a fool, a servant and a beggar. This is when Lear realizes the
mistake that he has made and suffers the banishment of his two eldest
daughters. Lear is caught in a storm and begins to lose his sanity because
he can not bear the treatment of his two daughters as well as the error he
has made with Cordelia and Kent. Lear also suffers from rest when he is
moving all over the place and the thing that breaks him is the death of his
youngest daughter Cordelia. This suffering can be contrasted with other
happier times like when Lear was still king and when he was not banished by
his two daughters.
The feeling of fear is when Lear is in the storm raging against the
gods,
"I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness. I never gave you kingdom,
called you children, you owe me no subscription.",
telling them to rage harder since he has not done anything for them and
that he didn't deserve what he has received from his two daughters. The
fear is how Lear in a short period of time went from king to just a regular
peasant and from strong and prideful to weak and unconfident. This shows
that men do not hold their own destiny and that even though things may be
great now you can be struck down just as fast as was to Lear.
The fall of Lear is not just the suffering of one man but the
suffering of everyone down the chain. Gloucester loses his status and
eyes, Cordelia and Kent banished, and Albany realizing his wife's true
heart. Everything that happened to these characters are affected by Lear
in one way or another and that if Lear had not banished Cordelia and Kent
then the two sisters would not be able to plot against their father.
Without the plot of the two sisters then Gloucester would not of lost his
eyes to Cornwall and his status because he was guilty of treason.
There is an element of chance in the play in which Edgar meets Oswald
trying to kill his father because he is a traitor. Oswald is slain asks
Edgar,
"And give the letters which thou find'st about me to Edmund Earl of
Gloucester. Seek him out upon the English party."
Edgar finds a letter to Edmund from Goneril about the conspiracy to kill
Albany. This part in the play affects the outcome of Goneril and Edmund in
which will lead to both of their deaths.
The pain and suffering endured by Lear eventually tears down his
strength and sanity. Lear is not as strong, arrogant, and prideful as he
was in the beginning of the play instead he is weak, scared, and a confused
old man. At the end of the play Lear has completely lost his sanity with
the loss of his daughter Cordelia and this is the thing that breaks Lear
and leads to his death. Lear dies with the knowledge that Cordelia is dead
and dies as a man in pain.
"And my poor fool is hanged! No, no, no life! Why should a dog, a horse, a
rat, have life, And thou no breath at all? Thou'lt come no more, never,
never, never, never, never!"
King Lear has met all the requirements that Bradley has stated as a
Shakespearean tragedy. Lear has a tragic flaw which is his pride that
prevents him to see the true faces of people. He also initiates the
tragedy by the banishment of Cordelia and Kent as well as dividing the
kingdom. Lear has also suffered and endured the pains of his error which
leads to his death and which is contrasted to that of happier times. There
is the feeling of fear in the play which is of a King losing his crown and
becoming a peasant. Lear has also created a chain reaction that affects
everything down the chain. The element of chance is also introduced in the
play with Edgar and Oswald, Oswald possessing the letter to Edmund. And
the final part is the death of King Lear dying in suffering of the death of
his daughter Cordelia.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Shakespeare's King Lear ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:2284 School: ? State: ?
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Humans, like all creatures on the earth, have the privilege of the
freedom of choice. There are two broad ranges of factors that affect the
decisions a person makes. The first factor that affects decision making is
internal and includes a person's character and intellect. The second
factor is external such as environment and interaction with other people.
Naturally, each decision a person makes results in a repercussion of some
degree, usually either helpful or hindering, and rarely inconsequential.
The concept of justice is based on the fact that decisions are always
followed by consequences. It strictly adheres to the rewarding of good
deeds and the punishment of evil. King Lear, a play by William
Shakespeare, is a grave tragedy that is a prime example of the Elizabethan
conception of justice. Lear's kingdom turns to chaos because of a break in
the "Great Chain of Being" and restores to order when justice prevails.
