moodle/lib/datalib.php

<?php // $Id$

/**
 * Library of functions for database manipulation.
 *
 * Other main libraries:
 * - weblib.php - functions that produce web output
 * - moodlelib.php - general-purpose Moodle functions
 * @author Martin Dougiamas and many others
 * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU Public License
 * @package moodlecore
 */

define('MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY', 10000); // MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY * MAX_COURSE_CATEGORIES must not be more than max integer!  
define('MAX_COURSE_CATEGORIES', 10000);

/**
 * Sets up global $DB moodle_database instance
 * @return void
 */
function setup_DB() {
    global $CFG, $DB;

    if (isset($DB)) {
        return;
    }

    if (!isset($CFG->dbuser)) {
        $CFG->dbuser = '';
    }

    if (!isset($CFG->dbpass)) {
        $CFG->dbpass = '';
    }

    if (!isset($CFG->dbname)) {
        $CFG->dbname = '';
    }

    if (!isset($CFG->dbpersist)) {
        $CFG->dbpersist = false;
    }

    if (!isset($CFG->dblibrary)) {
        $CFG->dblibrary = 'adodb';
    }

    if (!isset($CFG->dboptions)) {
        $CFG->dboptions = array();
    }

    $classname = $CFG->dbtype.'_'.$CFG->dblibrary.'_moodle_database';
    require_once($CFG->libdir.'/dml/'.$classname.'.php');
    $DB = new $classname();

    $CFG->dbfamily = $DB->get_dbfamily(); // TODO: BC only for now

    $driverstatus = $DB->driver_installed();

    if ($driverstatus !== true) {
        print_error('dbdriverproblem', 'error', '', $driverstatus);
    }

    if (debugging('', DEBUG_ALL)) {
        // catch errors
        ob_start();
    } else {
        $prevdebug = error_reporting(0);
    }
    if (!$DB->connect($CFG->dbhost, $CFG->dbuser, $CFG->dbpass, $CFG->dbname, $CFG->dbpersist, $CFG->prefix, $CFG->dboptions)) {
        if (debugging('', DEBUG_ALL)) {
            if ($dberr = ob_get_contents()) {
                $dberr = '<p><em>'.$dberr.'</em></p>';
            }
            ob_end_clean();
        } else {
            $dberr = '';
        }
        if (empty($CFG->noemailever) and !empty($CFG->emailconnectionerrorsto)) {
            if (file_exists($CFG->dataroot.'/emailcount')){
                $fp = fopen($CFG->dataroot.'/emailcount', 'r');
                $content = fread($fp, 24);
                fclose($fp);
                if((time() - (int)$content) > 600){
                    @mail($CFG->emailconnectionerrorsto, 
                        'WARNING: Database connection error: '.$CFG->wwwroot, 
                        'Connection error: '.$CFG->wwwroot);
                    $fp = fopen($CFG->dataroot.'/emailcount', 'w');
                    fwrite($fp, time());
                }
            } else {
               @mail($CFG->emailconnectionerrorsto, 
                    'WARNING: Database connection error: '.$CFG->wwwroot, 
                    'Connection error: '.$CFG->wwwroot);
               $fp = fopen($CFG->dataroot.'/emailcount', 'w');
               fwrite($fp, time());
            }
        }
        print_error('dbconnectionfailed', 'error', '', $dberr);
    }
    if (debugging('', DEBUG_ALL)) {
        ob_end_clean();
    } else {
        error_reporting($prevdebug);
    }

    return true;
}

 /// Some constants
 define('LASTACCESS_UPDATE_SECS', 60); /// Number of seconds to wait before
                                       /// updating lastaccess information in DB.

/// USER DATABASE ////////////////////////////////////////////////

/**
 * Returns $user object of the main admin user
 * primary admin = admin with lowest role_assignment id among admins
 * @uses $CFG
 * @return object(admin) An associative array representing the admin user.
 */
function get_admin () {

    global $CFG;
    static $myadmin;

    if (isset($myadmin)) {
        return $myadmin;
    }

    if ( $admins = get_admins() ) {
        foreach ($admins as $admin) {
            $myadmin = $admin;
            return $admin;   // ie the first one
        }
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Returns list of all admins, using 1 DB query. It depends on DB schema v1.7
 * but does not depend on the v1.9 datastructures (context.path, etc).
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @return object
 */
function get_admins() {
    global $DB;

    $sql = "SELECT ra.userid, SUM(rc.permission) AS permission, MIN(ra.id) AS adminid
              FROM {role_capabilities} rc
              JOIN {context} ctx ON ctx.id=rc.contextid
              JOIN {role_assignments} ra ON ra.roleid=rc.roleid AND ra.contextid=ctx.id
             WHERE ctx.contextlevel=10 AND rc.capability IN (?, ?, ?)
          GROUP BY ra.userid
            HAVING SUM(rc.permission) > 0";
    $params = array('moodle/site:config', 'moodle/legacy:admin', 'moodle/site:doanything');

    $sql = "SELECT u.*, ra.adminid
              FROM {user} u
              JOIN ($sql) ra
                   ON u.id=ra.userid
          ORDER BY ra.adminid ASC";

    return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);
}


function get_courses_in_metacourse($metacourseid) {
    global $DB;

    $sql = "SELECT c.id, c.shortname, c.fullname
              FROM {course} c, {course_meta} mc
             WHERE mc.parent_course = ? AND mc.child_course = c.id
          ORDER BY c.shortname";
    $params = array($metacourseid);

    return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);
}

function get_courses_notin_metacourse($metacourseid) {
    global $DB;

    if ($alreadycourses = get_courses_in_metacourse($metacourseid)) {
        $alreadycourses = implode(',',array_keys($alreadycourses));
        $alreadycourses = "AND c.id NOT IN ($alreadycourses)";
    } else {
        $alreadycourses = "";
    }

    $sql = "SELECT c.id,c.shortname,c.fullname
              FROM {course} c
             WHERE c.id != ? and c.id != ".SITEID." and c.metacourse != 1
                   $alreadycourses
          ORDER BY c.shortname";
    $params = array($metacourseid);

    return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);
}

function count_courses_notin_metacourse($metacourseid) {
    global $DB;

    if ($alreadycourses = get_courses_in_metacourse($metacourseid)) {
        $alreadycourses = implode(',',array_keys($alreadycourses));
        $alreadycourses = "AND c.id NOT IN ($alreadycourses)";
    } else {
        $alreadycourses = "";
    }

    $sql = "SELECT COUNT(c.id)
              FROM {course} c
             WHERE c.id != ? and c.id != ".SITEID." and c.metacourse != 1
                   $alreadycourses";
    $params = array($metacourseid);

    return $DB->count_records_sql($sql, $params);
}

/**
 * Search through course users
 *
 * If $coursid specifies the site course then this function searches
 * through all undeleted and confirmed users
 *
 * @param int $courseid The course in question.
 * @param int $groupid The group in question.
 * @param string $searchtext ?
 * @param string $sort ?
 * @param array $exceptions ?
 * @return object
 */
function search_users($courseid, $groupid, $searchtext, $sort='', array $exceptions=null) {
    global $DB;

    $LIKE      = $DB->sql_ilike();
    $fullname  = $DB->sql_fullname('u.firstname', 'u.lastname');

    if (!empty($exceptions)) {
        list($exceptions, $params) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($exceptions, SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'ex0000', false);
        $except = "AND u.id $exceptions";
    } else {
        $except = "";
        $params = array();
    }

    if (!empty($sort)) {
        $order = "ORDER BY $sort";
    } else {
        $order = "";
    }

    $select = "u.deleted = 0 AND u.confirmed = 1 AND ($fullname $LIKE :search1 OR u.email $LIKE :search2)";
    $params['search1'] = "%$searchtext%";
    $params['search2'] = "%$searchtext%";

    if (!$courseid or $courseid == SITEID) {
        $sql = "SELECT u.id, u.firstname, u.lastname, u.email
                  FROM {user} u
                 WHERE $select
                       $except
                $order";
        return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);

    } else {
        if ($groupid) {
            $sql = "SELECT u.id, u.firstname, u.lastname, u.email
                      FROM {user} u
                      JOIN {groups_members} gm ON gm.userid = u.id
                     WHERE $select AND gm.groupid = :groupid
                           $except
                     $order";
            $params['groupid'] = $groupid;
            return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);

        } else {
            $context = get_context_instance(CONTEXT_COURSE, $courseid);
            $contextlists = get_related_contexts_string($context);

            $sql = "SELECT u.id, u.firstname, u.lastname, u.email
                      FROM {user} u
                      JOIN {role_assignments} ra ON ra.userid = u.id
                     WHERE $select AND ra.contextid $contextlists
                           $except
                    $order";
            return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Returns a subset of users
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @param bool $get If false then only a count of the records is returned
 * @param string $search A simple string to search for
 * @param bool $confirmed A switch to allow/disallow unconfirmed users
 * @param array(int) $exceptions A list of IDs to ignore, eg 2,4,5,8,9,10
 * @param string $sort A SQL snippet for the sorting criteria to use
 * @param string $firstinitial ?
 * @param string $lastinitial ?
 * @param string $page ?
 * @param string $recordsperpage ?
 * @param string $fields A comma separated list of fields to be returned from the chosen table.
 * @return object|false|int  {@link $USER} records unless get is false in which case the integer count of the records found is returned. False is returned if an error is encountered.
 */
function get_users($get=true, $search='', $confirmed=false, array $exceptions=null, $sort='firstname ASC',
                   $firstinitial='', $lastinitial='', $page='', $recordsperpage='', $fields='*', $extraselect='', array $extraparams=null) {
    global $DB;

    if ($get && !$recordsperpage) {
        debugging('Call to get_users with $get = true no $recordsperpage limit. ' .
                'On large installations, this will probably cause an out of memory error. ' .
                'Please think again and change your code so that it does not try to ' .
                'load so much data into memory.', DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
    }

