mirror of
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
synced 2025-02-23 05:12:24 +01:00
I'm pretty sure this example if missing `/head` on the end, because when I do this it fails: ``` $ git fetch origin refs/pull/70 fatal: Couldn't find remote ref refs/pull/70 fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly ``` Whereas when I do this it works: ``` $ git fetch origin refs/pull/70/head From github.internal:organisation/example-repo * branch refs/pull/70/head -> FETCH_HEAD ```
770 lines
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Markdown
770 lines
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Markdown
# GitHub秘籍
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本秘籍收录了一些Git和Github非常酷同时又少有人知的功能。灵感来自于[Zach Holman](https://github.com/holman)在2012年Aloha Ruby Conference和2013年WDCNZ上所做的演讲:[Git and GitHub Secrets](http://www.confreaks.com/videos/1229-aloharuby2012-git-and-github-secrets)([slides](https://speakerdeck.com/holman/git-and-github-secrets))和[More Git and GitHub Secrets](https://vimeo.com/72955426)([slides](https://speakerdeck.com/holman/more-git-and-github-secrets))。
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*Read this in other languages: [English](README.md), [한국어](README.ko.md), [日本語](README.ja.md), [简体中文](README.zh-cn.md).*
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# 目录
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- [GitHub](#github)
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- [忽略空白字符变化](#%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4tab%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC%E6%95%B0)
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- [调整Tab字符所代表的空格数](#%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4tab%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC%E6%95%B0)
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- [查看某个用户的Commit历史](#%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E6%9F%90%E4%B8%AA%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9A%84commit%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2)
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- [克隆某个仓库](#%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%9F%90%E4%B8%AA%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93)
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- [比较分支](#%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF)
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- [比较不同派生库的分支](#%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%B4%BE%E7%94%9F%E5%BA%93%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF)
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- [Gists](#gists)
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- [Git.io](#gitio)
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- [键盘快捷键](#%E9%94%AE%E7%9B%98%E5%BF%AB%E6%8D%B7%E9%94%AE)
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- [整行高亮](#%E6%95%B4%E8%A1%8C%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%AE)
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- [用commit信息关闭Issue](#%E7%94%A8commit%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%85%B3%E9%97%ADissue)
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- [链接其他仓库的Issue](#%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93%E7%9A%84issue)
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- [设置CI对每条Pull Request都进行构建](#%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AEci%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%8F%E6%9D%A1pull-request%E9%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA)
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- [Markdown文件高亮语法](#markdown%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%AE%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)
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- [表情符](#%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85%E7%AC%A6)
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- [静态与动态图片](#%E9%9D%99%E6%80%81%E4%B8%8E%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87)
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- [在GitHub Wiki中嵌入图片](#%E5%9C%A8github-wiki%E4%B8%AD%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87)
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- [快速引用](#%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8)
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- [快速添加许可证](#%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81)
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- [任务列表](#%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8)
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- [相对链接](#%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5)
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- [GitHub Pages的元数据与插件支持](#github-pages%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8E%E6%8F%92%E4%BB%B6%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81)
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- [查看YAML格式的元数据](#%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8Byaml%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE)
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- [渲染表格数据](#%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE)
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- [Diffs](#diffs)
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- [可渲染文档的Diffs](#%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E7%9A%84diffs)
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- [可变化地图](#%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE)
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- [在diff中折叠与扩展代码](#%E5%9C%A8diff%E4%B8%AD%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%8E%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81)
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- [查看Pull Request的diff和patch](#%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8Bpull-request%E7%9A%84diff%E5%92%8Cpatch)
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- [Hub](#hub)
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- [贡献内容的自动检查](#%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5)
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- [贡献者指南](#%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE%E8%80%85%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97)
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- [GitHub资源](#github%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90)
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- [GitHub讨论](#github%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA)
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- [Git](#git)
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- [前一个分支](#%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF)
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- [Stripspace命令](#stripspace%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4)
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- [检出Pull Requests](#%E6%A3%80%E5%87%BApull-requests)
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- [提交空改动 :trollface:](#%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%A4%E7%A9%BA%E6%94%B9%E5%8A%A8-trollface)
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- [更直观的Git Status](#%E6%9B%B4%E7%9B%B4%E8%A7%82%E7%9A%84git-status)
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- [更直观的Git Log](#%E6%9B%B4%E7%9B%B4%E8%A7%82%E7%9A%84git-log)
