Update to v099 release.

byuu says:

Time for a new release. There are a few important emulation improvements
and a few new features; but for the most part, this release focuses on
major code refactoring, the details of which I will mostly spare you.

The major change is that, as of v099, the SNES balanced and performance
cores have been removed from higan. Basically, in addition to my five
other emulation cores, these were too much of a burden to maintain. And
they've come along as far as I was able to develop them. If you need to
use these cores, please use these two from the v098 release.

I'm very well aware that ~80% of the people using higan for SNES
emulation were using the two removed profiles. But they simply had
to go. Hopefully in the future, we can compensate for their loss by
increasing the performance of the accuracy core.

Changelog (since v098):

SFC: balanced profile removed
SFC: performance profile removed
SFC: expansion port devices can now be changed during gameplay (atlhough
    you shouldn't)
SFC: fixed bug in SharpRTC leap year calculations
SFC: emulated new research findings for the S-DD1 coprocessor
SFC: fixed CPU emulation-mode wrapping bug with pei, [dp], [dp]+y
    instructions [AWJ]
SFC: fixed Super Game Boy bug that caused the bottom tile-row to flicker
    in games
GB: added MBC1M (multi-cart) mapper; icarus can't detect these so manual
    manifests are needed for now
GB: corrected return value when HuC3 unmapped RAM is read; fixes Robopon
    [endrift]
GB: improved STAT IRQ emulation; fixes Altered Space, etc [endrift,
    gekkio]
GB: partial emulation of DMG STAT write IRQ bug; fixes Legend of Zerd,
    Road Rash, etc
nall: execute() fix, for some Linux platforms that had trouble detecting
    icarus
nall: new BitField class; which allows for simplifying flag/register
    emulation in various cores
ruby: added Windows WASAPI audio driver (experimental)
ruby: remove attempts to call glSwapIntervalEXT (fixes crashing on some
    Linux systems)
ui: timing settings panel removed
video: restored saturation, gamma, luminance settings
video: added new post-emulation sprite system; light gun cursors are
    now higher-resolution
audio: new resampler (6th-order Butterworth biquad IIR); quite a bit
    faster than the old one
audio: added optional basic reverb filter (for fun)
higan: refresh video outside cooperative threads (workaround for shoddy
    code in AMD graphics drivers)
higan: individual emulation cores no longer have unique names
higan: really substantial code refactoring; 43% reduction in binary size

Off the bat, here are the known bugs:

hiro/Windows: focus stealing bug on startup. Needs to be fixed in hiro,
    not with a cheap hack to tomoko.

higan/SFC: some of the coprocessors are saving some volatile memory to
    disk. Completely harmless, but still needs to be fixed.

ruby/WASAPI: some sound cards have a lot of issues with the current driver
    (eg FitzRoy's). We need to find a clean way to fix this before it
    can be made the default driver. Which would be a huge win because
    the latency improvements are substantial, and in exclusive mode,
    WASAPI allows G-sync to work very well.

[From the v099 WIP thread, here's the changelog since v098r19:

- GB: don't force mode 1 during force-blank; fixes v098r16 regression
  with many Game Boy games
- GB: only perform the STAT write IRQ bug during vblank, not hblank
  (still not hardware accurate, though)

-Ed.]

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+higan/profile/WonderSwan.sys/internal.ram
+higan/profile/WonderSwan Color.sys/internal.ram

higan/GNUmakefile

@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
 include ../nall/GNUmakefile
 
-fc  := fc
-sfc := sfc
-gb  := gb
-gba := gba
-
-profile := accuracy
 target := tomoko
+# target := loki
 # console := true
 
 flags += -I. -I.. -O3
-objects := libco
+objects := libco audio video resource
 
 # profile-guided optimization mode
 # pgo := instrument
@@ -58,6 +53,11 @@ compile = \
 
 all: build;
 
+obj/libco.o: ../libco/libco.c $(call rwildcard,../libco/)
+obj/audio.o: audio/audio.cpp $(call rwildcard,audio/)
+obj/video.o: video/video.cpp $(call rwildcard,video/)
+obj/resource.o: resource/resource.cpp $(call rwildcard,resource/)
+
 ui := target-$(target)
 include $(ui)/GNUmakefile
 

higan/audio/audio.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#include <emulator/emulator.hpp>
+
+namespace Emulator {
+
+#include "stream.cpp"
+Audio audio;
+
+auto Audio::reset(maybe<uint> channels_, maybe<double> frequency_) -> void {
+  if(channels_) channels = channels_();
+  if(frequency_) frequency = frequency_();
+
+  streams.reset();
+  reverb.reset();
+
+  reverb.resize(channels);
+  for(auto c : range(channels)) {
+    reverb[c].resize(7);
+    reverb[c][0].resize(1229);
+    reverb[c][1].resize(1559);
+    reverb[c][2].resize(1907);
+    reverb[c][3].resize(4057);
+    reverb[c][4].resize(8117);
+    reverb[c][5].resize(8311);
+    reverb[c][6].resize(9931);
+  }
+}
+
+auto Audio::setInterface(Interface* interface) -> void {
+  this->interface = interface;
+}
+
+auto Audio::setVolume(double volume) -> void {
+  this->volume = volume;
+}
+
+auto Audio::setBalance(double balance) -> void {
+  this->balance = balance;
+}
+
+auto Audio::setReverb(bool enabled) -> void {
+  this->reverbEnable = enabled;
+}
+
+auto Audio::createStream(uint channels, double frequency) -> shared_pointer<Stream> {
+  shared_pointer<Stream> stream = new Stream;
+  stream->reset(channels, frequency, this->frequency);
+  streams.append(stream);
+  return stream;
+}
+
+auto Audio::process() -> void {
+  while(true) {
+    for(auto& stream : streams) {
+      if(!stream->pending()) return;
+    }
+
+    double samples[channels] = {0};
+    for(auto& stream : streams) {
+      double buffer[16];
+      uint length = stream->read(buffer), offset = 0;
+
+      for(auto c : range(channels)) {
+        samples[c] += buffer[offset];
+        if(++offset >= length) offset = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    for(auto c : range(channels)) {
+      samples[c] /= streams.size();
+
+      if(reverbEnable) {
+        samples[c] *= 0.125;
+        for(auto n : range(7)) samples[c] += 0.125 * reverb[c][n].last();
+        for(auto n : range(7)) reverb[c][n].write(samples[c]);
+        samples[c] *= 8.000;
+      }
+
+      samples[c] *= volume;
+    }
+
+    if(channels == 2) {
+      if(balance < 0.0) samples[1] *= 1.0 + balance;
+      if(balance > 0.0) samples[0] *= 1.0 - balance;
+    }
+
+    interface->audioSample(samples, channels);
+  }
+}
+
+}

higan/audio/audio.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nall/dsp/iir/biquad.hpp>
+#include <nall/dsp/resampler/cubic.hpp>
+
+namespace Emulator {
+
+struct Interface;
+struct Audio;
+struct Stream;
+
+struct Audio {
+  auto reset(maybe<uint> channels = nothing, maybe<double> frequency = nothing) -> void;
+  auto setInterface(Interface*) -> void;
+
+  auto setVolume(double volume) -> void;
+  auto setBalance(double balance) -> void;
+  auto setReverb(bool enabled) -> void;
+
+  auto createStream(uint channels, double frequency) -> shared_pointer<Stream>;
+
+private:
+  auto process() -> void;
+
+  Interface* interface = nullptr;
+  vector<shared_pointer<Stream>> streams;
+
+  uint channels = 0;
+  double frequency = 0.0;
+
+  double volume = 1.0;
+  double balance = 0.0;
+
+  bool reverbEnable = false;
+  vector<vector<queue<double>>> reverb;
+
+  friend class Stream;
+};
+
+struct Stream {
+  auto reset(uint channels, double inputFrequency, double outputFrequency) -> void;
+
+  auto pending() const -> bool;
+  auto read(double* samples) -> uint;
+  auto write(const double* samples) -> void;
+
+  template<typename... P> auto sample(P&&... p) -> void {
+    double samples[sizeof...(P)] = {forward<P>(p)...};
+    write(samples);
+  }
+
+private:
+  const uint order = 6;  //Nth-order filter (must be an even number)
+  struct Channel {
+    vector<DSP::IIR::Biquad> iir;
+    DSP::Resampler::Cubic resampler;
+  };
+  vector<Channel> channels;
+
+  friend class Audio;
+};
+
+extern Audio audio;
+
+}

higan/audio/stream.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+auto Stream::reset(uint channels_, double inputFrequency, double outputFrequency) -> void {
+  channels.reset();
+  channels.resize(channels_);
+
+  for(auto& channel : channels) {
+    if(outputFrequency / inputFrequency <= 0.5) {
+      channel.iir.resize(order / 2);
+      for(auto phase : range(order / 2)) {
+        double q = DSP::IIR::Biquad::butterworth(order, phase);
+        channel.iir[phase].reset(DSP::IIR::Biquad::Type::LowPass, 20000.0 / inputFrequency, q);
+      }
+    }
+
+    channel.resampler.reset(inputFrequency, outputFrequency);
+  }
+}
+
+auto Stream::pending() const -> bool {
+  return channels && channels[0].resampler.pending();
+}
+
+auto Stream::read(double* samples) -> uint {
+  for(auto c : range(channels)) samples[c] = channels[c].resampler.read();
+  return channels.size();
+}
+
+auto Stream::write(const double* samples) -> void {
+  for(auto c : range(channels)) {
+    double sample = samples[c] + 1e-25;  //constant offset used to suppress denormals
+    for(auto& iir : channels[c].iir) sample = iir.process(sample);
+    channels[c].resampler.write(sample);
+  }
+
+  audio.process();
+}

higan/data/higan.desktop

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=higan
-Comment=Nintendo emulator
+Comment=Emulator
 Exec=higan
 Icon=higan
 Terminal=false

higan/data/higan.plist

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>
   <string>higan.icns</string>
   <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>
-  <true/>
+  <false/>
   <key>NSSupportsAutomaticGraphicsSwitching</key>
   <true/>
 </dict>

higan/emulator/emulator.hpp

@@ -1,23 +1,18 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <nall/nall.hpp>
-#include <nall/dsp.hpp>
 using namespace nall;
 
+#include <audio/audio.hpp>
+#include <video/video.hpp>
+#include <resource/resource.hpp>
+
 namespace Emulator {
   static const string Name = "higan";
-  static const string Version = "097";
+  static const string Version = "099";
   static const string Author = "byuu";
   static const string License = "GPLv3";
   static const string Website = "http://byuu.org/";
-
-  #if defined(PROFILE_ACCURACY)
-  static const string Profile = "Accuracy";
-  #elif defined(PROFILE_BALANCED)
-  static const string Profile = "Balanced";
-  #elif defined(PROFILE_PERFORMANCE)
-  static const string Profile = "Performance";
-  #endif
 }
 
 #include "interface.hpp"
@@ -52,5 +47,3 @@ template<typename R, typename... P> struct hook<auto (P...) -> R> {
 #else
   #define privileged private
 #endif
-
-using varuint = varuint_t<uint>;

higan/emulator/interface.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace Emulator {
 
 struct Interface {
   struct Information {
+    string manufacturer;
     string name;
     uint width;
     uint height;
@@ -16,13 +17,13 @@ struct Interface {
     } capability;
   } information;
 
-  struct Media {
+  struct Medium {
     uint id;
     string name;
     string type;
     bool bootable;  //false for cartridge slots (eg Sufami Turbo cartridges)
   };
-  vector<Media> media;
+  vector<Medium> media;
 
   struct Device {
     uint id;
@@ -34,23 +35,22 @@ struct Interface {
       string name;
       uintptr guid;  //user data field
     };
-    vector<Input> input;
-    vector<uint> order;
+    vector<Input> inputs;
   };
 
   struct Port {
     uint id;
     string name;
-    vector<Device> device;
+    vector<Device> devices;
   };
-  vector<Port> port;
+  vector<Port> ports;
 
   struct Bind {
     virtual auto loadRequest(uint, string, string, bool) -> void {}
     virtual auto loadRequest(uint, string, bool) -> void {}
     virtual auto saveRequest(uint, string) -> void {}
     virtual auto videoRefresh(const uint32*, uint, uint, uint) -> void {}
-    virtual auto audioSample(int16, int16) -> void {}
+    virtual auto audioSample(const double*, uint) -> void {}
     virtual auto inputPoll(uint, uint, uint) -> int16 { return 0; }
     virtual auto inputRumble(uint, uint, uint, bool) -> void {}
     virtual auto dipSettings(const Markup::Node&) -> uint { return 0; }
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ struct Interface {
   auto loadRequest(uint id, string path, bool required) -> void { return bind->loadRequest(id, path, required); }
   auto saveRequest(uint id, string path) -> void { return bind->saveRequest(id, path); }
   auto videoRefresh(const uint32* data, uint pitch, uint width, uint height) -> void { return bind->videoRefresh(data, pitch, width, height); }
-  auto audioSample(int16 lsample, int16 rsample) -> void { return bind->audioSample(lsample, rsample); }
+  auto audioSample(const double* samples, uint channels) -> void { return bind->audioSample(samples, channels); }
   auto inputPoll(uint port, uint device, uint input) -> int16 { return bind->inputPoll(port, device, input); }
   auto inputRumble(uint port, uint device, uint input, bool enable) -> void { return bind->inputRumble(port, device, input, enable); }
   auto dipSettings(const Markup::Node& node) -> uint { return bind->dipSettings(node); }
@@ -74,7 +74,13 @@ struct Interface {
   //information
   virtual auto manifest() -> string = 0;
   virtual auto title() -> string = 0;
+
+  //video information
   virtual auto videoFrequency() -> double = 0;
+  virtual auto videoColors() -> uint32 { return 1 << 19; }
+  virtual auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 { return 0; }
+
+  //audio information
   virtual auto audioFrequency() -> double = 0;
 
   //media interface
@@ -108,6 +114,9 @@ struct Interface {
   virtual auto cap(const string& name) -> bool { return false; }
   virtual auto get(const string& name) -> any { return {}; }
   virtual auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool { return false; }
+
+  //shared functions
+  auto videoColor(uint16 r, uint16 g, uint16 b) -> uint32;
 };
 
 }

higan/fc/GNUmakefile

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-fc_objects := fc-interface fc-system fc-scheduler fc-input
-fc_objects += fc-memory fc-cartridge fc-cpu fc-apu fc-ppu
-fc_objects += fc-cheat fc-video
-objects += $(fc_objects)
+processors += r6502
 
-obj/fc-interface.o: $(fc)/interface/interface.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/interface/)
-obj/fc-system.o: $(fc)/system/system.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/system/)
-obj/fc-scheduler.o: $(fc)/scheduler/scheduler.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/scheduler/)
-obj/fc-input.o: $(fc)/input/input.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/input/)
-obj/fc-memory.o: $(fc)/memory/memory.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/memory/)
-obj/fc-cartridge.o: $(fc)/cartridge/cartridge.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/cartridge/)
-obj/fc-cpu.o: $(fc)/cpu/cpu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/cpu/)
-obj/fc-apu.o: $(fc)/apu/apu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/apu/)
-obj/fc-ppu.o: $(fc)/ppu/ppu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/ppu/)
-obj/fc-cheat.o: $(fc)/cheat/cheat.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/cheat/)
-obj/fc-video.o: $(fc)/video/video.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(fc)/video/)
+objects += fc-interface fc-system fc-scheduler fc-input
+objects += fc-memory fc-cartridge fc-cpu fc-apu fc-ppu
+objects += fc-cheat
+
+obj/fc-interface.o: fc/interface/interface.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/interface/)
+obj/fc-system.o:    fc/system/system.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/system/)
+obj/fc-scheduler.o: fc/scheduler/scheduler.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/scheduler/)
+obj/fc-input.o:     fc/input/input.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/input/)
+obj/fc-memory.o:    fc/memory/memory.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/memory/)
+obj/fc-cartridge.o: fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/cartridge/)
+obj/fc-cpu.o:       fc/cpu/cpu.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/cpu/)
+obj/fc-apu.o:       fc/apu/apu.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/apu/)
+obj/fc-ppu.o:       fc/ppu/ppu.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/ppu/)
+obj/fc-cheat.o:     fc/cheat/cheat.cpp $(call rwildcard,fc/cheat/)

higan/fc/apu/apu.cpp

@@ -34,43 +34,37 @@ APU::APU() {
   }
 }
 
-auto APU::Main() -> void {
-  apu.main();
+auto APU::Enter() -> void {
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), apu.main();
 }
 
 auto APU::main() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
+  uint pulse_output, triangle_output, noise_output, dmc_output;
 
-    uint pulse_output, triangle_output, noise_output, dmc_output;
+  pulse_output  = pulse[0].clock();
+  pulse_output += pulse[1].clock();
+  triangle_output = triangle.clock();
+  noise_output = noise.clock();
+  dmc_output = dmc.clock();
 
-    pulse_output  = pulse[0].clock();
-    pulse_output += pulse[1].clock();
-    triangle_output = triangle.clock();
-    noise_output = noise.clock();
-    dmc_output = dmc.clock();
+  clock_frame_counter_divider();
 
-    clock_frame_counter_divider();
+  int output = pulse_dac[pulse_output] + dmc_triangle_noise_dac[dmc_output][triangle_output][noise_output];
 
-    int output = pulse_dac[pulse_output] + dmc_triangle_noise_dac[dmc_output][triangle_output][noise_output];
+  output  = filter.run_hipass_strong(output);
+  output += cartridge_sample;
+  output  = filter.run_hipass_weak(output);
+//output  = filter.run_lopass(output);
+  output  = sclamp<16>(output);
 
-    output  = filter.run_hipass_strong(output);
-    output += cartridge_sample;
-    output  = filter.run_hipass_weak(output);
-  //output  = filter.run_lopass(output);
-    output  = sclamp<16>(output);
+  stream->sample(output / 32768.0);
 
-    interface->audioSample(output, output);
-
-    tick();
-  }
+  tick();
 }
 
 auto APU::tick() -> void {
   clock += 12;
-  if(clock >= 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(cpu.thread);
+  if(clock >= 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(cpu.thread);
 }
 
 auto APU::set_irq_line() -> void {
@@ -94,7 +88,8 @@ auto APU::power() -> void {
 }
 
 auto APU::reset() -> void {
-  create(APU::Main, 21477272);
+  create(APU::Enter, 21'477'272);
+  stream = Emulator::audio.createStream(1, 21'477'272.0 / 12.0);
 
   pulse[0].reset();
   pulse[1].reset();

higan/fc/apu/apu.hpp

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 struct APU : Thread {
+  shared_pointer<Emulator::Stream> stream;
+
   APU();
 
-  static auto Main() -> void;
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto tick() -> void;
   auto set_irq_line() -> void;

higan/fc/cartridge/board/bandai-fcg.cpp

@@ -5,20 +5,14 @@ struct BandaiFCG : Board {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
+    if(irq_counter_enable) {
+      if(--irq_counter == 0xffff) {
+        cpu.set_irq_line(1);
+        irq_counter_enable = false;
       }
-
-      if(irq_counter_enable) {
-        if(--irq_counter == 0xffff) {
-          cpu.set_irq_line(1);
-          irq_counter_enable = false;
-        }
-      }
-
-      tick();
     }
+
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto ciram_addr(uint addr) const -> uint {
@@ -33,7 +27,7 @@ struct BandaiFCG : Board {
   auto prg_read(uint addr) -> uint8 {
     if(addr & 0x8000) {
       bool region = addr & 0x4000;
-      uint bank = (region == 0 ? prg_bank : 0x0f);
+      uint bank = (region == 0 ? prg_bank : (uint8)0x0f);
       return prgrom.read((bank << 14) | (addr & 0x3fff));
     }
     return cpu.mdr();

higan/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp

@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ Board::Board(Markup::Node& document) {
   chrrom.size = crom["size"].natural();
   chrram.size = cram["size"].natural();
 
-  if(prgrom.size) prgrom.data = new uint8[prgrom.size]();
-  if(prgram.size) prgram.data = new uint8[prgram.size]();
-  if(chrrom.size) chrrom.data = new uint8[chrrom.size]();
-  if(chrram.size) chrram.data = new uint8[chrram.size]();
+  if(prgrom.size) prgrom.data = new uint8_t[prgrom.size]();
+  if(prgram.size) prgram.data = new uint8_t[prgram.size]();
+  if(chrrom.size) chrrom.data = new uint8_t[chrrom.size]();
+  if(chrram.size) chrram.data = new uint8_t[chrram.size]();
 
   if(auto name = prom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ProgramROM, name, true);
   if(auto name = pram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ProgramRAM, name, false);
@@ -80,19 +80,13 @@ auto Board::mirror(uint addr, uint size) -> uint {
 }
 
 auto Board::main() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
-
-    cartridge.clock += 12 * 4095;
-    tick();
-  }
+  cartridge.clock += 12 * 4095;
+  tick();
 }
 
 auto Board::tick() -> void {
   cartridge.clock += 12;
-  if(cartridge.clock >= 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(cpu.thread);
+  if(cartridge.clock >= 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(cpu.thread);
 }
 
 auto Board::chr_read(uint addr) -> uint8 {

higan/fc/cartridge/board/sunsoft-5b.cpp

@@ -44,25 +44,19 @@ struct Sunsoft5B : Board {
   } pulse[3];
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
+    if(irq_counter_enable) {
+      if(--irq_counter == 0xffff) {
+        cpu.set_irq_line(irq_enable);
       }
-
-      if(irq_counter_enable) {
-        if(--irq_counter == 0xffff) {
-          cpu.set_irq_line(irq_enable);
-        }
-      }
-
-      pulse[0].clock();
-      pulse[1].clock();
-      pulse[2].clock();
-      int16 output = dac[pulse[0].output] + dac[pulse[1].output] + dac[pulse[2].output];
-      apu.set_sample(-output);
-
-      tick();
     }
+
+    pulse[0].clock();
+    pulse[1].clock();
+    pulse[2].clock();
+    int16 output = dac[pulse[0].output] + dac[pulse[1].output] + dac[pulse[2].output];
+    apu.set_sample(-output);
+
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto prg_read(uint addr) -> uint8 {

higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp

@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ namespace Famicom {
 #include "board/board.cpp"
 Cartridge cartridge;
 
-auto Cartridge::loaded() const -> bool {
-  return _loaded;
-}
-
 auto Cartridge::sha256() const -> string {
   return _sha256;
 }
@@ -22,8 +18,8 @@ auto Cartridge::title() const -> string {
   return information.title;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::Main() -> void {
-  cartridge.main();
+auto Cartridge::Enter() -> void {
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), cartridge.main();
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::main() -> void {
@@ -40,14 +36,9 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> void {
   sha.data(board->prgrom.data, board->prgrom.size);
   sha.data(board->chrrom.data, board->chrrom.size);
   _sha256 = sha.digest();
-
-  system.load();
-  _loaded = true;
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::unload() -> void {
-  if(!loaded()) return;
-  _loaded = false;
   memory.reset();
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +47,7 @@ auto Cartridge::power() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::reset() -> void {
-  create(Cartridge::Main, 21477272);
+  create(Cartridge::Enter, 21'477'272);
   board->reset();
 }
 

higan/fc/cartridge/cartridge.hpp

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 #include "board/board.hpp"
 
 struct Cartridge : Thread {
-  static auto Main() -> void;
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
 
-  auto loaded() const -> bool;
   auto sha256() const -> string;
   auto manifest() const -> string;
   auto title() const -> string;
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ struct Cartridge : Thread {
 
 //privileged:
   Board* board = nullptr;
-  bool _loaded = false;
   string _sha256;
 
   auto prg_read(uint addr) -> uint8;

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/mmc1.cpp

@@ -4,14 +4,8 @@ struct MMC1 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(writedelay) writedelay--;
-      tick();
-    }
+    if(writedelay) writedelay--;
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto prg_addr(uint addr) -> uint {

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/mmc3.cpp

@@ -3,15 +3,9 @@ struct MMC3 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(irq_delay) irq_delay--;
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
-      tick();
-    }
+    if(irq_delay) irq_delay--;
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto irq_test(uint addr) -> void {

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/mmc5.cpp

@@ -4,17 +4,11 @@ struct MMC5 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
+    //scanline() resets this; if no scanlines detected, enter video blanking period
+    if(++cpu_cycle_counter >= 200) blank();  //113-114 normal; ~2500 across Vblank period
 
-      //scanline() resets this; if no scanlines detected, enter video blanking period
-      if(++cpu_cycle_counter >= 200) blank();  //113-114 normal; ~2500 across Vblank period
-
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_enable && irq_pending);
-      tick();
-    }
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_enable && irq_pending);
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto scanline(uint y) -> void {
@@ -94,7 +88,7 @@ struct MMC5 : Chip {
   auto prg_write(uint addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     if((addr & 0xfc00) == 0x5c00) {
       //writes 0x00 *during* Vblank (not during screen rendering ...)
-      if(exram_mode == 0 || exram_mode == 1) exram[addr & 0x03ff] = in_frame ? data : 0x00;
+      if(exram_mode == 0 || exram_mode == 1) exram[addr & 0x03ff] = in_frame ? data : (uint8)0x00;
       if(exram_mode == 2) exram[addr & 0x03ff] = data;
       return;
     }
@@ -277,7 +271,7 @@ struct MMC5 : Chip {
     switch(nametable_mode[(addr >> 10) & 3]) {
     case 0: return ppu.ciram_read(0x0000 | (addr & 0x03ff));
     case 1: return ppu.ciram_read(0x0400 | (addr & 0x03ff));
-    case 2: return exram_mode < 2 ? exram[addr & 0x03ff] : 0x00;
+    case 2: return exram_mode < 2 ? exram[addr & 0x03ff] : (uint8)0x00;
     case 3: return (hcounter & 2) == 0 ? fillmode_tile : fillmode_color;
     }
   }