Its tragic labelling stems from the prevalence of death the just punishment
for many of its characters. The deaths of Lear, Goneril, and Edmund are
prime examples of justice prevailing for evil, and in Lear's case
unnatural, acts.
Lear's ultimate fate is death. His early demise is a direct result of
breaching the "Great Chain of Being" which states that no mortal will
abandon his position in the hierarchy of ranking set by God. Lear's
intention of abdicating his throne is apparent from the outset and is seen
in the following speech spoken during the opening scene of the play:
. . . 'tis our fast intent
To shake all cares and business from our age,
Conferring them on younger strengths while we
Unburdened crawl toward death. . .1
Evidently the splitting of Lear's kingdom and abdication of his throne
is not an act of necessity, but an act toward easing the remainder of his
life. Lear's disruption of the "Great Chain of Being" is in an unnatural
fashion because the abdication of his kingship is without dire or mortal
cause. The method of passing down his land to his heirs is also unnatural,
as seen in the following excerpts:
. . . Know that we have divided
In three our kingdom. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
We have this hour a constant will to publish
Our daughters' several dowers. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Which of you [three daughters] shall we say doth love us most?
That we our largest bounty may extend
Where nature doth with merit challenge. . . .2
Lear does not bestow his kingdom upon his eldest son, nor is he even
going to bestow the largest portion of the divided kingdom upon his eldest
son. He expresses his intent to split his kingdom and grant the pieces as
his daughters' dowers, the largest piece being granted to whichever of the
three professes to love him most. This is a violation of the natural order
of commonly accepted hierarchy that states a father's estate be endowed
upon his eldest son. An error in judgement and untempered release of anger
are also factors contributing to Lear's downfall. Lear listens to flattery
from Goneril, "I love you more than word can wield the/matter;"3 and Regan,
"I find she [Goneril] names my very deed of love,/Only she comes too short.
. ."4 in their bidding to profess they love Lear the most among the three
daughters, but Cordelia does not compete with their flattery:
Cor. Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave
My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty [Lear]
According to my bond [filial], no more nor less.5
Cordelia cannot flatter Lear with praise and states that she merely
loves him as a daughter should love her father, with respect and obedience.
Lear is so heartbroken by his youngest, and until then his most beloved,
daughter's refusal to praise him with her love that a rage ensues:
Lear. Let it be so! thy truth then be they dower!
For, by the sacred radiance of the sun,
The mysteries of Hecate and the night;
By all the operation of the orbs [stars]
From whom we do exist and cease to be;
Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity and property of blood,
And as a stranger to my heart and me
Hold thee from this for ever. . .6
Lear acknowledges that Cordelia s speaking the truth. Although
confessions of filial love are not inappropriate or evil, Lear's judgement
is clouded by anger at Cordelia's refusal to praise him with flattery as he
had planned and he swears by the gods that Cordelia is no longer his
daughter and chooses not to give any portion of land as her dower. Lear's
disowning of his daughter for refusing to participate in his unnatural
rites of determining which daughters receive which lands has proved that
his judgements are misguided. Finally, justice is fulfilled when Lear dies
at the end of the play. The justice is in response to actions that he
commits which are not necessarily evil-hearted, but for the refusal to
abide by the "Great Chain of Being" and his irrational and cruel disowning
and banishment of Cordelia.
Goneril suffers the same fate as Lear. However, Goneril's death is a
direct result of a series of vile, ruthless, and despicable actions,
whereas Lear's death was a result of irrational judgements and unnatural
actions. The first instance that hints at Goneril's evil nature appears in
a conversation between her and Regan as soon as Lear hands down his power
of state to them:
Gon. There is further compliment of leave-taking be-
tween France and him. Pray you let's hit together. If our
father carry authority with such disposition as he bears,
This last surrender of his will but offend us.7
Goneril proposes to Regan that they join forces in stripping Lear of
his authority because she views it as a threat. This would be considered
an evil act if Goneril was just a peasant or vassal, to plot treason
against the king, but it is worse since Goneril is plotting against her own
father. Clearly she has no respect for Lear as king, superior, or father.