    $LIKE      = $DB->sql_ilike();
    $fullname  = $DB->sql_fullname();

    $select = " username <> :guest AND deleted = 0";
    $params = array('guest'=>'guest');

    if (!empty($search)){
        $search = trim($search);
        $select .= " AND ($fullname $LIKE :search1 OR email $LIKE :search2 OR username = :search3)";
        $params['search1'] = "%$search%";
        $params['search2'] = "%$search%";
        $params['search3'] = "$search";
    }

    if ($confirmed) {
        $select .= " AND confirmed = 1";
    }

    if ($exceptions) {
        list($exceptions, $eparams) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($exceptions, SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'ex0000', false);
        $params = $params + $eparams;
        $except = " AND id $exceptions";
    }

    if ($firstinitial) {
        $select .= " AND firstname $LIKE :fni";
        $params['fni'] = "$firstinitial%";
    }
    if ($lastinitial) {
        $select .= " AND lastname $LIKE :lni";
        $params['lni'] = "$lastinitial%";
    }

    if ($extraselect) {
        $select .= " AND $extraselect";
        $params = $params + (array)$extraparams;
    }

    if ($get) {
        return $DB->get_records_select('user', $select, $params, $sort, $fields, $page, $recordsperpage);
    } else {
        return $DB->count_records_select('user', $select, $params);
    }
}


/**
 * shortdesc (optional)
 *
 * longdesc
 *
 * @param string $sort ?
 * @param string $dir ?
 * @param int $categoryid ?
 * @param int $categoryid ?
 * @param string $search ?
 * @param string $firstinitial ?
 * @param string $lastinitial ?
 * @returnobject {@link $USER} records
 * @todo Finish documenting this function
 */

function get_users_listing($sort='lastaccess', $dir='ASC', $page=0, $recordsperpage=0,
                           $search='', $firstinitial='', $lastinitial='', $extraselect='', array $extraparams=null) {
    global $DB;

    $LIKE      = $DB->sql_ilike();
    $fullname  = $DB->sql_fullname();

    $select = "deleted <> 1";
    $params = array();

    if (!empty($search)) {
        $search = trim($search);
        $select .= " AND ($fullname $LIKE :search1 OR email $LIKE :search2 OR username = :search3)";
        $params['search1'] = "%$search%";
        $params['search2'] = "%$search%";
        $params['search3'] = "$search";
    }

    if ($firstinitial) {
        $select .= " AND firstname $LIKE :fni";
        $params['fni'] = "$firstinitial%";
    }
    if ($lastinitial) {
        $select .= " AND lastname $LIKE :lni";
        $params['lni'] = "$lastinitial%";
    }

    if ($extraselect) {
        $select .= " AND $extraselect";
        $params = $params + (array)$extraparams;
    }

    if ($sort) {
        $sort = " ORDER BY $sort $dir";
    }

/// warning: will return UNCONFIRMED USERS
    return $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT id, username, email, firstname, lastname, city, country, lastaccess, confirmed, mnethostid
                                   FROM {user}
                                  WHERE $select
                                  $sort", $params, $page, $recordsperpage);

}


/**
 * Full list of users that have confirmed their accounts.
 *
 * @return array of unconfirmed users
 */
function get_users_confirmed() {
    global $DB;
    return $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT *
                                   FROM {user}
                                  WHERE confirmed = 1 AND deleted = 0 AND username <> ?", array('guest'));
}


/// OTHER SITE AND COURSE FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////////////////////////


/**
 * Returns $course object of the top-level site.
 *
 * @return course  A {@link $COURSE} object for the site
 */
function get_site() {
    global $SITE, $DB;

    if (!empty($SITE->id)) {   // We already have a global to use, so return that
        return $SITE;
    }

    if ($course = $DB->get_record('course', array('category'=>0))) {
        return $course;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Returns list of courses, for whole site, or category
 *
 * Returns list of courses, for whole site, or category
 * Important: Using c.* for fields is extremely expensive because
 *            we are using distinct. You almost _NEVER_ need all the fields
 *            in such a large SELECT
 *
 * @param    type description
 * @return array of courses
 */
function get_courses($categoryid="all", $sort="c.sortorder ASC", $fields="c.*") {

    global $USER, $CFG, $DB;

    $params = array();

    if ($categoryid !== "all" && is_numeric($categoryid)) {
        $categoryselect = "WHERE c.category = :catid";
        $params['catid'] = $categoryid;
    } else {
        $categoryselect = "";
    }

    if (empty($sort)) {
        $sortstatement = "";
    } else {
        $sortstatement = "ORDER BY $sort";
    }

    $visiblecourses = array();

    $sql = "SELECT $fields,
                   ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                   ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
              FROM {course} c
              JOIN {context} ctx
                   ON (c.id = ctx.instanceid  AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSE.")
              $categoryselect
              $sortstatement";

    // pull out all course matching the cat
    if ($courses = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params)) {

        // loop throught them
        foreach ($courses as $course) {
            $course = make_context_subobj($course);
            if (isset($course->visible) && $course->visible <= 0) {
                // for hidden courses, require visibility check
                if (has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses', $course->context)) {
                    $visiblecourses [$course->id] = $course;
                }
            } else {
                $visiblecourses [$course->id] = $course;
            }
        }
    }
    return $visiblecourses;
}


/**
 * Returns list of courses, for whole site, or category
 *
 * Similar to get_courses, but allows paging
 * Important: Using c.* for fields is extremely expensive because
 *            we are using distinct. You almost _NEVER_ need all the fields
 *            in such a large SELECT
 *
 * @param    type description
 * @return array of courses
 */
function get_courses_page($categoryid="all", $sort="c.sortorder ASC", $fields="c.*",
                          &$totalcount, $limitfrom="", $limitnum="") {
    global $USER, $CFG, $DB;

    $params = array();

    $categoryselect = "";
    if ($categoryid != "all" && is_numeric($categoryid)) {
        $categoryselect = "WHERE c.category = :catid";
        $params['catid'] = $categoryid;
    } else {
        $categoryselect = "";
    }

    $sql = "SELECT $fields,
                   ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                   ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
              FROM {course} c
              JOIN {context} ctx
                   ON (c.id = ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSE.")
           $categoryselect
          ORDER BY $sort";

    // pull out all course matching the cat
    if (!$rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params)) {
        return array();
    }
    $totalcount = 0;

    if (!$limitfrom) {
        $limitfrom = 0;
    }

    // iteration will have to be done inside loop to keep track of the limitfrom and limitnum
    $visiblecourses = array();
    foreach($rs as $course) {
        $course = make_context_subobj($course);
        if ($course->visible <= 0) {
            // for hidden courses, require visibility check
            if (has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses', $course->context)) {
                $totalcount++;
                if ($totalcount > $limitfrom && (!$limitnum or count($visiblecourses) < $limitnum)) {
                    $visiblecourses [$course->id] = $course;
                }
            }
        } else {
            $totalcount++;
            if ($totalcount > $limitfrom && (!$limitnum or count($visiblecourses) < $limitnum)) {
                $visiblecourses [$course->id] = $course;
            }
        }
    }
    $rs->close();
    return $visiblecourses;
}

/**
 * Retrieve course records with the course managers and other related records
 * that we need for print_course(). This allows print_courses() to do its job
 * in a constant number of DB queries, regardless of the number of courses,
 * role assignments, etc.
 *
 * The returned array is indexed on c.id, and each course will have
 * - $course->context - a context obj
 * - $course->managers - array containing RA objects that include a $user obj
 *                       with the minimal fields needed for fullname()
 *
 */
function get_courses_wmanagers($categoryid=0, $sort="c.sortorder ASC", $fields=array()) {
    /*
     * The plan is to
     *
     * - Grab the courses JOINed w/context
     *
     * - Grab the interesting course-manager RAs
     *   JOINed with a base user obj and add them to each course
     *
     * So as to do all the work in 2 DB queries. The RA+user JOIN
     * ends up being pretty expensive if it happens over _all_
     * courses on a large site. (Are we surprised!?)
     *
     * So this should _never_ get called with 'all' on a large site.
     *
     */
    global $USER, $CFG, $DB;

    $params = array();
    $allcats = false; // bool flag
    if ($categoryid === 'all') {
        $categoryclause   = '';
        $allcats = true;
    } elseif (is_numeric($categoryid)) {
        $categoryclause = "c.category = :catid";
        $params['catid'] = $categoryid;
    } else {
        debugging("Could not recognise categoryid = $categoryid");
        $categoryclause = '';
    }