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/mmc6.cpp

@@ -3,15 +3,9 @@ struct MMC6 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(irq_delay) irq_delay--;
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
-      tick();
-    }
+    if(irq_delay) irq_delay--;
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto irq_test(uint addr) -> void {

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/vrc3.cpp

@@ -3,31 +3,25 @@ struct VRC3 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(irq_enable) {
-        if(irq_mode == 0) {  //16-bit
-          if(++irq_counter.w == 0) {
-            irq_line = 1;
-            irq_enable = irq_acknowledge;
-            irq_counter.w = irq_latch;
-          }
-        }
-        if(irq_mode == 1) {  //8-bit
-          if(++irq_counter.l == 0) {
-            irq_line = 1;
-            irq_enable = irq_acknowledge;
-            irq_counter.l = irq_latch;
-          }
+    if(irq_enable) {
+      if(irq_mode == 0) {  //16-bit
+        if(++irq_counter.w == 0) {
+          irq_line = 1;
+          irq_enable = irq_acknowledge;
+          irq_counter.w = irq_latch;
+        }
+      }
+      if(irq_mode == 1) {  //8-bit
+        if(++irq_counter.l == 0) {
+          irq_line = 1;
+          irq_enable = irq_acknowledge;
+          irq_counter.l = irq_latch;
         }
       }
-
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
-      tick();
     }
+
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto prg_addr(uint addr) const -> uint {
@@ -90,8 +84,8 @@ struct VRC3 : Chip {
   uint16 irq_latch;
   struct {
     union {
-      uint16 w;
-      struct { uint8 order_lsb2(l, h); };
+      uint16_t w;
+      struct { uint8_t order_lsb2(l, h); };
     };
   } irq_counter;
   bool irq_line;

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/vrc4.cpp

@@ -3,26 +3,11 @@ struct VRC4 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(irq_enable) {
-        if(irq_mode == 0) {
-          irq_scalar -= 3;
-          if(irq_scalar <= 0) {
-            irq_scalar += 341;
-            if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
-              irq_counter = irq_latch;
-              irq_line = 1;
-            } else {
-              irq_counter++;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        if(irq_mode == 1) {
+    if(irq_enable) {
+      if(irq_mode == 0) {
+        irq_scalar -= 3;
+        if(irq_scalar <= 0) {
+          irq_scalar += 341;
           if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
             irq_counter = irq_latch;
             irq_line = 1;
@@ -32,9 +17,18 @@ struct VRC4 : Chip {
         }
       }
 
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
-      tick();
+      if(irq_mode == 1) {
+        if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
+          irq_counter = irq_latch;
+          irq_line = 1;
+        } else {
+          irq_counter++;
+        }
+      }
     }
+
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto prg_addr(uint addr) const -> uint {

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/vrc6.cpp

@@ -77,26 +77,11 @@ struct VRC6 : Chip {
   } sawtooth;
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(irq_enable) {
-        if(irq_mode == 0) {
-          irq_scalar -= 3;
-          if(irq_scalar <= 0) {
-            irq_scalar += 341;
-            if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
-              irq_counter = irq_latch;
-              irq_line = 1;
-            } else {
-              irq_counter++;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        if(irq_mode == 1) {
+    if(irq_enable) {
+      if(irq_mode == 0) {
+        irq_scalar -= 3;
+        if(irq_scalar <= 0) {
+          irq_scalar += 341;
           if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
             irq_counter = irq_latch;
             irq_line = 1;
@@ -105,16 +90,25 @@ struct VRC6 : Chip {
           }
         }
       }
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
 
-      pulse1.clock();
-      pulse2.clock();
-      sawtooth.clock();
-      int output = (pulse1.output + pulse2.output + sawtooth.output) << 7;
-      apu.set_sample(-output);
-
-      tick();
+      if(irq_mode == 1) {
+        if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
+          irq_counter = irq_latch;
+          irq_line = 1;
+        } else {
+          irq_counter++;
+        }
+      }
     }
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
+
+    pulse1.clock();
+    pulse2.clock();
+    sawtooth.clock();
+    int output = (pulse1.output + pulse2.output + sawtooth.output) << 7;
+    apu.set_sample(-output);
+
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto prg_addr(uint addr) const -> uint {

higan/fc/cartridge/chip/vrc7.cpp

@@ -6,26 +6,11 @@ struct VRC7 : Chip {
   }
 
   auto main() -> void {
-    while(true) {
-      if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-        scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-      }
-
-      if(irq_enable) {
-        if(irq_mode == 0) {
-          irq_scalar -= 3;
-          if(irq_scalar <= 0) {
-            irq_scalar += 341;
-            if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
-              irq_counter = irq_latch;
-              irq_line = 1;
-            } else {
-              irq_counter++;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        if(irq_mode == 1) {
+    if(irq_enable) {
+      if(irq_mode == 0) {
+        irq_scalar -= 3;
+        if(irq_scalar <= 0) {
+          irq_scalar += 341;
           if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
             irq_counter = irq_latch;
             irq_line = 1;
@@ -34,10 +19,19 @@ struct VRC7 : Chip {
           }
         }
       }
-      cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
 
-      tick();
+      if(irq_mode == 1) {
+        if(irq_counter == 0xff) {
+          irq_counter = irq_latch;
+          irq_line = 1;
+        } else {
+          irq_counter++;
+        }
+      }
     }
+    cpu.set_irq_line(irq_line);
+
+    tick();
   }
 
   auto reg_write(uint addr, uint8 data) -> void {

higan/fc/cpu/cpu.cpp

@@ -7,33 +7,23 @@ namespace Famicom {
 CPU cpu;
 
 auto CPU::Enter() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
-
-    cpu.main();
-  }
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), cpu.main();
 }
 
 auto CPU::main() -> void {
-  if(status.interrupt_pending) {
-    interrupt();
-    return;
-  }
-
+  if(status.interrupt_pending) return interrupt();
   exec();
 }
 
 auto CPU::add_clocks(uint clocks) -> void {
   apu.clock -= clocks;
-  if(apu.clock < 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(apu.thread);
+  if(apu.clock < 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(apu.thread);
 
   ppu.clock -= clocks;
-  if(ppu.clock < 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(ppu.thread);
+  if(ppu.clock < 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(ppu.thread);
 
   cartridge.clock -= clocks;
-  if(cartridge.clock < 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(cartridge.thread);
+  if(cartridge.clock < 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(cartridge.thread);
 }
 
 auto CPU::power() -> void {
@@ -48,7 +38,7 @@ auto CPU::power() -> void {
 
 auto CPU::reset() -> void {
   R6502::reset();
-  create(CPU::Enter, 21477272);
+  create(CPU::Enter, 21'477'272);
 
   regs.pc  = bus.read(0xfffc) << 0;
   regs.pc |= bus.read(0xfffd) << 8;

higan/fc/fc.hpp

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once
 
+//license: GPLv3
+//started: 2011-09-05
+
 #include <emulator/emulator.hpp>
 #include <processor/r6502/r6502.hpp>
 
 namespace Famicom {
   namespace Info {
-    static const string Name = "bnes";
-    static const uint SerializerVersion = 2;
+    static const uint SerializerVersion = 3;
   }
 }
 
-/*
-  bnes - Famicom emulator
-  authors: byuu, Ryphecha
-  license: GPLv3
-  project started: 2011-09-05
-*/
-
 #include <libco/libco.h>
 
 namespace Famicom {
@@ -27,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Famicom {
 
     auto create(auto (*entrypoint)() -> void, uint frequency) -> void {
       if(thread) co_delete(thread);
-      thread = co_create(65536 * sizeof(void*), entrypoint);
+      thread = co_create(65'536 * sizeof(void*), entrypoint);
       this->frequency = frequency;
       clock = 0;
     }
@@ -51,7 +46,6 @@ namespace Famicom {
   #include <fc/apu/apu.hpp>
   #include <fc/ppu/ppu.hpp>
   #include <fc/cheat/cheat.hpp>
-  #include <fc/video/video.hpp>
 }
 
 #include <fc/interface/interface.hpp>

higan/fc/input/input.cpp

@@ -15,12 +15,15 @@ auto Input::latch(bool data) -> void {
 }
 
 auto Input::data(bool port) -> bool {
+  //table to convert native button ordering to Emulator::Interface ordering
+  static const uint lookup[] = {5, 4, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3};
+
   bool result = 0;
 
   if(port == 0) {
     if(port1 == Device::Joypad) {
       if(counter1 >= 8) return 1;
-      result = interface->inputPoll(0, 0u, counter1);
+      result = interface->inputPoll(0, 0u, lookup[counter1]);
       if(latchdata == 0) counter1++;
     }
   }
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ auto Input::data(bool port) -> bool {
   if(port == 1) {
     if(port2 == Device::Joypad) {
       if(counter2 >= 8) return 1;
-      result = interface->inputPoll(1, 0u, counter2);
+      result = interface->inputPoll(1, 0u, lookup[counter2]);
       if(latchdata == 0) counter2++;
     }
   }

higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp

@@ -8,37 +8,38 @@ Settings settings;
 Interface::Interface() {
   interface = this;
 
-  information.name        = "Famicom";
-  information.width       = 256;
-  information.height      = 240;
-  information.overscan    = true;
-  information.aspectRatio = 8.0 / 7.0;
-  information.resettable  = true;
+  information.manufacturer = "Nintendo";
+  information.name         = "Famicom";
+  information.width        = 256;
+  information.height       = 240;
+  information.overscan     = true;
+  information.aspectRatio  = 8.0 / 7.0;
+  information.resettable   = true;
+
   information.capability.states = true;
   information.capability.cheats = true;
 
   media.append({ID::Famicom, "Famicom", "fc", true});
 
   { Device device{0, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Controller"};
-    device.input.append({0, 0, "A"     });
-    device.input.append({1, 0, "B"     });
-    device.input.append({2, 0, "Select"});
-    device.input.append({3, 0, "Start" });
-    device.input.append({4, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.input.append({5, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.input.append({6, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.input.append({7, 0, "Right" });
-    device.order = {4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 0, 2, 3};
-    this->device.append(device);
+    device.inputs.append({0, 0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({1, 0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({4, 0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({5, 0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({6, 0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({7, 0, "Start" });
+    devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  port.append({0, "Port 1"});
-  port.append({1, "Port 2"});
+  ports.append({0, "Port 1"});
+  ports.append({1, "Port 2"});
 
-  for(auto& device : this->device) {
-    for(auto& port : this->port) {
+  for(auto& device : devices) {
+    for(auto& port : ports) {
       if(device.portmask & (1 << port.id)) {
-        port.device.append(device);
+        port.devices.append(device);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -56,12 +57,67 @@ auto Interface::videoFrequency() -> double {
   return 21477272.0 / (262.0 * 1364.0 - 4.0);
 }
 
+auto Interface::videoColors() -> uint32 {
+  return 1 << 9;
+}
+
+auto Interface::videoColor(uint32 n) -> uint64 {
+  double saturation = 2.0;
+  double hue = 0.0;
+  double contrast = 1.0;
+  double brightness = 1.0;
+  double gamma = settings.colorEmulation ? 1.8 : 2.2;
+
+  int color = (n & 0x0f), level = color < 0xe ? (n >> 4) & 3 : 1;
+
+  static const double black = 0.518, white = 1.962, attenuation = 0.746;
+  static const double levels[8] = {
+    0.350, 0.518, 0.962, 1.550,
+    1.094, 1.506, 1.962, 1.962,
+  };
+
+  double lo_and_hi[2] = {
+    levels[level + 4 * (color == 0x0)],
+    levels[level + 4 * (color <  0xd)],
+  };
+
+  double y = 0.0, i = 0.0, q = 0.0;
+  auto wave = [](int p, int color) { return (color + p + 8) % 12 < 6; };
+  for(int p : range(12)) {
+    double spot = lo_and_hi[wave(p, color)];
+
+    if(((n & 0x040) && wave(p, 12))
+    || ((n & 0x080) && wave(p,  4))
+    || ((n & 0x100) && wave(p,  8))
+    ) spot *= attenuation;
+
+    double v = (spot - black) / (white - black);
+
+    v = (v - 0.5) * contrast + 0.5;
+    v *= brightness / 12.0;
+
+    y += v;
+    i += v * cos((Math::Pi / 6.0) * (p + hue));
+    q += v * sin((Math::Pi / 6.0) * (p + hue));
+  }
+
+  i *= saturation;
+  q *= saturation;
+
+  auto gammaAdjust = [=](double f) { return f < 0.0 ? 0.0 : pow(f, 2.2 / gamma); };
+  uint64 r = uclamp<16>(65535.0 * gammaAdjust(y +  0.946882 * i +  0.623557 * q));
+  uint64 g = uclamp<16>(65535.0 * gammaAdjust(y + -0.274788 * i + -0.635691 * q));
+  uint64 b = uclamp<16>(65535.0 * gammaAdjust(y + -1.108545 * i +  1.709007 * q));
+
+  return r << 32 | g << 16 | b << 0;
+}
+
 auto Interface::audioFrequency() -> double {
   return 21477272.0 / 12.0;
 }
 
 auto Interface::loaded() -> bool {
-  return cartridge.loaded();
+  return system.loaded();
 }
 
 auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
@@ -84,7 +140,7 @@ auto Interface::group(uint id) -> uint {
 }
 
 auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  cartridge.load();
+  system.load();
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
@@ -131,7 +187,7 @@ auto Interface::save(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
 
 auto Interface::unload() -> void {
   save();
-  cartridge.unload();
+  system.unload();
 }
 
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
@@ -147,7 +203,7 @@ auto Interface::run() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Interface::serialize() -> serializer {
-  system.runtosave();
+  system.runToSave();
   return system.serialize();
 }
 
@@ -180,7 +236,11 @@ auto Interface::get(const string& name) -> any {
 }
 
 auto Interface::set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool {
-  if(name == "Color Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) return settings.colorEmulation = value.get<bool>(), true;
+  if(name == "Color Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) {
+    settings.colorEmulation = value.get<bool>();
+    system.configureVideoPalette();
+    return true;
+  }
   if(name == "Scanline Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) return settings.scanlineEmulation = value.get<bool>(), true;
   return false;
 }

higan/fc/interface/interface.hpp

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto manifest() -> string;
   auto title() -> string;
   auto videoFrequency() -> double;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
   auto audioFrequency() -> double;
 
   auto loaded() -> bool;
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool override;
 
 private:
-  vector<Device> device;
+  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {

higan/fc/ppu/ppu.cpp

@@ -2,21 +2,16 @@
 
 namespace Famicom {
 
-#include "serialization.cpp"
 PPU ppu;
 
-auto PPU::Main() -> void {
-  ppu.main();
+#include "serialization.cpp"
+
+auto PPU::Enter() -> void {
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), ppu.main();
 }
 
 auto PPU::main() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::PPU) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
-
-    raster_scanline();
-  }
+  raster_scanline();
 }
 
 auto PPU::tick() -> void {
@@ -47,14 +42,18 @@ auto PPU::scanline() -> void {
 
 auto PPU::frame() -> void {
   status.field ^= 1;
-  scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent);
+  scheduler.exit(Scheduler::Event::Frame);
+}
+
+auto PPU::refresh() -> void {
+  Emulator::video.refresh(buffer, 256 * sizeof(uint32), 256, 240);
 }
 
 auto PPU::power() -> void {
 }
 
 auto PPU::reset() -> void {
-  create(PPU::Main, 21477272);
+  create(PPU::Enter, 21'477'272);
 
   status.mdr = 0x00;
   status.field = 0;
@@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ auto PPU::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
     break;
   case 4:  //OAMDATA
     result = oam[status.oam_addr];
-    if((status.oam_addr & 3) == 3) result &= 0xe3;
     break;
   case 7:  //PPUDATA
     if(raster_enable() && (status.ly <= 240 || status.ly == 261)) return 0x00;
@@ -164,6 +162,7 @@ auto PPU::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     status.oam_addr = data;
     return;
   case 4:  //OAMDATA
+    if(status.oam_addr.bits(0,1) == 2) data.bits(2,4) = 0;  //clear non-existent bits (always read back as 0)
     oam[status.oam_addr++] = data;
     return;
   case 5:  //PPUSCROLL

higan/fc/ppu/ppu.hpp

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 struct PPU : Thread {
-  static auto Main() -> void;
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto tick() -> void;
 
   auto scanline() -> void;
   auto frame() -> void;
+  auto refresh() -> void;
 
   auto power() -> void;
   auto reset() -> void;

higan/fc/scheduler/scheduler.cpp

@@ -4,25 +4,41 @@ namespace Famicom {
 
 Scheduler scheduler;
 
-auto Scheduler::enter() -> void {
-  host_thread = co_active();
-  co_switch(thread);
-}
-
-auto Scheduler::exit(ExitReason reason) -> void {
-  exit_reason = reason;
-  thread = co_active();
-  co_switch(host_thread);
-}
-
-auto Scheduler::power() -> void {
-}
-
 auto Scheduler::reset() -> void {
-  host_thread = co_active();
-  thread = cpu.thread;
-  sync = SynchronizeMode::None;
-  exit_reason = ExitReason::UnknownEvent;
+  host = co_active();
+  resume = cpu.thread;
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::enter(Mode mode_) -> Event {
+  mode = mode_;
+  host = co_active();
+  co_switch(resume);
+  if(event == Event::Frame) ppu.refresh();
+  return event;
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::exit(Event event_) -> void {
+  event = event_;
+  resume = co_active();
+  co_switch(host);
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::synchronize(cothread_t thread) -> void {
+  if(thread == ppu.thread) {
+    while(enter(Mode::SynchronizePPU) != Event::Synchronize);
+  } else {
+    resume = thread;
+    while(enter(Mode::SynchronizeAll) != Event::Synchronize);
+  }
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::synchronize() -> void {
+  if(co_active() == ppu.thread && mode == Mode::SynchronizePPU) return exit(Event::Synchronize);
+  if(co_active() != ppu.thread && mode == Mode::SynchronizeAll) return exit(Event::Synchronize);
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::synchronizing() const -> bool {
+  return mode == Mode::SynchronizeAll;
 }
 
 }

higan/fc/scheduler/scheduler.hpp

@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
-struct Scheduler : property<Scheduler> {
-  enum class SynchronizeMode : uint { None, PPU, All } sync;
-  enum class ExitReason : uint { UnknownEvent, FrameEvent, SynchronizeEvent };
+struct Scheduler {
+  enum class Mode : uint {
+    Run,
+    SynchronizePPU,
+    SynchronizeAll,
+  };
 
-  auto enter() -> void;
-  auto exit(ExitReason) -> void;
+  enum class Event : uint {
+    Unknown,
+    Frame,
+    Synchronize,
+  };
 
-  auto power() -> void;
   auto reset() -> void;
+  auto enter(Mode = Mode::Run) -> Event;
+  auto exit(Event) -> void;
+  auto synchronize(cothread_t) -> void;
+  auto synchronize() -> void;
+  auto synchronizing() const -> bool;
 
-  cothread_t host_thread;  //program thread (used to exit emulation)
-  cothread_t thread;       //active emulation thread (used to enter emulation)
-  readonly<ExitReason> exit_reason;
+private:
+  cothread_t host = nullptr;
+  cothread_t resume = nullptr;
+  Mode mode = Mode::Run;
+  Event event = Event::Unknown;
 };
 
 extern Scheduler scheduler;

higan/fc/system/serialization.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 auto System::serialize() -> serializer {
-  serializer s(serialize_size);
+  serializer s(_serializeSize);
 
   uint signature = 0x31545342, version = Info::SerializerVersion;
   char hash[64], description[512];
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ auto System::serialize() -> serializer {
   s.array(hash);
   s.array(description);
 
-  serialize_all(s);
+  serializeAll(s);
   return s;
 }
 
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ auto System::unserialize(serializer& s) -> bool {
   if(version != Info::SerializerVersion) return false;
 
   power();
-  serialize_all(s);
+  serializeAll(s);
   return true;
 }
 
 auto System::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
 }
 
-auto System::serialize_all(serializer& s) -> void {
+auto System::serializeAll(serializer& s) -> void {
   system.serialize(s);
   input.serialize(s);
   cartridge.serialize(s);
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ auto System::serialize_all(serializer& s) -> void {
   ppu.serialize(s);
 }
 
-auto System::serialize_init() -> void {
+auto System::serializeInit() -> void {
   serializer s;
 
   uint signature = 0, version = 0;
@@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ auto System::serialize_init() -> void {
   s.array(hash);
   s.array(description);
 
-  serialize_all(s);
-  serialize_size = s.size();
+  serializeAll(s);
+  _serializeSize = s.size();
 }

higan/fc/system/system.cpp

@@ -2,50 +2,35 @@
 
 namespace Famicom {
 
+#include "video.cpp"
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 System system;
 
+auto System::loaded() const -> bool { return _loaded; }
+
 auto System::run() -> void {
   scheduler.enter();
-  if(scheduler.exit_reason() == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
-    video.refresh();
-  }
 }
 
-auto System::runtosave() -> void {
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::PPU;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-  scheduler.thread = cpu.thread;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-  scheduler.thread = apu.thread;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-  scheduler.thread = cartridge.thread;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::None;
-}
-
-auto System::runthreadtosave() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    scheduler.enter();
-    if(scheduler.exit_reason() == Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent) break;
-    if(scheduler.exit_reason() == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
-      video.refresh();
-    }
-  }
+auto System::runToSave() -> void {
+  scheduler.synchronize(ppu.thread);
+  scheduler.synchronize(cpu.thread);
+  scheduler.synchronize(apu.thread);
+  scheduler.synchronize(cartridge.thread);
 }
 
 auto System::load() -> void {
   interface->loadRequest(ID::SystemManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
+  cartridge.load();
+  serializeInit();
+  _loaded = true;
+}
 
-  serialize_init();
+auto System::unload() -> void {
+  if(!loaded()) return;
+  cartridge.unload();
+  _loaded = false;
 }
 
 auto System::power() -> void {
@@ -54,22 +39,28 @@ auto System::power() -> void {
   apu.power();
   ppu.power();
   input.reset();
-  scheduler.power();
   reset();
 }
 
 auto System::reset() -> void {
+  Emulator::video.reset();
+  Emulator::video.setInterface(interface);
+  configureVideoPalette();
+  configureVideoEffects();
+
+  Emulator::audio.reset();
+  Emulator::audio.setInterface(interface);
+
   cartridge.reset();
   cpu.reset();
   apu.reset();
   ppu.reset();
   input.reset();
   scheduler.reset();
-  video.reset();
 }
 
 auto System::init() -> void {
-  assert(interface != 0);
+  assert(interface != nullptr);
   input.connect(0, Input::Device::Joypad);
   input.connect(1, Input::Device::None);
 }

higan/fc/system/system.hpp

@@ -1,27 +1,36 @@
 struct System {
+  auto loaded() const -> bool;
+
   auto run() -> void;
-  auto runtosave() -> void;
-  auto runthreadtosave() -> void;
+  auto runToSave() -> void;
 
   auto load() -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
   auto power() -> void;
   auto reset() -> void;
 
   auto init() -> void;
   auto term() -> void;
 
+  //video.cpp
+  auto configureVideoPalette() -> void;
+  auto configureVideoEffects() -> void;
+
+  //serialization.cpp
   auto serialize() -> serializer;
   auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
 
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
-  auto serialize_all(serializer&) -> void;
-  auto serialize_init() -> void;
+  auto serializeAll(serializer&) -> void;
+  auto serializeInit() -> void;
 
   struct Information {
     string manifest;
   } information;
 