The extent of Goneril's disrespect for hierarchical bonds and her evil
nature is further revealed in the following letter:
Let our reciprocal vows be remembered. You [Edmund] have
many opportunities to cut him [Cornwall] off. If your will want not,
time and place will be fruitfully offered.8
The letter is from Goneril to Edmund. It details Goneril's wish for
Edmund to kill her husband, Cornwall. Not only has Goneril disregarded her
filial bond with Lear by disrespecting him and going against his wishes,
but she does worse than that by disregarding her marital bond with Cornwall
and plotting his murder. Finally, passing the point of plotting murder,
Goneril commits the act herself:
Edg. What means this bloody knife?
Gent. 'Tis hot, it smokes.
It came even from the heart of--O, she's dead!
Alb. Who dead? Speak, man.
Gent. Your lady [Goneril], sir, your lady! and her sister [Regan]
By her is poisoned; she hath confessed it.9
Goneril admits having administered a poison to Regan. Her main purpose
was to have Edmund for herself and he would not have to choose between
them. However, after Edmund is slain by Edgar and Cornwall has proof in the
form of the letter that Goneril plotted against him, Goneril decides there
is no course of action other than to take her own life. There is no more
evil a person than someone who turns against a parent that gave her life,
plots to take the life of her eternally vowed husband, and finally takes
the life of another human being. Goneril proves to be the basest evil by
fulfilling all the aforementioned symptoms and there is no more just
punishment for Goneril than her death.
Edmund is a character whose death is a befitting justice for his acts
of betrayal throughout the play. The illegitimate son of Gloucester,
Edmund seeks his father's lands through scheming and deception. His
motives are first made clear in the following soliloquy:
Edm. Thou, Nature, art my goddess; to thy law
My services are bound. Wherefore should I
Stand in the plague of custom and permit
The curiosity of nations to deprive me,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land.10
Edmund's thoughts are of his illegitimacy. He proclaims that as
Gloucester's son, he is entitled to his lands, and customs of the realm
should not be able to keep them from him. The last sentence of the
quotation shows that he views the lands as Edgar's already, even though
Gloucester is far from retiring and passing them on to his heir, and it is
against Edgar that he must plot to receive those lands. Edmund's scheming
against Edgar is made clear in the latter part of the soliloquy:
Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed
And my invention thrive, Edmund the base
shall top the legitimate; I grow; I prosper.11
Edmund has, cunningly, conceived a letter that will put him above Edgar
in Gloucester's favour. The letter reads, "If our father would sleep till
I waked him, you should/enjoy half his revenue for ever,"12 and is written
in the likeness of Edgar's script and signed by his name. It seems to
Gloucester that Edgar would kill him to enjoy his revenue and estate with
Edmund. The ploy Edmund initiated makes Edgar look like a traitor. In a
hurried and hectic conversation Edmund confuses Edgar, who is ignorant to
Edgar's ambitious scheming, into fleeing from Gloucester, making him look
guilty of Gloucester's suspicions:
Edm. . . . O sir, fly this place!
Intelligence is given where you are hid.
You have now the good advantage of the night.
Have you not spoken 'gainst the Duke of Cornwall?
He's coming hither; now, i' the night, i' the haste,
And Regan with him. Have you nothing said
Upon his party 'gainst the Duke of Albany?
Advise yourself.
Edg. I am sure on't, not a word.
Edm. I hear my father coming. Pardon me!
In cunning I must draw my sword upon you.
Draw, seem to defend yourself; now quit you well.--
Yield! Come before my father. Light, ho, here!