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- [Git查询](#git%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2)
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- [合并分支](#%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF)
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- [使用网页查看本地仓库](#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93)
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- [Git配置](#git%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE)
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- [Git命令自定义别名](#git%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E5%88%AB%E5%90%8D)
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- [自动更正](#%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%9B%B4%E6%AD%A3)
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- [带颜色输出](#%E5%B8%A6%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA)
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- [Git资源](#git%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90)
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- [Git参考书籍](#git%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D)
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## GitHub
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### 忽略空白字符变化
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在任意diff页面的URL后加上`?w=1`,可以去掉那些只是空白字符的变化,使你能更专注于代码的变化。
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
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[*详见 GitHub secrets.*](https://github.com/blog/967-github-secrets)
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### 调整Tab字符所代表的空格数
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在diff或者file页面的URL后面加上`?ts=4`,这样当显示tab字符的长度时就会是4个空格的长度,不再是默认的8个空格。`ts`后面的数字还可以根据你个人的偏好进行修改。不过,这个小诀窍在Gists页面和raw file页面不起作用。
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下面是我们在Go语言的source file页面URL后加`?ts=4`[前](https://github.com/pengwynn/flint/blob/master/flint/flint.go)的例子:
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
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然后是我们添加`?ts=4`[后](https://github.com/pengwynn/flint/blob/master/flint/flint.go?ts=4)的例子:
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
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### 查看某个用户的Commit历史
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查看某个用户的所有提交历史,只需在commits页面URL后加上`?author=username`。
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```
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https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master?author=dhh
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```
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
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[*深入了解提交视图之间的区别*](https://help.github.com/articles/differences-between-commit-views)
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### 克隆某个仓库
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当我们克隆某一资源时,可以不要那个`.git`后缀。
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```bash
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$ git clone https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet
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```
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[*更多对 Git `clone` 命令的介绍.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-clone)
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### 比较分支
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如果我们想要比较两个分支,可以像下面一样修改URL:
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```
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https://github.com/user/repo/compare/{range}
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```
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其中`{range} = master...4-1-stable`
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例如:
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```
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https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable
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```
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
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`{range}`还可以使用下面的形式:
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```
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https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{1.day.ago}...master
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https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{2014-10-04}...master
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```
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*日期格式 `YYYY-DD-MM`*
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
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...这样你就能查看master分支上一段时间或者指定日期内的改动。
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[*了解更多关于比较跨时间段的提交记录.*](https://help.github.com/articles/comparing-commits-across-time)
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### 比较不同派生库的分支
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想要对派生仓库(Forked Repository)之间的分支进行比较,可以像下面这样修改URL实现:
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```
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https://github.com/user/repo/compare/{foreign-user}:{branch}...{own-branch}
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```
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例如:
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```
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https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/byroot:master...master
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```
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
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### Gists
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[Gists](https://gist.github.com/) 给我们提供了一种不需要创建一个完整的仓库,使小段代码也可以工作的简单方式。
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
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Gist的URL后加上`.pibb`,可以得到更适合嵌入到其他网站的HTML版本。
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Gists还可以像任何标准仓库一样被克隆。
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```bash
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$ git clone https://gist.github.com/tiimgreen/10545817
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```
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
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[*进一步了解如何创建 gists.*](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-gists)
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### Git.io
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[Git.io](http://git.io)是Github的短网址服务。
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
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你可以通过Curl命令以普通HTTP协议使用它:
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```bash
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$ curl -i http://git.io -F "url=https://github.com/..."
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HTTP/1.1 201 Created
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Location: http://git.io/abc123
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$ curl -i http://git.io/abc123
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HTTP/1.1 302 Found
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Location: https://github.com/...