-  uint serialize_size;
+private:
+  bool _loaded = false;
+  uint _serializeSize = 0;
 };
 
 extern System system;

higan/fc/system/video.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+auto System::configureVideoPalette() -> void {
+  Emulator::video.setPalette();
+}
+
+auto System::configureVideoEffects() -> void {
+}

higan/fc/video/video.cpp

@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-#include <fc/fc.hpp>
-#include <cmath>
-
-#define VIDEO_CPP
-namespace Famicom {
-
-Video video;
-
-Video::Video() {
-  output = new uint32[256 * 480];
-  paletteStandard = new uint32[1 << 9];
-  paletteEmulation = new uint32[1 << 9];
-}
-
-Video::~Video() {
-  delete[] output;
-  delete[] paletteStandard;
-  delete[] paletteEmulation;
-}
-
-auto Video::reset() -> void {
-  memory::fill(output, 256 * 480);
-
-  for(auto color : range(1 << 9)) {
-    paletteStandard[color] = generateColor(color, 2.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.2);
-    paletteEmulation[color] = generateColor(color, 2.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.8);
-  }
-}
-
-auto Video::refresh() -> void {
-  auto palette = settings.colorEmulation ? paletteEmulation : paletteStandard;
-
-  if(settings.scanlineEmulation) {
-    for(uint y = 0; y < 240; y++) {
-      auto source = ppu.buffer + y * 256;
-      auto targetLo = output + y * 512;
-      auto targetHi = output + y * 512 + 256;
-      for(uint x = 0; x < 256; x++) {
-        auto color = palette[*source++];
-        *targetLo++ = color;
-        *targetHi++ = (255 << 24) | ((color & 0xfefefe) >> 1);
-      }
-    }
-    interface->videoRefresh(output, 256 * sizeof(uint32), 256, 480);
-  } else {
-    for(uint y = 0; y < 240; y++) {
-      auto source = ppu.buffer + y * 256;
-      auto target = output + y * 256;
-      for(uint x = 0; x < 256; x++) {
-        *target++ = palette[*source++];
-      }
-    }
-    interface->videoRefresh(output, 256 * sizeof(uint32), 256, 240);
-  }
-}
-
-auto Video::generateColor(
-  uint n, double saturation, double hue,
-  double contrast, double brightness, double gamma
-) -> uint32 {
-  int color = (n & 0x0f), level = color < 0xe ? (n >> 4) & 3 : 1;
-
-  static const double black = 0.518, white = 1.962, attenuation = 0.746;
-  static const double levels[8] = {
-    0.350, 0.518, 0.962, 1.550,
-    1.094, 1.506, 1.962, 1.962,
-  };
-
-  double lo_and_hi[2] = {
-    levels[level + 4 * (color == 0x0)],
-    levels[level + 4 * (color <  0xd)],
-  };
-
-  double y = 0.0, i = 0.0, q = 0.0;
-  auto wave = [](int p, int color) { return (color + p + 8) % 12 < 6; };
-  for(int p : range(12)) {
-    double spot = lo_and_hi[wave(p, color)];
-
-    if(((n & 0x040) && wave(p, 12))
-    || ((n & 0x080) && wave(p,  4))
-    || ((n & 0x100) && wave(p,  8))
-    ) spot *= attenuation;
-
-    double v = (spot - black) / (white - black);
-
-    v = (v - 0.5) * contrast + 0.5;
-    v *= brightness / 12.0;
-
-    y += v;
-    i += v * std::cos((3.141592653 / 6.0) * (p + hue));
-    q += v * std::sin((3.141592653 / 6.0) * (p + hue));
-  }
-
-  i *= saturation;
-  q *= saturation;
-
-  auto gammaAdjust = [=](double f) { return f < 0.0 ? 0.0 : std::pow(f, 2.2 / gamma); };
-  uint r = uclamp<16>(65535.0 * gammaAdjust(y +  0.946882 * i +  0.623557 * q));
-  uint g = uclamp<16>(65535.0 * gammaAdjust(y + -0.274788 * i + -0.635691 * q));
-  uint b = uclamp<16>(65535.0 * gammaAdjust(y + -1.108545 * i +  1.709007 * q));
-
-  return (255 << 24) | ((r >> 8) << 16) | ((g >> 8) << 8) | ((b >> 8) << 0);
-}
-
-}

higan/fc/video/video.hpp

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-struct Video {
-  Video();
-  ~Video();
-
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto refresh() -> void;
-
-  uint32* output = nullptr;
-  uint32* paletteStandard = nullptr;
-  uint32* paletteEmulation = nullptr;
-
-private:
-  auto generateColor(uint, double, double, double, double, double) -> uint32;
-};
-
-extern Video video;

higan/gb/GNUmakefile

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-gb_objects := gb-interface gb-system gb-scheduler
-gb_objects += gb-memory gb-cartridge
-gb_objects += gb-cpu gb-ppu gb-apu
-gb_objects += gb-cheat gb-video
-objects += $(gb_objects)
+processors += lr35902
 
-obj/gb-interface.o: $(gb)/interface/interface.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/interface/)
-obj/gb-system.o:    $(gb)/system/system.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/system/)
-obj/gb-scheduler.o: $(gb)/scheduler/scheduler.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/scheduler/)
-obj/gb-cartridge.o: $(gb)/cartridge/cartridge.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/cartridge/)
-obj/gb-memory.o:    $(gb)/memory/memory.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/memory/)
-obj/gb-cpu.o:       $(gb)/cpu/cpu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/cpu/)
-obj/gb-ppu.o:       $(gb)/ppu/ppu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/ppu/)
-obj/gb-apu.o:       $(gb)/apu/apu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/apu/)
-obj/gb-cheat.o:     $(gb)/cheat/cheat.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/cheat/)
-obj/gb-video.o:     $(gb)/video/video.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gb)/video/)
+objects += gb-interface gb-system gb-scheduler
+objects += gb-memory gb-cartridge
+objects += gb-cpu gb-ppu gb-apu
+objects += gb-cheat
+
+obj/gb-interface.o: gb/interface/interface.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/interface/)
+obj/gb-system.o:    gb/system/system.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/system/)
+obj/gb-scheduler.o: gb/scheduler/scheduler.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/scheduler/)
+obj/gb-cartridge.o: gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/cartridge/)
+obj/gb-memory.o:    gb/memory/memory.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/memory/)
+obj/gb-cpu.o:       gb/cpu/cpu.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/cpu/)
+obj/gb-ppu.o:       gb/ppu/ppu.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/ppu/)
+obj/gb-apu.o:       gb/apu/apu.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/apu/)
+obj/gb-cheat.o:     gb/cheat/cheat.cpp $(call rwildcard,gb/cheat/)

higan/gb/apu/apu.cpp

@@ -10,52 +10,49 @@ namespace GameBoy {
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 APU apu;
 
-auto APU::Main() -> void {
-  apu.main();
+auto APU::Enter() -> void {
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), apu.main();
 }
 
 auto APU::main() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
+  square1.run();
+  square2.run();
+  wave.run();
+  noise.run();
+  sequencer.run();
 
-    square1.run();
-    square2.run();
-    wave.run();
-    noise.run();
-    sequencer.run();
+  hipass(sequencer.center, sequencer.centerBias);
+  hipass(sequencer.left, sequencer.leftBias);
+  hipass(sequencer.right, sequencer.rightBias);
 
-    hipass(sequencer.center, sequencer.centerBias);
-    hipass(sequencer.left, sequencer.leftBias);
-    hipass(sequencer.right, sequencer.rightBias);
-
-    interface->audioSample(sequencer.left, sequencer.right);
-
-    if(cycle == 0) {  //512hz
-      if(phase == 0 || phase == 2 || phase == 4 || phase == 6) {  //256hz
-        square1.clockLength();
-        square2.clockLength();
-        wave.clockLength();
-        noise.clockLength();
-      }
-      if(phase == 2 || phase == 6) {  //128hz
-        square1.clockSweep();
-      }
-      if(phase == 7) {  //64hz
-        square1.clockEnvelope();
-        square2.clockEnvelope();
-        noise.clockEnvelope();
-      }
-      phase++;
-    }
-    cycle++;
-
-    clock += cpu.frequency;
-    if(clock >= 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      co_switch(scheduler.active_thread = cpu.thread);
-    }
+  if(!system.sgb()) {
+    stream->sample(sequencer.left / 32768.0, sequencer.right / 32768.0);
+  } else {
+    double samples[] = {sequencer.left / 32768.0, sequencer.right / 32768.0};
+    interface->audioSample(samples, 2);
   }
+
+  if(cycle == 0) {  //512hz
+    if(phase == 0 || phase == 2 || phase == 4 || phase == 6) {  //256hz
+      square1.clockLength();
+      square2.clockLength();
+      wave.clockLength();
+      noise.clockLength();
+    }
+    if(phase == 2 || phase == 6) {  //128hz
+      square1.clockSweep();
+    }
+    if(phase == 7) {  //64hz
+      square1.clockEnvelope();
+      square2.clockEnvelope();
+      noise.clockEnvelope();
+    }
+    phase++;
+  }
+  cycle++;
+
+  clock += cpu.frequency;
+  if(clock >= 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(cpu.thread);
 }
 
 //filter to remove DC bias
@@ -65,7 +62,8 @@ auto APU::hipass(int16& sample, int64& bias) -> void {
 }
 
 auto APU::power() -> void {
-  create(Main, 2 * 1024 * 1024);
+  create(Enter, 2 * 1024 * 1024);
+  if(!system.sgb()) stream = Emulator::audio.createStream(2, 2 * 1024 * 1024);
   for(uint n = 0xff10; n <= 0xff3f; n++) bus.mmio[n] = this;
 
   square1.power();

higan/gb/apu/apu.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 struct APU : Thread, MMIO {
-  static auto Main() -> void;
+  shared_pointer<Emulator::Stream> stream;
+
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto hipass(int16& sample, int64& bias) -> void;
   auto power() -> void;

higan/gb/apu/noise/noise.cpp

@@ -66,16 +66,16 @@ auto APU::Noise::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff21) {  //NR42
-    envelopeVolume = data >> 4;
-    envelopeDirection = data & 0x08;
-    envelopeFrequency = data & 0x07;
+    envelopeVolume    = data.bits(7,4);
+    envelopeDirection = data.bit (3);
+    envelopeFrequency = data.bits(2,0);
     if(!dacEnable()) enable = false;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff22) {  //NR43
-    frequency = data >> 4;
-    narrow = data & 0x08;
-    divisor = data & 0x07;
+    frequency = data.bits(7,4);
+    narrow    = data.bit (3);
+    divisor   = data.bits(2,0);
     period = getPeriod();
   }
 
@@ -84,10 +84,9 @@ auto APU::Noise::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
       if(length && --length == 0) enable = false;
     }
 
-    bool initialize = data & 0x80;
-    counter = data & 0x40;
+    counter = data.bit(6);
 
-    if(initialize) {
+    if(data.bit(7)) {
       enable = dacEnable();
       lfsr = -1;
       envelopePeriod = envelopeFrequency ? (uint)envelopeFrequency : 8;
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ auto APU::Noise::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
       if(!length) {
         length = 64;
-        if((apu.phase & 1) && counter) length--;
+        if(apu.phase.bit(0) && counter) length--;
       }
     }
   }

higan/gb/apu/sequencer/sequencer.cpp

@@ -68,26 +68,26 @@ auto APU::Sequencer::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
 auto APU::Sequencer::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   if(addr == 0xff24) {  //NR50
-    leftEnable  = (uint1)(data >> 7);
-    leftVolume  = (uint3)(data >> 4);
-    rightEnable = (uint1)(data >> 3);
-    rightVolume = (uint3)(data >> 0);
+    leftEnable  = data.bit (7);
+    leftVolume  = data.bits(6,4);
+    rightEnable = data.bit (3);
+    rightVolume = data.bits(2,0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff25) {  //NR51
-    noise.leftEnable    = data & 0x80;
-    wave.leftEnable     = data & 0x40;
-    square2.leftEnable  = data & 0x20;
-    square1.leftEnable  = data & 0x10;
-    noise.rightEnable   = data & 0x08;
-    wave.rightEnable    = data & 0x04;
-    square2.rightEnable = data & 0x02;
-    square1.rightEnable = data & 0x01;
+    noise.leftEnable    = data.bit(7);
+    wave.leftEnable     = data.bit(6);
+    square2.leftEnable  = data.bit(5);
+    square1.leftEnable  = data.bit(4);
+    noise.rightEnable   = data.bit(3);
+    wave.rightEnable    = data.bit(2);
+    square2.rightEnable = data.bit(1);
+    square1.rightEnable = data.bit(0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff26) {  //NR52
-    if(enable != (bool)(data & 0x80)) {
-      enable = data & 0x80;
+    if(enable != data.bit(7)) {
+      enable = data.bit(7);
 
       if(!enable) {
         //power(bool) resets length counters when true (eg for CGB only)

higan/gb/apu/square1/square1.cpp

@@ -86,38 +86,37 @@ auto APU::Square1::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
 auto APU::Square1::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   if(addr == 0xff10) {  //NR10
-    if(sweepEnable && sweepNegate && !(data & 0x08)) enable = false;
-    sweepFrequency = (data >> 4) & 7;
-    sweepDirection = data & 0x08;
-    sweepShift = data & 0x07;
+    if(sweepEnable && sweepNegate && !data.bit(3)) enable = false;
+    sweepFrequency = data.bits(6,4);
+    sweepDirection = data.bit (3);
+    sweepShift     = data.bits(2,0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff11) {  //NR11
-    duty = data >> 6;
-    length = 64 - (data & 0x3f);
+    duty = data.bits(7,6);
+    length = 64 - data.bits(5,0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff12) {  //NR12
-    envelopeVolume = data >> 4;
-    envelopeDirection = data & 0x08;
-    envelopeFrequency = data & 0x07;
+    envelopeVolume    = data.bits(7,4);
+    envelopeDirection = data.bit (3);
+    envelopeFrequency = data.bits(2,0);
     if(!dacEnable()) enable = false;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff13) {  //NR13
-    frequency = (frequency & 0x0700) | data;
+    frequency.bits(7,0) = data;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff14) {  //NR14
-    if((apu.phase & 1) && !counter && (data & 0x40)) {
+    if(apu.phase.bit(0) && !counter && data.bit(6)) {
       if(length && --length == 0) enable = false;
     }
 
-    bool initialize = data & 0x80;
-    counter = data & 0x40;
-    frequency = ((data & 7) << 8) | (frequency & 0x00ff);
+    counter = data.bit(6);
+    frequency.bits(10,8) = data.bits(2,0);
 
-    if(initialize) {
+    if(data.bit(7)) {
       enable = dacEnable();
       period = 2 * (2048 - frequency);
       envelopePeriod = envelopeFrequency ? (uint)envelopeFrequency : 8;
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ auto APU::Square1::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
       if(!length) {
         length = 64;
-        if((apu.phase & 1) && counter) length--;
+        if(apu.phase.bit(0) && counter) length--;
       }
 
       frequencyShadow = frequency;

higan/gb/apu/square2/square2.cpp

@@ -60,31 +60,30 @@ auto APU::Square2::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
 auto APU::Square2::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   if(addr == 0xff16) {  //NR21
-    duty = data >> 6;
-    length = 64 - (data & 0x3f);
+    duty = data.bits(7,6);
+    length = 64 - data.bits(5,0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff17) {  //NR22
-    envelopeVolume = data >> 4;
-    envelopeDirection = data & 0x08;
-    envelopeFrequency = data & 0x07;
+    envelopeVolume    = data.bits(7,4);
+    envelopeDirection = data.bit (3);
+    envelopeFrequency = data.bits(2,0);
     if(!dacEnable()) enable = false;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff18) {  //NR23
-    frequency = (frequency & 0x0700) | data;
+    frequency.bits(7,0) = data;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff19) {  //NR24
-    if((apu.phase & 1) && !counter && (data & 0x40)) {
+    if(apu.phase.bit(0) && !counter && data.bit(6)) {
       if(length && --length == 0) enable = false;
     }
 
-    bool initialize = data & 0x80;
-    counter = data & 0x40;
-    frequency = ((data & 7) << 8) | (frequency & 0x00ff);
+    counter = data.bit(6);
+    frequency.bits(10,8) = data.bits(2,0);
 
-    if(initialize) {
+    if(data.bit(7)) {
       enable = dacEnable();
       period = 2 * (2048 - frequency);
       envelopePeriod = envelopeFrequency ? (uint)envelopeFrequency : 8;
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ auto APU::Square2::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
       if(!length) {
         length = 64;
-        if((apu.phase & 1) && counter) length--;
+        if(apu.phase.bit(0) && counter) length--;
       }
     }
   }

higan/gb/apu/wave/wave.cpp

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ auto APU::Wave::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
 auto APU::Wave::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   if(addr == 0xff1a) {  //NR30
-    dacEnable = data & 0x80;
+    dacEnable = data.bit(7);
     if(!dacEnable) enable = false;
   }
 
@@ -68,23 +68,22 @@ auto APU::Wave::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff1c) {  //NR32
-    volume = data >> 5;
+    volume = data.bits(6,5);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff1d) {  //NR33
-    frequency = (frequency & 0x0700) | data;
+    frequency.bits(7,0) = data;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff1e) {  //NR34
-    if((apu.phase & 1) && !counter && (data & 0x40)) {
+    if(apu.phase.bit(0) && !counter && data.bit(6)) {
       if(length && --length == 0) enable = false;
     }
 
-    bool initialize = data & 0x80;
-    counter = data & 0x40;
-    frequency = ((data & 7) << 8) | (frequency & 0x00ff);
+    counter = data.bit(6);
+    frequency.bits(10,8) = data.bits(2,0);
 
-    if(initialize) {
+    if(data.bit(7)) {
       if(!system.cgb() && patternHold) {
         //DMG,SGB trigger while channel is being read corrupts wave RAM
         if((patternOffset >> 1) <= 3) {
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ auto APU::Wave::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
       if(!length) {
         length = 256;
-        if((apu.phase & 1) && counter) length--;
+        if(apu.phase.bit(0) && counter) length--;
       }
     }
   }

higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace GameBoy {
 
 #include "mbc0/mbc0.cpp"
 #include "mbc1/mbc1.cpp"
+#include "mbc1m/mbc1m.cpp"
 #include "mbc2/mbc2.cpp"
 #include "mbc3/mbc3.cpp"
 #include "mbc5/mbc5.cpp"
@@ -13,15 +14,6 @@ namespace GameBoy {
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 Cartridge cartridge;
 
-Cartridge::Cartridge() {
-  loaded = false;
-  sha256 = "";
-}
-
-Cartridge::~Cartridge() {
-  unload();
-}
-
 auto Cartridge::manifest() const -> string {
   return information.markup;
 }
@@ -30,25 +22,9 @@ auto Cartridge::title() const -> string {
   return information.title;
 }
 
-//intended for use with Super Game Boy for when no Game Boy cartridge is inserted
-auto Cartridge::load_empty(System::Revision revision) -> void {
-  unload();
-  romsize = 32768;
-  romdata = allocate<uint8>(romsize, 0xff);
-  ramsize = 0;
-  mapper = &mbc0;
-  sha256 = Hash::SHA256(romdata, romsize).digest();
-  loaded = true;
-  system.load(revision);
-}
-
 auto Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) -> void {
-  unload();
-
-  system.revision = revision;  //needed for ID::Manifest to return correct group ID
-  if(revision != System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml", true);
-  }
+  information.markup = "";
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml", !system.sgb());
 
   information.mapper = Mapper::Unknown;
   information.ram = false;
@@ -65,6 +41,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) -> void {
   auto mapperid = document["board/mapper"].text();
   if(mapperid == "none" ) information.mapper = Mapper::MBC0;
   if(mapperid == "MBC1" ) information.mapper = Mapper::MBC1;
+  if(mapperid == "MBC1M") information.mapper = Mapper::MBC1M;
   if(mapperid == "MBC2" ) information.mapper = Mapper::MBC2;
   if(mapperid == "MBC3" ) information.mapper = Mapper::MBC3;
   if(mapperid == "MBC5" ) information.mapper = Mapper::MBC5;
@@ -78,26 +55,24 @@ auto Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) -> void {
   auto rom = document["board/rom"];
   auto ram = document["board/ram"];
 
-  romsize = rom["size"].natural();
+  romsize = max(32768u, rom["size"].natural());
   romdata = allocate<uint8>(romsize, 0xff);
 
   ramsize = ram["size"].natural();
   ramdata = allocate<uint8>(ramsize, 0xff);
 
-  //Super Game Boy core loads memory from Super Famicom core
-  if(revision != System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) {
-    if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ROM, name, true);
-    if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::RAM, name, false);
-    if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) memory.append({ID::RAM, name});
-  }
+  if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ROM, name, !system.sgb());
+  if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::RAM, name, false);
+  if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) memory.append({ID::RAM, name});
 
-  information.romsize = rom["size"].natural();
-  information.ramsize = ram["size"].natural();
+  information.romsize = romsize;
+  information.ramsize = ramsize;
   information.battery = (bool)ram["name"];
 
   switch(information.mapper) { default:
   case Mapper::MBC0:  mapper = &mbc0;  break;
   case Mapper::MBC1:  mapper = &mbc1;  break;
+  case Mapper::MBC1M: mapper = &mbc1m; break;
   case Mapper::MBC2:  mapper = &mbc2;  break;
   case Mapper::MBC3:  mapper = &mbc3;  break;
   case Mapper::MBC5:  mapper = &mbc5;  break;
@@ -107,14 +82,11 @@ auto Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) -> void {
   }
 
   sha256 = Hash::SHA256(romdata, romsize).digest();
-  loaded = true;
-  system.load(revision);
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::unload() -> void {
   if(romdata) { delete[] romdata; romdata = nullptr; romsize = 0; }
   if(ramdata) { delete[] ramdata; ramdata = nullptr; ramsize = 0; }
-  loaded = false;
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::rom_read(uint addr) -> uint8 {
@@ -144,7 +116,7 @@ auto Cartridge::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
   if(bootrom_enable) {
     const uint8* data = nullptr;
-    switch(system.revision) { default:
+    switch(system.revision()) { default:
     case System::Revision::GameBoy: data = system.bootROM.dmg; break;
     case System::Revision::SuperGameBoy: data = system.bootROM.sgb; break;
     case System::Revision::GameBoyColor: data = system.bootROM.cgb; break;
@@ -170,6 +142,7 @@ auto Cartridge::power() -> void {
 
   mbc0.power();
   mbc1.power();
+  mbc1m.power();
   mbc2.power();
   mbc3.power();
   mbc5.power();

higan/gb/cartridge/cartridge.hpp

@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
-  Cartridge();
-  ~Cartridge();
-
-  auto load_empty(System::Revision revision) -> void;
   auto load(System::Revision revision) -> void;
   auto unload() -> void;
 
@@ -20,6 +16,7 @@ struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
 
   #include "mbc0/mbc0.hpp"
   #include "mbc1/mbc1.hpp"
+  #include "mbc1m/mbc1m.hpp"
   #include "mbc2/mbc2.hpp"
   #include "mbc3/mbc3.hpp"
   #include "mbc5/mbc5.hpp"
@@ -30,6 +27,7 @@ struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
   enum Mapper : uint {
     MBC0,
     MBC1,
+    MBC1M,
     MBC2,
     MBC3,
     MBC5,
@@ -62,7 +60,6 @@ struct Cartridge : MMIO, property<Cartridge> {
   };
   vector<Memory> memory;
 
-  readonly<bool> loaded;
   readonly<string> sha256;
 
   uint8* romdata = nullptr;

higan/gb/cartridge/huc3/huc3.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ auto Cartridge::HuC3::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
   if((addr & 0xe000) == 0xa000) {  //$a000-bfff
     if(ram_enable) return cartridge.ram_read((ram_select << 13) | (addr & 0x1fff));
-    return 0xff;
+    return 0x01;  //does not return open collection
   }
 
   return 0xff;

higan/gb/cartridge/mbc1m/mbc1m.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+auto Cartridge::MBC1M::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
+  if((addr & 0xc000) == 0x0000) {  //$0000-3fff
+    if(!modeSelect) return cartridge.rom_read(addr & 0x3fff);
+    return cartridge.rom_read((romHi << 4) * 0x4000 + (addr & 0x3fff));
+  }
+
+  if((addr & 0xc000) == 0x4000) {  //$4000-7fff
+    return cartridge.rom_read((romHi << 4 | romLo) * 0x4000 + (addr & 0x3fff));
+  }
+
+  if((addr & 0xe000) == 0xa000) {  //$a000-bfff
+    return cartridge.ram_read(addr & 0x1fff);
+  }
+
+  return 0xff;
+}
+
+auto Cartridge::MBC1M::mmio_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
+  if((addr & 0xe000) == 0x2000) {  //$2000-3fff
+    romLo = data.bits(0,3);
+  }
+
+  if((addr & 0xe000) == 0x4000) {  //$4000-5fff
+    romHi = data.bits(0,1);
+  }
+
+  if((addr & 0xe000) == 0x6000) {  //$6000-7fff
+    modeSelect = data.bit(0);
+  }
+
+  if((addr & 0xe000) == 0xa000) {  //$a000-bfff
+    cartridge.ram_write(addr & 0x1fff, data);
+  }
+}
+
+auto Cartridge::MBC1M::power() -> void {
+  romHi = 0;
+  romLo = 1;
+  modeSelect = 0;
+}

higan/gb/cartridge/mbc1m/mbc1m.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+struct MBC1M : MMIO {
+  auto mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
+  auto mmio_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
+  auto power() -> void;
+
+  uint4 romLo;
+  uint2 romHi;
+  uint1 modeSelect;
+} mbc1m;

higan/gb/cartridge/serialization.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ auto Cartridge::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   s.integer(mbc1.ram_select);
   s.integer(mbc1.mode_select);
 
+  s.integer(mbc1m.romLo);
+  s.integer(mbc1m.romHi);
+  s.integer(mbc1m.modeSelect);
+
   s.integer(mbc2.ram_enable);
   s.integer(mbc2.rom_select);
 

higan/gb/cpu/cpu.cpp

@@ -8,23 +8,16 @@ namespace GameBoy {
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 CPU cpu;
 
-auto CPU::Main() -> void {
-  cpu.main();
+auto CPU::Enter() -> void {
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), cpu.main();
 }
 
 auto CPU::main() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::CPU) {
-      scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
-
-    interrupt_test();
-    exec();
-  }
+  interrupt_test();
+  instruction();
 }
 
-auto CPU::interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt id) -> void {
+auto CPU::raise(CPU::Interrupt id) -> void {
   if(id == Interrupt::Vblank) {
     status.interrupt_request_vblank = 1;
     if(status.interrupt_enable_vblank) r.halt = false;
@@ -52,42 +45,32 @@ auto CPU::interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt id) -> void {
 }
 
 auto CPU::interrupt_test() -> void {
-  if(r.ime) {
-    if(status.interrupt_request_vblank && status.interrupt_enable_vblank) {
-      status.interrupt_request_vblank = 0;
-      return interrupt_exec(0x0040);
-    }
+  if(!r.ime) return;
 