Fly, brother.--Torches, torches!--So farewell.13
Edmund asks Edgar if he has offended the Dukes of Cornwall or Albany
that would provoke Cornwall to come to Gloucester's castle with such haste
in the middle of the night. Edgar pleads innocence, forcing Edmund to
enhance his deception. He tells Edgar that he must draw his sword as if
defending himself or trying to capture a wanted man. Edgar flees, and to
enhance the deception in Gloucester's eyes even further Edmund stabs
himself. "Bringing the murderous coward [Edgar] to the stake;/He that
conceals him, death."14 Gloucester, arriving on the scene, is convinced of
Edgar's treason. Edmund has removed Edgar from his father's favour, but
does not yet possess Gloucester's lands or wealth. An opportunity presents
itself which Edmund plans to take advantage of:
Glou. . . .I have
received a letter this night--'tis dangerous to be spoken--I
have locked the letter in my closet. These injuries the
King now bears will be revenged home; there is a part of a
power already footed. . .15
Gloucester reveals to Edmund a letter he received. It entails that a
secret power, France, has landed in the realm to revenge disrespect toward
Lear. Edmund says:
Edm. This courtesy, forbid thee, shall the Duke
Instantly know, and of that letter too.
Seems a fair deserving, and must draw me
That which my father loses--no less than all.
The younger rises when the old doth fall.16
Edmund plans to tell the Duke of Albany of the letter Gloucester has
received and of his journey to inform Lear of the French forces coming to
aid him. The information makes Gloucester look like a traitor in the
Duke's eyes and Edmund realizes he will be rewarded with his father's lands
since they will be stripped from him for treason. Edmund's evil
heartedness and willingness to sacrifice his family for status and wealth
clearly demands some sort of punishment as justice. It is only fitting
that the betrayal of his own blood, both his father and brother, is
answered by justice in his death at Edgar's hands.
Lear, Goneril, and Edmund were each motivated in different ways. Lear's
was an unnatural and irrational motivation. Greed and selfishness moved
Edmund to the decisions he made. Lastly, Goneril's heart was of the basest
evil and jealousy. Although the methods and paths of their downfall were
different, each person suffers the identical fate as decided by justice.
It is debatable whether each decision we make is weighed on a cosmic scale
with justice waiting to punish the evil or reward the good, but what is
certain is that each decision we make plays a direct role in our futures.
NOTES
1William Shakespeare, King Lear (New York: Washington Square Press, 1957), I.i..38-41.
2Ibid., I.i.37-54.
3Ibid., I.i.56-57.
4Ibid., I.i.75-76.
5Ibid., I.i.96-98.
6Ibid., I.i.115-123.
7Ibid., I.i.331-334.
8Ibid., IV.vi.287-289.
9Ibid., V.iii.266-271.
10Ibid., I.ii.1-16.
11Ibid., I.ii.19-21.
12Ibid., I.ii.52-53.
13Ibid., II.i.20-33.
14Ibid., II.i.68-69.
15Ibid., III.iii.8-13.
16Ibid., III.iii.20-24.
REFERENCES
Shakespeare, William. King Lear. New York: Washington Square Press, 1957.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Shakespeare's King Lear ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1484 School: ? State: ?
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King Lear had been discussed by many critics of the play of this name,
with some taking the position that he was a tragic hero. However, there
are a few who believe that he was not, and that in effect, he might even be
a comic figure. This paper attempts to discuss whether King Lear is a
tragic hero or not, looking at the works of two critics, each taking
opposite sides. On the one hand, there is A.C. Bradley, who takes the
position that King Lear is a tragic hero because he demonstrates all the
characteristics of a tragic hero as Bradley saw it. On the other hand, G.
Wilson Knight believes that the play King Lear is really a comedy of the
grotesque, and that King Lear is really a comic figure. The position that
I am taking is this paper is that King Lear is a tragic hero, because he
fits all the characteristics that Bradley identifies as belonging to a
tragic hero, and more than that although there might appear to be comic
elements in the play King Lear that the tragic elemen seem to outweigh the
comic. Therefore, the position taken by Knight is not accurate in
describing King Lear.