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```
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[*进一步了解 Git.io.*](https://github.com/blog/985-git-io-github-url-shortener)
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### 键盘快捷键
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在仓库主页上提供了快捷键方便快速导航。
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- 按 `t` 键会打开一个文件浏览器。
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- 按 `w` 键会打开分支选择菜单。
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- 按 `s` 键会激活顶端的命令栏 (Command Bar)。
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- 按 `l` 键编辑Issue列表页的标签。
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- **查看文件内容时**(如:`https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/blob/master/README.md`),按 `y` 键将会冻结这个页面,这样就算代码被修改了也不会影响你当前看到的。
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按`?`查看当前页面支持的快捷键列表:
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
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[*进一步了解如何使用 Command Bar.*](https://help.github.com/articles/using-the-command-bar)
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### 整行高亮
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在代码文件地址后加上`#L52`或者单击行号52都会将第52行代码高亮显示。
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多行高亮也可以,比如用`#L53-L60`选择范围,或者按住 `shift`键,然后再点击选择的两行。
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```
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https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb#L53-L60
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```
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
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### 用commit信息关闭Issue
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如果某个提交修复了一个Issue,当提交到master分支时,提交信息里可以使用`fix/fixes/fixed`, `close/closes/closed` 或者 `resolve/resolves/resolved`等关键词,后面再跟上Issue号,这样就会关闭这个Issue。
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```bash
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$ git commit -m "Fix screwup, fixes #12"
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```
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这将会关闭Issue #12,并且在Issue讨论列表里关联引用这次提交。
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
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[*进一步了解通过提交信息关闭Issue.*](https://help.github.com/articles/closing-issues-via-commit-messages)
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### 链接其他仓库的Issue
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如果你想引用到同一个仓库中的一个Issue,只需使用井号 `#` 加上Issue号,这样就会自动创建到此Issue的链接。
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要链接到其他仓库的Issue,就使用`user_name/repo_name#ISSUE_NUMBER`的方式,例如`tiimgreen/toc#12`。
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
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### 设置CI对每条Pull Request都进行构建
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如果配置正确,[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/)会为每个你收到的Pull Request执行构建,就像每次提交也会触发构建一样。想了解更多关于Travis CI的信息,请看 [Travis CI入门](http://docs.travis-ci.com/user/getting-started/)。
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[](https://github.com/octokit/octokit.rb/pull/452)
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[*进一步了解 Commit status API.*](https://github.com/blog/1227-commit-status-api)
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### Markdown文件高亮语法
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例如,可以像下面这样在你的Markdown文件里为Ruby代码添加语法高亮:
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```ruby
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require 'tabbit'
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table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
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table.add_row('Tim Green', 'tiimgreen@gmail.com')
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puts table.to_s
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```
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效果像下面这样:
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```ruby
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require 'tabbit'
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table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