-    if(status.interrupt_request_stat && status.interrupt_enable_stat) {
-      status.interrupt_request_stat = 0;
-      return interrupt_exec(0x0048);
-    }
-
-    if(status.interrupt_request_timer && status.interrupt_enable_timer) {
-      status.interrupt_request_timer = 0;
-      return interrupt_exec(0x0050);
-    }
-
-    if(status.interrupt_request_serial && status.interrupt_enable_serial) {
-      status.interrupt_request_serial = 0;
-      return interrupt_exec(0x0058);
-    }
-
-    if(status.interrupt_request_joypad && status.interrupt_enable_joypad) {
-      status.interrupt_request_joypad = 0;
-      return interrupt_exec(0x0060);
-    }
+  if(status.interrupt_request_vblank && status.interrupt_enable_vblank) {
+    status.interrupt_request_vblank = 0;
+    return interrupt(0x0040);
   }
-}
 
-auto CPU::interrupt_exec(uint16 pc) -> void {
-  op_io();
-  op_io();
-  op_io();
-  r.ime = 0;
-  op_write(--r[SP], r[PC] >> 8);
-  op_write(--r[SP], r[PC] >> 0);
-  r[PC] = pc;
+  if(status.interrupt_request_stat && status.interrupt_enable_stat) {
+    status.interrupt_request_stat = 0;
+    return interrupt(0x0048);
+  }
+
+  if(status.interrupt_request_timer && status.interrupt_enable_timer) {
+    status.interrupt_request_timer = 0;
+    return interrupt(0x0050);
+  }
+
+  if(status.interrupt_request_serial && status.interrupt_enable_serial) {
+    status.interrupt_request_serial = 0;
+    return interrupt(0x0058);
+  }
+
+  if(status.interrupt_request_joypad && status.interrupt_enable_joypad) {
+    status.interrupt_request_joypad = 0;
+    return interrupt(0x0060);
+  }
 }
 
 auto CPU::stop() -> bool {
@@ -102,7 +85,7 @@ auto CPU::stop() -> bool {
 }
 
 auto CPU::power() -> void {
-  create(Main, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+  create(Enter, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
   LR35902::power();
 
   for(uint n = 0xc000; n <= 0xdfff; n++) bus.mmio[n] = this;  //WRAM

higan/gb/cpu/cpu.hpp

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 struct CPU : Processor::LR35902, Thread, MMIO {
   enum class Interrupt : uint { Vblank, Stat, Timer, Serial, Joypad };
 
-  static auto Main() -> void;
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
-  auto interrupt_raise(Interrupt id) -> void;
+  auto raise(Interrupt id) -> void;
   auto interrupt_test() -> void;
-  auto interrupt_exec(uint16 pc) -> void;
   auto stop() -> bool;
   auto power() -> void;
 
@@ -18,9 +17,9 @@ struct CPU : Processor::LR35902, Thread, MMIO {
   auto mmio_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
 
   //memory.cpp
-  auto op_io() -> void;
-  auto op_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
-  auto op_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
+  auto io() -> void override;
+  auto read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 override;
+  auto write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void override;
   auto cycle_edge() -> void;
   auto dma_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
   auto dma_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;

higan/gb/cpu/memory.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-auto CPU::op_io() -> void {
+auto CPU::io() -> void {
   cycle_edge();
   add_clocks(4);
 }
 
-auto CPU::op_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
+auto CPU::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   cycle_edge();
   add_clocks(4);
   return bus.read(addr);
 }
 
-auto CPU::op_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
+auto CPU::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   cycle_edge();
   add_clocks(4);
   bus.write(addr, data);

higan/gb/cpu/mmio.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ auto CPU::mmio_joyp_poll() -> void {
   dpad |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, (uint)Input::Left) << 1;
   dpad |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, (uint)Input::Right) << 0;
 
-  if(system.revision != System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) {
+  if(system.revision() != System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) {
     //D-pad pivot makes it impossible to press opposing directions at the same time
     //however, Super Game Boy BIOS is able to set these bits together
     if(dpad & 4) dpad &= ~8;  //disallow up+down
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ auto CPU::mmio_joyp_poll() -> void {
   if(status.p15 == 1 && status.p14 == 1) status.joyp -= status.mlt_req;
   if(status.p15 == 0) status.joyp &= button ^ 0x0f;
   if(status.p14 == 0) status.joyp &= dpad ^ 0x0f;
-  if(status.joyp != 0x0f) interrupt_raise(Interrupt::Joypad);
+  if(status.joyp != 0x0f) raise(Interrupt::Joypad);
 }
 
 auto CPU::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
@@ -38,17 +38,19 @@ auto CPU::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
 
   if(addr == 0xff00) {  //JOYP
     mmio_joyp_poll();
-    return (status.p15 << 5)
+    return 0xc0
+         | (status.p15 << 5)
          | (status.p14 << 4)
          | (status.joyp << 0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff01) {  //SB
-    return 0xff;
+    return 0x00;
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff02) {  //SC
     return (status.serial_transfer << 7)
+         | 0x7e
          | (status.serial_clock << 0);
   }
 
@@ -65,12 +67,14 @@ auto CPU::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff07) {  //TAC
-    return (status.timer_enable << 2)
+    return 0xf8
+         | (status.timer_enable << 2)
          | (status.timer_clock << 0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff0f) {  //IF
-    return (status.interrupt_request_joypad << 4)
+    return 0xe0
+         | (status.interrupt_request_joypad << 4)
          | (status.interrupt_request_serial << 3)
          | (status.interrupt_request_timer << 2)
          | (status.interrupt_request_stat << 1)
@@ -123,7 +127,8 @@ auto CPU::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xffff) {  //IE
-    return (status.interrupt_enable_joypad << 4)
+    return 0xe0
+         | (status.interrupt_enable_joypad << 4)
          | (status.interrupt_enable_serial << 3)
          | (status.interrupt_enable_timer << 2)
          | (status.interrupt_enable_stat << 1)

higan/gb/cpu/timing.cpp

@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 //  154 scanlines/frame
 
 auto CPU::add_clocks(uint clocks) -> void {
-  if(system.sgb()) system.clocks_executed += clocks;
-
-  while(clocks--) {
+  for(auto n : range(clocks)) {
     if(++status.clock == 0) {
       cartridge.mbc3.second();
     }
@@ -19,20 +17,23 @@ auto CPU::add_clocks(uint clocks) -> void {
     if((status.div & 1023) == 0)   timer_4096hz();
 
     ppu.clock -= ppu.frequency;
-    if(ppu.clock < 0) co_switch(scheduler.active_thread = ppu.thread);
+    if(ppu.clock < 0) co_switch(ppu.thread);
 
     apu.clock -= apu.frequency;
-    if(apu.clock < 0) co_switch(scheduler.active_thread = apu.thread);
+    if(apu.clock < 0) co_switch(apu.thread);
   }
 
-  if(system.sgb()) scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::StepEvent);
+  if(system.sgb()) {
+    system._clocksExecuted += clocks;
+    scheduler.exit(Scheduler::Event::Step);
+  }
 }
 
 auto CPU::timer_262144hz() -> void {
   if(status.timer_enable && status.timer_clock == 1) {
     if(++status.tima == 0) {
       status.tima = status.tma;
-      interrupt_raise(Interrupt::Timer);
+      raise(Interrupt::Timer);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ auto CPU::timer_65536hz() -> void {
   if(status.timer_enable && status.timer_clock == 2) {
     if(++status.tima == 0) {
       status.tima = status.tma;
-      interrupt_raise(Interrupt::Timer);
+      raise(Interrupt::Timer);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ auto CPU::timer_16384hz() -> void {
   if(status.timer_enable && status.timer_clock == 3) {
     if(++status.tima == 0) {
       status.tima = status.tma;
-      interrupt_raise(Interrupt::Timer);
+      raise(Interrupt::Timer);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ auto CPU::timer_8192hz() -> void {
   if(status.serial_transfer && status.serial_clock) {
     if(--status.serial_bits == 0) {
       status.serial_transfer = 0;
-      interrupt_raise(Interrupt::Serial);
+      raise(Interrupt::Serial);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ auto CPU::timer_4096hz() -> void {
   if(status.timer_enable && status.timer_clock == 0) {
     if(++status.tima == 0) {
       status.tima = status.tma;
-      interrupt_raise(Interrupt::Timer);
+      raise(Interrupt::Timer);
     }
   }
 }

higan/gb/gb.hpp

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once
 
+//license: GPLv3
+//started: 2010-12-27
+
 #include <emulator/emulator.hpp>
 #include <processor/lr35902/lr35902.hpp>
 
 namespace GameBoy {
   namespace Info {
-    static const string Name = "bgb";
-    static const uint SerializerVersion = 4;
+    static const uint SerializerVersion = 5;
   }
 }
 
-/*
-  bgb - Game Boy, Super Game Boy, and Game Boy Color emulator
-  author: byuu
-  license: GPLv3
-  project started: 2010-12-27
-*/
-
 #include <libco/libco.h>
 
 namespace GameBoy {
@@ -27,7 +22,7 @@ namespace GameBoy {
 
     auto create(auto (*entrypoint)() -> void, uint frequency) -> void {
       if(thread) co_delete(thread);
-      thread = co_create(65536 * sizeof(void*), entrypoint);
+      thread = co_create(65'536 * sizeof(void*), entrypoint);
       this->frequency = frequency;
       clock = 0;
     }
@@ -50,7 +45,6 @@ namespace GameBoy {
   #include <gb/ppu/ppu.hpp>
   #include <gb/apu/apu.hpp>
   #include <gb/cheat/cheat.hpp>
-  #include <gb/video/video.hpp>
 }
 
 #include <gb/interface/interface.hpp>

higan/gb/interface/interface.cpp

@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ Interface::Interface() {
   interface = this;
   hook = nullptr;
 
-  information.name        = "Game Boy";
-  information.width       = 160;
-  information.height      = 144;
-  information.overscan    = false;
-  information.aspectRatio = 1.0;
-  information.resettable  = false;
+  information.manufacturer = "Nintendo";
+  information.name         = "Game Boy";
+  information.width        = 160;
+  information.height       = 144;
+  information.overscan     = false;
+  information.aspectRatio  = 1.0;
+  information.resettable   = false;
+
   information.capability.states = true;
   information.capability.cheats = true;
 
@@ -23,19 +25,18 @@ Interface::Interface() {
 
   {
     Device device{0, ID::Device, "Controller"};
-    device.input.append({0, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.input.append({1, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.input.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.input.append({3, 0, "Right" });
-    device.input.append({4, 0, "B"     });
-    device.input.append({5, 0, "A"     });
-    device.input.append({6, 0, "Select"});
-    device.input.append({7, 0, "Start" });
-    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
-    this->device.append(device);
+    device.inputs.append({0, 0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({1, 0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({3, 0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({4, 0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({5, 0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({6, 0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({7, 0, "Start" });
+    devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  port.append({0, "Device", {device[0]}});
+  ports.append({0, "Device", {devices[0]}});
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -50,12 +51,73 @@ auto Interface::videoFrequency() -> double {
   return 4194304.0 / (154.0 * 456.0);
 }
 
+auto Interface::videoColors() -> uint32 {
+  return !system.cgb() ? 1 << 2 : 1 << 15;
+}
+
+auto Interface::videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 {
+  if(!system.cgb()) {
+    if(!settings.colorEmulation) {
+      uint64 L = image::normalize(3 - color, 2, 16);
+      return L << 32 | L << 16 | L << 0;
+    } else {
+      #define DMG_PALETTE_GREEN
+    //#define DMG_PALETTE_YELLOW
+    //#define DMG_PALETTE_WHITE
+
+      const uint16 monochrome[4][3] = {
+        #if defined(DMG_PALETTE_GREEN)
+        {0xaeae, 0xd9d9, 0x2727},
+        {0x5858, 0xa0a0, 0x2828},
+        {0x2020, 0x6262, 0x2929},
+        {0x1a1a, 0x4545, 0x2a2a},
+        #elif defined(DMG_PALETTE_YELLOW)
+        {0xffff, 0xf7f7, 0x7b7b},
+        {0xb5b5, 0xaeae, 0x4a4a},
+        {0x6b6b, 0x6969, 0x3131},
+        {0x2121, 0x2020, 0x1010},
+        #elif defined(DMG_PALETTE_WHITE)
+        {0xffff, 0xffff, 0xffff},
+        {0xaaaa, 0xaaaa, 0xaaaa},
+        {0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555},
+        {0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000},
+        #endif
+      };
+
+      uint64 R = monochrome[color][0];
+      uint64 G = monochrome[color][1];
+      uint64 B = monochrome[color][2];
+
+      return R << 32 | G << 16 | B << 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    uint r = color.bits( 0, 4);
+    uint g = color.bits( 5, 9);
+    uint b = color.bits(10,14);
+
+    uint64_t R = image::normalize(r, 5, 16);
+    uint64_t G = image::normalize(g, 5, 16);
+    uint64_t B = image::normalize(b, 5, 16);
+
+    if(settings.colorEmulation) {
+      R = (r * 26 + g *  4 + b *  2);
+      G = (         g * 24 + b *  8);
+      B = (r *  6 + g *  4 + b * 22);
+      R = image::normalize(min(960, R), 10, 16);
+      G = image::normalize(min(960, G), 10, 16);
+      B = image::normalize(min(960, B), 10, 16);
+    }
+
+    return R << 32 | G << 16 | B << 0;
+  }
+}
+
 auto Interface::audioFrequency() -> double {
   return 4194304.0 / 2.0;
 }
 
 auto Interface::loaded() -> bool {
-  return cartridge.loaded();
+  return system.loaded();
 }
 
 auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
@@ -72,7 +134,7 @@ auto Interface::group(uint id) -> uint {
   case ID::Manifest:
   case ID::ROM:
   case ID::RAM:
-    switch(system.revision) {
+    switch(system.revision()) {
     case System::Revision::GameBoy: return ID::GameBoy;
     case System::Revision::SuperGameBoy: return ID::SuperGameBoy;
     case System::Revision::GameBoyColor: return ID::GameBoyColor;
@@ -83,9 +145,9 @@ auto Interface::group(uint id) -> uint {
 }
 
 auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  if(id == ID::GameBoy) cartridge.load(System::Revision::GameBoy);
-  if(id == ID::SuperGameBoy) cartridge.load(System::Revision::SuperGameBoy);
-  if(id == ID::GameBoyColor) cartridge.load(System::Revision::GameBoyColor);
+  if(id == ID::GameBoy) system.load(System::Revision::GameBoy);
+  if(id == ID::SuperGameBoy) system.load(System::Revision::SuperGameBoy);
+  if(id == ID::GameBoyColor) system.load(System::Revision::GameBoyColor);
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
@@ -100,15 +162,15 @@ auto Interface::load(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   }
 
   if(id == ID::GameBoyBootROM) {
-    stream.read(system.bootROM.dmg, min( 256u, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)system.bootROM.dmg, min( 256u, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM) {
-    stream.read(system.bootROM.sgb, min( 256u, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)system.bootROM.sgb, min( 256u, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::GameBoyColorBootROM) {
-    stream.read(system.bootROM.cgb, min(2048u, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)system.bootROM.cgb, min(2048u, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::Manifest) {
@@ -116,23 +178,23 @@ auto Interface::load(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   }
 
   if(id == ID::ROM) {
-    stream.read(cartridge.romdata, min(cartridge.romsize, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)cartridge.romdata, min(cartridge.romsize, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::RAM) {
-    stream.read(cartridge.ramdata, min(stream.size(), cartridge.ramsize));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)cartridge.ramdata, min(stream.size(), cartridge.ramsize));
   }
 }
 
 auto Interface::save(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   if(id == ID::RAM) {
-    stream.write(cartridge.ramdata, cartridge.ramsize);
+    stream.write((uint8_t*)cartridge.ramdata, cartridge.ramsize);
   }
 }
 
 auto Interface::unload() -> void {
   save();
-  cartridge.unload();
+  system.unload();
 }
 
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
@@ -148,7 +210,7 @@ auto Interface::run() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Interface::serialize() -> serializer {
-  system.runtosave();
+  system.runToSave();
   return system.serialize();
 }
 
@@ -193,8 +255,18 @@ auto Interface::get(const string& name) -> any {
 }
 
 auto Interface::set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool {
-  if(name == "Blur Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) return settings.blurEmulation = value.get<bool>(), true;
-  if(name == "Color Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) return settings.colorEmulation = value.get<bool>(), true;
+  if(name == "Blur Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) {
+    settings.blurEmulation = value.get<bool>();
+    system.configureVideoEffects();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if(name == "Color Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) {
+    settings.colorEmulation = value.get<bool>();
+    system.configureVideoPalette();
+    return true;
+  }
+
   return false;
 }
 

higan/gb/interface/interface.hpp

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto manifest() -> string;
   auto title() -> string;
   auto videoFrequency() -> double;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
   auto audioFrequency() -> double;
 
   auto loaded() -> bool;
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto joypWrite(bool p15, bool p14) -> void;
 
 private:
-  vector<Device> device;
+  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {

higan/gb/memory/memory.cpp

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ auto Memory::operator[](uint addr) -> uint8& {
 auto Memory::allocate(uint size_) -> void {
   free();
   size = size_;
-  data = new uint8_t[size]();
+  data = new uint8[size];
 }
 
-auto Memory::copy(const uint8_t* data_, unsigned size_) -> void {
+auto Memory::copy(const uint8* data_, unsigned size_) -> void {
   free();
   size = size_;
-  data = new uint8_t[size];
+  data = new uint8[size];
   memcpy(data, data_, size);
 }
 

higan/gb/ppu/cgb.cpp

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ auto PPU::cgb_read_tile(bool select, uint x, uint y, uint& attr, uint& data) ->
 
 auto PPU::cgb_scanline() -> void {
   px = 0;
+  if(!enabled()) return;
 
   const uint Height = (status.ob_size == 0 ? 8 : 16);
   sprites = 0;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ auto PPU::cgb_run() -> void {
   ob.priority = 0;
 
   uint color = 0x7fff;
-  if(status.display_enable) {
+  if(enabled()) {
     cgb_run_bg();
     if(status.window_display_enable) cgb_run_window();
     if(status.ob_enable) cgb_run_ob();

higan/gb/ppu/dmg.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ auto PPU::dmg_read_tile(bool select, uint x, uint y, uint& data) -> void {
 
 auto PPU::dmg_scanline() -> void {
   px = 0;
+  if(!enabled()) return;
 
   const uint Height = (status.ob_size == 0 ? 8 : 16);
   sprites = 0;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ auto PPU::dmg_run() -> void {
   ob.palette = 0;
 
   uint color = 0;
-  if(status.display_enable) {
+  if(enabled()) {
     if(status.bg_enable) dmg_run_bg();
     if(status.window_display_enable) dmg_run_window();
     if(status.ob_enable) dmg_run_ob();

higan/gb/ppu/mmio.cpp

@@ -24,18 +24,12 @@ auto PPU::mmio_read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff41) {  //STAT
-    uint mode;
-    if(status.ly >= 144) mode = 1;  //Vblank
-    else if(status.lx < 80) mode = 2;  //OAM
-    else if(status.lx < 252) mode = 3;  //LCD
-    else mode = 0;  //Hblank
-
     return (status.interrupt_lyc << 6)
          | (status.interrupt_oam << 5)
          | (status.interrupt_vblank << 4)
          | (status.interrupt_hblank << 3)
          | ((status.ly == status.lyc) << 2)
-         | (mode << 0);
+         | (status.mode << 0);
   }
 
   if(addr == 0xff42) {  //SCY
@@ -125,7 +119,7 @@ auto PPU::mmio_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
       //restart cothread to begin new frame
       auto clock = this->clock;
-      create(Main, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+      create(Enter, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
       this->clock = clock;
     }
 
@@ -145,6 +139,13 @@ auto PPU::mmio_write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     status.interrupt_oam = data & 0x20;
     status.interrupt_vblank = data & 0x10;
     status.interrupt_hblank = data & 0x08;
+
+    //hardware bug: writes to STAT on DMG,SGB during vblank triggers STAT IRQ
+    //note: this behavior isn't entirely correct; more research is needed ...
+    if(!system.cgb() && status.mode == 1) {
+      cpu.raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);
+    }
+
     return;
   }
 

higan/gb/ppu/ppu.cpp

@@ -1,77 +1,82 @@
 #include <gb/gb.hpp>
 
-//LY     =   0-153
-//Raster =   0-143
-//Vblank = 144-153
-
-//LX     =   0-455
-
 namespace GameBoy {
 
+PPU ppu;
 #include "mmio.cpp"
 #include "dmg.cpp"
 #include "cgb.cpp"
 #include "serialization.cpp"
-PPU ppu;
 
-auto PPU::Main() -> void {
-  ppu.main();
+auto PPU::enabled() const -> bool { return status.display_enable; }
+
+auto PPU::Enter() -> void {
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), ppu.main();
 }
 
 auto PPU::main() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
+  status.lx = 0;
+  interface->lcdScanline();  //Super Game Boy notification
+
+  if(status.ly <= 143) {
+    mode(2);
+    scanline();
+    wait(92);
+
+    mode(3);
+    for(auto n : range(160)) {
+      run();
+      wait(1);
     }
 
-    status.lx = 0;
-    interface->lcdScanline();  //Super Game Boy notification
+    mode(0);
+    if(enabled()) cpu.hblank();
+    wait(204);
+  } else {
+    mode(1);
+    wait(456);
+  }
 
-    if(status.display_enable) {
-      //LYC of zero triggers on LY==153
-      if((status.lyc && status.ly == status.lyc) || (!status.lyc && status.ly == 153)) {
-        if(status.interrupt_lyc) cpu.interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);
-      }
+  status.ly++;
 
-      if(status.ly <= 143) {
-        scanline();
-        if(status.interrupt_oam) cpu.interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);
-      }
+  if(status.ly == 144) {
+    if(enabled()) cpu.raise(CPU::Interrupt::Vblank);
+    scheduler.exit(Scheduler::Event::Frame);
+  }
 
-      if(status.ly == 144) {
-        if(status.interrupt_vblank) cpu.interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);
-        else if(status.interrupt_oam) cpu.interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);  //hardware quirk
-        cpu.interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt::Vblank);
-      }
-    }
-
-    add_clocks(92);
-
-    if(status.ly <= 143) {
-      for(auto n : range(160)) {
-        if(status.display_enable) run();
-        add_clocks(1);
-      }
-
-      if(status.display_enable) {
-        if(status.interrupt_hblank) cpu.interrupt_raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);
-        cpu.hblank();
-      }
-    } else {
-      add_clocks(160);
-    }
-
-    add_clocks(204);
-
-    if(++status.ly == 154) {
-      status.ly = 0;
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent);
-    }
+  if(status.ly == 154) {
+    status.ly = 0;
   }
 }
 
-auto PPU::add_clocks(uint clocks) -> void {
+auto PPU::mode(uint mode) -> void {
+  status.mode = mode;
+}
+
+auto PPU::stat() -> void {
+  bool irq = status.irq;
+
+  status.irq  = status.interrupt_hblank && status.mode == 0;
+  status.irq |= status.interrupt_vblank && status.mode == 1;
+  status.irq |= status.interrupt_oam    && status.mode == 2;
+  status.irq |= status.interrupt_lyc    && coincidence();
+
+  if(!irq && status.irq) cpu.raise(CPU::Interrupt::Stat);
+}
+
+auto PPU::coincidence() -> bool {
+  uint ly = status.ly;
+  if(ly == 153 && status.lx >= 92) ly = 0;  //LYC=0 triggers early during LY=153
+  return ly == status.lyc;
+}
+
+auto PPU::refresh() -> void {
+  if(!system.sgb()) Emulator::video.refresh(screen, 160 * sizeof(uint32), 160, 144);
+}
+
+auto PPU::wait(uint clocks) -> void {
   while(clocks--) {
+    stat();
     if(status.dma_active) {
       uint hi = status.dma_clock++;
       uint lo = hi & (cpu.status.speed_double ? 1 : 3);
@@ -90,21 +95,19 @@ auto PPU::add_clocks(uint clocks) -> void {
 
     status.lx++;
     clock += cpu.frequency;
-    if(clock >= 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      co_switch(scheduler.active_thread = cpu.thread);
-    }
+    if(clock >= 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(cpu.thread);
   }
 }
 
 auto PPU::hflip(uint data) const -> uint {
-  return ((data & 0x8080) >> 7) | ((data & 0x4040) >> 5)
-       | ((data & 0x2020) >> 3) | ((data & 0x1010) >> 1)
-       | ((data & 0x0808) << 1) | ((data & 0x0404) << 3)
-       | ((data & 0x0202) << 5) | ((data & 0x0101) << 7);
+  return (data & 0x8080) >> 7 | (data & 0x4040) >> 5
+       | (data & 0x2020) >> 3 | (data & 0x1010) >> 1
+       | (data & 0x0808) << 1 | (data & 0x0404) << 3
+       | (data & 0x0202) << 5 | (data & 0x0101) << 7;
 }
 
 auto PPU::power() -> void {
-  create(Main, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+  create(Enter, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
 
   if(system.cgb()) {
     scanline = {&PPU::cgb_scanline, this};
@@ -141,11 +144,12 @@ auto PPU::power() -> void {
   for(auto& n : vram) n = 0x00;
   for(auto& n : oam) n = 0x00;
   for(auto& n : bgp) n = 0x00;
-  for(auto& n : obp[0]) n = 0x00;
-  for(auto& n : obp[1]) n = 0x00;
+  for(auto& n : obp[0]) n = 3;
+  for(auto& n : obp[1]) n = 3;
   for(auto& n : bgpd) n = 0x0000;
   for(auto& n : obpd) n = 0x0000;
 