The tragic hero, according to Bradley, is a person who suffers
tremendously, whose suffering goes beyond him. The tragic hero also takes
the action that produces the suffering and calamity which leads to death.
Other characteristics of a tragic hero are as follows. The tragic hero is
a person who is of high degree, and his welfare is intimately tied up with
the welfare of the state. The hero is an exceptional being, of high
degree, whose actions and sufferings are of an unusual kind, who possesses
and exceptional nature. His nature is exceptional in the sense that it is
very much like our nature, except that it is intensified.
The tragic hero is also involved in conflict, which could be either
conflict with someone else, or conflict within himself. The tragic hero is
also described as inspiring pity on the part of the viewer because of the
intensity of the suffering that the tragic hero is undergoing.
Furthermore, the tragic hero is seen as wretched, nevertheless, the
audience does not see him as contemptible. Instead, the audience sees the
tragic hero as suffering and the order in the world as destroyed. The only
way that order would be restored is through the death of the tragic hero.
(Bradley)
Knight, on the other hand, takes a different perspective of the play
King Lear. This author points out that tragedy and comedy are very close
to each other. "Humor is an evanescent thing, even more difficult of
analysis and intellectual location than tragedy. To the coarse mind
lacking sympathy an incident may seem comic which to the richer
understanding is pitiful and tragic." (Knight 1949, 34) In other words,
tragedy and comedy seem to involve the process of invoking tension, and the
relief of that tension could be either through the pain of tragedy or the
humor of comedy. This is why there are situations where a person may cry
or laugh at a similar set of circumstances. It just depends on how the
idea is developed. "The comic and the tragic rest both on the idea of
incompatibilities, and are also, themselves, mutually exclusive; therefore
to mingle them is to add to the meaning of each; for the result is then but
a new sublime incongruity." (Knight 1949, 34)
The reason that people laugh at situations is that there is a
juxtaposition of things that are incongruous. At the same time, the tragic
does involve incompatible things taking place, and thus leading to a
resolution of the pressure that is created through pain or crying. Knight
does not see tragedy and comedy as being very different in the sense that
they both view incongruity.
In the case of King Lear, Knight believes that while the character of
King Lear is tragic in the sense that he suffers that there is something
comic in the situation because King Lear brings it upon himself because of
the incongruity of King Lear's behavior. King Lear is mad, and his
behavior from the very beginning of the play, where he tries to see which
one of his daughters loves him more is incongruous. Knight sees this
situation as comic, where King Lear has " . . . staged an interlude, with
himself as chief action. . . . It is childish, foolish - but very human."
(Knight, 35) As far a Knight is concerned, King Lear's behavior is
incongruous, because he is a king and not a child.
Knight believes that the difference between the comic and the tragic is
that in the case of the former the oncongruities stand out more noticeably,
whereas in the tragic " . . . the dualism of experience is continually
being dissolved in the masterful beauty of passion, merged in the sunset of
emotion." (Knight, 35)
As I look at the ideas of Bradley and Knight, I tend to agree with
Bradley. King Lear is a tragic hero because he is king, he has undergone a
great deal of suffering, and in the end dies, being thrown out of his
kingdom by daughters he believed loved him. I think that the audience
pities King Lear, because he was unable to see that Cordelia, his last
daughter truly loved him, but could not flatter him as his other daughters
could. I believe that this was a pathetic sight and situation, and that
King Lear should be pitied and not laughed at. Knight believes that there
is something comic about King Lear wanting to be flattered, but I do not
agree with him. It is sad that an old king feels so lonely and unloved
that he has to try to create a situation where his daughters would tell him
that they love him to inherit his kingdom.
Which of you shall say doth love us most?
That we our largest bounty may extend
Where nature doth with merit challenge . . .