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table.add_row('Tim Green', 'tiimgreen@gmail.com')
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puts table.to_s
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```
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|
||
Github使用 [Linguist](https://github.com/github/linguist) 做语言识别和语法高亮。你可以仔细阅读 [languages YAML file](https://github.com/github/linguist/blob/master/lib/linguist/languages.yml),了解有哪些可用的关键字。
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 GitHub Flavored Markdown.*](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown)
|
||
|
||
### 表情符
|
||
|
||
可以在Pull Requests, Issues, 提交消息, Markdown文件里加入表情符。使用方法`:name_of_emoji:`
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
:smile:
|
||
```
|
||
将输出一个笑脸:
|
||
|
||
:smile:
|
||
|
||
Github支持的完整表情符号列表详见[emoji-cheat-sheet.com](http://www.emoji-cheat-sheet.com/) 或 [scotch-io/All-Github-Emoji-Icons](https://github.com/scotch-io/All-Github-Emoji-Icons)。
|
||
|
||
Github上使用最多的5个表情符号是:
|
||
|
||
1. :shipit: - `:shipit:`
|
||
2. :sparkles: - `:sparkles:`
|
||
3. :-1: - `:-1:`
|
||
4. :+1: - `:+1:`
|
||
5. :clap: - `:clap:`
|
||
|
||
### 静态与动态图片
|
||
注释和README等文件里也可以使用图片和GIF动画:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||

|
||
```
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
所有图片都缓存在Gitub,不用担心你的站点不能访问时就看不到图片了。
|
||
|
||
#### 在GitHub Wiki中嵌入图片
|
||
有多种方法可以在Wiki页面里嵌入图片。既可以像上一条里那样使用标准的Markdown语法,也可以像下面这样指定图片的高度或宽度:
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
[[ http://www.sheawong.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/keephatin.gif | height = 100px ]]
|
||
```
|
||
结果:
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
### 快速引用
|
||
在注释话题里引用之前某个人所说的,只需选中文本,然后按 `r`键,想要的就会以引用的形式复制到你的输入框里。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解快速引用.*](https://github.com/blog/1399-quick-quotes)
|
||
|
||
### 快速添加许可证
|
||
创建一个仓库时,Github会为你提供一个预置的软件许可列表:
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
对于已有的仓库,可以通过web界面创建文件来添加软件许可。输入`LICENSE`作为文件名后,同样可以从预置的列表中选择一个作为模板。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
这个技巧也适用于 `.gitignore` 文件。
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 open source licensing.*](https://help.github.com/articles/open-source-licensing)
|
||
|
||
### 任务列表
|
||
Issues和Pull requests里可以添加复选框,语法如下(注意空白符):
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
- [ ] Be awesome
|
||
- [ ] Prepare dinner
|
||
- [ ] Research recipe
|
||
- [ ] Buy ingredients
|
||
- [ ] Cook recipe
|
||
- [ ] Sleep
|
||
```
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
当项目被选中时,它对应的Markdown源码也被更新了:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
- [x] Be awesome
|
||
- [ ] Prepare dinner
|
||
- [x] Research recipe
|
||
- [x] Buy ingredients
|
||
- [ ] Cook recipe
|
||
- [ ] Sleep
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解任务列表.*](https://help.github.com/articles/writing-on-github#task-lists)
|
||
|
||
### 相对链接
|
||
Markdown文件里链接到内部内容时推荐使用相对链接。
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
[Link to a header](#awesome-section)
|
||
[Link to a file](docs/readme)
|
||
```
|
||
绝对链接会在URL改变时(例如重命名仓库、用户名改变,建立分支项目)被更新。使用相对链接能够保证你的文档不受此影响。
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解相对链接.*](https://help.github.com/articles/relative-links-in-readmes)
|
||
|
||
### GitHub Pages的元数据与插件支持
|
||
在Jekyll页面和文章里,仓库信息可在 `site.github` 命名空间下找到,也可以显示出来,例如,使用 `{{ site.github.project_title }}`显示项目标题。
|
||
|
||
Jemoji和jekyll-mentions插件为你的Jekyll文章和页面增加了[emoji](#emojis)和[@mentions](https://github.com/blog/821)功能。
|
||
|
||
[*了解更多 GitHub Pages的元数据和插件支持.*](https://github.com/blog/1797-repository-metadata-and-plugin-support-for-github-pages)
|
||
|
||
### 查看YAML格式的元数据
|
||
许多博客站点,比如基于[Jekyll](http://jekyllrb.com/)的[GitHub Pages](http://pages.github.com/),都依赖于一些文章头部的YAML格式的元数据。Github会将其渲染成一个水平表格,方便阅读。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 在文档里查看YAML元数据.*](https://github.com/blog/1647-viewing-yaml-metadata-in-your-documents)
|
||
|
||
### 渲染表格数据
|
||
|
||
GitHub支持将 `.csv` (comma分隔)和`.tsv` (tab分隔)格式的文件渲染成表格数据。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解渲染表格数据.*](https://github.com/blog/1601-see-your-csvs)
|
||
|
||
### Diffs
|
||
#### 可渲染文档的Diffs
|
||
|
||