+  status.irq = false;
   status.lx = 0;
 
   status.display_enable = 0;
@@ -161,6 +165,7 @@ auto PPU::power() -> void {
   status.interrupt_oam = 0;
   status.interrupt_vblank = 0;
   status.interrupt_hblank = 0;
+  status.mode = 0;
 
   status.scy = 0;
   status.scx = 0;

higan/gb/ppu/ppu.hpp

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 struct PPU : Thread, MMIO {
-  static auto Main() -> void;
+  auto enabled() const -> bool;
+
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
-  auto add_clocks(uint clocks) -> void;
+  auto mode(uint) -> void;
+  auto stat() -> void;
+  auto coincidence() -> bool;
+  auto refresh() -> void;
+  auto wait(uint clocks) -> void;
 
   auto hflip(uint data) const -> uint;
 
@@ -41,6 +47,7 @@ struct PPU : Thread, MMIO {
   function<auto () -> void> run;
 
   struct Status {
+    bool irq;  //STAT IRQ line
     uint lx;
 
     //$ff40  LCDC
@@ -58,6 +65,7 @@ struct PPU : Thread, MMIO {
     bool interrupt_oam;
     bool interrupt_vblank;
     bool interrupt_hblank;
+    uint2 mode;
 
     //$ff42  SCY
     uint8 scy;

higan/gb/ppu/serialization.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ auto PPU::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   s.array(bgpd);
   s.array(obpd);
 
+  s.integer(status.irq);
   s.integer(status.lx);
 
   s.integer(status.display_enable);
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ auto PPU::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   s.integer(status.interrupt_oam);
   s.integer(status.interrupt_vblank);
   s.integer(status.interrupt_hblank);
+  s.integer(status.mode);
 
   s.integer(status.scy);
   s.integer(status.scx);

higan/gb/scheduler/scheduler.cpp

@@ -4,20 +4,41 @@ namespace GameBoy {
 
 Scheduler scheduler;
 
-auto Scheduler::init() -> void {
-  host_thread = co_active();
-  active_thread = cpu.thread;
+auto Scheduler::power() -> void {
+  host = co_active();
+  resume = cpu.thread;
 }
 
-auto Scheduler::enter() -> void {
-  host_thread = co_active();
-  co_switch(active_thread);
+auto Scheduler::enter(Mode mode_) -> Event {
+  mode = mode_;
+  host = co_active();
+  co_switch(resume);
+  if(event == Event::Frame) ppu.refresh();
+  return event;
 }
 
-auto Scheduler::exit(ExitReason reason) -> void {
-  exit_reason = reason;
-  active_thread = co_active();
-  co_switch(host_thread);
+auto Scheduler::exit(Event event_) -> void {
+  event = event_;
+  resume = co_active();
+  co_switch(host);
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::synchronize(cothread_t thread) -> void {
+  if(thread == cpu.thread) {
+    while(enter(Mode::SynchronizeCPU) != Event::Synchronize);
+  } else {
+    resume = thread;
+    while(enter(Mode::SynchronizeAll) != Event::Synchronize);
+  }
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::synchronize() -> void {
+  if(co_active() == cpu.thread && mode == Mode::SynchronizeCPU) return exit(Event::Synchronize);
+  if(co_active() != cpu.thread && mode == Mode::SynchronizeAll) return exit(Event::Synchronize);
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::synchronizing() const -> bool {
+  return mode == Mode::SynchronizeAll;
 }
 
 }

higan/gb/scheduler/scheduler.hpp

@@ -1,14 +1,29 @@
 struct Scheduler {
-  enum class SynchronizeMode : uint { None, CPU, All } sync;
-  enum class ExitReason : uint { UnknownEvent, StepEvent, FrameEvent, SynchronizeEvent };
+  enum class Mode : uint {
+    Run,
+    SynchronizeCPU,
+    SynchronizeAll,
+  };
 
-  auto init() -> void;
-  auto enter() -> void;
-  auto exit(ExitReason) -> void;
+  enum class Event : uint {
+    Unknown,
+    Step,
+    Frame,
+    Synchronize,
+  };
 
-  cothread_t host_thread = nullptr;
-  cothread_t active_thread = nullptr;
-  ExitReason exit_reason = ExitReason::UnknownEvent;
+  auto power() -> void;
+  auto enter(Mode = Mode::Run) -> Event;
+  auto exit(Event) -> void;
+  auto synchronize(cothread_t) -> void;
+  auto synchronize() -> void;
+  auto synchronizing() const -> bool;
+
+private:
+  cothread_t host = nullptr;
+  cothread_t resume = nullptr;
+  Mode mode = Mode::Run;
+  Event event = Event::Unknown;
 };
 
 extern Scheduler scheduler;

higan/gb/system/serialization.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 auto System::serialize() -> serializer {
-  serializer s(serialize_size);
+  serializer s(_serializeSize);
 
   uint signature = 0x31545342, version = Info::SerializerVersion;
   char hash[64], description[512];
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ auto System::serialize() -> serializer {
   s.array(hash);
   s.array(description);
 
-  serialize_all(s);
+  serializeAll(s);
   return s;
 }
 
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ auto System::unserialize(serializer& s) -> bool {
   if(version != Info::SerializerVersion) return false;
 
   power();
-  serialize_all(s);
+  serializeAll(s);
   return true;
 }
 
 auto System::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
-  s.integer(clocks_executed);
+  s.integer(_clocksExecuted);
 }
 
-auto System::serialize_all(serializer& s) -> void {
+auto System::serializeAll(serializer& s) -> void {
   cartridge.serialize(s);
   system.serialize(s);
   cpu.serialize(s);
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ auto System::serialize_all(serializer& s) -> void {
   apu.serialize(s);
 }
 
-auto System::serialize_init() -> void {
+auto System::serializeInit() -> void {
   serializer s;
 
-  uint signature = 0, version = 0, crc32 = 0;
+  uint signature = 0, version = 0;
   char hash[64], description[512];
 
   s.integer(signature);
@@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ auto System::serialize_init() -> void {
   s.array(hash);
   s.array(description);
 
-  serialize_all(s);
-  serialize_size = s.size();
+  serializeAll(s);
+  _serializeSize = s.size();
 }

higan/gb/system/system.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@
 
 namespace GameBoy {
 
+#include "video.cpp"
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 System system;
 
+auto System::loaded() const -> bool { return _loaded; }
+auto System::revision() const -> Revision { return _revision; }
+auto System::clocksExecuted() const -> uint { return _clocksExecuted; }
+
 System::System() {
   for(auto& byte : bootROM.dmg) byte = 0;
   for(auto& byte : bootROM.sgb) byte = 0;
@@ -12,37 +17,13 @@ System::System() {
 }
 
 auto System::run() -> void {
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::None;
-
   scheduler.enter();
-  if(scheduler.exit_reason == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
-    video.refresh();
-  }
 }
 
-auto System::runtosave() -> void {
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::CPU;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-  scheduler.active_thread = ppu.thread;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-  scheduler.active_thread = apu.thread;
-  runthreadtosave();
-
-  scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::None;
-}
-
-auto System::runthreadtosave() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    scheduler.enter();
-    if(scheduler.exit_reason == Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent) break;
-    if(scheduler.exit_reason == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
-      video.refresh();
-    }
-  }
+auto System::runToSave() -> void {
+  scheduler.synchronize(cpu.thread);
+  scheduler.synchronize(ppu.thread);
+  scheduler.synchronize(apu.thread);
 }
 
 auto System::init() -> void {
@@ -50,31 +31,53 @@ auto System::init() -> void {
 }
 
 auto System::load(Revision revision) -> void {
-  this->revision = revision;
-  serialize_init();
-  if(revision == Revision::SuperGameBoy) return;  //Super Famicom core loads boot ROM for SGB
+  _revision = revision;
 
   interface->loadRequest(ID::SystemManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
+  string path = "system/cpu/rom/name";
+  if(revision == Revision::SuperGameBoy) path = "board/icd2/rom/name";
 
-  if(auto bootROM = document["system/cpu/rom/name"].text()) {
+  if(auto bootROM = document[path].text()) {
     interface->loadRequest(
-      revision == Revision::GameBoy ? ID::GameBoyBootROM : ID::GameBoyColorBootROM,
+      revision == Revision::GameBoy ? ID::GameBoyBootROM
+    : revision == Revision::SuperGameBoy ? ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM
+    : revision == Revision::GameBoyColor ? ID::GameBoyColorBootROM
+    : ID::GameBoyBootROM,
       bootROM, true
     );
   }
+
+  cartridge.load(revision);
+  serializeInit();
+  _loaded = true;
+}
+
+auto System::unload() -> void {
+  if(!loaded()) return;
+  cartridge.unload();
+  _loaded = false;
 }
 
 auto System::power() -> void {
+  if(!system.sgb()) {
+    Emulator::video.reset();
+    Emulator::video.setInterface(interface);
+    configureVideoPalette();
+    configureVideoEffects();
+
+    Emulator::audio.reset();
+    Emulator::audio.setInterface(interface);
+  }
+
   bus.power();
   cartridge.power();
   cpu.power();
   ppu.power();
   apu.power();
-  video.power();
-  scheduler.init();
+  scheduler.power();
 
-  clocks_executed = 0;
+  _clocksExecuted = 0;
 }
 
 }

higan/gb/system/system.hpp

@@ -9,29 +9,37 @@ struct System {
     GameBoy,
     SuperGameBoy,
     GameBoyColor,
-  } revision;
+  };
 
   System();
 
-  inline auto dmg() const { return revision == Revision::GameBoy; }
-  inline auto sgb() const { return revision == Revision::SuperGameBoy; }
-  inline auto cgb() const { return revision == Revision::GameBoyColor; }
+  auto loaded() const -> bool;
+  auto revision() const -> Revision;
+  auto clocksExecuted() const -> uint;
+
+  inline auto dmg() const { return _revision == Revision::GameBoy; }
+  inline auto sgb() const { return _revision == Revision::SuperGameBoy; }
+  inline auto cgb() const { return _revision == Revision::GameBoyColor; }
 
   auto run() -> void;
-  auto runtosave() -> void;
-  auto runthreadtosave() -> void;
+  auto runToSave() -> void;
 
   auto init() -> void;
   auto load(Revision) -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
   auto power() -> void;
 
+  //video.cpp
+  auto configureVideoPalette() -> void;
+  auto configureVideoEffects() -> void;
+
   //serialization.cpp
   auto serialize() -> serializer;
   auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
 
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
-  auto serialize_all(serializer&) -> void;
-  auto serialize_init() -> void;
+  auto serializeAll(serializer&) -> void;
+  auto serializeInit() -> void;
 
   struct BootROM {
     uint8 dmg[ 256];
@@ -43,8 +51,10 @@ struct System {
     string manifest;
   } information;
 
-  uint clocks_executed = 0;
-  uint serialize_size = 0;
+  bool _loaded = false;
+  Revision _revision = Revision::GameBoy;
+  uint _serializeSize = 0;
+  uint _clocksExecuted = 0;
 };
 
 #include <gb/interface/interface.hpp>

higan/gb/system/video.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+auto System::configureVideoPalette() -> void {
+  if(sgb()) return;
+  Emulator::video.setPalette();
+}
+
+auto System::configureVideoEffects() -> void {
+  if(sgb()) return;
+  Emulator::video.setEffect(Emulator::Video::Effect::InterframeBlending, settings.blurEmulation);
+}

higan/gb/video/video.cpp

@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-#include <gb/gb.hpp>
-
-namespace GameBoy {
-
-Video video;
-
-Video::Video() {
-  output = new uint32[160 * 144];
-  paletteStandard = new uint32[1 << 15];
-  paletteEmulation = new uint32[1 << 15];
-}
-
-Video::~Video() {
-  delete[] output;
-  delete[] paletteStandard;
-  delete[] paletteEmulation;
-}
-
-auto Video::power() -> void {
-  memory::fill(output, 160 * 144 * sizeof(uint32));
-
-  if(system.dmg()) {
-    for(auto color : range(1 << 2)) {
-      uint L = image::normalize(3 - color, 2, 8);
-      uint R = monochrome[color][0] >> 8;
-      uint G = monochrome[color][1] >> 8;
-      uint B = monochrome[color][2] >> 8;
-      paletteStandard[color] = (255 << 24) | (L << 16) | (L << 8) | (L << 0);
-      paletteEmulation[color] = (255 << 24) | (R << 16) | (G << 8) | (B << 0);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(system.sgb()) {
-    for(auto color : range(1 << 2)) {
-      paletteStandard[color] = color;
-      paletteEmulation[color] = color;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(system.cgb()) {
-    for(auto color : range(1 << 15)) {
-      uint r = (uint5)(color >>  0);
-      uint g = (uint5)(color >>  5);
-      uint b = (uint5)(color >> 10);
-
-      { uint R = image::normalize(r, 5, 8);
-        uint G = image::normalize(g, 5, 8);
-        uint B = image::normalize(b, 5, 8);
-        paletteStandard[color] = (255 << 24) | (R << 16) | (G << 8) | (B << 0);
-      }
-
-      { uint R = (r * 26 + g *  4 + b *  2);
-        uint G = (         g * 24 + b *  8);
-        uint B = (r *  6 + g *  4 + b * 22);
-        R = min(960, R) >> 2;
-        G = min(960, G) >> 2;
-        B = min(960, B) >> 2;
-        paletteEmulation[color] = (255 << 24) | (R << 16) | (G << 8) | (B << 0);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-auto Video::refresh() -> void {
-  auto palette = settings.colorEmulation ? paletteEmulation : paletteStandard;
-
-  for(uint y = 0; y < 144; y++) {
-    auto source = ppu.screen + y * 160;
-    auto target = output + y * 160;
-
-    if(settings.blurEmulation) {
-      for(uint x = 0; x < 160; x++) {
-        auto a = palette[*source++];
-        auto b = *target;
-        *target++ = (a + b - ((a ^ b) & 0x01010101)) >> 1;
-      }
-    } else {
-      for(uint x = 0; x < 160; x++) {
-        auto color = palette[*source++];
-        *target++ = color;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  interface->videoRefresh(output, 4 * 160, 160, 144);
-}
-
-#define DMG_PALETTE_GREEN
-//#define DMG_PALETTE_YELLOW
-//#define DMG_PALETTE_WHITE
-
-const uint16 Video::monochrome[4][3] = {
-  #if defined(DMG_PALETTE_GREEN)
-  {0xaeae, 0xd9d9, 0x2727},
-  {0x5858, 0xa0a0, 0x2828},
-  {0x2020, 0x6262, 0x2929},
-  {0x1a1a, 0x4545, 0x2a2a},
-  #elif defined(DMG_PALETTE_YELLOW)
-  {0xffff, 0xf7f7, 0x7b7b},
-  {0xb5b5, 0xaeae, 0x4a4a},
-  {0x6b6b, 0x6969, 0x3131},
-  {0x2121, 0x2020, 0x1010},
-  #else  //DMG_PALETTE_WHITE
-  {0xffff, 0xffff, 0xffff},
-  {0xaaaa, 0xaaaa, 0xaaaa},
-  {0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555},
-  {0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000},
-  #endif
-};
-
-}

higan/gb/video/video.hpp

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-struct Video {
-  Video();
-  ~Video();
-
-  auto power() -> void;
-  auto refresh() -> void;
-
-  uint32* output = nullptr;
-  uint32* paletteStandard = nullptr;
-  uint32* paletteEmulation = nullptr;
-
-private:
-  static const uint16 monochrome[4][3];
-};
-
-extern Video video;

higan/gba/GNUmakefile

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-gba_objects := gba-memory gba-interface gba-scheduler gba-system
-gba_objects += gba-video gba-cartridge gba-player
-gba_objects += gba-cpu gba-ppu gba-apu
-objects += $(gba_objects)
+processors += arm
 
-obj/gba-memory.o:    $(gba)/memory/memory.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/memory)
-obj/gba-interface.o: $(gba)/interface/interface.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/interface)
-obj/gba-scheduler.o: $(gba)/scheduler/scheduler.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/scheduler)
-obj/gba-system.o:    $(gba)/system/system.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/system)
-obj/gba-video.o:     $(gba)/video/video.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/video)
-obj/gba-cartridge.o: $(gba)/cartridge/cartridge.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/cartridge)
-obj/gba-player.o:    $(gba)/player/player.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/player)
-obj/gba-cpu.o:       $(gba)/cpu/cpu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/cpu)
-obj/gba-ppu.o:       $(gba)/ppu/ppu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/ppu)
-obj/gba-apu.o:       $(gba)/apu/apu.cpp $(call rwildcard,$(gba)/apu)
+objects += gba-memory gba-interface gba-scheduler gba-system
+objects += gba-cartridge gba-player
+objects += gba-cpu gba-ppu gba-apu
+
+obj/gba-memory.o:    gba/memory/memory.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/memory)
+obj/gba-interface.o: gba/interface/interface.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/interface)
+obj/gba-scheduler.o: gba/scheduler/scheduler.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/scheduler)
+obj/gba-system.o:    gba/system/system.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/system)
+obj/gba-cartridge.o: gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/cartridge)
+obj/gba-player.o:    gba/player/player.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/player)
+obj/gba-cpu.o:       gba/cpu/cpu.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/cpu)
+obj/gba-ppu.o:       gba/ppu/ppu.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/ppu)
+obj/gba-apu.o:       gba/apu/apu.cpp $(call rwildcard,gba/apu)

higan/gba/apu/apu.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace GameBoyAdvance {
 
-#include "registers.cpp"
 #include "mmio.cpp"
 #include "square.cpp"
 #include "square1.cpp"
@@ -15,13 +14,7 @@ namespace GameBoyAdvance {
 APU apu;
 
 auto APU::Enter() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) {
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
-
-    apu.main();
-  }
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), apu.main();
 }
 
 auto APU::main() -> void {
@@ -70,17 +63,18 @@ auto APU::main() -> void {
   if(regs.bias.amplitude == 3) lsample &= ~15, rsample &= ~15;
 
   if(cpu.regs.mode == CPU::Registers::Mode::Stop) lsample = 0, rsample = 0;
-  interface->audioSample(sclamp<16>(lsample << 6), sclamp<16>(rsample << 6));  //should be <<5, use <<6 for added volume
+  stream->sample(sclamp<16>(lsample << 6) / 32768.0, sclamp<16>(rsample << 6) / 32768.0);  //should be <<5; use <<6 for added volume
   step(512);
 }
 
 auto APU::step(uint clocks) -> void {
   clock += clocks;
-  if(clock >= 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(cpu.thread);
+  if(clock >= 0 && !scheduler.synchronizing()) co_switch(cpu.thread);
 }
 
 auto APU::power() -> void {
-  create(APU::Enter, 16777216);
+  create(APU::Enter, 16'777'216);
+  stream = Emulator::audio.createStream(2, 16'777'216.0 / 512.0);
 
   square1.power();
   square2.power();
@@ -90,7 +84,8 @@ auto APU::power() -> void {
   fifo[0].power();
   fifo[1].power();
 
-  regs.bias = 0x0200;
+  regs.bias.amplitude = 0;
+  regs.bias.level = 0x200;
 
   for(uint n = 0x060; n <= 0x0a7; n++) bus.mmio[n] = this;
 }

higan/gba/apu/apu.hpp

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 struct APU : Thread, MMIO {
+  shared_pointer<Emulator::Stream> stream;
+
   #include "registers.hpp"
 
   static auto Enter() -> void;

higan/gba/apu/mmio.cpp

@@ -2,215 +2,234 @@ auto APU::read(uint32 addr) -> uint8 {
   switch(addr) {
 
   //NR10
-  case 0x04000060: return square1.read(0);
-  case 0x04000061: return 0u;
+  case 0x0400'0060: return square1.read(0);
+  case 0x0400'0061: return 0;
 
-  //NR11 + NR12
-  case 0x04000062: return square1.read(1);
-  case 0x04000063: return square1.read(2);
+  //NR11, NR12
+  case 0x0400'0062: return square1.read(1);
+  case 0x0400'0063: return square1.read(2);
 
-  //NR13 + NR14
-  case 0x04000064: return square1.read(3);
-  case 0x04000065: return square1.read(4);
+  //NR13, NR14
+  case 0x0400'0064: return square1.read(3);
+  case 0x0400'0065: return square1.read(4);
 
-  //NR21 + NR22
-  case 0x04000068: return square2.read(1);
-  case 0x04000069: return square2.read(2);
+  //NR21, NR22
+  case 0x0400'0068: return square2.read(1);
+  case 0x0400'0069: return square2.read(2);
 
-  //NR23 + NR24
-  case 0x0400006c: return square2.read(3);
-  case 0x0400006d: return square2.read(4);
+  //NR23, NR24
+  case 0x0400'006c: return square2.read(3);
+  case 0x0400'006d: return square2.read(4);
 
   //NR30
-  case 0x04000070: return wave.read(0);
-  case 0x04000071: return 0u;
+  case 0x0400'0070: return wave.read(0);
+  case 0x0400'0071: return 0;
 
-  //NR31 + NR32
-  case 0x04000072: return wave.read(1);
-  case 0x04000073: return wave.read(2);
+  //NR31, NR32
+  case 0x0400'0072: return wave.read(1);
+  case 0x0400'0073: return wave.read(2);
 
-  //NR33 + NR34
-  case 0x04000074: return wave.read(3);
-  case 0x04000075: return wave.read(4);
+  //NR33, NR34
+  case 0x0400'0074: return wave.read(3);
+  case 0x0400'0075: return wave.read(4);
 
-  //NR41 + NR42
-  case 0x04000078: return noise.read(1);
-  case 0x04000079: return noise.read(2);
+  //NR41, NR42
+  case 0x0400'0078: return noise.read(1);
+  case 0x0400'0079: return noise.read(2);
 
-  //NR43 + NR44
-  case 0x0400007c: return noise.read(3);
-  case 0x0400007d: return noise.read(4);
+  //NR43, NR44
+  case 0x0400'007c: return noise.read(3);
+  case 0x0400'007d: return noise.read(4);
 
-  //NR50 + NR51
-  case 0x04000080: return sequencer.read(0);
-  case 0x04000081: return sequencer.read(1);
+  //NR50, NR51
+  case 0x0400'0080: return sequencer.read(0);
+  case 0x0400'0081: return sequencer.read(1);
 
   //SOUND_CNT_H
-  case 0x04000082:
-    return (fifo[1].volume << 3) | (fifo[0].volume << 2) | (sequencer.volume << 0);
-  case 0x04000083:
-    return (fifo[1].timer << 6) | (fifo[1].lenable << 5) | (fifo[1].renable << 4)
-         | (fifo[0].timer << 2) | (fifo[0].lenable << 1) | (fifo[0].renable << 0);
+  case 0x0400'0082: return (
+    sequencer.volume << 0
+  | fifo[0].volume   << 2
+  | fifo[1].volume   << 3
+  );
+
+  case 0x0400'0083: return (
+    fifo[0].renable << 0
+  | fifo[0].lenable << 1
+  | fifo[0].timer   << 2
+  | fifo[1].renable << 4
+  | fifo[1].lenable << 5
+  | fifo[1].timer   << 6
+  );
 
   //NR52
-  case 0x04000084: return sequencer.read(2);
-  case 0x04000085: return 0u;
+  case 0x0400'0084: return sequencer.read(2);
+  case 0x0400'0085: return 0;
 
   //SOUNDBIAS
-  case 0x04000088: return regs.bias >> 0;
-  case 0x04000089: return regs.bias >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0088: return (
+    regs.bias.level.bits(0,7)
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0089: return (
+    regs.bias.level.bits(8,9) << 0
+  | regs.bias.amplitude       << 6
+  );
 
   //WAVE_RAM0_L
-  case 0x04000090: return wave.readram( 0);
-  case 0x04000091: return wave.readram( 1);
+  case 0x0400'0090: return wave.readram( 0);
+  case 0x0400'0091: return wave.readram( 1);
 
   //WAVE_RAM0_H
-  case 0x04000092: return wave.readram( 2);
-  case 0x04000093: return wave.readram( 3);
+  case 0x0400'0092: return wave.readram( 2);
+  case 0x0400'0093: return wave.readram( 3);
 
   //WAVE_RAM1_L
-  case 0x04000094: return wave.readram( 4);
-  case 0x04000095: return wave.readram( 5);
+  case 0x0400'0094: return wave.readram( 4);
+  case 0x0400'0095: return wave.readram( 5);
 
   //WAVE_RAM1_H
-  case 0x04000096: return wave.readram( 6);
-  case 0x04000097: return wave.readram( 7);
+  case 0x0400'0096: return wave.readram( 6);
+  case 0x0400'0097: return wave.readram( 7);
 
   //WAVE_RAM2_L
-  case 0x04000098: return wave.readram( 8);
-  case 0x04000099: return wave.readram( 9);
+  case 0x0400'0098: return wave.readram( 8);
+  case 0x0400'0099: return wave.readram( 9);
 
   //WAVE_RAM2_H
-  case 0x0400009a: return wave.readram(10);
-  case 0x0400009b: return wave.readram(11);
+  case 0x0400'009a: return wave.readram(10);
+  case 0x0400'009b: return wave.readram(11);
 
   //WAVE_RAM3_L
-  case 0x0400009c: return wave.readram(12);
-  case 0x0400009d: return wave.readram(13);
+  case 0x0400'009c: return wave.readram(12);
+  case 0x0400'009d: return wave.readram(13);
 
   //WAVE_RAM3_H
-  case 0x0400009e: return wave.readram(14);
-  case 0x0400009f: return wave.readram(15);
+  case 0x0400'009e: return wave.readram(14);
+  case 0x0400'009f: return wave.readram(15);
 
   }
 
-  return 0u;
+  return 0;
 }
 
-auto APU::write(uint32 addr, uint8 byte) -> void {
+auto APU::write(uint32 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   switch(addr) {
 