    $basefields = array('id', 'category', 'sortorder',
                        'shortname', 'fullname', 'idnumber',
                        'teacher', 'teachers', 'student', 'students',
                        'guest', 'startdate', 'visible',
                        'newsitems',  'cost', 'enrol',
                        'groupmode', 'groupmodeforce');

    if (!is_null($fields) && is_string($fields)) {
        if (empty($fields)) {
            $fields = $basefields;
        } else {
            // turn the fields from a string to an array that
            // get_user_courses_bycap() will like...
            $fields = explode(',',$fields);
            $fields = array_map('trim', $fields);
            $fields = array_unique(array_merge($basefields, $fields));
        }
    } elseif (is_array($fields)) {
        $fields = array_merge($basefields,$fields);
    }
    $coursefields = 'c.' .join(',c.', $fields);

    if (empty($sort)) {
        $sortstatement = "";
    } else {
        $sortstatement = "ORDER BY $sort";
    }

    $where = 'WHERE c.id != ' . SITEID;
    if ($categoryclause !== ''){
        $where = "$where AND $categoryclause";
    }

    // pull out all courses matching the cat
    $sql = "SELECT $coursefields,
                   ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                   ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
              FROM {course} c
              JOIN {context} ctx
                   ON (c.id=ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSE.")
               $where
               $sortstatement";

    $catpaths = array();
    $catpath  = NULL;
    if ($courses = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params)) {
        // loop on courses materialising
        // the context, and prepping data to fetch the
        // managers efficiently later...
        foreach ($courses as $k => $course) {
            $courses[$k] = make_context_subobj($courses[$k]);
            $courses[$k]->managers = array();
            if ($allcats === false) {
                // single cat, so take just the first one...
                if ($catpath === NULL) {
                    $catpath = preg_replace(':/\d+$:', '',$courses[$k]->context->path);
                }
            } else {
                // chop off the contextid of the course itself
                // like dirname() does...
                $catpaths[] = preg_replace(':/\d+$:', '',$courses[$k]->context->path);
            }
        }
    } else {
        return array(); // no courses!
    }

    $CFG->coursemanager = trim($CFG->coursemanager);
    if (empty($CFG->coursemanager)) {
        return $courses;
    }

    $managerroles = split(',', $CFG->coursemanager);
    $catctxids = '';
    if (count($managerroles)) {
        if ($allcats === true) {
            $catpaths  = array_unique($catpaths);
            $ctxids = array();
            foreach ($catpaths as $cpath) {
                $ctxids = array_merge($ctxids, explode('/',substr($cpath,1)));
            }
            $ctxids = array_unique($ctxids);
            $catctxids = implode( ',' , $ctxids);
            unset($catpaths);
            unset($cpath);
        } else {
            // take the ctx path from the first course
            // as all categories will be the same...
            $catpath = substr($catpath,1);
            $catpath = preg_replace(':/\d+$:','',$catpath);
            $catctxids = str_replace('/',',',$catpath);
        }
        if ($categoryclause !== '') {
            $categoryclause = "AND $categoryclause";
        }
        /*
         * Note: Here we use a LEFT OUTER JOIN that can
         * "optionally" match to avoid passing a ton of context
         * ids in an IN() clause. Perhaps a subselect is faster.
         *
         * In any case, this SQL is not-so-nice over large sets of
         * courses with no $categoryclause.
         *
         */
        $sql = "SELECT ctx.path, ctx.instanceid, ctx.contextlevel,
                       ra.hidden,
                       r.id AS roleid, r.name as rolename,
                       u.id AS userid, u.firstname, u.lastname
                  FROM {role_assignments} ra
                  JOIN {context} ctx ON ra.contextid = ctx.id
                  JOIN {user} u ON ra.userid = u.id
                  JOIN {role} r ON ra.roleid = r.id
                  LEFT OUTER JOIN {course} c
                       ON (ctx.instanceid=c.id AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSE.")
                WHERE ( c.id IS NOT NULL";
        // under certain conditions, $catctxids is NULL
        if($catctxids == NULL){
            $sql .= ") ";
        }else{
            $sql .= " OR ra.contextid  IN ($catctxids) )";
        }

        $sql .= "AND ra.roleid IN ({$CFG->coursemanager})
                      $categoryclause
                ORDER BY r.sortorder ASC, ctx.contextlevel ASC, ra.sortorder ASC";
        $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params);

        // This loop is fairly stupid as it stands - might get better
        // results doing an initial pass clustering RAs by path.
        foreach($rs as $ra) {
            $user = new StdClass;
            $user->id        = $ra->userid;    unset($ra->userid);
            $user->firstname = $ra->firstname; unset($ra->firstname);
            $user->lastname  = $ra->lastname;  unset($ra->lastname);
            $ra->user = $user;
            if ($ra->contextlevel == CONTEXT_SYSTEM) {
                foreach ($courses as $k => $course) {
                    $courses[$k]->managers[] = $ra;
                }
            } elseif ($ra->contextlevel == CONTEXT_COURSECAT) {
                if ($allcats === false) {
                    // It always applies
                    foreach ($courses as $k => $course) {
                        $courses[$k]->managers[] = $ra;
                    }
                } else {
                    foreach ($courses as $k => $course) {
                        // Note that strpos() returns 0 as "matched at pos 0"
                        if (strpos($course->context->path, $ra->path.'/')===0) {
                            // Only add it to subpaths
                            $courses[$k]->managers[] = $ra;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else { // course-level
                if(!array_key_exists($ra->instanceid, $courses)) {
                    //this course is not in a list, probably a frontpage course
                    continue;
                }
                $courses[$ra->instanceid]->managers[] = $ra;
            }
        }
        $rs->close();
    }

    return $courses;
}

/**
 * Convenience function - lists courses that a user has access to view.
 *
 * For admins and others with access to "every" course in the system, we should
 * try to get courses with explicit RAs.
 *
 * NOTE: this function is heavily geared towards the perspective of the user
 *       passed in $userid. So it will hide courses that the user cannot see
 *       (for any reason) even if called from cron or from another $USER's
 *       perspective.
 *
 *       If you really want to know what courses are assigned to the user,
 *       without any hiding or scheming, call the lower-level
 *       get_user_courses_bycap().
 *
 *
 * Notes inherited from get_user_courses_bycap():
 *
 * - $fields is an array of fieldnames to ADD
 *   so name the fields you really need, which will
 *   be added and uniq'd
 *
 * - the course records have $c->context which is a fully
 *   valid context object. Saves you a query per course!
 *
 * @uses $CFG,$USER
 * @param int $userid The user of interest
 * @param string $sort the sortorder in the course table
 * @param array $fields - names of _additional_ fields to return (also accepts a string)
 * @param bool $doanything True if using the doanything flag
 * @param int $limit Maximum number of records to return, or 0 for unlimited
 * @return array {@link $COURSE} of course objects
 */
function get_my_courses($userid, $sort='visible DESC,sortorder ASC', $fields=NULL, $doanything=false,$limit=0) {
    global $CFG, $USER, $DB;

    // Guest's do not have any courses
    $sitecontext = get_context_instance(CONTEXT_SYSTEM);
    if (has_capability('moodle/legacy:guest', $sitecontext, $userid, false)) {
        return(array());
    }

    $basefields = array('id', 'category', 'sortorder',
                        'shortname', 'fullname', 'idnumber',
                        'teacher', 'teachers', 'student', 'students',
                        'guest', 'startdate', 'visible',
                        'newsitems',  'cost', 'enrol',
                        'groupmode', 'groupmodeforce');

    if (!is_null($fields) && is_string($fields)) {
        if (empty($fields)) {
            $fields = $basefields;
        } else {
            // turn the fields from a string to an array that
            // get_user_courses_bycap() will like...
            $fields = explode(',',$fields);
            $fields = array_map('trim', $fields);
            $fields = array_unique(array_merge($basefields, $fields));
        }
    } elseif (is_array($fields)) {
        $fields = array_unique(array_merge($basefields, $fields));
    } else {
        $fields = $basefields;
    }

    $orderby = '';
    $sort    = trim($sort);
    if (!empty($sort)) {
        $rawsorts = explode(',', $sort);
        $sorts = array();
        foreach ($rawsorts as $rawsort) {
            $rawsort = trim($rawsort);
            if (strpos($rawsort, 'c.') === 0) {
                $rawsort = substr($rawsort, 2);
            }
            $sorts[] = trim($rawsort);
        }
        $sort = 'c.'.implode(',c.', $sorts);
        $orderby = "ORDER BY $sort";
    }