提交和Pull Requests里包含有Github支持的可渲染文档(比如Markdown)会提供*source* 和 *rendered* 两个视图功能。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
点击 "rendered" 按钮,看看改动在渲染后的显示效果。当你添加、删除或修改文本时,渲染纯文本视图非常方便。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解渲染纯文本视图Diffs.*](https://github.com/blog/1784-rendered-prose-diffs)
|
||
|
||
#### 可变化地图
|
||
当你在GitHub上查看一个包含地理数据的提交或pull request时,Github可以显示数据变动的视觉表示。
|
||
|
||
[](https://github.com/benbalter/congressional-districts/commit/2233c76ca5bb059582d796f053775d8859198ec5)
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解可比较地图.*](https://github.com/blog/1772-diffable-more-customizable-maps)
|
||
|
||
#### 在diff中折叠与扩展代码
|
||
你可以通过点击diff边栏里的 *unfold* 按钮来多显示几行上下文。你可以一直点击 *unfold* 按钮直到显示了文件的全部内容。这个功能在所有GitHub产生的diff界面都可以使用。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解扩展Diff上下文.*](https://github.com/blog/1705-expanding-context-in-diffs)
|
||
|
||
#### 查看Pull Request的diff和patch
|
||
在Pull Request的URL后面加上 `.diff` 或 `.patch` 的扩展名就可以得到它的diff或patch文件,例如:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15
|
||
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15.diff
|
||
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15.patch
|
||
```
|
||
`.diff` 扩展会使用普通文本格式显示如下内容:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
|
||
index 88fcf69..8614873 100644
|
||
--- a/README.md
|
||
+++ b/README.md
|
||
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ All the hidden and not hidden features of Git and GitHub. This cheat sheet was i
|
||
- [Merged Branches](#merged-branches)
|
||
- [Quick Licensing](#quick-licensing)
|
||
- [TODO Lists](#todo-lists)
|
||
+- [Relative Links](#relative-links)
|
||
- [.gitconfig Recommendations](#gitconfig-recommendations)
|
||
- [Aliases](#aliases)
|
||
- [Auto-correct](#auto-correct)
|
||
@@ -381,6 +382,19 @@ When they are clicked, they will be updated in the pure Markdown:
|
||
- [ ] Sleep
|
||
|
||
(...)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Hub
|
||
[Hub](https://github.com/github/hub)是一个对Git进行了封装的命令行工具,可以帮助你更方便的使用Github。
|
||
|
||
这使得你可以像下面这样进行克隆:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ hub clone tiimgreen/toc
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[*查看更多Hub提供的超酷命令.*](https://github.com/github/hub#commands)
|
||
|
||
### 贡献内容的自动检查
|
||
假设你想人们使用你的项目并给你的项目做出贡献,你往往需要回答他们常见问题。这个项目是干什么用的?我如何使用它?允许我怎样使用?我如何为项目出力?我怎样配置开发环境?我怎么能保证新功能不会破坏已有的功能?
|
||
|
||
[Friction](https://github.com/rafalchmiel/friction)是一个命令行脚本,用来检查你的项目是否[回答了这些问题](https://github.com/rafalchmiel/friction/wiki)。下面是示例输出:
|
||
|
||
[](https://github.com/rafalchmiel/friction)
|
||
|
||
*Friction 支持 MRI 2.1.0, MRI 2.0.0 和 MRI 1.9.3.*
|
||
|
||
### 贡献者指南
|
||
|
||
在你的仓库的根目录添加一个名为 `CONTRIBUTING` 的文件后,贡献者在新建Issue或Pull Request时会看到这个文件的链接。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解贡献者指南.*](https://github.com/blog/1184-contributing-guidelines)
|
||
|
||
### GitHub资源
|
||
| Title | Link |
|
||
| ----- | ---- |
|
||
| GitHub Explore | https://github.com/explore |
|
||
| GitHub Blog | https://github.com/blog |
|
||
| GitHub Help | https://help.github.com/ |
|
||
| GitHub Training | http://training.github.com/ |
|
||
| GitHub Developer | https://developer.github.com/ |
|
||
|
||
#### GitHub讨论
|
||
| Title | Link |
|
||
| ----- | ---- |
|
||
| How GitHub Uses GitHub to Build GitHub | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyz3jkOBbQY |
|
||
| Introduction to Git with Scott Chacon of GitHub | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDR433b0HJY |
|
||
| How GitHub No Longer Works | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXD1ITW7iZI |
|
||
| Git and GitHub Secrets | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Foz9yvMkvlA |
|
||
| More Git and GitHub Secrets | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p50xsL-iVgU |
|
||
|
||
## Git
|
||
### 前一个分支
|
||
快速检出上一个分支:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git checkout -
|
||
# Switched to branch 'master'
|
||
|
||
$ git checkout -
|
||
# Switched to branch 'next'
|
||
|
||
$ git checkout -
|
||
# Switched to branch 'master'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git 分支.*](http://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging)
|
||
|
||
### Stripspace命令
|
||
|
||
Git Stripspace命令可以:
|
||
|
||
- 去掉行尾空白符
|
||
- 多个空行压缩成一行
|
||
- 必要时在文件末尾增加一个空行
|
||
|
||