   //NR10
-  case 0x04000060: return square1.write(0, byte);
-  case 0x04000061: return;
+  case 0x0400'0060: return square1.write(0, data);
+  case 0x0400'0061: return;
 
-  //NR11 + NR12
-  case 0x04000062: return square1.write(1, byte);
-  case 0x04000063: return square1.write(2, byte);
+  //NR11, NR12
+  case 0x0400'0062: return square1.write(1, data);
+  case 0x0400'0063: return square1.write(2, data);
 
-  //NR13 + NR14
-  case 0x04000064: return square1.write(3, byte);
-  case 0x04000065: return square1.write(4, byte);
+  //NR13, NR14
+  case 0x0400'0064: return square1.write(3, data);
+  case 0x0400'0065: return square1.write(4, data);
 
-  //NR21 + NR22
-  case 0x04000068: return square2.write(1, byte);
-  case 0x04000069: return square2.write(2, byte);
+  //NR21, NR22
+  case 0x0400'0068: return square2.write(1, data);
+  case 0x0400'0069: return square2.write(2, data);
 
-  //NR23 + NR24
-  case 0x0400006c: return square2.write(3, byte);
-  case 0x0400006d: return square2.write(4, byte);
+  //NR23, NR24
+  case 0x0400'006c: return square2.write(3, data);
+  case 0x0400'006d: return square2.write(4, data);
 
   //NR30
-  case 0x04000070: return wave.write(0, byte);
-  case 0x04000071: return;
+  case 0x0400'0070: return wave.write(0, data);
+  case 0x0400'0071: return;
 
-  //NR31 + NR32
-  case 0x04000072: return wave.write(1, byte);
-  case 0x04000073: return wave.write(2, byte);
+  //NR31, NR32
+  case 0x0400'0072: return wave.write(1, data);
+  case 0x0400'0073: return wave.write(2, data);
 
-  //NR33 + NR34
-  case 0x04000074: return wave.write(3, byte);
-  case 0x04000075: return wave.write(4, byte);
+  //NR33, NR34
+  case 0x0400'0074: return wave.write(3, data);
+  case 0x0400'0075: return wave.write(4, data);
 
-  //NR41 + NR42
-  case 0x04000078: return noise.write(1, byte);
-  case 0x04000079: return noise.write(2, byte);
+  //NR41, NR42
+  case 0x0400'0078: return noise.write(1, data);
+  case 0x0400'0079: return noise.write(2, data);
 
-  //NR43 + NR44
-  case 0x0400007c: return noise.write(3, byte);
-  case 0x0400007d: return noise.write(4, byte);
+  //NR43, NR44
+  case 0x0400'007c: return noise.write(3, data);
+  case 0x0400'007d: return noise.write(4, data);
 
-  //NR50 + NR51
-  case 0x04000080: return sequencer.write(0, byte);
-  case 0x04000081: return sequencer.write(1, byte);
+  //NR50, NR51
+  case 0x0400'0080: return sequencer.write(0, data);
+  case 0x0400'0081: return sequencer.write(1, data);
 
   //SOUND_CNT_H
-  case 0x04000082:
-    sequencer.volume = byte >> 0;
-    fifo[0].volume   = byte >> 2;
-    fifo[1].volume   = byte >> 3;
+  case 0x0400'0082:
+    sequencer.volume = data.bits(0,1);
+    fifo[0].volume   = data.bit (2);
+    fifo[1].volume   = data.bit (3);
     return;
-  case 0x04000083:
-    fifo[0].renable = byte >> 0;
-    fifo[0].lenable = byte >> 1;
-    fifo[0].timer   = byte >> 2;
-    if(byte & 1 << 3) fifo[0].reset();
-    fifo[1].renable = byte >> 4;
-    fifo[1].lenable = byte >> 5;
-    fifo[1].timer   = byte >> 6;
-    if(byte & 1 << 7) fifo[1].reset();
+  case 0x0400'0083:
+    fifo[0].renable = data.bit(0);
+    fifo[0].lenable = data.bit(1);
+    fifo[0].timer   = data.bit(2);
+    if(data.bit(3)) fifo[0].reset();
+    fifo[1].renable = data.bit(4);
+    fifo[1].lenable = data.bit(5);
+    fifo[1].timer   = data.bit(6);
+    if(data.bit(7)) fifo[1].reset();
     return;
 
   //NR52
-  case 0x04000084: return sequencer.write(2, byte);
-  case 0x04000085: return;
+  case 0x0400'0084: return sequencer.write(2, data);
+  case 0x0400'0085: return;
 
   //SOUNDBIAS
-  case 0x04000088: regs.bias = (regs.bias & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000089: regs.bias = (regs.bias & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0088:
+    regs.bias.level.bits(0,7) = data;
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0089:
+    regs.bias.level.bits(8,9) = data.bits(0,1);
+    regs.bias.amplitude       = data.bits(6,7);
+    return;
 
   //WAVE_RAM0_L
-  case 0x04000090: return wave.writeram( 0, byte);
-  case 0x04000091: return wave.writeram( 1, byte);
+  case 0x0400'0090: return wave.writeram( 0, data);
+  case 0x0400'0091: return wave.writeram( 1, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM0_H
-  case 0x04000092: return wave.writeram( 2, byte);
-  case 0x04000093: return wave.writeram( 3, byte);
+  case 0x0400'0092: return wave.writeram( 2, data);
+  case 0x0400'0093: return wave.writeram( 3, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM1_L
-  case 0x04000094: return wave.writeram( 4, byte);
-  case 0x04000095: return wave.writeram( 5, byte);
+  case 0x0400'0094: return wave.writeram( 4, data);
+  case 0x0400'0095: return wave.writeram( 5, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM1_H
-  case 0x04000096: return wave.writeram( 6, byte);
-  case 0x04000097: return wave.writeram( 7, byte);
+  case 0x0400'0096: return wave.writeram( 6, data);
+  case 0x0400'0097: return wave.writeram( 7, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM2_L
-  case 0x04000098: return wave.writeram( 8, byte);
-  case 0x04000099: return wave.writeram( 9, byte);
+  case 0x0400'0098: return wave.writeram( 8, data);
+  case 0x0400'0099: return wave.writeram( 9, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM2_H
-  case 0x0400009a: return wave.writeram(10, byte);
-  case 0x0400009b: return wave.writeram(11, byte);
+  case 0x0400'009a: return wave.writeram(10, data);
+  case 0x0400'009b: return wave.writeram(11, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM3_L
-  case 0x0400009c: return wave.writeram(12, byte);
-  case 0x0400009d: return wave.writeram(13, byte);
+  case 0x0400'009c: return wave.writeram(12, data);
+  case 0x0400'009d: return wave.writeram(13, data);
 
   //WAVE_RAM3_H
-  case 0x0400009e: return wave.writeram(14, byte);
-  case 0x0400009f: return wave.writeram(15, byte);
+  case 0x0400'009e: return wave.writeram(14, data);
+  case 0x0400'009f: return wave.writeram(15, data);
 
   //FIFO_A_L
   //FIFO_A_H
-  case 0x040000a0: case 0x040000a1:
-  case 0x040000a2: case 0x040000a3:
-    return fifo[0].write(byte);
+  case 0x0400'00a0: case 0x0400'00a1:
+  case 0x0400'00a2: case 0x0400'00a3:
+    return fifo[0].write(data);
 
   //FIFO_B_L
   //FIFO_B_H
-  case 0x040000a4: case 0x040000a5:
-  case 0x040000a6: case 0x040000a7:
-    return fifo[1].write(byte);
+  case 0x0400'00a4: case 0x0400'00a5:
+  case 0x0400'00a6: case 0x0400'00a7:
+    return fifo[1].write(data);
   }
 }

higan/gba/apu/registers.cpp

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-APU::Registers::SoundBias::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (level     <<  0)
-  | (amplitude << 14)
-  );
-}
-
-auto APU::Registers::SoundBias::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  level     = (source >>  0) & 1023;
-  amplitude = (source >> 14) &    3;
-  return operator uint16();
-}

higan/gba/apu/registers.hpp

@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@ struct Registers {
   struct SoundBias {
     uint10 level;
     uint2 amplitude;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const SoundBias&) -> SoundBias& = delete;
   } bias;
 
   uint clock;

higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp

@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@ Cartridge::~Cartridge() {
   delete[] flash.data;
 }
 
-auto Cartridge::loaded() const -> bool {
-  return isLoaded;
-}
-
 auto Cartridge::sha256() const -> string {
   return information.sha256;
 }
@@ -96,16 +92,10 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> void {
   }
 
   information.sha256 = Hash::SHA256(mrom.data, mrom.size).digest();
-
-  system.load();
-  isLoaded = true;
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::unload() -> void {
-  if(isLoaded) {
-    isLoaded = false;
-    memory.reset();
-  }
+  memory.reset();
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::power() -> void {

higan/gba/cartridge/cartridge.hpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 struct Cartridge {
   #include "memory.hpp"
 
-  auto loaded() const -> bool;
   auto sha256() const -> string;
   auto manifest() const -> string;
   auto title() const -> string;
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ struct Cartridge {
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
 
 private:
-  bool isLoaded = false;
   bool hasSRAM = false;
   bool hasEEPROM = false;
   bool hasFLASH = false;

higan/gba/cpu/bus.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-auto CPU::bus_idle() -> void {
+auto CPU::busIdle() -> void {
   prefetch_step(1);
 }
 
-auto CPU::bus_read(unsigned mode, uint32 addr) -> uint32 {
-  unsigned wait = bus_wait(mode, addr);
-  unsigned word = pipeline.fetch.instruction;
+auto CPU::busRead(uint mode, uint32 addr) -> uint32 {
+  uint wait = busWait(mode, addr);
+  uint word = pipeline.fetch.instruction;
 
   if(addr >= 0x1000'0000) {
     prefetch_step(wait);
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ auto CPU::bus_read(unsigned mode, uint32 addr) -> uint32 {
   return word;
 }
 
-auto CPU::bus_write(unsigned mode, uint32 addr, uint32 word) -> void {
-  unsigned wait = bus_wait(mode, addr);
+auto CPU::busWrite(uint mode, uint32 addr, uint32 word) -> void {
+  uint wait = busWait(mode, addr);
 
   if(addr >= 0x1000'0000) {
     prefetch_step(wait);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ auto CPU::bus_write(unsigned mode, uint32 addr, uint32 word) -> void {
   }
 }
 
-auto CPU::bus_wait(unsigned mode, uint32 addr) -> unsigned {
+auto CPU::busWait(uint mode, uint32 addr) -> uint {
   if(addr >= 0x1000'0000) return 1;  //unmapped
   if(addr <  0x0200'0000) return 1;
   if(addr <  0x0300'0000) return (16 - regs.memory.control.ewramwait) * (mode & Word ? 2 : 1);
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ auto CPU::bus_wait(unsigned mode, uint32 addr) -> unsigned {
   if(addr <  0x0700'0000) return mode & Word ? 2 : 1;
   if(addr <  0x0800'0000) return 1;
 
-  static unsigned timings[] = {5, 4, 3, 9};
-  unsigned n = timings[regs.wait.control.nwait[addr >> 25 & 3]];
-  unsigned s = regs.wait.control.swait[addr >> 25 & 3];
+  static uint timings[] = {5, 4, 3, 9};
+  uint n = timings[regs.wait.control.nwait[addr >> 25 & 3]];
+  uint s = regs.wait.control.swait[addr >> 25 & 3];
 
   switch(addr & 0x0e00'0000) {
   case 0x0800'0000: s = s ? 2 : 3; break;
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ auto CPU::bus_wait(unsigned mode, uint32 addr) -> unsigned {
   bool sequential = (mode & Sequential);
   if((addr & 0x1fffe) == 0) sequential = false;  //N cycle on 16-bit ROM crossing 128KB page boundary (RAM S==N)
 
-  unsigned clocks = sequential ? s : n;
+  uint clocks = sequential ? s : n;
   if(mode & Word) clocks += s;  //16-bit bus requires two transfers for words
   return clocks;
 }

higan/gba/cpu/cpu.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace GameBoyAdvance {
 
-#include "registers.cpp"
 #include "prefetch.cpp"
 #include "bus.cpp"
 #include "mmio.cpp"
@@ -16,21 +15,21 @@ CPU::CPU() {
   iwram = new uint8[ 32 * 1024];
   ewram = new uint8[256 * 1024];
 
-  regs.dma[0].source.bits(27); regs.dma[0].run.source.bits(27);
-  regs.dma[0].target.bits(27); regs.dma[0].run.target.bits(27);
-  regs.dma[0].length.bits(14); regs.dma[0].run.length.bits(14);
+  regs.dma[0].source.resize(27); regs.dma[0].run.source.resize(27);
+  regs.dma[0].target.resize(27); regs.dma[0].run.target.resize(27);
+  regs.dma[0].length.resize(14); regs.dma[0].run.length.resize(14);
 
-  regs.dma[1].source.bits(28); regs.dma[1].run.source.bits(28);
-  regs.dma[1].target.bits(27); regs.dma[1].run.target.bits(27);
-  regs.dma[1].length.bits(14); regs.dma[1].run.length.bits(14);
+  regs.dma[1].source.resize(28); regs.dma[1].run.source.resize(28);
+  regs.dma[1].target.resize(27); regs.dma[1].run.target.resize(27);
+  regs.dma[1].length.resize(14); regs.dma[1].run.length.resize(14);
 
-  regs.dma[2].source.bits(28); regs.dma[2].run.source.bits(28);
-  regs.dma[2].target.bits(27); regs.dma[2].run.target.bits(27);
-  regs.dma[2].length.bits(14); regs.dma[2].run.length.bits(14);
+  regs.dma[2].source.resize(28); regs.dma[2].run.source.resize(28);
+  regs.dma[2].target.resize(27); regs.dma[2].run.target.resize(27);
+  regs.dma[2].length.resize(14); regs.dma[2].run.length.resize(14);
 
-  regs.dma[3].source.bits(28); regs.dma[3].run.source.bits(28);
-  regs.dma[3].target.bits(28); regs.dma[3].run.target.bits(28);
-  regs.dma[3].length.bits(16); regs.dma[3].run.length.bits(16);
+  regs.dma[3].source.resize(28); regs.dma[3].run.source.resize(28);
+  regs.dma[3].target.resize(28); regs.dma[3].run.target.resize(28);
+  regs.dma[3].length.resize(16); regs.dma[3].run.length.resize(16);
 }
 
 CPU::~CPU() {
@@ -39,14 +38,7 @@ CPU::~CPU() {
 }
 
 auto CPU::Enter() -> void {
-  while(true) {
-    if(scheduler.sync == Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::CPU) {
-      scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All;
-      scheduler.exit(Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent);
-    }
-
-    cpu.main();
-  }
+  while(true) scheduler.synchronize(), cpu.main();
 }
 
 auto CPU::main() -> void {
@@ -63,7 +55,7 @@ auto CPU::main() -> void {
   processor.irqline = regs.ime && (regs.irq.enable & regs.irq.flag);
 
   if(regs.mode == Registers::Mode::Stop) {
-    if((regs.irq.enable.keypad & regs.irq.flag.keypad) == 0) {
+    if(!(regs.irq.enable & regs.irq.flag & Interrupt::Keypad)) {
       sync_step(16);  //STOP does not advance timers
     } else {
       regs.mode = Registers::Mode::Normal;
@@ -74,7 +66,7 @@ auto CPU::main() -> void {
   dma_run();
 
   if(regs.mode == Registers::Mode::Halt) {
-    if((regs.irq.enable & regs.irq.flag) == 0) {
+    if(!(regs.irq.enable & regs.irq.flag)) {
       step(16);
     } else {
       regs.mode = Registers::Mode::Normal;
@@ -99,16 +91,19 @@ auto CPU::sync_step(uint clocks) -> void {
 }
 
 auto CPU::keypad_run() -> void {
-  if(regs.keypad.control.enable == false) return;
+  //lookup table to convert button indexes to Emulator::Interface indexes
+  static const uint lookup[] = {5, 4, 8, 9, 3, 2, 0, 1, 7, 6};
+
+  if(!regs.keypad.control.enable) return;
 
   bool test = regs.keypad.control.condition;  //0 = OR, 1 = AND
   for(auto n : range(10)) {
-    if(regs.keypad.control.flag[n] == false) continue;
-    bool input = interface->inputPoll(0, 0, n);
+    if(!regs.keypad.control.flag[n]) continue;
+    bool input = interface->inputPoll(0, 0, lookup[n]);
     if(regs.keypad.control.condition == 0) test |= input;
     if(regs.keypad.control.condition == 1) test &= input;
   }
-  if(test) regs.irq.flag.keypad = true;
+  if(test) regs.irq.flag |= Interrupt::Keypad;
 }
 
 auto CPU::power() -> void {
@@ -123,7 +118,14 @@ auto CPU::power() -> void {
     dma.target = 0;
     dma.length = 0;
     dma.data = 0;
-    dma.control = 0;
+    dma.control.targetmode = 0;
+    dma.control.sourcemode = 0;
+    dma.control.repeat = 0;
+    dma.control.size = 0;
+    dma.control.drq = 0;
+    dma.control.timingmode = 0;
+    dma.control.irq = 0;
+    dma.control.enable = 0;
     dma.pending = 0;
     dma.run.target = 0;
     dma.run.source = 0;
@@ -133,17 +135,30 @@ auto CPU::power() -> void {
     timer.period = 0;
     timer.reload = 0;
     timer.pending = false;
-    timer.control = 0;
+    timer.control.frequency = 0;
+    timer.control.cascade = 0;
+    timer.control.irq = 0;
+    timer.control.enable = 0;
   }
-  regs.keypad.control = 0;
+  for(auto& flag : regs.keypad.control.flag) flag = 0;
+  regs.keypad.control.enable = 0;
+  regs.keypad.control.condition = 0;
   regs.ime = 0;
   regs.irq.enable = 0;
   regs.irq.flag = 0;
-  regs.wait.control = 0;
+  for(auto& nwait : regs.wait.control.nwait) nwait = 0;
+  for(auto& swait : regs.wait.control.swait) swait = 0;
+  regs.wait.control.phi = 0;
+  regs.wait.control.prefetch = 0;
+  regs.wait.control.gametype = 0;
   regs.postboot = 0;
   regs.mode = Registers::Mode::Normal;
   regs.clock = 0;
-  regs.memory.control = 0x0d00'0020;
+  regs.memory.control.disable = 0;
+  regs.memory.control.unknown1 = 0;
+  regs.memory.control.ewram = 1;
+  regs.memory.control.ewramwait = 13;
+  regs.memory.control.unknown2 = 0;
 
   pending.dma.vblank = 0;
   pending.dma.hblank = 0;

higan/gba/cpu/cpu.hpp

@@ -2,6 +2,25 @@ struct CPU : Processor::ARM, Thread, MMIO {
   using ARM::read;
   using ARM::write;
 
+  struct Interrupt {
+    enum : uint {
+      VBlank       = 0x0001,
+      HBlank       = 0x0002,
+      VCoincidence = 0x0004,
+      Timer0       = 0x0008,
+      Timer1       = 0x0010,
+      Timer2       = 0x0020,
+      Timer3       = 0x0040,
+      Serial       = 0x0080,
+      DMA0         = 0x0100,
+      DMA1         = 0x0200,
+      DMA2         = 0x0400,
+      DMA3         = 0x0800,
+      Keypad       = 0x1000,
+      Cartridge    = 0x2000,
+    };
+  };
+
   #include "registers.hpp"
   #include "prefetch.hpp"
   #include "state.hpp"
@@ -11,7 +30,6 @@ struct CPU : Processor::ARM, Thread, MMIO {
   ~CPU();
 
   static auto Enter() -> void;
-
   auto main() -> void;
 
   auto step(uint clocks) -> void override;
@@ -21,10 +39,10 @@ struct CPU : Processor::ARM, Thread, MMIO {
   auto power() -> void;
 
   //bus.cpp
-  auto bus_idle() -> void override;
-  auto bus_read(uint mode, uint32 addr) -> uint32 override;
-  auto bus_write(uint mode, uint32 addr, uint32 word) -> void override;
-  auto bus_wait(uint mode, uint32 addr) -> uint;
+  auto busIdle() -> void override;
+  auto busRead(uint mode, uint32 addr) -> uint32 override;
+  auto busWrite(uint mode, uint32 addr, uint32 word) -> void override;
+  auto busWait(uint mode, uint32 addr) -> uint;
 
   //mmio.cpp
   auto read(uint32 addr) -> uint8;

higan/gba/cpu/dma.cpp

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ auto CPU::dma_run() -> void {
       auto& dma = regs.dma[n];
       if(dma.pending) {
         dma_exec(dma);
-        if(dma.control.irq) regs.irq.flag.dma[n] = 1;
-        if(dma.control.drq && n == 3) regs.irq.flag.cartridge = 1;
+        if(dma.control.irq) regs.irq.flag |= Interrupt::DMA0 << n;
+        if(dma.control.drq && n == 3) regs.irq.flag |= Interrupt::Cartridge;
         transferred = true;
         break;
       }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ auto CPU::dma_exec(Registers::DMA& dma) -> void {
     uint32 addr = dma.run.source;
     if(mode & Word) addr &= ~3;
     if(mode & Half) addr &= ~1;
-    dma.data = bus_read(mode, addr);
+    dma.data = busRead(mode, addr);
   }
 
   if(dma.run.target < 0x0200'0000) {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ auto CPU::dma_exec(Registers::DMA& dma) -> void {
     uint32 addr = dma.run.target;
     if(mode & Word) addr &= ~3;
     if(mode & Half) addr &= ~1;
-    bus_write(mode, addr, dma.data);
+    busWrite(mode, addr, dma.data);
   }
 
   switch(dma.control.sourcemode) {

higan/gba/cpu/mmio.cpp

@@ -1,321 +1,416 @@
 auto CPU::read(uint32 addr) -> uint8 {
-  uint8 result = 0;
+  auto dma = [&]() -> Registers::DMA& { return regs.dma[addr / 12 & 3]; };
+  auto timer = [&]() -> Registers::Timer& { return regs.timer[addr.bits(2,3)]; };
 
   switch(addr) {
 
-  //DMA0CNT_H
-  //DMA1CNT_H
-  //DMA2CNT_H
-  //DMA3CNT_H
-  case 0x040000ba: case 0x040000bb:
-  case 0x040000c6: case 0x040000c7:
-  case 0x040000d2: case 0x040000d3:
-  case 0x040000de: case 0x040000df: {
-    auto& dma = regs.dma[(addr - 0x040000ba) / 12];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    return dma.control >> shift;
-  }
+  //DMA0CNT_H, DMA1CNT_H, DMA2CNT_H, DMA3CNT_H
+  case 0x0400'00ba: case 0x0400'00c6: case 0x0400'00d2: case 0x0400'00de: return (
+    dma().control.targetmode        << 5
+  | dma().control.sourcemode.bit(0) << 7
+  );
+  case 0x0400'00bb: case 0x0400'00c7: case 0x0400'00d3: case 0x0400'00df: return (
+    dma().control.sourcemode.bit(1) << 0
+  | dma().control.repeat            << 1
+  | dma().control.size              << 2
+  | dma().control.drq               << 3
+  | dma().control.timingmode        << 4
+  | dma().control.irq               << 6
+  | dma().control.enable            << 7
+  );
 
-  //TM0CNT_L
-  //TM1CNT_L
-  //TM2CNT_L
-  //TM3CNT_L
-  case 0x04000100: case 0x04000101:
-  case 0x04000104: case 0x04000105:
-  case 0x04000108: case 0x04000109:
-  case 0x0400010c: case 0x0400010d: {
-    auto& timer = regs.timer[(addr >> 2) & 3];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    return timer.period >> shift;
-  }
+  //TM0CNT_L, TM1CNT_L, TM2CNT_L, TM3CNT_L
+  case 0x0400'0100: case 0x0400'0104: case 0x0400'0108: case 0x0400'010c: return timer().period.byte(0);
+  case 0x0400'0101: case 0x0400'0105: case 0x0400'0109: case 0x0400'010d: return timer().period.byte(1);
 
-  //TIM0CNT_H
-  case 0x04000102: case 0x04000103:
-  case 0x04000106: case 0x04000107:
-  case 0x0400010a: case 0x0400010b:
-  case 0x0400010e: case 0x0400010f: {
-    auto& timer = regs.timer[(addr >> 2) & 3];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    return timer.control >> shift;
-  }
+  //TM0CNT_H, TM1CNT_H, TM2CNT_H, TM3CNT_H
+  case 0x0400'0102: case 0x0400'0106: case 0x0400'010a: case 0x0400'010e: return (
+    timer().control.frequency << 0
+  | timer().control.cascade   << 2
+  | timer().control.irq       << 6
+  | timer().control.enable    << 7
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0103: case 0x0400'0107: case 0x0400'010b: case 0x0400'010f: return 0;
 
-  //SIOMULTI0 (SIODATA32_L)
-  //SIOMULTI1 (SIODATA32_H)
-  //SIOMULTI2
-  //SIOMULTI3
-  case 0x04000120: case 0x04000121:
-  case 0x04000122: case 0x04000123:
-  case 0x04000124: case 0x04000125:
-  case 0x04000126: case 0x04000127: {
-    if(auto data = player.read()) return data() >> ((addr & 3) << 3);
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    auto& data = regs.serial.data[(addr >> 1) & 3];
-    return data >> shift;
+  //SIOMULTI0 (SIODATA32_L), SIOMULTI1 (SIODATA32_H), SIOMULTI2, SIOMULTI3
+  case 0x0400'0120: case 0x0400'0122: case 0x0400'0124: case 0x0400'0126: {
+    if(auto data = player.read()) return data().byte(addr.bits(0,1));
+    return regs.serial.data[addr.bits(1,2)].byte(0);
+  }
+  case 0x0400'0121: case 0x0400'0123: case 0x0400'0125: case 0x0400'0127: {
+    if(auto data = player.read()) return data().byte(addr.bits(0,1));
+    return regs.serial.data[addr.bits(1,2)].byte(1);
   }
 