    //
    // Logged-in user - Check cached courses
    //
    // NOTE! it's a _string_ because
    // - it's all we'll ever use
    // - it serialises much more compact than an array
    //   this a big concern here - cost of serialise
    //   and unserialise gets huge as the session grows
    //
    // If the courses are too many - it won't be set
    // for large numbers of courses, caching in the session
    // has marginal benefits (costs too much, not
    // worthwhile...) and we may hit SQL parser limits
    // because we use IN()
    //
    if ($userid === $USER->id) {
        if (isset($USER->loginascontext)
            && $USER->loginascontext->contextlevel == CONTEXT_COURSE) {
            // list _only_ this course
            // anything else is asking for trouble...
            $courseids = $USER->loginascontext->instanceid;
        } elseif (isset($USER->mycourses)
                  && is_string($USER->mycourses)) {
            if ($USER->mycourses === '') {
                // empty str means: user has no courses
                // ... so do the easy thing...
                return array();
            } else {
                $courseids = $USER->mycourses;
            }
        }
        if (isset($courseids)) {
            // The data massaging here MUST be kept in sync with
            // get_user_courses_bycap() so we return
            // the same...
            // (but here we don't need to check has_cap)
            $coursefields = 'c.' .join(',c.', $fields);
            $sql = "SELECT $coursefields,
                           ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                           ctx.depth as ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel,
                           cc.path AS categorypath
                      FROM {course} c
                      JOIN {course_categories} cc ON c.category=cc.id
                      JOIN {context} ctx
                           ON (c.id=ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSE.")
                     WHERE c.id IN ($courseids)
                  $orderby";
            $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql);
            $courses = array();
            $cc = 0; // keep count
            foreach ($rs as $c) {
                // build the context obj
                $c = make_context_subobj($c);

                $courses[$c->id] = $c;
                if ($limit > 0 && $cc++ > $limit) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            $rs->close();
            return $courses;
        }
    }

    // Non-cached - get accessinfo
    if ($userid === $USER->id && isset($USER->access)) {
        $accessinfo = $USER->access;
    } else {
        $accessinfo = get_user_access_sitewide($userid);
    }


    $courses = get_user_courses_bycap($userid, 'moodle/course:view', $accessinfo,
                                      $doanything, $sort, $fields,
                                      $limit);

    $cats = NULL;
    // If we have to walk category visibility
    // to eval course visibility, get the categories
    if (empty($CFG->allowvisiblecoursesinhiddencategories)) {
        $sql = "SELECT cc.id, cc.path, cc.visible,
                       ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                       ctx.depth as ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
                  FROM {course_categories} cc
                  JOIN {context} ctx ON (cc.id = ctx.instanceid)
                 WHERE ctx.contextlevel = ".CONTEXT_COURSECAT."
              ORDER BY cc.id";
        $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql);

        // Using a temporary array instead of $cats here, to avoid a "true" result when isnull($cats) further down
        $categories = array();
        foreach($rs as $course_cat) {
            // build the context obj
            $course_cat = make_context_subobj($course_cat);
            $categories[$course_cat->id] = $course_cat;
        }
        $rs->close();

        if (!empty($categories)) {
            $cats = $categories;
        }

        unset($course_cat);
    }
    //
    // Strangely, get_my_courses() is expected to return the
    // array keyed on id, which messes up the sorting
    // So do that, and also cache the ids in the session if appropriate
    //
    $kcourses = array();
    $courses_count = count($courses);
    $cacheids = NULL;
    $vcatpaths = array();
    if ($userid === $USER->id && $courses_count < 500) {
        $cacheids = array();
    }
    for ($n=0; $n<$courses_count; $n++) {

        //
        // Check whether $USER (not $userid) can _actually_ see them
        // Easy if $CFG->allowvisiblecoursesinhiddencategories
        // is set, and we don't have to care about categories.
        // Lots of work otherwise... (all in mem though!)
        //
        $cansee = false;
        if (is_null($cats)) { // easy rules!
            if ($courses[$n]->visible == true) {
                $cansee = true;
            } elseif (has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses',
                                     $courses[$n]->context, $USER->id)) {
                $cansee = true;
            }
        } else {
            //
            // Is the cat visible?
            // we have to assume it _is_ visible
            // so we can shortcut when we find a hidden one
            //
            $viscat = true;
            $cpath = $courses[$n]->categorypath;
            if (isset($vcatpaths[$cpath])) {
                $viscat = $vcatpaths[$cpath];
            } else {
                $cpath = substr($cpath,1); // kill leading slash
                $cpath = explode('/',$cpath);
                $ccct  = count($cpath);
                for ($m=0;$m<$ccct;$m++) {
                    $ccid = $cpath[$m];
                    if ($cats[$ccid]->visible==false) {
                        $viscat = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                $vcatpaths[$courses[$n]->categorypath] = $viscat;
            }

            //
            // Perhaps it's actually visible to $USER
            // check moodle/category:visibility
            //
            // The name isn't obvious, but the description says
            // "See hidden categories" so the user shall see...
            // But also check if the allowvisiblecoursesinhiddencategories setting is true, and check for course visibility
            if ($viscat === false) {
                $catctx = $cats[$courses[$n]->category]->context;
                if (has_capability('moodle/category:visibility', $catctx, $USER->id)) {
                    $vcatpaths[$courses[$n]->categorypath] = true;
                    $viscat = true;
                } elseif ($CFG->allowvisiblecoursesinhiddencategories && $courses[$n]->visible == true) {
                    $viscat = true;
                }
            }

            //
            // Decision matrix
            //
            if ($viscat === true) {
                if ($courses[$n]->visible == true) {
                    $cansee = true;
                } elseif (has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses',
                                        $courses[$n]->context, $USER->id)) {
                    $cansee = true;
                }
            }
        }
        if ($cansee === true) {
            $kcourses[$courses[$n]->id] = $courses[$n];
            if (is_array($cacheids)) {
                $cacheids[] = $courses[$n]->id;
            }
        }
    }
    if (is_array($cacheids)) {
        // Only happens
        // - for the logged in user
        // - below the threshold (500)
        // empty string is _valid_
        $USER->mycourses = join(',',$cacheids);
    } elseif ($userid === $USER->id && isset($USER->mycourses)) {
        // cheap sanity check
        unset($USER->mycourses);
    }

    return $kcourses;
}

/**
 * A list of courses that match a search
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @param array $searchterms ?
 * @param string $sort ?
 * @param int $page ?
 * @param int $recordsperpage ?
 * @param int $totalcount Passed in by reference. ?
 * @return object {@link $COURSE} records
 */
function get_courses_search($searchterms, $sort='fullname ASC', $page=0, $recordsperpage=50, &$totalcount) {
    global $CFG, $DB;

    if ($DB->sql_regex_supported()) {
        $REGEXP    = $DB->sql_regex(true);
        $NOTREGEXP = $DB->sql_regex(false);
    }
    $LIKE = $DB->sql_ilike(); // case-insensitive

    $searchcond = array();
    $params     = array();
    $i = 0;

    $concat = $DB->sql_concat('c.summary', "' '", 'c.fullname');

    foreach ($searchterms as $searchterm) {
        $i++;

        $NOT = ''; /// Initially we aren't going to perform NOT LIKE searches, only MSSQL and Oracle
                   /// will use it to simulate the "-" operator with LIKE clause

    /// Under Oracle and MSSQL, trim the + and - operators and perform
    /// simpler LIKE (or NOT LIKE) queries
        if (!$DB->sql_regex_supported()) {
            if (substr($searchterm, 0, 1) == '-') {
                $NOT = ' NOT ';
            }
            $searchterm = trim($searchterm, '+-');
        }

        // TODO: +- may not work for non latin languages

        if (substr($searchterm,0,1) == '+') {
            $searchterm = trim($searchterm, '+-');
            $searchterm = preg_quote($searchterm, '|');
            $searchcond[] = "$concat $REGEXP :ss$i";
            $params['ss'.$i] = "(^|[^a-zA-Z0-9])$searchterm([^a-zA-Z0-9]|$)";

        } else if (substr($searchterm,0,1) == "-") {
            $searchterm = trim($searchterm, '+-');
            $searchterm = preg_quote($searchterm, '|');
            $searchcond[] = "$concat $NOTREGEXP :ss$i";
            $params['ss'.$i] = "(^|[^a-zA-Z0-9])$searchterm([^a-zA-Z0-9]|$)";

        } else {
            $searchcond[] = "$concat $NOT $LIKE :ss$i";
            $params['ss'.$i] = "%$searchterm%";
        }
    }

    if (empty($searchcond)) {
        $totalcount = 0;
        return array();
    }

    $searchcond = implode(" AND ", $searchcond);

    $sql = "SELECT c.*,
                   ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                   ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
              FROM {course} c
              JOIN {context} ctx
                   ON (c.id = ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSE.")
             WHERE $searchcond AND c.id <> ".SITEID."
          ORDER BY $sort";
    $courses = array();
    $c = 0; // counts how many visible courses we've seen

    if ($rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params)) {
        // Tiki pagination
        $limitfrom = $page * $recordsperpage;
        $limitto   = $limitfrom + $recordsperpage;

        foreach($rs as $course) {
            $course = make_context_subobj($course);
            if ($course->visible || has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses', $course->context)) {
                // Don't exit this loop till the end
                // we need to count all the visible courses
                // to update $totalcount
                if ($c >= $limitfrom && $c < $limitto) {
                    $courses[$course->id] = $course;
                }
                $c++;
            }
        }
        $rs->close();
    }

    // our caller expects 2 bits of data - our return
    // array, and an updated $totalcount
    $totalcount = $c;
    return $courses;
}