使用此命令时必须传入一个文件,像这样:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git stripspace < README.md
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git `stripspace` 命令.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-stripspace)
|
||
|
||
### 检出Pull Requests
|
||
Pull Request是一种GitHub上可以通过以下多种方式在本地被检索的特别分支:
|
||
|
||
检索某个分支并临时储存在本地的`FETCH_HEAD`中以便快速查看更改(diff)以及合并(merge):
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git fetch origin refs/pull/[PR-Number]/head
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
通过refspec获取所有的Pull Request为本地分支:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git fetch origin '+refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
或在仓库的`.git/config`中加入下列设置来自动获取远程仓库中的Pull Request
|
||
```
|
||
[remote "origin"]
|
||
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
|
||
url = git@github.com:tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[remote "origin"]
|
||
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
|
||
url = git@github.com:tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
|
||
fetch = +refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
对基于派生库的Pull Request,可以通过先`checkout`代表此Pull Request的远端分支再由此分支建立一个本地分支:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git checkout pr/42 pr-42
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解如何检出pull request到本地.*](https://help.github.com/articles/checking-out-pull-requests-locally)
|
||
|
||
### 提交空改动 :trollface:
|
||
可以使用`--allow-empty`选项强制创建一个没有任何改动的提交:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git commit -m "Big-ass commit" --allow-empty
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这样做在如下几种情况下是有意义的:
|
||
|
||
- 标记一批工作或一个新功能的开始。
|
||
- 记录你对项目进行了跟代码无关的改动。
|
||
- 跟使用你仓库的其他人交流。
|
||
- 作为仓库的第一次提交,因为第一次提交日后是不能被rebase的: `git commit -m "init repo" --allow-empty`.
|
||
|
||
### 更直观的Git Status
|
||
在命令行输入如下命令:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git status
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
可以看到:
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
加上`-sb`选项:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git status -sb
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这回得到:
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git `status` 命令.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-status)
|
||
|
||
### 更直观的Git Log
|
||
输入如下命令:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git log --all --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --date=relative
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
可以看到:
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
这要归功于[Palesz](http://stackoverflow.com/users/88355/palesz)在stackoverflow的回答。
|
||
|
||
*这个命令可以被用作别名,详细做法见[这里](https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet#aliases)。*
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git `log` 命令.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-log)
|
||
|
||
### Git查询
|
||
Git查询运行你在之前的所有提交信息里进行搜索,找到其中和搜索条件相匹配的最近的一条。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git show :/query
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这里 `query` (区别大小写)是你想要搜索的词语, 这条命令会找到包含这个词语的最后那个提交并显示变动详情。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git show :/typo
|
||
```
|
||

|
||
|
||
* 按 `q` 键退出命令。*
|
||
|
||
### 合并分支
|
||
输入命令:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git branch --merged
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这会显示所有已经合并到你当前分支的分支列表。
|
||
|
||
相反地:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git branch --no-merged
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
会显示所有还没有合并到你当前分支的分支列表。
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git `branch` 命令.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-branch)
|
||
|
||
### 使用网页查看本地仓库
|
||
使用Git的 `instaweb` 可以立即在 `gitweb`中浏览你的工作仓库。这个命令是个简单的脚步,配置了`gitweb`和用来浏览本地仓库的Web服务器。*(译者注:默认需要lighttpd支持)*
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git instaweb
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
执行后打开:
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git `instaweb` 命令.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-instaweb)
|
||
|
||
### Git配置
|
||
所有Git配置都保存在你的`.gitconfig` 文件中。
|
||
|
||
#### Git命令自定义别名
|
||
别名用来帮助你定义自己的git命令。比如你可以定义 `git a` 来运行 `git add --all`。