   //SIOCNT
-  case 0x04000128: return regs.serial.control >> 0;
-  case 0x04000129: return regs.serial.control >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0128: return (
+    regs.serial.control.shiftclockselect      << 0
+  | regs.serial.control.shiftclockfrequency   << 1
+  | regs.serial.control.transferenablereceive << 2
+  | regs.serial.control.transferenablesend    << 3
+  | regs.serial.control.startbit              << 7
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0129: return (
+    regs.serial.control.transferlength << 4
+  | regs.serial.control.irqenable      << 6
+  );
 
   //SIOMLT_SEND (SIODATA8)
-  case 0x0400012a: return regs.serial.data8;
-  case 0x0400012b: return 0u;
+  case 0x0400'012a: return regs.serial.data8;
+  case 0x0400'012b: return 0;
 
   //KEYINPUT
-  case 0x04000130:
+  case 0x04000130: {
+    static const uint lookup[] = {5, 4, 8, 9, 3, 2, 0, 1};
     if(auto result = player.keyinput()) return result() >> 0;
-    for(unsigned n = 0; n < 8; n++) result |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, n) << n;
-    if((result & 0xc0) == 0xc0) result &= ~0xc0;  //up+down cannot be pressed simultaneously
-    if((result & 0x30) == 0x30) result &= ~0x30;  //left+right cannot be pressed simultaneously
+    uint8 result = 0;
+    for(uint n = 0; n < 8; n++) result |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, lookup[n]) << n;
+    if((result & 0xc0) == 0xc0) result &= (uint8)~0xc0;  //up+down cannot be pressed simultaneously
+    if((result & 0x30) == 0x30) result &= (uint8)~0x30;  //left+right cannot be pressed simultaneously
     return result ^ 0xff;
-  case 0x04000131:
+  }
+  case 0x04000131: {
     if(auto result = player.keyinput()) return result() >> 8;
-    result |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, 8) << 0;
-    result |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, 9) << 1;
+    uint8 result = 0;
+    result |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, 7) << 0;
+    result |= interface->inputPoll(0, 0, 6) << 1;
     return result ^ 0x03;
+  }
 
   //KEYCNT
-  case 0x04000132: return regs.keypad.control >> 0;
-  case 0x04000133: return regs.keypad.control >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0132: return (
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[0] << 0
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[1] << 1
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[2] << 2
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[3] << 3
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[4] << 4
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[5] << 5
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[6] << 6
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[7] << 7
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0133: return (
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[8]   << 0
+  | regs.keypad.control.flag[9]   << 1
+  | regs.keypad.control.enable    << 6
+  | regs.keypad.control.condition << 7
+  );
 
   //RCNT
-  case 0x04000134: return regs.joybus.settings >> 0;
-  case 0x04000135: return regs.joybus.settings >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0134: return (
+    regs.joybus.settings.sc     << 0
+  | regs.joybus.settings.sd     << 1
+  | regs.joybus.settings.si     << 2
+  | regs.joybus.settings.so     << 3
+  | regs.joybus.settings.scmode << 4
+  | regs.joybus.settings.sdmode << 5
+  | regs.joybus.settings.simode << 6
+  | regs.joybus.settings.somode << 7
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0135: return (
+    regs.joybus.settings.irqenable << 0
+  | regs.joybus.settings.mode      << 6
+  );
 
   //JOYCNT
-  case 0x04000140: return regs.joybus.control >> 0;
-  case 0x04000141: return regs.joybus.control >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0140: return (
+    regs.joybus.control.resetsignal     << 0
+  | regs.joybus.control.receivecomplete << 1
+  | regs.joybus.control.sendcomplete    << 2
+  | regs.joybus.control.irqenable       << 6
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0141: return 0;
+  case 0x0400'0142: return 0;
+  case 0x0400'0143: return 0;
 
-  //JOY_RECV_L
-  //JOY_RECV_H
-  case 0x04000150: return regs.joybus.receive >>  0;
-  case 0x04000151: return regs.joybus.receive >>  8;
-  case 0x04000152: return regs.joybus.receive >> 16;
-  case 0x04000153: return regs.joybus.receive >> 24;
+  //JOY_RECV_L, JOY_RECV_H
+  case 0x0400'0150: return regs.joybus.receive.byte(0);
+  case 0x0400'0151: return regs.joybus.receive.byte(1);
+  case 0x0400'0152: return regs.joybus.receive.byte(2);
+  case 0x0400'0153: return regs.joybus.receive.byte(3);
 
-  //JOY_TRANS_L
-  //JOY_TRANS_H
-  case 0x04000154: return regs.joybus.transmit >>  0;
-  case 0x04000155: return regs.joybus.transmit >>  8;
-  case 0x04000156: return regs.joybus.transmit >> 16;
-  case 0x04000157: return regs.joybus.transmit >> 24;
+  //JOY_TRANS_L, JOY_TRANS_H
+  case 0x0400'0154: return regs.joybus.transmit.byte(0);
+  case 0x0400'0155: return regs.joybus.transmit.byte(1);
+  case 0x0400'0156: return regs.joybus.transmit.byte(2);
+  case 0x0400'0157: return regs.joybus.transmit.byte(3);
 
   //JOYSTAT
-  case 0x04000158: return regs.joybus.status >> 0;
-  case 0x04000159: return regs.joybus.status >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0158: return (
+    regs.joybus.status.receiveflag << 1
+  | regs.joybus.status.sendflag    << 3
+  | regs.joybus.status.generalflag << 4
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0159: return 0;
+  case 0x0400'015a: return 0;
+  case 0x0400'015b: return 0;
 
   //IE
-  case 0x04000200: return regs.irq.enable >> 0;
-  case 0x04000201: return regs.irq.enable >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0200: return regs.irq.enable.byte(0);
+  case 0x0400'0201: return regs.irq.enable.byte(1);
 
   //IF
-  case 0x04000202: return regs.irq.flag >> 0;
-  case 0x04000203: return regs.irq.flag >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0202: return regs.irq.flag.byte(0);
+  case 0x0400'0203: return regs.irq.flag.byte(1);
 
   //WAITCNT
-  case 0x04000204: return regs.wait.control >> 0;
-  case 0x04000205: return regs.wait.control >> 8;
+  case 0x0400'0204: return (
+    regs.wait.control.nwait[3] << 0
+  | regs.wait.control.nwait[0] << 2
+  | regs.wait.control.swait[0] << 4
+  | regs.wait.control.nwait[1] << 5
+  | regs.wait.control.swait[1] << 7
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0205: return (
+    regs.wait.control.nwait[2] << 0
+  | regs.wait.control.swait[2] << 2
+  | regs.wait.control.phi      << 3
+  | regs.wait.control.prefetch << 6
+  | regs.wait.control.gametype << 7
+  );
 
   //IME
-  case 0x04000208: return regs.ime;
-  case 0x04000209: return 0u;
+  case 0x0400'0208: return regs.ime;
+  case 0x0400'0209: return 0;
 
   //POSTFLG + HALTCNT
-  case 0x04000300: return regs.postboot;
-  case 0x04000301: return 0u;
+  case 0x0400'0300: return regs.postboot;
+  case 0x0400'0301: return 0;
 
   //MEMCNT_L
-  case 0x04000800: return regs.memory.control >>  0;
-  case 0x04000801: return regs.memory.control >>  8;
+  case 0x0400'0800: return (
+    regs.memory.control.disable  << 0
+  | regs.memory.control.unknown1 << 1
+  | regs.memory.control.ewram    << 5
+  );
+  case 0x0400'0801: return 0;
 
   //MEMCNT_H
-  case 0x04000802: return regs.memory.control >> 16;
-  case 0x04000803: return regs.memory.control >> 24;
+  case 0x0400'0802: return 0;
+  case 0x0400'0803: return (
+    regs.memory.control.ewramwait << 0
+  | regs.memory.control.unknown2  << 4
+  );
 
   }
 
-  return 0u;
+  return 0;
 }
 
-auto CPU::write(uint32 addr, uint8 byte) -> void {
+auto CPU::write(uint32 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
+  auto dma = [&]() -> Registers::DMA& { return regs.dma[addr / 12 & 3]; };
+  auto timer = [&]() -> Registers::Timer& { return regs.timer[addr.bits(2,3)]; };
+
   switch(addr) {
 
-  //DMA0SAD
-  //DMA1SAD
-  //DMA2SAD
-  //DMA3SAD
-  case 0x040000b0: case 0x040000b1: case 0x040000b2: case 0x040000b3:
-  case 0x040000bc: case 0x040000bd: case 0x040000be: case 0x040000bf:
-  case 0x040000c8: case 0x040000c9: case 0x040000ca: case 0x040000cb:
-  case 0x040000d4: case 0x040000d5: case 0x040000d6: case 0x040000d7: {
-    auto& dma = regs.dma[(addr - 0x040000b0) / 12];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 3) * 8;
-    dma.source = (dma.source & ~(255 << shift)) | (byte << shift);
-    return;
-  }
+  //DMA0SAD, DMA1SAD, DMA2SAD, DMA3SAD
+  case 0x0400'00b0: case 0x0400'00bc: case 0x0400'00c8: case 0x0400'00d4: dma().source.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b1: case 0x0400'00bd: case 0x0400'00c9: case 0x0400'00d5: dma().source.byte(1) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b2: case 0x0400'00be: case 0x0400'00ca: case 0x0400'00d6: dma().source.byte(2) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b3: case 0x0400'00bf: case 0x0400'00cb: case 0x0400'00d7: dma().source.byte(3) = data; return;
 
-  //DMA0DAD
-  //DMA1DAD
-  //DMA2DAD
-  //DMA3DAD
-  case 0x040000b4: case 0x040000b5: case 0x040000b6: case 0x040000b7:
-  case 0x040000c0: case 0x040000c1: case 0x040000c2: case 0x040000c3:
-  case 0x040000cc: case 0x040000cd: case 0x040000ce: case 0x040000cf:
-  case 0x040000d8: case 0x040000d9: case 0x040000da: case 0x040000db: {
-    auto& dma = regs.dma[(addr - 0x040000b4) / 12];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 3) * 8;
-    dma.target = (dma.target & ~(255 << shift)) | (byte << shift);
-    return;
-  }
+  //DMA0DAD, DMA1DAD, DMA2DAD, DMA3DAD
+  case 0x0400'00b4: case 0x0400'00c0: case 0x0400'00cc: case 0x0400'00d8: dma().target.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b5: case 0x0400'00c1: case 0x0400'00cd: case 0x0400'00d9: dma().target.byte(1) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b6: case 0x0400'00c2: case 0x0400'00ce: case 0x0400'00da: dma().target.byte(2) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b7: case 0x0400'00c3: case 0x0400'00cf: case 0x0400'00db: dma().target.byte(3) = data; return;
 
-  //DMA0CNT_L
-  //DMA1CNT_L
-  //DMA2CNT_L
-  //DMA3CNT_L
-  case 0x040000b8: case 0x040000b9:
-  case 0x040000c4: case 0x040000c5:
-  case 0x040000d0: case 0x040000d1:
-  case 0x040000dc: case 0x040000dd: {
-    auto& dma = regs.dma[(addr - 0x040000b8) / 12];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    dma.length = (dma.length & ~(255 << shift)) | (byte << shift);
-    return;
-  }
+  //DMA0CNT_L, DMA1CNT_L, DMA2CNT_L, DMA3CNT_L
+  case 0x0400'00b8: case 0x0400'00c4: case 0x0400'00d0: case 0x0400'00dc: dma().length.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'00b9: case 0x0400'00c5: case 0x0400'00d1: case 0x0400'00dd: dma().length.byte(1) = data; return;
 
-  //DMA0CNT_H
-  //DMA1CNT_H
-  //DMA2CNT_H
-  //DMA3CNT_H
-  case 0x040000ba: case 0x040000bb:
-  case 0x040000c6: case 0x040000c7:
-  case 0x040000d2: case 0x040000d3:
-  case 0x040000de: case 0x040000df: {
-    if(addr == 0x040000bb || addr == 0x040000c7 || addr == 0x040000d3) byte &= 0xf7;  //gamepak DRQ valid for DMA3 only
-    auto& dma = regs.dma[(addr - 0x040000ba) / 12];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    bool enable = dma.control.enable;
-    dma.control = (dma.control & ~(255 << shift)) | (byte << shift);
-    if(enable == 0 && dma.control.enable) {
-      if(dma.control.timingmode == 0) dma.pending = true;  //immediate transfer mode
-      dma.run.target = dma.target;
-      dma.run.source = dma.source;
-      dma.run.length = dma.length;
-    } else if(dma.control.enable == 0) {
-      dma.pending = false;
+  //DMA0CNT_H, DMA1CNT_H, DMA2CNT_H, DMA3CNT_H
+  case 0x0400'00ba: case 0x0400'00c6: case 0x0400'00d2: case 0x0400'00de:
+    dma().control.targetmode        = data.bits(5,6);
+    dma().control.sourcemode.bit(0) = data.bit (7);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'00bb: case 0x0400'00c7: case 0x0400'00d3: case 0x0400'00df: {
+    bool enable = dma().control.enable;
+    if(addr != 0x0400'00df) data.bit(3) = 0;  //gamepad DRQ valid for DMA3 only
+
+    dma().control.sourcemode.bit(1) = data.bit (0);
+    dma().control.repeat            = data.bit (1);
+    dma().control.size              = data.bit (2);
+    dma().control.drq               = data.bit (3);
+    dma().control.timingmode        = data.bits(4,5);
+    dma().control.irq               = data.bit (6);
+    dma().control.enable            = data.bit (7);
+
+    if(!enable && dma().control.enable) {  //0->1 transition
+      if(dma().control.timingmode == 0) dma().pending = true;  //immediate transfer mode
+      dma().run.target = dma().target;
+      dma().run.source = dma().source;
+      dma().run.length = dma().length;
+    } else if(!dma().control.enable) {
+      dma().pending = false;
     }
     return;
   }
 
-  //TM0CNT_L
-  //TM1CNT_L
-  //TM2CNT_L
-  //TM3CNT_L
-  case 0x04000100: case 0x04000101:
-  case 0x04000104: case 0x04000105:
-  case 0x04000108: case 0x04000109:
-  case 0x0400010c: case 0x0400010d: {
-    auto& timer = regs.timer[(addr >> 2) & 3];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    timer.reload = (timer.reload & ~(255 << shift)) | (byte << shift);
-    return;
-  }
+  //TM0CNT_L, TM1CNT_L, TM2CNT_L, TM3CNT_L
+  case 0x0400'0100: case 0x0400'0104: case 0x0400'0108: case 0x0400'010c: timer().reload.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0101: case 0x0400'0105: case 0x0400'0109: case 0x0400'010d: timer().reload.byte(1) = data; return;
 
-  //TM0CNT_H
-  //TM1CNT_H
-  //TM2CNT_H
-  //TM3CNT_H
-  case 0x04000102:
-  case 0x04000106:
-  case 0x0400010a:
-  case 0x0400010e: {
-    auto& timer = regs.timer[(addr >> 2) & 3];
-    bool enable = timer.control.enable;
-    timer.control = byte;
-    if(enable == 0 && timer.control.enable == 1) {
-      timer.pending = true;
+  //TM0CNT_H, TM1CNT_H, TM2CNT_H, TM3CNT_H
+  case 0x0400'0102: case 0x0400'0106: case 0x0400'010a: case 0x0400'010e: {
+    bool enable = timer().control.enable;
+
+    timer().control.frequency = data.bits(0,1);
+    timer().control.cascade   = data.bit (2);
+    timer().control.irq       = data.bit (6);
+    timer().control.enable    = data.bit (7);
+
+    if(!enable && timer().control.enable) {  //0->1 transition
+      timer().pending = true;
     }
     return;
   }
-
-  //SIOMULTI0 (SIODATA32_L)
-  //SIOMULTI1 (SIODATA32_H)
-  //SIOMULTI2
-  //SIOMULTI3
-  case 0x04000120: case 0x04000121:
-  case 0x04000122: case 0x04000123:
-  case 0x04000124: case 0x04000125:
-  case 0x04000126: case 0x04000127: {
-    player.write(byte, addr & 3);
-    auto& data = regs.serial.data[(addr >> 1) & 3];
-    unsigned shift = (addr & 1) * 8;
-    data = (data & ~(255 << shift)) | (byte << shift);
+  case 0x0400'0103: case 0x0400'0107: case 0x0400'010b: case 0x0400'010f:
+    return;
+
+  //SIOMULTI0 (SIODATA32_L), SIOMULTI1 (SIODATA32_H), SIOMULTI2, SIOMULTI3
+  case 0x0400'0120: case 0x0400'0122: case 0x0400'0124: case 0x0400'0126:
+    player.write(addr.bits(0,1), data);
+    regs.serial.data[addr.bits(1,2)].byte(0) = data;
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0121: case 0x0400'0123: case 0x0400'0125: case 0x0400'0127:
+    player.write(addr.bits(0,1), data);
+    regs.serial.data[addr.bits(1,2)].byte(1) = data;
     return;
-  }
 
   //SIOCNT
-  case 0x04000128: regs.serial.control = (regs.serial.control & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000129: regs.serial.control = (regs.serial.control & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0128:
+    regs.serial.control.shiftclockselect      = data.bit(0);
+    regs.serial.control.shiftclockfrequency   = data.bit(1);
+    regs.serial.control.transferenablereceive = data.bit(2);
+    regs.serial.control.transferenablesend    = data.bit(3);
+    regs.serial.control.startbit              = data.bit(7);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0129:
+    regs.serial.control.transferlength = data.bit(4);
+    regs.serial.control.irqenable      = data.bit(6);
+    return;
 
   //SIOMLT_SEND (SIODATA8)
-  case 0x0400012a: regs.serial.data8 = byte; return;
-  case 0x0400012b: return;
+  case 0x0400'012a: regs.serial.data8 = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'012b: return;
 
   //KEYCNT
-  case 0x04000132: regs.keypad.control = (regs.keypad.control & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000133: regs.keypad.control = (regs.keypad.control & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0132:
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[0] = data.bit(0);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[1] = data.bit(1);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[2] = data.bit(2);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[3] = data.bit(3);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[4] = data.bit(4);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[5] = data.bit(5);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[6] = data.bit(6);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[7] = data.bit(7);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0133:
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[8]   = data.bit(0);
+    regs.keypad.control.flag[9]   = data.bit(1);
+    regs.keypad.control.enable    = data.bit(6);
+    regs.keypad.control.condition = data.bit(7);
+    return;
 
   //RCNT
-  case 0x04000134: regs.joybus.settings = (regs.joybus.settings & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000135: regs.joybus.settings = (regs.joybus.settings & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0134:
+    regs.joybus.settings.sc     = data.bit(0);
+    regs.joybus.settings.sd     = data.bit(1);
+    regs.joybus.settings.si     = data.bit(2);
+    regs.joybus.settings.so     = data.bit(3);
+    regs.joybus.settings.scmode = data.bit(4);
+    regs.joybus.settings.sdmode = data.bit(5);
+    regs.joybus.settings.simode = data.bit(6);
+    regs.joybus.settings.somode = data.bit(7);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0135:
+    regs.joybus.settings.irqenable = data.bit (0);
+    regs.joybus.settings.mode      = data.bits(6,7);
+    return;
 
   //JOYCNT
-  case 0x04000140: regs.joybus.control = (regs.joybus.control & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000141: regs.joybus.control = (regs.joybus.control & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0140:
+    regs.joybus.control.resetsignal     = data.bit(0);
+    regs.joybus.control.receivecomplete = data.bit(1);
+    regs.joybus.control.sendcomplete    = data.bit(2);
+    regs.joybus.control.irqenable       = data.bit(6);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0141: return;
+  case 0x0400'0142: return;
+  case 0x0400'0143: return;
 
   //JOY_RECV_L
   //JOY_RECV_H
-  case 0x04000150: regs.joybus.receive = (regs.joybus.receive & 0xffffff00) | (byte <<  0); return;
-  case 0x04000151: regs.joybus.receive = (regs.joybus.receive & 0xffff00ff) | (byte <<  8); return;
-  case 0x04000152: regs.joybus.receive = (regs.joybus.receive & 0xff00ffff) | (byte << 16); return;
-  case 0x04000153: regs.joybus.receive = (regs.joybus.receive & 0x00ffffff) | (byte << 24); return;
+  case 0x0400'0150: regs.joybus.receive.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0151: regs.joybus.receive.byte(1) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0152: regs.joybus.receive.byte(2) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0153: regs.joybus.receive.byte(3) = data; return;
 
   //JOY_TRANS_L
   //JOY_TRANS_H
-  case 0x04000154: regs.joybus.transmit = (regs.joybus.transmit & 0xffffff00) | (byte <<  0); return;
-  case 0x04000155: regs.joybus.transmit = (regs.joybus.transmit & 0xffff00ff) | (byte <<  8); return;
-  case 0x04000156: regs.joybus.transmit = (regs.joybus.transmit & 0xff00ffff) | (byte << 16); return;
-  case 0x04000157: regs.joybus.transmit = (regs.joybus.transmit & 0x00ffffff) | (byte << 24); return;
+  case 0x0400'0154: regs.joybus.transmit.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0155: regs.joybus.transmit.byte(1) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0156: regs.joybus.transmit.byte(2) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0157: regs.joybus.transmit.byte(3) = data; return;
 
   //JOYSTAT
-  case 0x04000158: regs.joybus.status = (regs.joybus.status & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000159: regs.joybus.status = (regs.joybus.status & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0158:
+    regs.joybus.status.receiveflag = data.bit (1);
+    regs.joybus.status.sendflag    = data.bit (3);
+    regs.joybus.status.generalflag = data.bits(4,5);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0159: return;
 
   //IE
-  case 0x04000200: regs.irq.enable = (regs.irq.enable & 0xff00) | (byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000201: regs.irq.enable = (regs.irq.enable & 0x00ff) | (byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0200: regs.irq.enable.byte(0) = data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0201: regs.irq.enable.byte(1) = data; return;
 
   //IF
-  case 0x04000202: regs.irq.flag = regs.irq.flag & ~(byte << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000203: regs.irq.flag = regs.irq.flag & ~(byte << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0202: regs.irq.flag.byte(0) = regs.irq.flag.byte(0) & ~data; return;
+  case 0x0400'0203: regs.irq.flag.byte(1) = regs.irq.flag.byte(1) & ~data; return;
 
   //WAITCNT
-  case 0x04000204: regs.wait.control = (regs.wait.control & 0xff00) | ((byte & 0xff) << 0); return;
-  case 0x04000205: regs.wait.control = (regs.wait.control & 0x00ff) | ((byte & 0x7f) << 8); return;
+  case 0x0400'0204:
+    regs.wait.control.swait[3] = data.bit (0);  //todo: is this correct?
+    regs.wait.control.nwait[3] = data.bits(0,1);
+    regs.wait.control.nwait[0] = data.bits(2,3);
+    regs.wait.control.swait[0] = data.bit (4);
+    regs.wait.control.nwait[1] = data.bits(5,6);
+    regs.wait.control.swait[1] = data.bit (7);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0205:
+    regs.wait.control.nwait[2] = data.bits(0,1);
+    regs.wait.control.swait[2] = data.bit (2);
+    regs.wait.control.phi      = data.bit (3);
+    regs.wait.control.prefetch = data.bit (6);
+    regs.wait.control.gametype = data.bit (7);
+    return;
 
   //IME
-  case 0x04000208: regs.ime = byte >> 0; return;
-  case 0x04000209: return;
+  case 0x0400'0208: regs.ime = data.bit(0); return;
+  case 0x0400'0209: return;
 
   //POSTFLG, HALTCNT
-  case 0x04000300: regs.postboot |= byte >> 0; return;
-  case 0x04000301: regs.mode = byte & 0x80 ? Registers::Mode::Stop : Registers::Mode::Halt; return;
+  case 0x0400'0300:
+    if(data.bit(0)) regs.postboot = 1;
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0301:
+    regs.mode = data.bit(7) ? Registers::Mode::Stop : Registers::Mode::Halt;
+    return;
 
   //MEMCNT_L
   //MEMCNT_H
-  case 0x04000800: regs.memory.control = (regs.memory.control & 0xffffff00) | (byte <<  0); return;
-  case 0x04000801: regs.memory.control = (regs.memory.control & 0xffff00ff) | (byte <<  8); return;
-  case 0x04000802: regs.memory.control = (regs.memory.control & 0xff00ffff) | (byte << 16); return;
-  case 0x04000803: regs.memory.control = (regs.memory.control & 0x00ffffff) | (byte << 24); return;
+  case 0x0400'0800:
+    regs.memory.control.disable  = data.bit (0);
+    regs.memory.control.unknown1 = data.bits(1,3);
+    regs.memory.control.ewram    = data.bit (5);
+    return;
+  case 0x0400'0801: return;
+  case 0x0400'0802: return;
+  case 0x0400'0803:
+    regs.memory.control.ewramwait = data.bits(0,3);
+    regs.memory.control.unknown2  = data.bits(4,7);
+    return;
 