/**
 * Returns a sorted list of categories. Each category object has a context
 * property that is a context object.
 *
 * When asking for $parent='none' it will return all the categories, regardless
 * of depth. Wheen asking for a specific parent, the default is to return
 * a "shallow" resultset. Pass false to $shallow and it will return all
 * the child categories as well.
 *
 *
 * @param string $parent The parent category if any
 * @param string $sort the sortorder
 * @param bool   $shallow - set to false to get the children too
 * @return array of categories
 */
function get_categories($parent='none', $sort=NULL, $shallow=true) {
    global $DB;

    if ($sort === NULL) {
        $sort = 'ORDER BY cc.sortorder ASC';
    } elseif ($sort ==='') {
        // leave it as empty
    } else {
        $sort = "ORDER BY $sort";
    }

    if ($parent === 'none') {
        $sql = "SELECT cc.*,
                       ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                       ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
                  FROM {course_categories} cc
                  JOIN {context} ctx
                       ON cc.id=ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSECAT."
                $sort";
        $params = array();

    } elseif ($shallow) {
        $sql = "SELECT cc.*,
                       ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                       ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
                  FROM {course_categories} cc
                  JOIN {context} ctx
                       ON cc.id=ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSECAT."
                 WHERE cc.parent=?
                $sort";
        $params = array($parent);

    } else {
        $sql = "SELECT cc.*,
                       ctx.id AS ctxid, ctx.path AS ctxpath,
                       ctx.depth AS ctxdepth, ctx.contextlevel AS ctxlevel
                  FROM {course_categories} cc
                  JOIN {context} ctx
                       ON cc.id=ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel=".CONTEXT_COURSECAT."
                  JOIN {course_categories} ccp
                       ON (cc.path LIKE ".$DB->sql_concat('ccp.path',"'%'").")
                 WHERE ccp.id=?
                $sort";
        $params = array($parent);
    }
    $categories = array();

    if( $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params) ){
        foreach($rs as $cat) {
            $cat = make_context_subobj($cat);
            if ($cat->visible || has_capability('moodle/category:visibility',$cat->context)) {
                $categories[$cat->id] = $cat;
            }
        }
        $rs->close();
    }
    return $categories;
}


/**
 * Returns an array of category ids of all the subcategories for a given
 * category.
 * @param $catid - The id of the category whose subcategories we want to find.
 * @return array of category ids.
 */
function get_all_subcategories($catid) {
    global $DB;

    $subcats = array();

    if ($categories = $DB->get_records('course_categories', array('parent'=>$catid))) {
        foreach ($categories as $cat) {
            array_push($subcats, $cat->id);
            $subcats = array_merge($subcats, get_all_subcategories($cat->id));
        }
    }
    return $subcats;
}

/**
 * Return specified category, default if given does not exist
 * @param int $catid course category id
 * @return object caregory
 */
function get_course_category($catid=0) {
    global $DB;

    $category = false;

    if (!empty($catid)) {
        $category = $DB->get_record('course_categories', array('id'=>$catid));
    }

    if (!$category) {
        // the first category is considered default for now
        if ($category = $DB->get_records('course_categories', null, 'sortorder', '*', 0, 1)) {
            $category = reset($category);

        } else {
            $cat = new object();
            $cat->name         = get_string('miscellaneous');
            $cat->depth        = 1;
            $cat->sortorder    = MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY;
            $cat->timemodified = time();
            if (!$catid = $DB->insert_record('course_categories', $cat)) {
                print_error('cannotsetupcategory', 'error');
            }
            // make sure category context exists
            get_context_instance(CONTEXT_COURSECAT, $catid);
            mark_context_dirty('/'.SYSCONTEXTID);
            $category = $DB->get_record('course_categories', array('id'=>$catid));
        }
    }

    return $category;
}

/**
 * Fixes course category and course sortorder, also verifies category and course parents and paths.
 * (circular references are not fixed) 
 */
function fix_course_sortorder() {
    global $DB, $SITE;

    //WARNING: this is PHP5 only code!

    if ($unsorted = $DB->get_records('course_categories', array('sortorder'=>0))) {
        //move all categories that are not sorted yet to the end
        $DB->set_field('course_categories', 'sortorder', MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY*MAX_COURSE_CATEGORIES, array('sortorder'=>0));
    }

    $allcats = $DB->get_records('course_categories', null, 'sortorder, id', 'id, sortorder, parent, depth, path');
    $topcats    = array();
    $brokencats = array();
    foreach ($allcats as $cat) {
        $sortorder = (int)$cat->sortorder;
        if (!$cat->parent) {
            while(isset($topcats[$sortorder])) {
                $sortorder++;
            }
            $topcats[$sortorder] = $cat;
            continue;
        }
        if (!isset($allcats[$cat->parent])) {
            $brokencats[] = $cat;
            continue;
        }
        if (!isset($allcats[$cat->parent]->children)) {
            $allcats[$cat->parent]->children = array();
        }
        while(isset($allcats[$cat->parent]->children[$sortorder])) {
            $sortorder++;
        }
        $allcats[$cat->parent]->children[$sortorder] = $cat;
    }
    unset($allcats);

    // add broken cats to category tree
    if ($brokencats) {
        $defaultcat = reset($topcats);
        foreach ($brokencats as $cat) {
            $topcats[] = $cat;
        } 
    }

    // now walk recursively the tree and fix any problems found
    $sortorder = 0;
    $fixcontexts = array();
    _fix_course_cats($topcats, $sortorder, 0, 0, '', $fixcontexts);

    // detect if there are "multiple" frontpage courses and fix them if needed
    $frontcourses = $DB->get_records('course', array('category'=>0), 'id');
    if (count($frontcourses) > 1) {
        if (isset($frontcourses[SITEID])) {
            $frontcourse = $frontcourses[SITEID];
            unset($frontcourses[SITEID]);
        } else {
            $frontcourse = array_shift($frontcourses);
        }
        $defaultcat = reset($topcats);
        foreach ($frontcourses as $course) {
            $DB->set_field('course', 'category', $defaultcat->id, array('id'=>$course->id));
            $context = get_context_instance(CONTEXT_COURSE, $course->id);
            $fixcontexts[$context->id] = $context;
        }
        unset($frontcourses);
    } else {
        $frontcourse = reset($frontcourses);
    }

    // now fix the paths and depths in context table if needed
    if ($fixcontexts) {
        rebuild_contexts($fixcontexts);
    }

    // release memory
    unset($topcats);
    unset($brokencats);
    unset($fixcontexts);

    // fix frontpage course sortorder
    if ($frontcourse->sortorder != 1) {
        $DB->set_field('course', 'sortorder', 1, array('id'=>$frontcourse->id));
    }

    // now fix the course counts in category records if needed
    $sql = "SELECT cc.id, cc.coursecount, COUNT(c.id) AS newcount
              FROM {course_categories} cc
              LEFT JOIN {course} c ON c.category = cc.id
          GROUP BY cc.id, cc.coursecount
            HAVING cc.coursecount <> COUNT(c.id)";

    if ($updatecounts = $DB->get_records_sql($sql)) {
        foreach ($updatecounts as $cat) {
            $cat->coursecount = $cat->newcount;
            unset($cat->newcount);
            $DB->update_record_raw('course_categories', $cat, true);
        } 
    }

    // now make sure that sortorders in course table are withing the category sortorder ranges
    $sql = "SELECT cc.id, cc.sortorder
              FROM {course_categories} cc
              JOIN {course} c ON c.category = cc.id
             WHERE c.sortorder < cc.sortorder OR c.sortorder > cc.sortorder + ".MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY;

    if ($fixcategories = $DB->get_records_sql($sql)) {
        //fix the course sortorder ranges
        foreach ($fixcategories as $cat) {
            $sql = "UPDATE {course}
                       SET sortorder = (sortorder % ".MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY.") + ?
                     WHERE category = ?";
            $DB->execute($sql, array($cat->sortorder, $cat->id));
        }
    }
    unset($fixcategories);

    // categories having courses with sortorder duplicates or having gaps in sortorder
    $sql = "SELECT DISTINCT c1.category AS id , cc.sortorder
              FROM {course} c1
              JOIN {course} c2 ON c1.sortorder = c2.sortorder
              JOIN {course_categories} cc ON (c1.category = cc.id)
             WHERE c1.id <> c2.id";
    $fixcategories = $DB->get_records_sql($sql);

    $sql = "SELECT cc.id, cc.sortorder, cc.coursecount, MAX(c.sortorder) AS maxsort, MIN(c.sortorder) AS minsort
              FROM {course_categories} cc
              JOIN {course} c ON c.category = cc.id
          GROUP BY cc.id, cc.sortorder, cc.coursecount
            HAVING (MAX(c.sortorder) <>  cc.sortorder + cc.coursecount) OR (MIN(c.sortorder) <>  cc.sortorder + 1)";
    $gapcategories = $DB->get_records_sql($sql);

    foreach ($gapcategories as $cat) {
        if (isset($fixcategories[$cat->id])) {
            // duplicates detected already

        } else if ($cat->minsort == $cat->sortorder and $cat->maxsort == $cat->sortorder + $cat->coursecount - 1) {
            // easy - new course inserted with sortorder 0, the rest is ok
            $sql = "UPDATE {course}
                       SET sortorder = sortorder + 1
                     WHERE category = ?";
            $DB->execute($sql, array($cat->id));

        } else {
            // it needs full resorting
            $fixcategories[$cat->id] = $cat;
        }
    }
    unset($gapcategories);