(Shakespeare 1990, Act I, Scene I, 50-52)
Knight argues that from Lear's madness and Gloucester's suicide that it
appears that what is being communicated is that "Mankind is, as it were,
deliberately and comically tormented by 'the gods'. He is not even allowed
to die tragically." (Knight, 48) In other words, Knight is trying to show
that the tragedy of King Lear is really a comedy of the gods.
I disagree with him, because the action of the play does not involve in
any major way the gods. Had the gods had a play of their own within the
play, then I could have agreed that the tragedy of King Lear was really for
the entertainment of the gods, and therefore a comedy, from their
perspective. However, King Lear remains the main character and the action
is from his perspective. This being the case, I think that the
determination whether the play is a tragedy or a comedy should be viewed
from this perspective.
My conclusion is that King Lear should be viewed as a tragic hero,
because he fulfills all the characteristics that Bradley outlines as
belonging to a tragic hero. On the other hand, the comic aspect of the
play that Knight tries to portray just does not seem real to me. It would
take "the coarse mind lacking sympathy" to see the comic aspect of King
Lear. From the play, King lear is of high estate: he is a king. His
actions cause the tragedy, because it is King Lear that called his
daughters together and had them tell him how much they loved him. It was
King Lear's actions that caused Goneril and Regan to strive to get as much
as they could and therefore to tell their father what he wanted to hear.
Since Cordelia could not flatter her father in the same way as her sisters,
she had the tragedy of her father's wrath. The suffering of a tragic hero
extends beyond himself, and it clearly did with respect to Cordelia, as
well as to Gloucester. Since there has to be a reordering the world within
the tragedy, King Lear must be gotten rid of. The audience sees the king
as an exceptional being in the sense that he is very much like us, except
that his emotions and behavior are intensified. He experiences both
internal and external conflict, and although he strikes us as being
wretched, we never see him as contemptible. Rather we pity him. It is on
these grounds that we consider King Lear a tragic hero.
Reference List
Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy - General Characteristicts
- ideas taken from Bradley's work on Shakespeare's tragedy
Knight, G. Wilson, 1949. The Wheel of Fire. Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Shakespeare, William, 1990. King Lear. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on King's Quest V]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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Magazine Reveiw
Spear, Peter (August, 1992). Kings Quest V: The Sound and the
Fury. PC WORLD. pp 240A-26-27.
Kings Quest V was probably the most advanced game that Sierra On-Line
put out in the last year. Well, now there is a new modified version of
Kings Quest V. It is a CD-ROM based game. It has great sound board
support. In fact, instead on there being words typed on the screen for
dialogue that characters speak, it is put out through which ever speakers
you wish to choose. You will actually hear differant voices. It gets so
involved that they even have ants singing their marching song, birds
chitter-chatter, and falling people screen until they fade away. There is
even a narrator through-out the game. The graphics on this game are very
good, even a little improvement since the last which was great. You will
get to see close-ups of differant people through-out the story. It will
support VGA (Video Graphics Array) or SVGA (Super VGA). It supports a
variety of differant cards, and 99.9% are accepted. I have played the older
version of Kings Quest V but after playing it for such a long time it kind
of gets boring. After reading this article I really am interested in this
game. There are not many games out there that are this sophisticated. This
game requires about 20 MB to run. Some of the larges applications such as
Word Perfect for Windows, EXCEL 4.0 for Windows don't even come close to
that much space required. You have to have a pretty good system and a
pretty large if you are interested in running this game. Critics felt this
had to be a game that you played off of the CD-ROM but it is just
originally on the CD-ROM then you install it onto the hard drive. I
don't think that the article helped me in any way. I was interested in the
game so I think that I might end up buying it. The article was written to
the general public owners of computers. The author wrote the article to
inform us of the new game. I thought the article was pretty good. I would
recommend this to a friend, becuase most of my friends like computers too.

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