   }
 }

higan/gba/cpu/prefetch.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ auto CPU::prefetch_sync(uint32 addr) -> void {
 
   prefetch.addr = addr;
   prefetch.load = addr;
-  prefetch.wait = bus_wait(Half | Nonsequential, prefetch.load);
+  prefetch.wait = busWait(Half | Nonsequential, prefetch.load);
 }
 
 auto CPU::prefetch_step(uint clocks) -> void {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ auto CPU::prefetch_step(uint clocks) -> void {
     if(--prefetch.wait) continue;
     prefetch.slot[prefetch.load >> 1 & 7] = cartridge.read(Half, prefetch.load);
     prefetch.load += 2;
-    prefetch.wait = bus_wait(Half | Sequential, prefetch.load);
+    prefetch.wait = busWait(Half | Sequential, prefetch.load);
   }
 }
 
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ auto CPU::prefetch_wait() -> void {
   if(!regs.wait.control.prefetch || active.dma || prefetch.full()) return;
 
   prefetch_step(prefetch.wait);
-  prefetch.wait = bus_wait(Half | Nonsequential, prefetch.load);
+  prefetch.wait = busWait(Half | Nonsequential, prefetch.load);
 }
 
 auto CPU::prefetch_read() -> uint16 {
   if(prefetch.empty()) prefetch_step(prefetch.wait);
   else prefetch_step(1);
 
-  if(prefetch.full()) prefetch.wait = bus_wait(Half | Sequential, prefetch.load);
+  if(prefetch.full()) prefetch.wait = busWait(Half | Sequential, prefetch.load);
 
   uint16 half = prefetch.slot[prefetch.addr >> 1 & 7];
   prefetch.addr += 2;

higan/gba/cpu/registers.cpp

@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-CPU::Registers::DMAControl::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (targetmode <<  5)
-  | (sourcemode <<  7)
-  | (repeat     <<  9)
-  | (size       << 10)
-  | (drq        << 11)
-  | (timingmode << 12)
-  | (irq        << 14)
-  | (enable     << 15)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::DMAControl::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  targetmode = source >>  5;
-  sourcemode = source >>  7;
-  repeat     = source >>  9;
-  size       = source >> 10;
-  drq        = source >> 11;
-  timingmode = source >> 12;
-  irq        = source >> 14;
-  enable     = source >> 15;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::TimerControl::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (frequency << 0)
-  | (cascade   << 2)
-  | (irq       << 6)
-  | (enable    << 7)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::TimerControl::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  frequency = source >> 0;
-  cascade   = source >> 2;
-  irq       = source >> 6;
-  enable    = source >> 7;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::SerialControl::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (shiftclockselect      <<  0)
-  | (shiftclockfrequency   <<  1)
-  | (transferenablereceive <<  2)
-  | (transferenablesend    <<  3)
-  | (startbit              <<  7)
-  | (transferlength        << 12)
-  | (irqenable             << 14)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::SerialControl::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  shiftclockselect      = source >>  0;
-  shiftclockfrequency   = source >>  1;
-  transferenablereceive = source >>  2;
-  transferenablesend    = source >>  3;
-  startbit              = source >>  7;
-  transferlength        = source >> 12;
-  irqenable             = source >> 14;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::KeypadControl::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (flag[0]   <<  0)
-  | (flag[1]   <<  1)
-  | (flag[2]   <<  2)
-  | (flag[3]   <<  3)
-  | (flag[4]   <<  4)
-  | (flag[5]   <<  5)
-  | (flag[6]   <<  6)
-  | (flag[7]   <<  7)
-  | (flag[8]   <<  8)
-  | (flag[9]   <<  9)
-  | (enable    << 14)
-  | (condition << 15)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::KeypadControl::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  flag[0]   = source >>  0;
-  flag[1]   = source >>  1;
-  flag[2]   = source >>  2;
-  flag[3]   = source >>  3;
-  flag[4]   = source >>  4;
-  flag[5]   = source >>  5;
-  flag[6]   = source >>  6;
-  flag[7]   = source >>  7;
-  flag[8]   = source >>  8;
-  flag[9]   = source >>  9;
-  enable    = source >> 14;
-  condition = source >> 15;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::JoybusSettings::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (sc        <<  0)
-  | (sd        <<  1)
-  | (si        <<  2)
-  | (so        <<  3)
-  | (scmode    <<  4)
-  | (sdmode    <<  5)
-  | (simode    <<  6)
-  | (somode    <<  7)
-  | (irqenable <<  8)
-  | (mode      << 14)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::JoybusSettings::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  sc        = source >>  0;
-  sd        = source >>  1;
-  si        = source >>  2;
-  so        = source >>  3;
-  scmode    = source >>  4;
-  sdmode    = source >>  5;
-  simode    = source >>  6;
-  somode    = source >>  7;
-  irqenable = source >>  8;
-  mode      = source >> 14;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::JoybusControl::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (resetsignal     << 0)
-  | (receivecomplete << 1)
-  | (sendcomplete    << 2)
-  | (irqenable       << 6)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::JoybusControl::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  resetsignal     = source >> 0;
-  receivecomplete = source >> 1;
-  sendcomplete    = source >> 2;
-  irqenable       = source >> 6;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::JoybusStatus::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (receiveflag << 1)
-  | (sendflag    << 3)
-  | (generalflag << 4)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::JoybusStatus::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  receiveflag = source >> 1;
-  sendflag    = source >> 3;
-  generalflag = source >> 4;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::Interrupt::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (vblank       <<  0)
-  | (hblank       <<  1)
-  | (vcoincidence <<  2)
-  | (timer[0]     <<  3)
-  | (timer[1]     <<  4)
-  | (timer[2]     <<  5)
-  | (timer[3]     <<  6)
-  | (serial       <<  7)
-  | (dma[0]       <<  8)
-  | (dma[1]       <<  9)
-  | (dma[2]       << 10)
-  | (dma[3]       << 11)
-  | (keypad       << 12)
-  | (cartridge    << 13)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::Interrupt::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  vblank       = source >>  0;
-  hblank       = source >>  1;
-  vcoincidence = source >>  2;
-  timer[0]     = source >>  3;
-  timer[1]     = source >>  4;
-  timer[2]     = source >>  5;
-  timer[3]     = source >>  6;
-  serial       = source >>  7;
-  dma[0]       = source >>  8;
-  dma[1]       = source >>  9;
-  dma[2]       = source >> 10;
-  dma[3]       = source >> 11;
-  keypad       = source >> 12;
-  cartridge    = source >> 13;
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::WaitControl::operator uint16() const {
-  return (
-    (nwait[3] <<  0)
-  | (nwait[0] <<  2)
-  | (swait[0] <<  4)
-  | (nwait[1] <<  5)
-  | (swait[1] <<  7)
-  | (nwait[2] <<  8)
-  | (swait[2] << 10)
-  | (phi      << 11)
-  | (prefetch << 14)
-  | (gametype << 15)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::WaitControl::operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16 {
-  nwait[3] = (source >>  0) & 3;
-  nwait[0] = (source >>  2) & 3;
-  swait[0] = (source >>  4) & 1;
-  nwait[1] = (source >>  5) & 3;
-  swait[1] = (source >>  7) & 1;
-  nwait[2] = (source >>  8) & 3;
-  swait[2] = (source >> 10) & 1;
-  phi      = (source >> 11) & 3;
-  prefetch = (source >> 14) & 1;
-  gametype = (source >> 15) & 1;
-  swait[3] = nwait[3];
-  return operator uint16();
-}
-
-CPU::Registers::MemoryControl::operator uint32() const {
-  return (
-    (disable   <<  0)
-  | (unknown1  <<  1)
-  | (ewram     <<  5)
-  | (ewramwait << 24)
-  | (unknown2  << 28)
-  );
-}
-
-auto CPU::Registers::MemoryControl::operator=(uint32 source) -> uint32 {
-  disable   = source >>  0;
-  unknown1  = source >>  1;
-  ewram     = source >>  5;
-  ewramwait = source >> 24;
-  unknown2  = source >> 28;
-  return operator uint32();
-}

higan/gba/cpu/registers.hpp

@@ -1,185 +1,116 @@
 struct Registers {
-  struct DMAControl {
-    uint2 targetmode;
-    uint2 sourcemode;
-    uint1 repeat;
-    uint1 size;
-    uint1 drq;
-    uint2 timingmode;
-    uint1 irq;
-    uint1 enable;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const DMAControl&) -> DMAControl& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct DMA {
-    varuint source;
-    varuint target;
-    varuint length;
+    VariadicNatural source;
+    VariadicNatural target;
+    VariadicNatural length;
     uint32 data;
-    DMAControl control;
+    struct Control {
+      uint2 targetmode;
+      uint2 sourcemode;
+      uint1 repeat;
+      uint1 size;
+      uint1 drq;
+      uint2 timingmode;
+      uint1 irq;
+      uint1 enable;
+    } control;
 
     //internal
     bool pending;
     struct Run {
-      varuint target;
-      varuint source;
-      varuint length;
+      VariadicNatural target;
+      VariadicNatural source;
+      VariadicNatural length;
     } run;
   } dma[4];
 
-  struct TimerControl {
-    uint2 frequency;
-    uint1 cascade;
-    uint1 irq;
-    uint1 enable;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const TimerControl&) -> TimerControl& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct Timer {
     uint16 period;
     uint16 reload;
     bool pending;
-    TimerControl control;
+    struct Control {
+      uint2 frequency;
+      uint1 cascade;
+      uint1 irq;
+      uint1 enable;
+    } control;
   } timer[4];
 
-  struct SerialControl {
-    uint1 shiftclockselect;
-    uint1 shiftclockfrequency;
-    uint1 transferenablereceive;
-    uint1 transferenablesend;
-    uint1 startbit;
-    uint1 transferlength;
-    uint1 irqenable;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const SerialControl&) -> SerialControl& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct Serial {
     uint16 data[4];
-    SerialControl control;
+    struct Control {
+      uint1 shiftclockselect;
+      uint1 shiftclockfrequency;
+      uint1 transferenablereceive;
+      uint1 transferenablesend;
+      uint1 startbit;
+      uint1 transferlength;
+      uint1 irqenable;
+    } control;
     uint8 data8;
   } serial;
 
-  struct KeypadControl {
-    uint1 flag[10];
-    uint1 enable;
-    uint1 condition;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const KeypadControl&) -> KeypadControl& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct Keypad {
-    KeypadControl control;
+    struct Control {
+      uint1 flag[10];
+      uint1 enable;
+      uint1 condition;
+    } control;
   } keypad;
 
-  struct JoybusSettings {
-    uint1 sc;
-    uint1 sd;
-    uint1 si;
-    uint1 so;
-    uint1 scmode;
-    uint1 sdmode;
-    uint1 simode;
-    uint1 somode;
-    uint1 irqenable;
-    uint2 mode;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const JoybusSettings&) -> JoybusSettings& = delete;
-  };
-
-  struct JoybusControl {
-    uint1 resetsignal;
-    uint1 receivecomplete;
-    uint1 sendcomplete;
-    uint1 irqenable;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const JoybusControl&) -> JoybusControl& = delete;
-  };
-
-  struct JoybusStatus {
-    uint1 receiveflag;
-    uint1 sendflag;
-    uint2 generalflag;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const JoybusStatus&) -> JoybusStatus& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct Joybus {
-    JoybusSettings settings;
-    JoybusControl control;
+    struct Settings {
+      uint1 sc;
+      uint1 sd;
+      uint1 si;
+      uint1 so;
+      uint1 scmode;
+      uint1 sdmode;
+      uint1 simode;
+      uint1 somode;
+      uint1 irqenable;
+      uint2 mode;
+    } settings;
+    struct Control {
+      uint1 resetsignal;
+      uint1 receivecomplete;
+      uint1 sendcomplete;
+      uint1 irqenable;
+    } control;
     uint32 receive;
     uint32 transmit;
-    JoybusStatus status;
+    struct Status {
+      uint1 receiveflag;
+      uint1 sendflag;
+      uint2 generalflag;
+    } status;
   } joybus;
 
   uint1 ime;
 
-  struct Interrupt {
-    uint1 vblank;
-    uint1 hblank;
-    uint1 vcoincidence;
-    uint1 timer[4];
-    uint1 serial;
-    uint1 dma[4];
-    uint1 keypad;
-    uint1 cartridge;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const Interrupt&) -> Interrupt& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct IRQ {
-    Interrupt enable;
-    Interrupt flag;
+    uint16 enable;
+    uint16 flag;
   } irq;
 
-  struct WaitControl {
-    uint2 nwait[4];
-    uint1 swait[4];
-    uint2 phi;
-    uint1 prefetch;
-    uint1 gametype;
-
-    operator uint16() const;
-    auto operator=(uint16 source) -> uint16;
-    auto operator=(const WaitControl&) -> WaitControl& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct Wait {
-    WaitControl control;
+    struct Control {
+      uint2 nwait[4];
+      uint1 swait[4];
+      uint2 phi;
+      uint1 prefetch;
+      uint1 gametype;
+    } control;
   } wait;
 
-  struct MemoryControl {
-    uint1 disable;
-    uint3 unknown1;
-    uint1 ewram;
-    uint4 ewramwait;
-    uint4 unknown2;
-
-    operator uint32() const;
-    auto operator=(uint32 source) -> uint32;
-    auto operator=(const MemoryControl&) -> MemoryControl& = delete;
-  };
-
   struct Memory {
-    MemoryControl control;
+    struct Control {
+      uint1 disable;
+      uint3 unknown1;
+      uint1 ewram;
+      uint4 ewramwait;
+      uint4 unknown2;
+    } control;
   } memory;
 
   uint1 postboot;

higan/gba/cpu/serialization.cpp

@@ -72,23 +72,8 @@ auto CPU::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
 
   s.integer(regs.ime);
 
-  s.integer(regs.irq.enable.vblank);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.enable.hblank);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.enable.vcoincidence);
-  for(auto& flag : regs.irq.enable.timer) s.integer(flag);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.enable.serial);
-  for(auto& flag : regs.irq.enable.dma) s.integer(flag);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.enable.keypad);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.enable.cartridge);
-
-  s.integer(regs.irq.flag.vblank);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.flag.hblank);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.flag.vcoincidence);
-  for(auto& flag : regs.irq.flag.timer) s.integer(flag);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.flag.serial);
-  for(auto& flag : regs.irq.flag.dma) s.integer(flag);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.flag.keypad);
-  s.integer(regs.irq.flag.cartridge);
+  s.integer(regs.irq.enable);
+  s.integer(regs.irq.flag);
 
   for(auto& flag : regs.wait.control.nwait) s.integer(flag);
   for(auto& flag : regs.wait.control.swait) s.integer(flag);

higan/gba/cpu/timer.cpp

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ auto CPU::timer_increment(uint n) -> void {
   if(++timer.period == 0) {
     timer.period = timer.reload;
 
-    if(timer.control.irq) regs.irq.flag.timer[n] = 1;
+    if(timer.control.irq) regs.irq.flag |= Interrupt::Timer0 << n;
 
     if(apu.fifo[0].timer == n) timer_fifo_run(0);
     if(apu.fifo[1].timer == n) timer_fifo_run(1);

higan/gba/gba.hpp

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once
 
+//license: GPLv3
+//started: 2012-03-19
+
 #include <emulator/emulator.hpp>
 #include <processor/arm/arm.hpp>
 
 namespace GameBoyAdvance {
   namespace Info {
-    static const string Name = "bgba";
-    static const uint SerializerVersion = 3;
+    static const uint SerializerVersion = 4;
   }
 }
 
-/*
-  bgba - Game Boy Advance emulator
-  authors: byuu, Cydrak
-  license: GPLv3
-  project started: 2012-03-19
-*/
-
 #include <libco/libco.h>
 
 namespace GameBoyAdvance {
@@ -39,7 +34,7 @@ namespace GameBoyAdvance {
 
     auto create(auto (*entrypoint)() -> void, uint frequency) -> void {
       if(thread) co_delete(thread);
-      thread = co_create(65536 * sizeof(void*), entrypoint);
+      thread = co_create(65'536 * sizeof(void*), entrypoint);
       this->frequency = frequency;
       clock = 0;
     }
@@ -62,7 +57,6 @@ namespace GameBoyAdvance {
   #include <gba/cpu/cpu.hpp>
   #include <gba/ppu/ppu.hpp>
   #include <gba/apu/apu.hpp>
-  #include <gba/video/video.hpp>
 }
 
 #include <gba/interface/interface.hpp>

higan/gba/interface/interface.cpp

@@ -8,34 +8,35 @@ Settings settings;
 Interface::Interface() {
   interface = this;
 
-  information.name        = "Game Boy Advance";
-  information.width       = 240;
-  information.height      = 160;
-  information.overscan    = false;
-  information.aspectRatio = 1.0;
-  information.resettable  = false;
+  information.manufacturer = "Nintendo";
+  information.name         = "Game Boy Advance";
+  information.width        = 240;
+  information.height       = 160;
+  information.overscan     = false;
+  information.aspectRatio  = 1.0;
+  information.resettable   = false;
+
   information.capability.states = true;
   information.capability.cheats = false;
 
   media.append({ID::GameBoyAdvance, "Game Boy Advance", "gba", true});
 
   { Device device{0, ID::Device, "Controller"};
-    device.input.append({ 0, 0, "A"     });
-    device.input.append({ 1, 0, "B"     });
-    device.input.append({ 2, 0, "Select"});
-    device.input.append({ 3, 0, "Start" });
-    device.input.append({ 4, 0, "Right" });
-    device.input.append({ 5, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.input.append({ 6, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.input.append({ 7, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.input.append({ 8, 0, "R"     });
-    device.input.append({ 9, 0, "L"     });
-    device.input.append({10, 2, "Rumble"});
-    device.order = {6, 7, 5, 4, 1, 0, 9, 8, 2, 3, 10};
-    this->device.append(device);
+    device.inputs.append({ 0, 0, "Up"    });
+    device.inputs.append({ 1, 0, "Down"  });
+    device.inputs.append({ 2, 0, "Left"  });
+    device.inputs.append({ 3, 0, "Right" });
+    device.inputs.append({ 4, 0, "B"     });
+    device.inputs.append({ 5, 0, "A"     });
+    device.inputs.append({ 6, 0, "L"     });
+    device.inputs.append({ 7, 0, "R"     });
+    device.inputs.append({ 8, 0, "Select"});
+    device.inputs.append({ 9, 0, "Start" });
+    device.inputs.append({10, 2, "Rumble"});
+    devices.append(device);
   }
 
-  port.append({0, "Device", {device[0]}});
+  ports.append({0, "Device", {devices[0]}});
 }
 
 auto Interface::manifest() -> string {
@@ -50,12 +51,38 @@ auto Interface::videoFrequency() -> double {
   return 16777216.0 / (228.0 * 1232.0);
 }
 
+auto Interface::videoColors() -> uint32 {
+  return 1 << 15;
+}
+
+auto Interface::videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 {
+  uint R = color.bits( 0, 4);
+  uint G = color.bits( 5, 9);
+  uint B = color.bits(10,14);
+
+  uint64 r = image::normalize(R, 5, 16);
+  uint64 g = image::normalize(G, 5, 16);
+  uint64 b = image::normalize(B, 5, 16);
+
+  if(settings.colorEmulation) {
+    double lcdGamma = 4.0, outGamma = 2.2;
+    double lb = pow(B / 31.0, lcdGamma);
+    double lg = pow(G / 31.0, lcdGamma);
+    double lr = pow(R / 31.0, lcdGamma);
+    r = pow((  0 * lb +  50 * lg + 255 * lr) / 255, 1 / outGamma) * (0xffff * 255 / 280);
+    g = pow(( 30 * lb + 230 * lg +  10 * lr) / 255, 1 / outGamma) * (0xffff * 255 / 280);
+    b = pow((220 * lb +  10 * lg +  50 * lr) / 255, 1 / outGamma) * (0xffff * 255 / 280);
+  }
+
+  return r << 32 | g << 16 | b << 0;
+}
+
 auto Interface::audioFrequency() -> double {
   return 16777216.0 / 512.0;
 }
 
 auto Interface::loaded() -> bool {
-  return cartridge.loaded();
+  return system.loaded();
 }
 
 auto Interface::group(uint id) -> uint {
@@ -75,7 +102,7 @@ auto Interface::group(uint id) -> uint {
 }
 
 auto Interface::load(uint id) -> void {
-  cartridge.load();
+  system.load();
 }
 
 auto Interface::save() -> void {
@@ -90,7 +117,7 @@ auto Interface::load(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   }
 
   if(id == ID::BIOS) {
-    stream.read(bios.data, min(bios.size, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)bios.data, min(bios.size, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::Manifest) {
@@ -98,39 +125,39 @@ auto Interface::load(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   }
 
   if(id == ID::MROM) {
-    stream.read(cartridge.mrom.data, min(cartridge.mrom.size, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)cartridge.mrom.data, min(cartridge.mrom.size, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::SRAM) {
-    stream.read(cartridge.sram.data, min(cartridge.sram.size, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)cartridge.sram.data, min(cartridge.sram.size, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::EEPROM) {
-    stream.read(cartridge.eeprom.data, min(cartridge.eeprom.size, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)cartridge.eeprom.data, min(cartridge.eeprom.size, stream.size()));
   }
 
   if(id == ID::FLASH) {
-    stream.read(cartridge.flash.data, min(cartridge.flash.size, stream.size()));
+    stream.read((uint8_t*)cartridge.flash.data, min(cartridge.flash.size, stream.size()));
   }
 }
 
 auto Interface::save(uint id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   if(id == ID::SRAM) {
-    stream.write(cartridge.sram.data, cartridge.sram.size);
+    stream.write((uint8_t*)cartridge.sram.data, cartridge.sram.size);
   }
 
   if(id == ID::EEPROM) {
-    stream.write(cartridge.eeprom.data, cartridge.eeprom.size);
+    stream.write((uint8_t*)cartridge.eeprom.data, cartridge.eeprom.size);
   }
 
   if(id == ID::FLASH) {
-    stream.write(cartridge.flash.data, cartridge.flash.size);
+    stream.write((uint8_t*)cartridge.flash.data, cartridge.flash.size);
   }
 }
 
 auto Interface::unload() -> void {
   save();
-  cartridge.unload();
+  system.unload();
 }
 
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
@@ -146,7 +173,7 @@ auto Interface::run() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Interface::serialize() -> serializer {
-  system.runtosave();
+  system.runToSave();
   return system.serialize();
 }
 
@@ -167,8 +194,18 @@ auto Interface::get(const string& name) -> any {
 }
 
 auto Interface::set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool {
-  if(name == "Blur Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) return settings.blurEmulation = value.get<bool>(), true;
-  if(name == "Color Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) return settings.colorEmulation = value.get<bool>(), true;
+  if(name == "Blur Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) {
+    settings.blurEmulation = value.get<bool>();
+    system.configureVideoEffects();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if(name == "Color Emulation" && value.is<bool>()) {
+    settings.colorEmulation = value.get<bool>();
+    system.configureVideoPalette();
+    return true;
+  }
+
   return false;
 }
 

higan/gba/interface/interface.hpp

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto manifest() -> string;
   auto title() -> string;
   auto videoFrequency() -> double;
+  auto videoColors() -> uint32;
+  auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64;
   auto audioFrequency() -> double;
 
   auto loaded() -> bool;
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto set(const string& name, const any& value) -> bool override;
 
 private:
-  vector<Device> device;
+  vector<Device> devices;
 };
 
 struct Settings {

higan/gba/player/player.cpp

@@ -31,7 +31,26 @@ auto Player::frame() -> void {
 
   if(!status.enable) return;
 
-  if(cpu.regs.joybus.settings == 0x0000 && cpu.regs.serial.control == 0x5088) {
+  //todo: verify which settings are actually required
+  //values were taken from observing GBP-compatible games
+  if(!cpu.regs.joybus.settings.sc
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.sd
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.si
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.so
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.scmode
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.sdmode
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.simode
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.somode
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.irqenable
+  && !cpu.regs.joybus.settings.mode
+  && !cpu.regs.serial.control.shiftclockselect
+  && !cpu.regs.serial.control.shiftclockfrequency
+  && !cpu.regs.serial.control.transferenablereceive
+  &&  cpu.regs.serial.control.transferenablesend
+  &&  cpu.regs.serial.control.startbit
+  &&  cpu.regs.serial.control.transferlength
+  &&  cpu.regs.serial.control.irqenable
+  ) {
     status.packet = (status.packet + 1) % 17;
     switch(status.packet) {
     case  0: status.send = 0x0000494e; break;
@@ -52,16 +71,16 @@ auto Player::frame() -> void {
     case 15: status.send = 0x30000003; break;
     case 16: status.send = 0x30000003; break;
     }
-    cpu.regs.irq.flag.serial = true;
+    cpu.regs.irq.flag |= CPU::Interrupt::Serial;
   }
 }
 
 auto Player::keyinput() -> maybe<uint16> {
   if(status.logoDetected) {
     switch(status.logoCounter) {
-    case 0: return 0x03ff;
-    case 1: return 0x03ff;
-    case 2: return 0x030f;
+    case 0: return {0x03ff};
+    case 1: return {0x03ff};
+    case 2: return {0x030f};
     }
   }
   return nothing;
@@ -72,7 +91,7 @@ auto Player::read() -> maybe<uint32> {
   return nothing;
 }
 
-auto Player::write(uint8 byte, uint2 addr) -> void {
+auto Player::write(uint2 addr, uint8 byte) -> void {
   if(!status.enable) return;
 
   uint shift = addr << 3;

higan/gba/player/player.hpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ struct Player {
 
   auto keyinput() -> maybe<uint16>;
   auto read() -> maybe<uint32>;
-  auto write(uint8 byte, uint2 addr) -> void;
+  auto write(uint2 addr, uint8 byte) -> void;
 
   auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void;
 };