    // fix course sortorders in problematic categories only
    foreach ($fixcategories as $cat) {
        $i = 1;
        $courses = $DB->get_records('course', array('category'=>$cat->id), 'sortorder ASC, id DESC', 'id, sortorder');
        foreach ($courses as $course) {
            if ($course->sortorder != $cat->sortorder + $i) {
                $course->sortorder = $cat->sortorder + $i;
                $DB->update_record_raw('course', $course, true); 
            }
            $i++;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Internal recursive category verification function, do not use directly!
 */
function _fix_course_cats($children, &$sortorder, $parent, $depth, $path, &$fixcontexts) {
    global $DB;

    $depth++;

    foreach ($children as $cat) {
        $sortorder = $sortorder + MAX_COURSES_IN_CATEGORY;
        $update = false;
        if ($parent != $cat->parent or $depth != $cat->depth or $path.'/'.$cat->id != $cat->path) {
            $cat->parent = $parent;
            $cat->depth  = $depth;
            $cat->path   = $path.'/'.$cat->id;
            $update = true;

            // make sure context caches are rebuild and dirty contexts marked
            $context = get_context_instance(CONTEXT_COURSECAT, $cat->id);
            $fixcontexts[$context->id] = $context;
        }
        if ($cat->sortorder != $sortorder) {
            $cat->sortorder = $sortorder;
            $update = true;
        }
        if ($update) {
            $DB->update_record('course_categories', $cat, true);
        }
        if (isset($cat->children)) {
            _fix_course_cats($cat->children, $sortorder, $cat->id, $cat->depth, $cat->path, $fixcontexts);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * List of remote courses that a user has access to via MNET.
 * Works only on the IDP
 *
 * @uses $CFG, $USER
 * @return array {@link $COURSE} of course objects
 */
function get_my_remotecourses($userid=0) {
    global $DB, $USER;

    if (empty($userid)) {
        $userid = $USER->id;
    }

    $sql = "SELECT c.remoteid, c.shortname, c.fullname,
                   c.hostid, c.summary, c.cat_name,
                   h.name AS hostname
              FROM {mnet_enrol_course} c
              JOIN {mnet_enrol_assignments} a ON c.id=a.courseid
              JOIN {mnet_host} h              ON c.hostid=h.id
             WHERE a.userid=?";

    return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, array($userid));
}

/**
 * List of remote hosts that a user has access to via MNET.
 * Works on the SP
 *
 * @uses $CFG, $USER
 * @return array of host objects
 */
function get_my_remotehosts() {
    global $CFG, $USER;

    if ($USER->mnethostid == $CFG->mnet_localhost_id) {
        return false; // Return nothing on the IDP
    }
    if (!empty($USER->mnet_foreign_host_array) && is_array($USER->mnet_foreign_host_array)) {
        return $USER->mnet_foreign_host_array;
    }
    return false;
}

/**
 * This function creates a default separated/connected scale
 *
 * This function creates a default separated/connected scale
 * so there's something in the database.  The locations of
 * strings and files is a bit odd, but this is because we
 * need to maintain backward compatibility with many different
 * existing language translations and older sites.
 */
function make_default_scale() {
    global $CFG, $DB;

    $defaultscale = NULL;
    $defaultscale->courseid = 0;
    $defaultscale->userid = 0;
    $defaultscale->name  = get_string('separateandconnected');
    $defaultscale->scale = get_string('postrating1', 'forum').','.
                           get_string('postrating2', 'forum').','.
                           get_string('postrating3', 'forum');
    $defaultscale->timemodified = time();

    /// Read in the big description from the file.  Note this is not
    /// HTML (despite the file extension) but Moodle format text.
    $parentlang = get_string('parentlanguage');
    if ($parentlang[0] == '[') {
        $parentlang = '';
    }
    if (is_readable($CFG->dataroot .'/lang/'. $CFG->lang .'/help/forum/ratings.html')) {
        $file = file($CFG->dataroot .'/lang/'. $CFG->lang .'/help/forum/ratings.html');
    } else if (is_readable($CFG->dirroot .'/lang/'. $CFG->lang .'/help/forum/ratings.html')) {
        $file = file($CFG->dirroot .'/lang/'. $CFG->lang .'/help/forum/ratings.html');
    } else if ($parentlang and is_readable($CFG->dataroot .'/lang/'. $parentlang .'/help/forum/ratings.html')) {
        $file = file($CFG->dataroot .'/lang/'. $parentlang .'/help/forum/ratings.html');
    } else if ($parentlang and is_readable($CFG->dirroot .'/lang/'. $parentlang .'/help/forum/ratings.html')) {
        $file = file($CFG->dirroot .'/lang/'. $parentlang .'/help/forum/ratings.html');
    } else if (is_readable($CFG->dirroot .'/lang/en_utf8/help/forum/ratings.html')) {
        $file = file($CFG->dirroot .'/lang/en_utf8/help/forum/ratings.html');
    } else {
        $file = '';
    }

    $defaultscale->description = implode('', $file);

    if ($defaultscale->id = $DB->insert_record('scale', $defaultscale)) {
        $DB->execute("UPDATE {forum} SET scale = ?", array($defaultscale->id));
    }
}


/**
 * Returns a menu of all available scales from the site as well as the given course
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @param int $courseid The id of the course as found in the 'course' table.
 * @return object
 */
function get_scales_menu($courseid=0) {
    global $DB;

    $sql = "SELECT id, name
              FROM {scale}
             WHERE courseid = 0 or courseid = ?
          ORDER BY courseid ASC, name ASC";
    $params = array($courseid);

    if ($scales = $DB->get_records_sql_menu($sql, $params)) {
        return $scales;
    }

    make_default_scale();

    return $DB->get_records_sql_menu($sql, $params);
}



/**
 * Given a set of timezone records, put them in the database,  replacing what is there
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @param array $timezones An array of timezone records
 */
function update_timezone_records($timezones) {
    global $DB;

/// Clear out all the old stuff
    $DB->delete_records('timezone');

/// Insert all the new stuff
    foreach ($timezones as $timezone) {
        if (is_array($timezone)) {
            $timezone = (object)$timezone;
        }
        $DB->insert_record('timezone', $timezone);
    }
}


/// MODULE FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////////////////////////////

/**
 * Just gets a raw list of all modules in a course
 *
 * @param int $courseid The id of the course as found in the 'course' table.
 * @return object
 */
function get_course_mods($courseid) {
    global $DB;

    if (empty($courseid)) {
        return false; // avoid warnings
    }

    return $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT cm.*, m.name as modname
                                   FROM {modules} m, {course_modules} cm
                                  WHERE cm.course = ? AND cm.module = m.id AND m.visible = 1",
                                array($courseid)); // no disabled mods
}


/**
 * Given an id of a course module, finds the coursemodule description
 *
 * @param string $modulename name of module type, eg. resource, assignment,...
 * @param int $cmid course module id (id in course_modules table)
 * @param int $courseid optional course id for extra validation
 * @return object course module instance with instance and module name
 */
function get_coursemodule_from_id($modulename, $cmid, $courseid=0) {
    global $DB;

    $params = array();
    $courseselect = "";

    if ($courseid) {
        $courseselect = "cm.course = :courseid AND ";
        $params['courseid'] = $courseid;
    }
    $params['cmid'] = $cmid;
    $params['modulename'] = $modulename;

    return $DB->get_record_sql("SELECT cm.*, m.name, md.name as modname
                                  FROM {course_modules} cm, {modules} md, {".$modulename."} m
                                 WHERE $courseselect
                                       cm.id = :cmid AND
                                       cm.instance = m.id AND
                                       md.name = :modulename AND
                                       md.id = cm.module", $params);
}

/**
 * Given an instance number of a module, finds the coursemodule description
 *
 * @param string $modulename name of module type, eg. resource, assignment,...
 * @param int $instance module instance number (id in resource, assignment etc. table)
 * @param int $courseid optional course id for extra validation
 * @return object course module instance with instance and module name
 */
function get_coursemodule_from_instance($modulename, $instance, $courseid=0) {
    global $DB;

    $params = array();
    $courseselect = "";

    if ($courseid) {
        $courseselect = "cm.course = :courseid AND ";
        $params['courseid'] = $courseid;
    }
    $params['instance'] = $instance;
    $params['modulename'] = $modulename;

    return $DB->get_record_sql("SELECT cm.*, m.name, md.name as modname
                                  FROM {course_modules} cm, {modules} md, {".$modulename."} m
                                 WHERE $courseselect
                                       cm.instance = m.id AND
                                       md.name = :modulename AND
                                       md.id = cm.module AND
                                       m.id = :instance", $params);

}

/**
 * Returns all course modules of given activity in course
 * @param string $modulename (forum, quiz, etc.)
 * @param int $courseid
 * @param string $extrafields extra fields starting with m.
 * @return array of cm objects, false if not found or error
 */
function get_coursemodules_in_course($modulename, $courseid, $extrafields='') {
    global $DB;

    if (!empty($extrafields)) {
        $extrafields = ", $extrafields";
    }
    $params = array();
    $params['courseid'] = $courseid;
    $params['modulename'] = $modulename;


    return $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT cm.*, m.name, md.name as modname $extrafields
                                   FROM {course_modules} cm, {modules} md, {".$modulename."} m
                                  WHERE cm.course = :courseid AND
                                        cm.instance = m.id AND
                                        md.name = :modulename AND
                                        md.id = cm.module", $params);
}