|
||
|
||
要添加一个别名, 一种方法是打开 `~/.gitconfig` 文件并添加如下内容:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[alias]
|
||
co = checkout
|
||
cm = commit
|
||
p = push
|
||
# Show verbose output about tags, branches or remotes
|
||
tags = tag -l
|
||
branches = branch -a
|
||
remotes = remote -v
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
...或者在命令行里键入:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git config --global alias.new_alias git_function
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
例如:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git config --global alias.cm commit
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
指向多个命令的别名可以用引号来定义:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git config --global alias.ac 'add -A . && commit'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
下面列出了一些有用的别名:
|
||
|
||
| 别名 Alias | 命令 Command | 如何设置 What to Type |
|
||
| --- | --- | --- |
|
||
| `git cm` | `git commit` | `git config --global alias.cm commit` |
|
||
| `git co` | `git checkout` | `git config --global alias.co checkout` |
|
||
| `git ac` | `git add . -A` `git commit` | `git config --global alias.ac '!git add -A && git commit'` |
|
||
| `git st` | `git status -sb` | `git config --global alias.st 'status -sb'` |
|
||
| `git tags` | `git tag -l` | `git config --global alias.tags 'tag -l'` |
|
||
| `git branches` | `git branch -a` | `git config --global alias.branches 'branch -a'` |
|
||
| `git remotes` | `git remote -v` | `git config --global alias.remotes 'remote -v'` |
|
||
| `git lg` | `git log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --` | `git config --global alias.lg "log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --"` |
|
||
|
||
#### 自动更正
|
||
如果键入 `git comit` 你会看到如下输出:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git comit -m "Message"
|
||
# git: 'comit' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
|
||
|
||
# Did you mean this?
|
||
# commit
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
为了在键入 `comit` 调用 `commit`命令,只需启用自动纠错功能:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git config --global help.autocorrect 1
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
现在你就会看到:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git comit -m "Message"
|
||
# WARNING: You called a Git command named 'comit', which does not exist.
|
||
# Continuing under the assumption that you meant 'commit'
|
||
# in 0.1 seconds automatically...
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
#### 带颜色输出
|
||
要在你的Git命令输出里加上颜色的话,可以用如下命令:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ git config --global color.ui 1
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[*进一步了解 Git `config` 命令.*](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config)
|
||
|
||
### Git资源
|
||
| Title | Link |
|
||
| ----- | ---- |
|
||
| Official Git Site | http://git-scm.com/ |
|
||
| Official Git Video Tutorials | http://git-scm.com/videos |
|
||
| Code School Try Git | http://try.github.com/ |
|
||
| Introductory Reference & Tutorial for Git | http://gitref.org/ |
|
||
| Official Git Tutorial | http://git-scm.com/docs/gittutorial |
|
||
| Everyday Git | http://git-scm.com/docs/everyday |
|
||
| Git Immersion | http://gitimmersion.com/ |
|
||
| Ry's Git Tutorial | http://rypress.com/tutorials/git/index.html |
|
||
| Git for Designer | http://hoth.entp.com/output/git_for_designers.html |
|
||
| Git for Computer Scientists | http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/ |
|
||
| Git Magic | http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/ |
|
||
|
||
#### Git参考书籍
|
||
| Title | Link |
|
||
| ----- | ---- |
|
||
| Pragmatic Version Control Using Git | http://www.pragprog.com/titles/tsgit/pragmatic-version-control-using-git |
|
||
| Pro Git | http://git-scm.com/book |
|
||
| Git Internals Peepcode | http://peepcode.com/products/git-internals-pdf |
|
||
| Git in the Trenches | http://cbx33.github.com/gitt/ |
|
||
| Version Control with Git | http://www.amazon.com/Version-Control-Git-collaborative-development/dp/1449316387 |
|
||
| Pragmatic Guide to Git | http://www.pragprog.com/titles/pg_git/pragmatic-guide-to-git |
|
||
| Git: Version Control for Everyone | http://www.packtpub.com/git-version-control-for-everyone/book |
|