/**
 * Returns an array of all the active instances of a particular module in given courses, sorted in the order they are defined
 *
 * Returns an array of all the active instances of a particular
 * module in given courses, sorted in the order they are defined
 * in the course. Returns an empty array on any errors.
 *
 * The returned objects includle the columns cw.section, cm.visible,
 * cm.groupmode and cm.groupingid, cm.groupmembersonly, and are indexed by cm.id.
 *
 * @param string $modulename The name of the module to get instances for
 * @param array $courses an array of course objects.
 * @return array of module instance objects, including some extra fields from the course_modules
 *          and course_sections tables, or an empty array if an error occurred.
 */
function get_all_instances_in_courses($modulename, $courses, $userid=NULL, $includeinvisible=false) {
    global $CFG, $DB;

    $outputarray = array();

    if (empty($courses) || !is_array($courses) || count($courses) == 0) {
        return $outputarray;
    }

    list($coursessql, $params) = $DB->get_in_or_equal(array_keys($courses), SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'c0');
    $params['modulename'] = $modulename;

    if (!$rawmods = $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT cm.id AS coursemodule, m.*, cw.section, cm.visible AS visible,
                                                 cm.groupmode, cm.groupingid, cm.groupmembersonly
                                            FROM {course_modules} cm, {course_sections} cw, {modules} md,
                                                 {".$modulename."} m
                                           WHERE cm.course $coursessql AND
                                                 cm.instance = m.id AND
                                                 cm.section = cw.id AND
                                                 md.name = :modulename AND
                                                 md.id = cm.module", $params)) {
        return $outputarray;
    }

    require_once($CFG->dirroot.'/course/lib.php');

    foreach ($courses as $course) {
        $modinfo = get_fast_modinfo($course, $userid);

        if (empty($modinfo->instances[$modulename])) {
            continue;
        }

        foreach ($modinfo->instances[$modulename] as $cm) {
            if (!$includeinvisible and !$cm->uservisible) {
                continue;
            }
            if (!isset($rawmods[$cm->id])) {
                continue;
            }
            $instance = $rawmods[$cm->id];
            if (!empty($cm->extra)) {
                $instance->extra = urlencode($cm->extra); // bc compatibility
            }
            $outputarray[] = $instance;
        }
    }

    return $outputarray;
}

/**
 * Returns an array of all the active instances of a particular module in a given course,
 * sorted in the order they are defined.
 *
 * Returns an array of all the active instances of a particular
 * module in a given course, sorted in the order they are defined
 * in the course. Returns an empty array on any errors.
 *
 * The returned objects includle the columns cw.section, cm.visible,
 * cm.groupmode and cm.groupingid, cm.groupmembersonly, and are indexed by cm.id.
 *
 * @param string $modulename The name of the module to get instances for
 * @param object $course The course obect.
 * @return array of module instance objects, including some extra fields from the course_modules
 *          and course_sections tables, or an empty array if an error occurred.
 */
function get_all_instances_in_course($modulename, $course, $userid=NULL, $includeinvisible=false) {
    return get_all_instances_in_courses($modulename, array($course->id => $course), $userid, $includeinvisible);
}


/**
 * Determine whether a module instance is visible within a course
 *
 * Given a valid module object with info about the id and course,
 * and the module's type (eg "forum") returns whether the object
 * is visible or not, groupmembersonly visibility not tested
 *
 * @param $moduletype Name of the module eg 'forum'
 * @param $module Object which is the instance of the module
 * @return bool
 */
function instance_is_visible($moduletype, $module) {
    global $DB;

    if (!empty($module->id)) {
        $params = array('courseid'=>$module->course, 'moduletype'=>$moduletype, 'moduleid'=>$module->id);
        if ($records = $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT cm.instance, cm.visible, cm.groupingid, cm.id, cm.groupmembersonly, cm.course
                                               FROM {course_modules} cm, {modules} m
                                              WHERE cm.course = :courseid AND
                                                    cm.module = m.id AND
                                                    m.name = :moduletype AND
                                                    cm.instance = :moduleid", $params)) {

            foreach ($records as $record) { // there should only be one - use the first one
                return $record->visible;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;  // visible by default!
}

/**
 * Determine whether a course module is visible within a course,
 * this is different from instance_is_visible() - faster and visibility for user
 *
 * @param object $cm object
 * @param int $userid empty means current user
 * @return bool
 */
function coursemodule_visible_for_user($cm, $userid=0) {
    global $USER;

    if (empty($cm->id)) {
        debugging("Incorrect course module parameter!", DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
        return false;
    }
    if (empty($userid)) {
        $userid = $USER->id;
    }
    if (!$cm->visible and !has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddenactivities', get_context_instance(CONTEXT_MODULE, $cm->id), $userid)) {
        return false;
    }
    return groups_course_module_visible($cm, $userid);
}




/// LOG FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////////////////////////////////


/**
 * Add an entry to the log table.
 *
 * Add an entry to the log table.  These are "action" focussed rather
 * than web server hits, and provide a way to easily reconstruct what
 * any particular student has been doing.
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @uses $USER
 * @uses $REMOTE_ADDR
 * @uses SITEID
 * @param    int     $courseid  The course id
 * @param    string  $module  The module name - e.g. forum, journal, resource, course, user etc
 * @param    string  $action  'view', 'update', 'add' or 'delete', possibly followed by another word to clarify.
 * @param    string  $url     The file and parameters used to see the results of the action
 * @param    string  $info    Additional description information
 * @param    string  $cm      The course_module->id if there is one
 * @param    string  $user    If log regards $user other than $USER
 */
function add_to_log($courseid, $module, $action, $url='', $info='', $cm=0, $user=0) {
    // Note that this function intentionally does not follow the normal Moodle DB access idioms.
    // This is for a good reason: it is the most frequently used DB update function,
    // so it has been optimised for speed.
    global $DB, $CFG, $USER;

    if ($cm === '' || is_null($cm)) { // postgres won't translate empty string to its default
        $cm = 0;
    }

    if ($user) {
        $userid = $user;
    } else {
        if (!empty($USER->realuser)) {  // Don't log
            return;
        }
        $userid = empty($USER->id) ? '0' : $USER->id;
    }

    $REMOTE_ADDR = getremoteaddr();

    $timenow = time();
    $info = $info;
    if (!empty($url)) { // could break doing html_entity_decode on an empty var.
        $url = html_entity_decode($url); // for php < 4.3.0 this is defined in moodlelib.php
    }

    // Restrict length of log lines to the space actually available in the
    // database so that it doesn't cause a DB error. Log a warning so that
    // developers can avoid doing things which are likely to cause this on a
    // routine basis.
    $tl = textlib_get_instance();
    if(!empty($info) && $tl->strlen($info)>255) {
        $info = $tl->substr($info,0,252).'...';
        debugging('Warning: logged very long info',DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
    }

    // If the 100 field size is changed, also need to alter print_log in course/lib.php
    if(!empty($url) && $tl->strlen($url)>100) {
        $url=$tl->substr($url,0,97).'...';
        debugging('Warning: logged very long URL',DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
    }

    if (defined('MDL_PERFDB')) { global $PERF ; $PERF->logwrites++;};

    if ($CFG->type = 'oci8po') {
        if ($info == '') {
            $info = ' ';
        }
    }
    $log = array('time'=>$timenow, 'userid'=>$userid, 'course'=>$courseid, 'ip'=>$REMOTE_ADDR, 'module'=>$module,
                 'cmid'=>$cm, 'action'=>$action, 'url'=>$url, 'info'=>$info);
    $result = $DB->insert_record_raw('log', $log, false);

    // MDL-11893, alert $CFG->supportemail if insert into log failed
    if (!$result and $CFG->supportemail and empty($CFG->noemailever)) {
        // email_to_user is not usable because email_to_user tries to write to the logs table,
        // and this will get caught in an infinite loop, if disk is full
        $site = get_site();
        $subject = 'Insert into log failed at your moodle site '.$site->fullname;
        $message = "Insert into log table failed at ". date('l dS \of F Y h:i:s A') .".\n It is possible that your disk is full.\n\n";
        $message .= "The failed query parameters are:\n\n" . var_export($log, true);

        $lasttime = get_config('admin', 'lastloginserterrormail');
        if(empty($lasttime) || time() - $lasttime > 60*60*24) { // limit to 1 email per day
            mail($CFG->supportemail, $subject, $message);
            set_config('lastloginserterrormail', time(), 'admin');
        }
    }

    if (!$result) {
        debugging('Error: Could not insert a new entry to the Moodle log', DEBUG_ALL);
    }

}

/**
 * Store user last access times - called when use enters a course or site
 *
 * @param int $courseid, empty means site
 * @return void
 */
function user_accesstime_log($courseid=0) {
    global $USER, $CFG, $DB;

    if (!isloggedin() or !empty($USER->realuser)) {
        // no access tracking
        return;
    }

    if (empty($courseid)) {
        $courseid = SITEID;
    }

    $timenow = time();

/// Store site lastaccess time for the current user
    if ($timenow - $USER->lastaccess > LASTACCESS_UPDATE_SECS) {
    /// Update $USER->lastaccess for next checks
        $USER->lastaccess = $timenow;

        $last = new object();
        $last->id         = $USER->id;
        $last->lastip     = getremoteaddr();
        $last->lastaccess = $timenow;

        if (!$DB->update_record_raw('user', $last)) {
            debugging('Error: Could not update global user lastaccess information', DEBUG_ALL);  // Don't throw an error
        }
    }

    if ($courseid == SITEID) {
    ///  no user_lastaccess for frontpage
        return;
    }

/// Store course lastaccess times for the current user
    if (empty($USER->currentcourseaccess[$courseid]) or ($timenow - $USER->currentcourseaccess[$courseid] > LASTACCESS_UPDATE_SECS)) {

        $lastaccess = $DB->get_field('user_lastaccess', 'timeaccess', array('userid'=>$USER->id, 'courseid'=>$courseid));

        if ($lastaccess === false) {
            // Update course lastaccess for next checks
            $USER->currentcourseaccess[$courseid] = $timenow;

            $last = new object();
            $last->userid     = $USER->id;
            $last->courseid   = $courseid;
            $last->timeaccess = $timenow;
            if (!$DB->insert_record_raw('user_lastaccess', $last, false)) {
                debugging('Error: Could not insert course user lastaccess information', DEBUG_ALL);  // Don't throw an error
            }

        } else if ($timenow - $lastaccess <  LASTACCESS_UPDATE_SECS) {
            // no need to update now, it was updated recently in concurrent login ;-)

        } else {
            // Update course lastaccess for next checks
            $USER->currentcourseaccess[$courseid] = $timenow;

            if (!$DB->set_field('user_lastaccess', 'timeaccess', $timenow, array('userid'=>$USER->id, 'courseid'=>$courseid))) {
                debugging('Error: Could not update course user lastacess information');  // Don't throw an error
            }
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Select all log records based on SQL criteria
 *
 * @param string $select SQL select criteria
 * @param array $params named sql type params
 * @param string $order SQL order by clause to sort the records returned
 * @param string $limitfrom ?
 * @param int $limitnum ?
 * @param int $totalcount Passed in by reference.
 * @return object
 * @todo Finish documenting this function
 */
function get_logs($select, array $params=null, $order='l.time DESC', $limitfrom='', $limitnum='', &$totalcount) {
    global $DB;

    if ($order) {
        $order = "ORDER BY $order";
    }

    $selectsql = "";
    $countsql  = "";

    if ($select) {
        $select = "WHERE $select";
    }

    $sql = "SELECT COUNT(*)
              FROM {log} l
           $select";

    $totalcount = $DB->count_records_sql($sql, $params);

    $sql = "SELECT l.*, u.firstname, u.lastname, u.picture
              FROM {log} l
              LEFT JOIN {user} u ON l.userid = u.id
           $select
            $order";

    return $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params, $limitfrom, $limitnum) ;
}


/**
 * Select all log records for a given course and user
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @uses DAYSECS
 * @param int $userid The id of the user as found in the 'user' table.
 * @param int $courseid The id of the course as found in the 'course' table.
 * @param string $coursestart ?
 * @todo Finish documenting this function
 */
function get_logs_usercourse($userid, $courseid, $coursestart) {
    global $DB;

    $params = array();

    $courseselect = '';
    if ($courseid) {
        $courseselect = "AND course = :courseid";
        $params['courseid'] = $courseid;
    }
    $params['userid'] = $userid;
    $params['coursestart'] = $coursestart;

    return $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT FLOOR((time - :coursestart)/". DAYSECS .") AS day, COUNT(*) AS num
                                   FROM {log}
                                  WHERE userid = :userid
                                        AND time > :coursestart $courseselect
                               GROUP BY FLOOR((time - :coursestart)/". DAYSECS .")", $params);
}

/**
 * Select all log records for a given course, user, and day
 *
 * @uses $CFG
 * @uses HOURSECS
 * @param int $userid The id of the user as found in the 'user' table.
 * @param int $courseid The id of the course as found in the 'course' table.
 * @param string $daystart ?
 * @return object
 * @todo Finish documenting this function
 */
function get_logs_userday($userid, $courseid, $daystart) {
    global $DB;

    $params = array();

    $courseselect = '';
    if ($courseid) {
        $courseselect = "AND course = :courseid";
        $params['courseid'] = $courseid;
    }
    $params['userid'] = $userid;
    $params['daystart'] = $daystart;

    return $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT FLOOR((time - :daystart)/". HOURSECS .") AS hour, COUNT(*) AS num
                                   FROM {log}
                                  WHERE userid = :userid
                                        AND time > :daystart $courseselect
                               GROUP BY FLOOR((time - :daystart)/". HOURSECS .") ");
}

/**
 * Returns an object with counts of failed login attempts
 *
 * Returns information about failed login attempts.  If the current user is
 * an admin, then two numbers are returned:  the number of attempts and the
 * number of accounts.  For non-admins, only the attempts on the given user
 * are shown.
 *
 * @param string $mode Either 'admin', 'teacher' or 'everybody'
 * @param string $username The username we are searching for
 * @param string $lastlogin The date from which we are searching
 * @return int
 */
function count_login_failures($mode, $username, $lastlogin) {
    global $DB;

    $params = array('mode'=>$mode, 'username'=>$username, 'lastlogin'=>$lastlogin);
    $select = "module='login' AND action='error' AND time > :lastlogin";

    $count = new object();

    if (has_capability('moodle/site:config', get_context_instance(CONTEXT_SYSTEM))) {    // Return information about all accounts
        if ($count->attempts = $DB->count_records_select('log', $select, $params)) {
            $count->accounts = $DB->count_records_select('log', $select, $params, 'COUNT(DISTINCT info)');
            return $count;
        }
    } else if ($mode == 'everybody' or ($mode == 'teacher' and isteacherinanycourse())) {
        if ($count->attempts = $DB->count_records_select('log', "$select AND info = :username", $params)) {
            return $count;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}


/// GENERAL HELPFUL THINGS  ///////////////////////////////////

/**
 * Dump a given object's information in a PRE block.
 *
 * Mostly just used for debugging.
 *
 * @param mixed $object The data to be printed
 */
function print_object($object) {
    echo '<pre class="notifytiny">' . htmlspecialchars(print_r($object,true)) . '</pre>';
}

/**
 * Check whether a course is visible through its parents
 * path.
 *
 * Notes:
 *
 * - All we need from the course is ->category. _However_
 *   if the course object has a categorypath property,
 *   we'll save a dbquery
 *
 * - If we return false, you'll still need to check if
 *   the user can has the 'moodle/category:visibility'
 *   capability...
 *
 * - Will generate 2 DB calls.
 *
 * - It does have a small local cache, however...
 *
 * - Do NOT call this over many courses as it'll generate
 *   DB traffic. Instead, see what get_my_courses() does.
 *
 * @param mixed $object A course object
 * @return bool
 */
function course_parent_visible($course = null) {
    global $CFG, $DB;
    //return true;
    static $mycache;

    if (!is_object($course)) {
        return true;
    }
    if (!empty($CFG->allowvisiblecoursesinhiddencategories)) {
        return true;
    }

    if (!isset($mycache)) {
        $mycache = array();
    } else {
        // cast to force assoc array
        $k = (string)$course->category;
        if (isset($mycache[$k])) {
            return $mycache[$k];
        }
    }

    if (isset($course->categorypath)) {
        $path = $course->categorypath;
    } else {
        $path = $DB->get_field('course_categories', 'path', array('id'=>$course->category));
    }
    $catids = substr($path,1); // strip leading slash
    $catids = str_replace('/',',',$catids);

    $sql = "SELECT MIN(visible)
              FROM {course_categories}
             WHERE id IN ($catids)";
    $vis = $DB->get_field_sql($sql);

    // cast to force assoc array
    $k = (string)$course->category;
    $mycache[$k] = $vis;

    return $vis;
}

/**
 * This function is the official hook inside XMLDB stuff to delegate its debug to one
 * external function.
 *
 * Any script can avoid calls to this function by defining XMLDB_SKIP_DEBUG_HOOK before
 * using XMLDB classes. Obviously, also, if this function doesn't exist, it isn't invoked ;-)
 *
 * @param $message string contains the error message
 * @param $object object XMLDB object that fired the debug
 */
function xmldb_debug($message, $object) {

    debugging($message, DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
}

/**
 * true or false function to see if user can create any courses at all
 * @return bool
 */
function user_can_create_courses() {
    global $USER;
    // if user has course creation capability at any site or course cat, then return true;

    if (has_capability('moodle/course:create', get_context_instance(CONTEXT_SYSTEM))) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return (bool) count(get_creatable_categories());
    }

}

/**
 * Get the list of categories the current user can create courses in
 * @return array
 */
function get_creatable_categories() {
    global $DB;

    $creatablecats = array();
    if ($cats = $DB->get_records('course_categories')) {
        foreach ($cats as $cat) {
            if (has_capability('moodle/course:create', get_context_instance(CONTEXT_COURSECAT, $cat->id))) {
                $creatablecats[$cat->id] = $cat->name;
            }
        }
    }
    return $creatablecats;
}

?>